History Of The Science Of Chemistry Essay

History of the Science of Chemistry Essay
The history of chemistry makes a span of time reaching from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, ancient civilizations used technologies that
would eventually form the basis of the various branches of the subject. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes,
fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like
bronze.
The science of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing experiments
and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between
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He was the youngest son in a family of fourteen children. At the age of eight, after private tuition at home, he was sent for several years to Eton, which
the sons of gentlemen were just beginning to attend, and then, at the age of twelve, to the Continent with his next older brother, Francis, later Lord
Shannon. There a citizen of Geneva tutored him privately in the polite arts, the conventional subjects of a liberal education, and practical mathematics;
then, or in the course of his subsequent travels, he was introduced to the new science, including Galileo's Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems,
which he read in Florence in 1642. He was
How did natural resources limit or advance my topic. One reason it advanced my topic is the creation of the periodic table and the history and how it
has impacted the world. The table contains the currently identified chemical elements arranged based on their chemical properties. Elements have
certain properties and tendencies to react that were found to repeat periodically when elements of increasing atomic masses were compared.
Each cell of the table contains a different element. The cells of most periodic tables contain the name and symbol of each element, the atomic number
(the number of protons, and the atomic weight (average number of protons + neutrons. Some periodic tables will contain other information,
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Dalton 's Atomic Theory ( 1803 )
Dalton's atomic theory (1803):
Dalton proposed that all matter is made of atoms (tiny indivisible particles), which cannot be destroyed. He visualised atoms as a solid particle without
a structure. All atoms of an element are identical in mass and properties. The atoms of one element differ from the atoms of all other elements in atomic
weight. Compounds are combinations of two or more different types of atoms. A chemical reaction results in the rearrangement of atoms in the reactant
and product compounds and they don 't destroy or create atoms.
Thomson's plum pudding model (1909):
Thomson discovered electron in 1897, which allowed him to develop a new atomic model. In Thomson 's model, the atom is composed of electrons
surrounded by a positively charged fluid which balances the electrons ' negative charges, like negatively charged "plums" which are surrounded by a
positively charged "pudding". Thomson thought the electrons were positioned throughout the atom in rotating rings. The atom was also sometimes
described to have a "cloud" of positive charge.
Rutherfordian atomic model (1911):
Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus allowed him to develop a new atomic model, the planetary model. In this model, the centre of the atom is the
nucleus. The nucleus contains most of the mass and all of the positive charge of the atom. Electrons circle around the nucleus like planets do around
the sun. Positive protons in nucleus and electrons in orbit around nucleus.
Bohr's shell

Periodic Trends Of Chemical Properties
Periodic Trends of Chemical and Physical Properties in Group 1A and 7A
Hamish Thomson, Chemistry 11.2, Mr Ryan O'Sullivan
Intro:
In chemistry, there are two classes of observable properties matter can display; chemical and physical. These properties are classified by what needs
to happen to the substance before the property becomes evident. Chemical properties require a chemical change while physical properties don't need a
chemical change to occur. Four properties of the alkali metals and halogens will be talked about through this essay, two chemical and two physical.
The two chemical properties will be reactivity, how willing a substance is to undergo a chemical change and toxicity, the ability of a substance to cause
damage to an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Fig 1 the reactivity of Non–Metals decreases every period and increases every group, the halogens lie on the end of the group of Non–metals causing
them to be highly reactive. The alkali metals have a single electron in their outer electron shell, making it easy for them to become a noble gas and
period down the periodic table the easier it is to get rid of the extra electron, causing the alkali metals to become more reactive the further down the
periods. To become a noble gas ahalogen must gain an electron, the farther away the outer shell is from the nucleus, the more energy that is required
for an electron to enter the shell. Halogens need one more electron to become a noble gas, while alkali metals need to donate an electron to become a
noble gas. (Johnsonburg High School, n.d.) Fig 1. This shows the trends of the reactivity of Metals and non–metals on the periodic table.
Paragraph 3. Toxicity
Toxicity is how dangerous a substance is to an organism, it is commonly measured by the amount required to kill 50% of the population of a given
organism. The toxicity of the alkali metals increases each period, due to the increase in reactivity. The toxicity of the halogens decreases as you go
down until astatine, which is harmful due to radioactivity (Helmenstine, 2017).
Paragraph 4. What is a physical property:
A physical property is a property of matter that can be observed without causing a

The Development Of The Periodic Table
Chemistry Research assignment
OUTLINE the history of the development of the Periodic Table including its origins, the original data used to construct it and the predictions made after
its construction. (Include references to the contributions made by Antoine Lavoisier, Johann Dobereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Lothar
Meyer, William Ramsay, Henry Moseley, J.J. Thomson and Niels Bohr.
In 1803 a man by the name of John Dalton Proposed that matter was comprised of atoms that were very simple and solid with no structure. He also
put forward that each element was different from each other with different atomic weights. J.J. Thomson first discovered the electron in 1897 which
lead to him developing a new model of the atom in 1904 – 1909, this new model is often referred to as the plum pudding model due to Thomson
visualizing the atom as a positive sphere in which negative electrons embedded into it. Thomson envisaged the electrons to have some sort of structure
or pattern to them rather than just loose as the name, plum pudding implies. Earnest Rutherford Developed an atomic model in 1911 called the
planetary model. This model has positive protons in the nucleus with negative electrons orbiting it like the sun. He developed this model due to him
discovering the nucleus. Later in 1913 Niels Bohr Realised that the electrons that orbit the nucleus must occupy stable, non–radiating orbits. This led to
him developing the Bohr Model which was electrons occupying stable shells

