2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Design Considerations 4
3.0 Design Process
3.1 Preliminary designs
3.2 Final design
5-6
4.0 Material Selection
4.1 Timbre
4.2 Polycarbonate sheets
4.3 Steel connections
4.4 Concrete
7-10
5.0 Structure Analysis
5.1 Force distribution
5.2 Loads
11-12
6.0 Construction Details
6.1 Overview
6.2 Roof
6.3 Columns
6.4 Beam
6.5 Bracing
6.6 Joist
6.7 Foundation
13-19
7.0 Construction Process
7.1 Marking
7.2 Cutting
7.3 Assembly
20-31
8.0 Summary 32
9.0 References 33
10 .0 Appendix 34
2
3. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
For the module Building Construction II (BLD 60703/ ARC 2513), we are
tasked to work together in groups of 6 to design and construct a temporary
bus shelter using a skeletal frame structure. The final model shall be scaled 1:5,
with maximum dimensions of 400mm x 800mm with a height of 600mm. The
design also must accommodate 5 to 6 people, and consider various other
factors such as aesthetics, weather and buildability.
Skeletal frame structures are used to resist lateral and vertical forces.
The frame works in conjunction with the foundation to give the building its
overall strength and stability. The frame is responsible for transferring all loads
to the ground via beams, columns and foundation.
The main goal and objective of the project is to test our understanding of
skeletal/frame construction methods and how we apply the construction
method in our design while taking into account materiality and other relevant
components.
3
4. 2.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. TEMPORARY
● A modular design for ease of assembly and dismantling.
● The shelter must be temporary, therefore we are not allowed to weld
columns to the RC foundations. As a solution, we used connection
methods such as bolting the structure to the foundation, and using
screws wooden joints to ease disassembly.
● Each load bearing column should ideally be fastened to the foundation
via nuts and bolts.
2. EASE OF ACCESS
● The shelter should not compromise the user’s ability to access the
space within. Entrance and exit to the shelter should be easily accessed
by users, whilst not blocking the view of traffic, so users are easily
alerted to the arrival of the bus.
3. VENTILATION
● Malaysia is a hot and humid country, it is vital that sufficient airflow is
present within the shelter to optimize user comfort. Airflow and
ventilation is a major factor in the structure’s design.
● To promote airflow, we have considered the use of louvres, perforated
walls and just dependent on the skeletal frames without the use of skin.
5. SUSTAINABILITY
● We aim to use recycled materials in the building of our structure.
● Design the components in ways that would promote easy maintenance.
4. WEATHER RESISTANCE
● Shelter should be able to accommodate users while protecting them
from weather ie rain, strong wind, bright sun.
● Choices of materials are also affected by the type of weather by which
the material can be efficiently used in. In terms of lifespan, durability etc.
6. ANTHROPOMETRY
● To be able to accommodate 5 to 6 people comfortable
● Provide facilities for users to occupy i.e. bench
4
5. 3.0 DESIGN PROCESS
3.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGNS
The team designed the structures according to the design considerations
and restrictions mentioned previously. Several basic forms were put
together to create an ideal structural frame, able to withstand the potential
loads.
1. Circular walls which comprised of the roof and base. Structural
supports from the beams are located at the sides. The beams are
added to further strengthen the sides to make it more of a rigid
structure. There is a bench attached to the inside wall of the structure
to provide further reinforcement overall. This way everything becomes
one singular unit.
2. Experimented with a thin flat hollow roof for lighter load onto the
beams. This covers a wider area which will be more effective against
the rain. At the back is a flat vertical wall which acts as the main
support element for the entire structure. The bench is attach to the
back and four concrete padfoot beneath added for even stability. The
main idea was to create a rectangular shape bus as it provides the
most stable structure and the beams and walls are easily detachable.
3. Final model consists of wooden rafters with wooden joints that
provides easy disassembly and reassembly with strong overall
structural support. The joints are located throughout the structure,
mainly on the roof and beams. The bench is resting on the wooden
rafters which are place on top of pad footings. The idea of using joints
was to provide easy disassembly and assembly if needed to be
relocated somewhere else. Overall this provides a solid stability
structure throughout the bus stop.
