Determination of the Maximum Loading and How To Reduce The Maximum Load of A Truss

1. ANALYSIS OF TRUSS STRUCTURE:
Determination Of The Maximum Loading
&
How To Reduce The Maximum Load Of A Truss
Statics
BMCG 1113
Prepared by Group 3
Semester 1 / Year 1
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
Jakan A/L Sathiyanandan Elangovan ( B051920058 )
Mohammad Haiqal Bin Ehlam ( B052010106 )
Iman Atif Bin Mohammad Radzy ( B052010017 )
Mazlan Bin Majid ( B052010046 )
Fatin Nursyafika Binti Mohd Ali ( B052010012 )
Under the support and guidance of
Dr. Isa Bin Halim
Department of Manufacturing Engineering

2. Table of Content
1. Description and Background...........................................................................................3
2. Truss Structure..................................................................................................................4
3. Determination of Roof Truss Loading...........................................................................6
4. Modification of Structure & Loading Calculation .................................................... 11
5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 14
6. Reference........................................................................................................................ 16

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1.Description and Background
1.1. Introduction
Roof trusses are triangular structures that provide the support and stability to the roof
and distributes the load of the roof faraway from the outside walls of the building. They
take the form of a triangle due to that shape’s aptitude to disperse pressure through its
entire structure making it extremely stable and rigid.
The members forming the triangles have pinned joints. These varieties of joint have the
property that each one the bending moments inside the truss are eliminated. The
member creating up the truss are either in compression or tension, not like beam which
experiences tension associated compression at a similar time.
Trusses are a lot of economical at supporting masses over wider spans than easy beams.
There are many sorts of the truss. most roof trusses have nets that run at an angle
between high and bottom chords. One exception is that the gable - finish truss within
which web run vertically. There are several truss sorts that have area for attic storage
or living area.
1.2. History
It begins at Pompano Beach, Florida, when Carroll Sanford fabricated this technique
by connecting triangulated lumber with galvanized steel gusset plates. It resulted from
associate investigation of plyboard gusset plates and the consolidation of glue, nails,
screws, and staples from that trusses were developed. Its configuration has not modified
over time; but the elements, lifespan, price, and safety options are altered. once the
effectiveness of this built system was discovered, the intent was for this invention to be
proprietary. This move marked the start of the invention of the truss. Across the world
in any variety of building construction, whether it is a home, apartment, or business
building, infrastructure trusses square measure wide used.
In the early 1960’s, prefab roofing trusses were developed, consisting of a multi-nail
plate association which may be simply mass created in conjunction with a picket frame.
each of those elements square measure locked along to create the system. the planning
was improved to own clear spanning to supply a bigger house and a lot of open area to
cater to heavier masses. This technique has been tested to be cost-efficient, fast to
fabricate, less labor- intensive, and fewer material needed to manufacture.

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2.Truss Structure
2.1. Table below depicts the most common term use in basic roof truss
structure and their functions.
TERMS FUNTION
Rafter
One of a series of diagonal members of the truss that meet at
the apex in order to support the roof deck and its loads
Underpurlins
Horizontal beams supported by posts and used to support the
mid-span of rafters to cover longer spans
Strut
Diagonal member of the truss that has a compressive force
acting on it and used to maintain rigidity and add strength to the
structure
Ridge Beam Horizontal beam that supports the ends of the rafters at the ridge
Collar Tie
Horizontal beam that connects two rafters near the ridge of a
roof. It is often wont to prevent separation of the rafters during
high winds but also can be used simply to border the ceiling
Plumb Cut
The outward-facing vertical cut of a rafter designed to ram
against the ridge board
Strutting Beam
The horizontal beam that supports roof loads and transfers them
on to load-bearing walls

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Birdsmouth Cut It is used to connect the rafter to the supporting wall
Cantilevered Top Plate
A projecting beam that transports the load it is carrying to a
load-bearing support
Ceiling Joist
The horizontal base that supports the rafter’s top plate is the
horizontal beam that supports the roof by supporting the rafters
to the wall studs.
2.2. There are many types of roof truss. This is the most common types of
common truss used in building such as:
TYPE OF ROOF
TRUSS
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
King Post Truss
A post truss is usually used for brief
spans. They are often used in
extensions, garages, porches, and
outbuildings. Many old buildings
boast open, visible king post trusses
Queen Post Truss
A post truss is usually a vertical
upright with two triangles either
side. These are not commonly used
anymore as they need been
succeeded by the Fink truss.
Fink Truss
A fink truss may be a quite common
roof truss type with a ‘W’ shape
between the chords. It is a simple
but efficient shape and may be
utilized in all manner of projects.
Double Pitch Profile Truss
The double pitch profile truss is
employed to make different roof
pitches, often in commercial
buildings but in some homes too.
Mono Pitch Truss
A mono pitch truss has a single
rafter and is a right-angle truss used
to form lean-to roofs or single
pitched roofs.
Scissor Truss/Vaulted
Truss
A scissor truss is also used to create
vaulted ceilings or more interesting
ceiling shapes.
Raised Tie Truss
Raised tie trusses are used to create
vaulted ceilings. The lower chord is
raised to make a flatter profile for
higher ceilings with angled edges.

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3.Determination of Roof Truss Loading

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4.Modification of Structure& Loading Calculation
Component 8
Assemble product sketching

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5.Conclusion
In our final closure, we achieved the highest efficiency of 9.08% withstanding of a total of
43.17kN and its modified weight is only 47.09kN. This case study has allowed us to
understand load distribution in a structure deeper, as we were able to calculate and identify
the type of force applying in each member. We explored different arrangement of structural
members and realized it is important to identify the different forces such as compression,
tension, zero, or critical in structural members in order to achieve a high effect roof design.
It is very important to understand how each member work together as a whole in a structural
system in attaining a higher efficiency. We also realize the importance or proper planning,
in terms of work delegation and the time interval between completion of roof truss and load
testing. It is due to the efficiency of completing the truss on time and giving an adequate
time for the adhesives to dry out and maintain its strength until load testing.
In a nutshell, it has been a great experience working together on this case study. As an
Industrial Engineering student, it is critical for us to understand deeply what makes a
structure function efficiently without being prone to failure for the safety of future users
and occupants.

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6.Reference
I. What is roof truss. (n.d.). Roof Truss Guide - Design and Construction of Standard
Timber and Steel Trusses (BASIN - SKAT, 1999, 187 p.
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-
10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-
00&cl=CL4.18&d=HASH018da78ecdae2da0d3f516df.3.1&gt=1
II. Roof Trusses – History and Information! (2018b, November 1). Schulte Roofing.
https://www.schulteroofing.com/expert-advice/roof-trusses-history-information/
III. What are the types of roof truss and what are the uses for each type? (n.d.). Roofing
Superstore. https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/help-and-advice/product-
guides/pitched-roofing/what-are-the-types-of-roof-truss-and-what-are-the-uses-for-
each-type/
IV. Roof truss and beam therefor. (n.d.).
Https://Patents.Google.Com/Patent/US4986051A/En.
V. Truss Bridge Report - Building Structure. (2016, July). Yvonne Chin.
https://www.slideshare.net/yvonnewowlife/truss-bridge-report