Noble Gas Neon
Mitchell Adamson
Mr. Shipman
Hour 1
January 22, 2016
Tour of the Periodic Table
Can you believe that in 1869 Russian Chemist Dimitri Mendeleev arranged the chemical elements by atomic mass and started the development of
the periodic table. After this Henry Gwyn Moseley was an English Physicist and Developed Mosley's which sorted the chemical elements of the
periodic table in a logical order based on physics. Before all the naturally occurring elements were discovered the periodic table was used to predict
chemical and physical properties of elements in the gaps of the table. The periodic table can now be used to predict properties of elements yet to be
discovered. It can also be used to predict types of chemical reactions. The Periodic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Transition metals are the 38 elements between groups 3 and 12. Along with all metals, these transition elements are ductile, malleable, and
conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons are used to combine with other elements that are present in one shell. The element we are going
to look at from this group is Beryllium. This element has the symbol of Be and has the atomic number of 4. It is created through stellar
nucleosynthesis and is a rare element. It is a gray–metallic color and is in period 2 of the periodic table. This element is very toxic and has one of the
highest melting point for one of the lightest metals. This element is very harmful for the human body, but is good in nature. These are the Transition
metals and the element

Osmium Research Paper
How can one human mind organize and memorize over 100 elements? In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist and inventor, was credited with
creating and publishing the Periodic table. The Periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements discovered on earth. These elements are
organized by their atomic number and similarities between chemical properties. The Periodic table holds 118 elements which can be broken down into
smaller classifications, groups (vertical), periods (horizontal) and blocks (adjacent). In this paper, we will zoom in one unbelievable element Osmium,
which is usually lost in the mix.
Osmium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant. This element was found when Tennant used platinum to dilute aqua regia. He noticed... Show
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For example, osmium can irritate the respiratory system, the skin, and the eyes. Osmium is rarely used in its pure form, meaning that it can be
highly toxic. Effects of inhaling this element include, burning sensation, coughing, severe headaches, wheezing, sudden shortness of breath, and
visual disturbances. As a result of contact with the skin, you are at risk of redness, skin burns, skin discoloration and blisters. Unfortunately,
exposure to high concentrations may result in damage to kidneys or even death. Though this chemical is able to do harm, it can be and has been
used in a beneficial way. For example, Osmium has also played a key role in various aspects of the development of lightbulb technology.Alloys of
osmium and platinum are used to make specialized laboratory equipment. Alloys can be made by melting or mixing two or more metals. Lastly, it can
be used as a catalyst, a substance used to speed up or slow down a chemical reaction.
In summarization,osmium ,Os, is a chemical element based on the periodic table. This element was discovered in the mixture of a mixture of nitric and
hydrochloric acids. It has a atomic number of 76 and an atomic mass of 190.23. This is the most rarest of 118 chemical elements. Though this element
is overlooked, this element has great

Environmental Pollution is Causing Serious and Lasting...
One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today are of environmental pollution, pollution is increasing rapidly every year and causing
serious and lasting damage to the earth. In the short story "A Fable for Tomorrow" by Rachel Carson, describes a small beautiful town in America that
later become a terrible town, because it was overwhelmed by pollution. In addition, most of the technology that is uses in today society causes
pollution for examples, cars, and pesticides. However, it is very difficult for people to give up on technology, since they are very used of using every
day that makes it challenging to protect the environment. It is a similar story "Our Animal Rites" by Anna Quindlen, shows how nature is harmed
because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, due to the expansion of modern agricultural technology, farmers tend to use a lot of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase the
harvest. Many burning processes, such as wood and coal fires, wood stoves, and the burning of fuel in cars harvest tiny elements of carbon, in the form
of smoke. These may affect climate change by dropping the clearness of the atmosphere. There are not a lot of people who are willing to give up
things that cause carbon dioxide pollution in order to protect the environment. People think if they do give on everything that produces carbon
dioxide, that cause pollution they will not have enjoyment in their life, which makes hard for people to live in harmony with nature. Moreover, it
becomes a big challenge for people to give up on something that is very useable in everyday life such as cars, and rail because if they do not use car
to go somewhere they have to walk, which takes a lot of their. The other reason they do not want to give up on their things is more responsibility and
less leisure time to enjoy.
Another thing that is becoming a challenging to protect the environment is agricultural technology that is causing pollution in the

Group 1 Lab Report
The physical properties of group 1: The physical properties of group 1 are that they have low melting points and boiling points, in addition I would
like to say that they all are alkali metals which means that some of metals will have a lower melting point then the other one. Rubidium and caesium
have one of the lowest melting points which means that they will burn very easily. However some of these metals have higher melting points than
rubidium and caesium which happens to be lithium.
The chemical properties of group 1: all the elements in the group one have only one electron which happens to be outer energy level. However group
one are white solids and this means that they will easily dissolve in water. In addition group one are all on the left side of the periodic table which
means that they are all alkali and alkali metals form alkaline compounds. However this will mean that all the metals have similar properties to one on
other.
The physical properties of the 7 elements: The 7 elements are called halogens which mean that they have low boiling ... Show more content on
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The metals in group 1 if they are melted the metabolic bond will get weaker and weaker this means that the atoms can move freely, and can also be
broken if the boiling point gets reached .Also In group 1 as you go down the group the reactivity increases this is because the atoms get bigger also the
connection between the nucleus and the electron gets weaker. The only thing that can affect this atom is the number of layers of inner electrons which
will surround the atom. In addition if more layers of electrons where added this will mean that more space will be taken this is because
electron–electron repulsion. In result, the atoms will increase in size down the