5
6. 3.0 DESIGN PROCESS
3.2 FINAL DESIGN
SKELETAL FRAMING
- Use of skeletal frame construction in the primary components.
- Use of skeletal frame components
- Beam
- Column
- Ground beams
- Roof structure
TEMPORARY
- Use of modular timber framing components which are easily
disassembled.
- Utilization of wooden joints + brackets that are secured with screws
(removable)
- Structure is bolted(removable) to the pad foot foundation.
EASE OF ACCESS
- Wall free design allows users to access the shelter from any direction.
- Roof does not obstruct entry to the shelter.
- Seating area comfortably fits 5-6 people.
VENTILATION
- Empty frames allow plenty of airflow into the shelter.
- Air is cross ventilated within the shelter.
SUSTAINABILITY
- Use of sustainable materials; timber in the skeletal framing.
Roof Plan Floor Plan
North Elevation South Elevation
West Elevation East Elevation
6
7. 4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION
4.1 TIMBER
ADVANTAGES:
1. STRENGTH & DURABILITY
Timber has high tensile strength, which is the ability of a material to
bend without breaking.These characteristics make it ideal for heavy duty
load bearing structural components such as beams and columns.
2. LIGHTWEIGHT
Timber has a high strength to weight ratio, which means that despite
being light, it is still strong. This is ideal in roof construction, as it allows
for a strong, but light roof framing system.
3. MODULAR
Due to the nature of timber (sold and made readily available in pre cut
sizes), it is fairly easy to fabricate a modular design that is easily
disassembled or assembled on-site. This is ideal for our temporary bus
shelter design.
4. SUSTAINABLE
Timber and wood in general is an environment friendly and easily
sustainable material. In Malaysia, hardwood timber is readily available
and controlled logging practices ensure that trees are cut down and
replanted systematically. Due to budget constrictions, we have
represented mixed hardwood timber with pine wood for our scaled
model.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. MAINTENANCE
If left untreated, timber is very costly to maintain as it ages naturally. Pests and
other unwanted foreign bodies may infect the timber framing if proper
maintenance work is not done.
7
8. 4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION
4.2 POLYCARBONATE SHEET (roofing)
ADVANTAGES
1. WEATHER PROOF
Protects users from rain and sun. Translucent polycarbonate sheets
allow sufficient daylight into the structure while protecting users from
the sun and rain.
2. UV BLOCKING
Polycarbonate roofing has a thin film that blocks uv rays
3. TOUGH
Polycarbonate can withstand force and is virtually unbreakable. Despite
that, polycarbonate is still a significantly light material making it ideal for
roofing structure.
DISADVANTAGES
1. PRICE
Polycarbonate is significantly pricier than glass or plastic, making it not
so cost efficient.
8
9. 4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION
4.3 STEEL CONNECTIONS
ADVANTAGES
1. DISCRETE
Metal is strong and significantly less bulky than wood. The use of metal
connections and brackets provide a strong connection method without
sacrificing aesthetics.
2. STRONG
Steel connections provide strength to the joints and connections,
ensuring the stability of the structure.
9
10. 4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION
4.4. CONCRETE (foundation)
ADVANTAGES
1. HIGH STRENGTH
Concrete is a strong material has very high strength when mixed with
the appropriate aggregates.
2. FLEXIBLE
Easily shaped and can be moulded into any shape as so desired by
user.
3. HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Concrete can handle high compressive strength, meaning it will not
break when load is applied onto it.
DISADVANTAGES
1. LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
Has a tendency to break when bent.
2. LOW STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO
Its is an inherently heavy material.
10
11. 5.0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 FORCE DISTRIBUTION
The load of the overall structure is distributed evenly to the ground. The
wooden columns support the single flat roof with cross-bracing at the back
and a pair of columns on both sides in front.
Cross bracing structure allows the load from the roof to spread and hence
reduce the weight load on each columns and prevent them from buckling.