Chemistry Synthesis Essay
The activity was separated into 4 parts concerning 5 different groups of elements. In the first part, we had identified the physical state, the color, and
the solubility in water of the Carbonates of I–A and II–A Elements. The elements Na2 Co3, Li2 CO3, Mg CO3, Ca CO3 had a powdery appearance
while Ba CO3 had a ball shape appearance and K2 CO3 had a wet, granule appearance. All of the elements stated have a white color. The elements Na2
Co3, Li2 CO3, K2 CO3 were soluble to water while Mg CO3 Ca CO3 Ba CO3 were not. For the second part, we had identified the physical state and
the color of some of the Group IV–A Elements. Carbon had a powdery appearance and it is black in color. Silicon had a ball–shaped appearance and it
is countable and it is pinkish–white in color.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lead has a ball shaped appearance and it is gray in color. For the third part, we had a group of elements, Group II–A Metal Oxides, undergo the litmus
paper test and identified its chemical equation. MgO,CaO ,BaO all had the same results on the test, with all having Red в†’ Blue, Blue в†’ Blue
results resulting having almost the same chemical equations with MgO having MgO + H2O в†’ Mg(OH)2 , CaO having CaO + H2O в†’ Ca(OH)2
and BaO having Ba + H2O в†’ Ba(OH)2. As for the last part, we had a different group of elements, Group V–A Nonmetal Oxides, undergo the litmus
paper test and identified its chemical equation. The elements P2O5, Sb2O3 did not undergo any change so there is no need for a chemical equation
while Nitric acid + Copper changed color from blue to red so it's chemical equation is 4HNO3 + Cu в†’ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O +

How Strontium Is A Chemical Element With Symbol Sr And...
Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number (protons in nucleus) 38 and atomic weight 88.1 It is a soft, silver–gray metal, and
has physical and chemical properties like to Calcium and Barium. It is available as four stable isotopes ubiquitously (Isotopes are differ in forms of an
by number of protons in nucleus but possess a variable number of neutrons.) Strontium–88 is the most dominant among other forms, comprising 83% of
natural strontium, where in additional three stable isotopes and their relative abundance are strontium–84 (0.6%), strontium–86 (9.9%), and
strontium–87 (7.0%). Strontium is available ubiquitous vitally as as celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3), and it comprises about 0.025% of the
earth's crust. There are 16 major radioactive isotopes of strontium, but only strontium–90 has a half–life sufficiently long (29 years). In comparison with
half–lives of remaining strontium radionuclides are fewer than 65 days. Strontium–90 decays to yttrium–90 by decaying a beta particle, and yttrium–90
decays by decaying a energetic beta particle with a half–life of 64 hours to zirconium–90. The key health concerns for strontium–90 are associated to
the energetic beta particle from yttrium–90.2
Strontium–90 is a pure ОІ emitter, produced in nuclear п¬Ѓssion of (235U and 239Pu п¬Ѓssion reaction). When an atom of uranium–235 (or other
fissile nuclide) fissions, usually splits asymmetric into two large fragments – fission products possessing mass

The Chemical Element Of Uranium
Background
Uranium (U) is a chemical element; it is a silvery–white metal. It is one of the heaviest of all the naturally – occurring elements. It was discovered in
1789 by Martin Klaproth, it was named after the planet Uranus, which was discovered eight years earlier. Uranium can be found naturally in small
amounts in rocks, air, soil and water.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Atomic number 92
Atomic mass 238.03 g.mol –1
Density 18.95 g.cm–3 at 20В°C
Boiling point 3818 В°C
Melting point 1132 В°C
Isotopes 11
Electro–Negativity according to Pauling 1.7
Uranium is hard, malleable and ductile. Uranium metal has a very high density. It is very reactive so cannot be found in the environment in its
elemental form. When finely divided, it can react with cold water. In air it is coated by uranium oxide, tarnishing rapidly. It is attacked by steam and
acids. It has the ability to form solid solutions and inter– metallic compounds with many metals. While Uranium is not hazardous by itself, some of its
by–products and decay products pose a huge threat upon build–up.
Uranium is weakly radioactive due to its unstable isotopes; again it has gained importance in the generation of Nuclear energy. It is of great demand in
the production of bullets, missiles and bombs. It is also used to fuel power plants by enriching it with the uranium–235 isotope. The isotope uranium
238 is used to estimate the age of rocks and also used for radiometric dating. Other

Chemical Element Essay
Element: Lithium
Lithium and Its Basic Characteristics
The chemical element Lithium (Li) has an atomic number 3and is the first member of the Alkali metal family. This element is also the least dense of
all the metals – about half of the density of water. Lithium is a very soft silvery metal that has a melting point of 180.54Лљc and a boiling point of
1,335Лљc. This is an active element but nit as active as the other Alkali metals. This element reacts slowly on a water having a room temperature and
rapidly at high temperatures. Also, lithium reacts with most acids that gives off hydrogen gas but does not react withoxygen. Under conditions, lithium
is combined with sulfur, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens. There are two naturally occurring isotopes; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his studies, he could not identify 10% of the mineral. He then concluded that the missing 10% must be a new element. He called the element
"Lithium", from the greek word Lithos which means stone. He was not able to produce lithium. About a year later, however, Swedish chemist William
Thomas Brande (1788–1866) and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) were both able to extract the pure metal from its compounds.
Occurrence or Relevance in Nature
The abundance of Lithium in the Earth's crust is estimated to be about 0.005 percent that places it among the top 15 elements found here in Earth.
Aside from spodumene, petalite, and lepitdolite, lithium is also obtained from saltwater. Lithium metal as well as its compounds have great uses. Two
of the most significant applications are in the Glass and ceramic field and in the production of aluminum. The first commercial use of aluminum was in
the production of alloys early lithium alloys included lead and were used to make tough ball bearings for machineries.
Trivias/ Fun Facts
–The largest producer of lithium is the United States. Three of the largest U.S. mines are located in the Silver Peak, Nevada, and Kings Mountain and
Bessemer City, North

Questions On The Periodic Table
INTU Statement
I need to understand the various arrangements of elements and its similarities to the periodic table given in the Nelson Chemistry 11 textbook.
Periodic Table
The periodic table is the chemicals arranged in order of increasing atomic number and grouped with similar chemical properties. There are 7 periods
and 18 groups in the periodic table. The periodic table used in the textbook has a total of 118 elements.
About Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitri Mendeleev also known as the Russian scientist who was born in Tobolsk, Siberia. Mendeleev was one of 17
children in his house hold. He is known for the periodic table we use today which was created in 1869. Although at the time he only had 65 elements,
his periodic table was the one that stood out the most with, elements organized in increasing atomic weight and grouping them by similarity of
properties. Throughout the years more and more elements were being discovered and in total there are 118 elements. What Dmitri did to discover the
periodic table was that he wrote all of the 65 elements on separate cards and wrote the atomic weight along with the properties. He re–arranged the
cards so that he could find a pattern which he did and wrote it on a piece of paper. He later on published the periodic table in the Principles of Chemistry
in 1869. Dmitri also received many awards one example was the Chair of General Chemistry at the university of Saint Petersburg.
Alternative Proposal ( answering question 10 on pg 33)

Chemical And Periodic Properties: Charlie Ponyik And Dr....
"Chemical and Periodic Properties" Martin Lozano, Charlie Widdicombe Experiment 2 September 5, 2014 Charlie Ponyik and Dr. Renee Falconer
Introduction Even before he knew anything about the atom or its behavior, a Russian scientist by the name of Dmitry Mandeleev was able to organize
known elements of the time by their common properties. He noticed that the properties would appear periodically and began organizing the elements in
columns that shared those similar properties. Thus, the periodic table was born.2 In this lab session, the chemical and periodic properties of several
substances were observed to determine trends and differences among them. These properties include, but are not limited to, acidity and basicity, the
production of gases,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that common household products are generally basic or slightly acidic, and ae useful for cleaning due to their ability to react
with substances that need to be cleaned.1 An acid is simply a molecular compound that is able to donate a positive Hydrogen ion when dissolved in
water. Conversely, a base is a molecular compound that is able to give off negatively charged hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.3 Because of
this "donation" of ions, chemical changes may occur. When ionic compounds (compounds consisting of a positive cation and a negative anion stuck
together by the attraction of the other's charge) are dissolved in water, electrolytes are created. An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity
when dissolved in water, while a non–electrolyte is one that cannot.3 In general, those compounds whose ions dissociate in greater amount and are in
greater concentration are more conductive, or have more ability to transmit heat and electricity. We can demonstrate this dissociation of sodium
chloride dissolved in water with the following chemical

The Scientists : The Physicists
Summer Reading Quiz: The Experimenters, Twelve Great Chemists
The Experimenters goes in depth into the lives of twelve great chemists. Chemistry had been apart of our world since the beginning of time. Chemistry
explains why the sky is blue and what makes up our very existence. The twelve chemists discussed in this novel include Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph
Priestley, Jons Jacob Berzelius, Justus von Liebig, Dmitri Mendeleyev, Louis Pasteur, Marie and Irene Curie, Linus Pauling, Richard Willstatter, and
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. Each chapter starts at their birthplace and will take you through the life of the chemist, from greatest discoveries to
personal relationships. You will read about the struggles and breakthroughs each chemist... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though he is gone, his discoveries still live on to this very day.
Joseph Priestley is known as the diligent experimenter and furious free thinker. Priestley was the founder of pneumatic chemistry, the chemistry of
gases. He was also the inventor of carbonated water. Priestley also discovered what we today call photosynthesis. He also found "nitrous air" or
nitrous oxide; "diminished nitrous air" or nitrous which is now known as laughing gas, a useful anesthetic; "acid air" or hydrochloric acid; "alkaline
air" or ammonia; "vitriolic acid air" or sulphur dioxide. Last but not least, his most important discovery of all time, his discovery of oxygen, which he
called "dephlogisticated air." He had discovered the gas which is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust and makes up one–fifth of its
atmosphere.
John Dalton, also known as the Quaker Atomist, developed the widely known Chemical Atomic Theory. His ideas for this theory can be easily stated.
All elements are made up of tiny invisible particles and that these particles, following Heraclitus, would be called "atoms." All atoms of a given element
are chemically identical. Atoms cannot be destroyed or created during chemical reactions, although atoms of different elements may combine to form
compounds. The chemical reaction forming a compound does not involve a change in atoms, it involves a change in