11
12. 5.0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION
The connection between the bench and the wooden rafters increases the
stability of the bus shelter as the surface area in contact with the ground
has increased.
`The weight of the seated users is transferred to the bench which is resting
on the wooden rafters and carried down to the pad footings.` `The bench is
able to withstand the live loads of 5 - 6 people.
12
14. 6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.2. ROOF STRUCTURE
1. Polycarbonate roof sheet are held in place using Aluminium U shaped
channels.
2. Aluminium U channels are attached to steel L brackets, riveted together
3. Steel L brackets are then attached to the timber roof frame
4. Timber roof frame is connected via rebate joints.
5. L shaped brackets are used to attach the roof purlins to the beams
FUNCTION:
- Roof slanted on both sides help direct rain away from the entrance of
the shelter.
- Polycarbonate roofing provides ample shade and daylight within shelter.
1 1
2
3
4
5
4
6
14
15. 6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.3. COLUMN
1. Secondary ground beams are connected to the primary ground beam
using rebate joints.
2. Columns are connected using rebate joints.
3. The joints are further secured using brackets.
FUNCTION
- Columns tied in with ground beam ensure the stability of the structure.
- Use of wood joints ensure the strength of the connections, further
strengthened by brackets.
1
2
3
15
16. 6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.4. BEAMS
1. Roof beams are connected to the columns via rebate joints.
2. Roof structure is attached on to roof beam and column using rebate
joints.
3. Joints are secured via metal brackets.
FUNCTION
- Beams transfer horizontal load towards the columns, which then
transfer the load vertically to the ground.
- Roof beams carry the roof load while ground beams carry the load of
the whole structure.
1 2
3
16
17. 6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.5. BRACING
1. Bracing is attached to the rear of the bus stop via joints and metal
brackets.
2. Bracing acts as a stabiliser to further distribute the weight of the roof
down to the ground beam.
3. Roof structure is then attached to the bracing + columns.
FUNCTION
- Further stabilizes the structure by directing load to the ground.
- Acts as columns while reinforcing the integrity of the structural framing.
1
2
3
3
17
18. 6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.6. JOIST
1. Floor joist is attached to ground beam using lap wood joints
2. Completed floor joist.
FUNCTION
- Aids in stiffening the floor.
- Transfers loads to the ground beams, which in turn transfer the load to
the ground
1 2
18
19. 6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.7. FOUNDATION
1. The bearers are attached to the metal plate and pad footings beneath it.
2. Close up detail of the different layers being bearers, metal plate and
pad footing.
FUNCTION
- To allow easy removal of the structure since it is only temporary.
- Helps distribute the load from the structure to the ground evenly.
19
1
1
2
2
2
32. 8.0 SUMMARY
8.0 SUMMARY
One of the key features of why the bus shelter remains stable is due to the
superstructure and substructure. Its bracing structure aid in distributing the
load from the roof towards the ground. Other parts which contributed in
achieving this were the columns, including the bench which is attached to the
bracing structure. This structure also enforces the bus stop as it stops the roof
from collapsing due to too much load. Timber was the main material used as it
is light, strong and durable in nature. All of the joints have brackets to further
strengthen the connection between each piece to ensure that the bus stop
acts as one singular solid unit. We did prior research and came to know about
the importance and usage of both the superstructure and substructure
Further research regarding load and forces for structures gave the idea of
using joints and brackets too. All of this knowledge was apply in the final
design of the bus stop.
32
33. 9.0 REFERENCES
References
1. George Lines. (2018). Benefits of Using Timber In Construction - George
Lines. [online] Available at:
https://www.georgelines.co.uk/building-materials-2/the-benefits-of-us
ing-timber-in-construction/ [Accessed 13 May 2018].
2. Morganasphalte.co.uk. (2018). The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Polycarbonate Roofing | Morgan Asphalte. [online] Available at:
http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadva
ntages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/# [Accessed 13 May 2018].
3. Sarabethasaff. (2014). Eight Types of Wood Joints. [online] Available at:
https://blog.udemy.com/types-of-wood-joints/ [Accessed 13 May
2018].
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