What Does The Invention Can Be Made For A Healthier...
Ever wonder what invention can be made that will benefit the present and the future. Yet, it is not any ordinary invention, it is an invention that
will make the planet greener and provide a healthier lifestyle for the people. These green developments are what are called sustainable chemistry. It
is a tactic created to provide the needs of the present generations that will later also benefit the future generations. The people have to create
greener solutions to many of these environmental problems because as we know a large portion of our planet is being destroyed piece by piece.
From the air we breathe all the way to the soil, we walk on every day. A major problem would be that many people are developing major health
issues, all because of the filthy air we breathe in. This is all coming from the toxic gases from factories and cars, toxic chemical waste, overloads of
waste, plant chemicals, the list is endless of how many harmful chemicals are released. Many of these chemical uses can be decreased if we do our
part of creating a situation. Instead of creating more trash and throwing away piles of garbage into the landfills and getting much of that burned or
chemically proceed. Mostly 30 to 40 percent of food is thrown away into the landfills in just the United States. We can simply divide our trash and can
create compost. Forming a chemical solution created by pure food compost that is only proceeded by worms. Reducing the use of intoxicated
chemicals that harm the earth's

Potassium: A Chemical Element On The Periodic Table
Potassium essay Potassium is a chemical element on the periodic table with the symbol K from Neo–Latin, Kalium. Potassium comes from the alkali
metals family on the periodic table and has one valence electron. It has 20 neutrons,19 protons and the same amount of electrons . It has an atomic
number of 19 and an atomic mass of 39.0983. Its Melting point is 146.08 degrees and it's boiling point is 1,398 degrees. In room temperature
potassiums phase is solid. The second most dense metal after lithium is potassium, It is a soft solid and can be easily cut with a knife. Potassium
begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air. Potassium is a silvery gray color but when mixed with water it explodes with a purple
flame. Potassium is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people use potassium compounds to create things such as potassium soap. Potassium ions are helpful for all living cells to function. Fresh
fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. It cost about $100 for 100g of potassium. You can find potassium in food such as
bananas, avocados, cooked spinach, potatoes, oranges, apricots, and prunes. Potassium is necessary for proper function in your body system and
is one of the top electrolytes in your body. Potassium is a role in regulating fluid levels in your body. The electrolyte works to balance in you blood
cells, manage your blood pressure, and keeps your heart functioning. Potassium also helps in your nervous system by helping in the correct function
of tissues for nerve impulses. But potassium also has some bad effects as well. It can lead to bad physical and mental problems. Insomnia, anorexia,
and depression are some mental side effects. Poor reflex, kidney failure and heart attack are some of the physical effects that potassium can do.
There are some reasons to why you could activate these potassium symptoms such as excessive alcohol, poor overall health, high stress, and long
period of vomiting. All of these things can make your potassium level drop quickly. The best way to keep a stable potassium level is to eat fruit and

History And Development Of The Periodic Table
History and Development of the Periodic Table
Ben Madden
10B
Part A:Timeline of the Periodic Table
0
Ancient Greeks believed that everything was made of four elements mixed together in different proportions. These elements were fire, water, air and
earth.
1661
Robert Boyle had an assumption that an element was an individual substance that could not be broken down further into a smaller substance through
the process of a chemical reaction. Boyle's assumption is considered to be the beginning of modern chemistry.
1789
Antoine Lavoisier created a list of substances that he considered to be elements. He separated his list of 33 elements into metals and non–metals. Some
items on the list were classified as compounds because they could not be determined to be otherwise, because of the lack of technology and equipment
available at the time.
1820
Jakob Berzelius began to replace the patterns which represented chemical symbols with abbreviations for the element. He developed a system of
organisation based on the weight of an element, with hydrogen having a value one, and all other elements having a higher value. He used one universal
system.
1829
More chemists began studying elements and their properties. Johann Dobereiner identified 40 elements and noticed similar properties between the

elements. He noticed that different groups of elements had a similar atom structure.
1864
John Newlands identified that every eighth element had a similar structure and came

Chlorine Research Paper
Chlorine
Chlorine has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. It's atomic number is 17 and the atomic mass is 35.45. Its symbol on the periodic table is Cl.
Question #1
It is surprising how many ways humans use chlorine. One way humans use chlorine is to kill bacteria and germs in pools. It cleanses the pool so when
people go swimming, they will not get sick. Chlorine is also used to make paper. Scientists use it to drain all the color to make it white. Chlorine is
also used in the water purification process. It kills bacteria in the water system before it enters a house. Chlorine is also found in many common things
like, bleach. Bleach makes clothes white to take out at the stains. The salt many people have on their table is composed up of one sodium and one
chlorine atom. There are not natural sources of chlorine in its pure element (gas) form. But it is mostly found in the earth's crust along with sodium,
potassium, and manganese chlorides. The impacts chlorine has on the environment depends on how long it is the environment and how much of the
substance is present. Sometimes chlorine combines to form harmful chemicals that gets into water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some physical properties are its greenish–yellow color (only is gas form). Its disagreeable, suffocating smell, solubility in water, and a boiling point of
–34.05В°C. It also has a melting point of –101В°C, a density of 3.214 g/l, and a gravity of –33.6В°C. These properties are physical and not chemical
because when observed, they do not change the chemical makeup of that matter (in this case chlorine). The properties are also easily observed with the
5 senses. But how does chlorine get its physical properties? Chlorine gets its properties from the number of protons in the nucleus. Different elements
have different numbers of protons, which means they have different chemical/physical

The Impacts Of John Dalton And The Atomic Theory
John Dalton and the Atomic Theory John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. John Dalton was one of the first scientists to use
homemade instruments to make weather observations. He recorded over 20,000 weather observations over a period of 57 years,(Retrieved from
Infobase Learning). His fascination for the weather and atmosphere pursue him to research the nature of gases, which in turn lead him to his biggest
accomplishment. He built the atomic theory, after two centuries, this theory still remain valid in the field of modern chemistry. John Dalton is considered
to be the father of modern atomic theory.
John Dalton Pursues Chemistry John Dalton a Quaker kid didn't receive a formal education in his childhood. However, he got a basic grounding in
reading, writing and math in a Quaker school. John Fletcher a teacher in the school inspired the young to solve mathematical problems, a skill John
Dalton quickly mastered. Elihu Robinson became interested in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He considered that gases must be made up of particles that can somehow occupy spaces between particles that make up water. Also, that in a mixture of
gases the different particles must intermingle rather than separate into layers depending on their density. Dalton performed experiments to test and
correct his atomic theory. As every scientist John Dalton makes mistakes. He made a mistake in assuming that the simplest compound of two elements
must be binary, formed from atoms of each element in a 1:1 ratio. This postulate prevented his theory from being accepted for many years. Many of
the atomic weights were incorrect and later corrected. For example, he said oxygen atomic weight was seven instead of eight. Although he committed
little mistakes, Dalton's theory provided a logical explanation of concepts, and led the way into new fields of experimentation.
How does The Atomic Theory Affects

3a Lab Report
Ka Bae Ly Chemistry 3A Lab Julie Steele, Monday 8am 9 October 2016 Essay #1 Chemistry is composed of many molecules and changes of
properties in the matter of science. The elements on the periodic table arranged from metal to non metals, plays an important role when it comes to
making a compound and mixture. Each of the element have their own unique atomic mass which matters when it comes to organizing the periodic
table and when there is a calculation. There are lots of importance about the atomic mass of each element that will be discussed later in this essay. An
experiment performed using the mass of zinc and copper has determined whether which element have excess remaining. Will there be a difference if an
alkali metal was used? An... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there are some differences, the chemical formulas still rely upon the metals and non metals on the periodic table. Molar mass is a method
that concludes the weigh of a substance in a chemical formula. It makes the calculation of the chosen composition easier by breaking it down to
grams per mole. Referring to experiment 4, there are many metals that can't be mixed in an aqueous solution because it can result into a combustion.
However, alkali metals are not single atoms so it will certainly have an atomic weight and ratio to determine if there's any excess of the

Boundless Fluorine Essay
Introduction The elemental group F, Cl, Br, I, and At, located in the seventeenth column of the periodic table, are known as Halogens. Halogens are
nonmetals and they have an effective nuclear charge, because of this they're highly electronegative. Due to their electronegativity, they're very reactive
and they gain electrons through reactions with other elements. However, halogens can be very harmful or deadly to biological organisms. Physical
properties of Halogens When the electron shells are filled, the atoms get bigger as you go down the group of halogens. When fluorine is a diatomic
molecule, the F–F bond is quite weak (Boundless. "Halogens." Halogens | Boundless... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The color of this element reflects the reactivity of it. The appearance is a very pale yellow–green. This element is a dangerously reactive gas. In fact
it's one of the most reactive of all the elements and reacts mostly to metals. An example of this is when steel wood is exposed to fluorine it bursts into
flames ("Fluorine – Element Information, Properties and Uses | Periodic Table." Royal Society of Chemistry). Which also explains why they used
fluorine in the Second World War to help develop theatom bomb and other projects having to do with that. It's also been used to help make gases for
high powered transformers. It's also used in teflon, cable insulation, plumbers tape, and a base for waterproof shoes and clothes. Chlorine has a similar
look to fluorine. Chlorine is a yellow–green dense gas. It has a very distinct smell to it and has been used as a chemical weapon. It also kills bacteria
and is used as a disinfectant. Chlorine disinfects drinking water and swimming pool water and is also used in organic chemistry. It can be used as an
oxidising agent and in substitution reactions. But in the past it was used to make chloroform. Since chlorine is poisonous it was used as a chemical
weapon during World War

Neon: A Chemical Element
Neon is a chemical element. Neon was discovered by two chemists named Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in the country of England.
Ramsay and Travers discovered this element in the year or 1898. The word "neon" is a Greek word that means "new". Neon was discovered through
the studies of liquefied air. This element belongs to the "noble gases" group in the periodic table. The symbol for this element is 'Ne'. Neon is in
period two. The atomic number of neon is 10. The atomic mass of neon is 20.1797. There are three known stable isotopes for the element neon. The
element neon is a nonmetal. When at lab temperature, neon is a gas. When at freezing point, neon turns from a liquid to a solid. When at condensing
point, neon turns from a

Chlorine Experiment
Introduction:
The element I have chosen to research for my assignment is Chlorine. It is a very important element as Chlorine is in a lot of things that most people
use in their everyday lives.
Chlorine is an element of the periodic table. It's chemical symbol is Cl, it has the atomic number of 17 and an approximate atomic mass of 35.5. It
was discovered by a man named Carl Wilhelm Sceele who mistakenly thought it was a gas that contained oxygen and discovered chlorine and noticed
its other properties and uses.
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Chlorine, being an element owns a variety of physical and chemical properties such as that it is a gas which means it is a non–metal making it
impossible to be lustrous, hard, conductors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thing that is different with chlorine when mixing with hydrogen is that it doesn't burn or explode when in contact with it (eg. Oxygen). During the
process of combining, a solution called hydrogen chlorine is produced.
Where is it found / How is it made?
Where is it found:
Chlorine is located in abundance in the Earth's crust and exists closer that thought. Chlorine can be found as the compound, sodium chlorine, which is
found in the Earth's oceans. Chlorine can also be made.
How is it made:
Chlorine first exists as a compound called sodium chlorine which is located in Earth's oceans. To actually make chlorine, first it must be extracted
from the ocean and taken to a lab or place where it must be manufactured by using the process of electrolysis to get chlorine. During the production
process, two co–products are produced: hydrogen gas and caustic soda.
Why is it important and what are its uses
Chlorine has many uses and importance as it is a very commonly overlooked thing that changes people's lives. First of all, chlorine can be used as a

very effective antiseptic which can stop wounds and sores from being infected or stopping something nasty spreading

Evaluate Dalton's Theory
1.Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the use of the modern atomic theory and periodic law to explain the characteristics of atoms
and elements.
Dalton had come up with the atomic theory which said "that all matter is made of atoms, all atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
properties, compounds are combinations of two or more different types of atoms, and a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms." we learned so
much from this theory, we know that the atoms are not indivisible because they are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons and we know that
Daltons picture of the atom was different than what it actually is. The periodic law says that "physical and chemical properties of the elements recur in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of
atoms (including atomic radii, ionization energy, and electronegativity of various elements). With the Atomic radii we can't figure out the atomic
radius of the atom because there is not a zero probability for finding the electron. Because of this we cannot figure out the exact distance. All that we
can figure out is the distance between two nuclei and we use the formula "1 nm = 1 X 10–9 m; 1 pm = 1 X 10–12 m." Ionization Energy is the energy
that is required to fully remove an electron from an atom or ion. Electronegativity is the ability to attract electrons to an element
6. Plan and carry out an investigation to gather evidence to compare the physical and chemical properties at the macroscopic scale to infer the strength
of intermolecular and intramolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are forces that do interaction between molecules, such as: forces of attraction,or
repulsion. These are the ones that will act between molecules. Intramolecular forces are forces that help hold the atoms together which make up a
molecule or

The Chemical Element Calcium
What is Calcium? The chemical element Calcium (Ca) is a malleable, ductile, soft metal. It's located in period four and group two of the periodic
table. Calcium atoms have 20 electrons and 20 protons, there are two valence electrons in the outer shells. Its mass number is approximately 40.08.
Calcium has four stable isotopes including 40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, and 44Ca; 97% of naturally occurring calcium is in the isotope 40Ca. Isotopes are
atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. In nature, calcium does not appear as a metal itself
instead it appears in the form of rocks and minerals such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. Calcium can be found in countries such as Russia, China,
USA, and France.

The History of Chemistry Essay
History of Chemistry
Chemistry has been around for a various amount of years. The beginning of chemistry was first acknowledged in 10,000 BC. The ancient civilizations
used technologies that came to become the makeup of the many branches of chemistry. These early civilizations would extract metal from ores, make
pottery and glazes, beer and wine fermentation, extraction of chemicals from plants for medicine, making fat into soap, making glass, and many
chemistry related tasks were done. Alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry by performing experiments and recording the results. Robert Boyle
wrote The Sceptical Chymist in 1661, and in this book it he talks about the difference between chemistry and alchemy. Although was not the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henry Cavendish had isolated hydrogen in 1766. He soon called "inflammable air." In 1773, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discoveredoxygen. He came to call
this "fire air." Scheele had not published his achievement soon enough, and Joseph Priestley did instead. Priestley revered to oxygen as
"dephlogisticated air." He had also invented soda water. In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier, father of modern chemistry, established the law of conservation of
mass, Lavoisier's law. He had made a system which named chemical compounds. This was put into his book called Methods of Chemical
Nomenclature in 1787. This chemical compound naming system is still used today. John Dalton proposed Dalton's law in 1803. This law describes the
relationship the makeup in a mixture of gases and the pressure that each contributes to the mixture. Dalton had also proclaimed in 1803 that all matter
was composed of small indivisible particles. In 1808 he published New System of Chemical Philosophy where he proposed a modern atomic theory. In
this book he made an outline of the identification of the atomic theory. Dalton claimed that atoms of a given element possess unique characteristics and
weight, and three types of atoms existed. Those three types are simple (elements), compound (simple compounds), and complex (complex molecules).
There were many uncertainties about Dalton's published book. In 1811, Amedeo

Physics Of The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
Chemically speaking, the periodic table was a major factor in improving the study of elements, in which then the study of these elements expands into
broader studies such as atoms and sub–atoms. This essay will talk about the history of the development of the periodic table and will further discuss the
how and why it was created. Moreover, it will include the history of various chemists that contributed in the improvement of the table such as Johann
Wolfgang DГ¶bereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henry Moseley, Glenn T. Seaborg.
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the substratum of their atomic number (number of protons in the
nucleus), electron configurations, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, a periodic table provides an utilizable framework for analyzing chemical manner, and so the tables, in diverse forms, are widely utilized in
chemistry and other sciences.
In 1817, Johann Wolfgang DГ¶bereiner commenced to formulate one of the earliest endeavours to relegate the elements. In 1829, he found that he
could compose some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having cognate properties. He termed these groups as triads.
Some of the triads that were relegated by DГ¶bereiner are chlorine, bromine, and iodine, also calcium, strontium, and barium, and sulfur, selenium, and
tellurium and finally lithium, sodium, and potassium. In all of the triads, the atomic weight of the middle element was virtually precisely the average
of the atomic weights of the other two elements.
In 1865, few years after the discovery of the triads, the English chemist John Newlands relegated the fifty–six kenned elements into eleven groups,
predicated on their physical properties. Newlands noted that many pairs of like elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass
number, and he was the first to assign them an atomic number. When his 'law of octaves ' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of
eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the

Argon Research Paper
Dav'Eyoine Camp
Mr. Irwin 7th
February 9, 2016
My Element Argon My element is Argon and its symbol is Ar. Argon is the third most common gas that is found in the earth's atmosphere. Argon is
a noble gas that is also used to keep light bulbs from bursting. Argon is located in period 3 group 18. Argon is also used to make titanium and other
reactive chemicals. Argon is an odorless, colorless gas. Argon is the 3rd most abundant gas. Argon has 8 protons, 8 electrons and 2 neutrons in its
shell. Argon was discovered by 2 men named William Ramsey and Lord Rayleigh, they said argon is made when nitrogen andoxygen come to gather.
Argon is classified as a nonmetal and begins to compose when it warms to –411 degrees Fahrenheit. At room temperature

The Science Of The Chemistry
The science of the chemistry was known and developed in ancient Greece. This assignment will contain a description of key ideas, and important
people including explanations of key discoveries, ideas and their contribution to the accepted theories of today. By 1830 there were more than 50
elements known. In 1934 the element uranium, with atomic number of 92 was found.
Democritus known as to how atoms were created. His ideas influenced on modern science and he is remembered for his formulation of the atomic
theory of the universe. He found Aristotle to be the biggest contributor to discoveries in natural science. Democritus' main contribution to chemistry
was the suggestion that all matter is made up of particles which he called atoms. He was the first to create an atomic model and he helped people to
understand the idea and helped scientists in the future.
Robert Boyle, an inventor, employed Robert Hooke to help him with his experiments. They built the air pump in 1659 which was used in many
experiments. Boyle's various experiments helped him discover relationships between pressure and volume of gases. Boyle made an important
contribution to the development of modern science. He performed assays on gold and silver, and tested for copper with ammonia, and tested for salt in
water with sliver nitrate. Also he is isolated to find four elements. He was the first person to define the word element in modern understanding. In the
time he define fourteen elements was known

Roles Involved In Fireworks
The Role of Black powder in Fireworks
Fireworks are a device containing gunpowder and other combustible chemicals. Fireworks cause spectacular effects and explosions when ignited.
They are most commonly used for display on in celebrations (William Collins Sons & Co, N/D). Fireworks are spectacular as they produce
amazing bursts of colour that form a variety of shapes. 2 main reactions occur in fireworks to produce their magnificent display. Stars are used to
create the colours in fireworks after their explosion (Dingley, 2015). Black powder is used for the propulsion of the aerial shell into the air. The
Black powder also causes the bursting of the aerial shell causing the stars to be released (Antonis, 2010).
Black powder is a substance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meaning the element gains electrons during the reaction. This occurs with the nitrogen in the potassium nitrate (reactant) and the Nitrogen (product).
The oxidation number of nitrogen in the potassium nitrate is positive 5 and the oxidation number of the nitrogen is 0. Therefore during the reaction the
nitrogen has gained 5 electrons. Therefore this classifies as a reduction reaction.
The potassium nitrate in this reaction is a spectator ion as it does not react or change form. This is due to the potassium always being in a compound
meaning it never changes charge.
Fireworks utilize an array of chemical reactions and different chemical compounds to produce a spectacular display of light and sound. These chemical
reactions include redox reactions, combination reactions and displacement reactions. All of these chemical reactions equally take part in the production
of the light and sound of the

Elements Of A Chemical Reaction Lab Report
Chemical Reaction Lab Report The purpose of this experiment is to determine why the distance between beaker A and beaker B increase or decrease
the amount of visible vapor. An acid–base neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. Evidence of a chemical reaction
is that a gas is formed. I noticed that a thicker, denser gas was formed when beaker A and B were right next to each other as opposed to when they
were about a meter apart. If an acid–base neutralization reaction is related to vapor, then as the distance between beakers A and B decrease, the
amount of vapor will increase due to a reaction between beaker A and B's gases. To begin with, I started with two 250 mL beakers about one meter
apart. Beaker A was

Year 12 Chemistry Essay
Year 8 Science Chemistry COMMON ASSESSMENT TASK Outline This Common Assessment Task assesses your ability to research and present
information on a chemical element of your choice. Mark – 20 Allocation of marks 1. Peer mark for Element Cube = 10 2. Validation test = 10 Date
given – ________________ Date due – ________________ Element Cube Research 1.Under the direction of your teacher choose an element to
conduct your research on 2.Collect data about your element using reference materials and internet sites. 3.Format your data into 6 'panels', that when
printed on paper are exactly 9.5 cm square. 4.Construct the element cube using the cardboard template. 5.Glue the data 'panels' collected neatly on to
the 6 sides of the cube. Presentation of cube 1.Use of colour,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
пѓ±Your name and class eg 8–9Side #2 – Atomic structure: пѓ±You must have a picture that shows the structure of the element (number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons) and the shell pattern of the electrons. Side #3 – Physical & Chemical Properties пѓ±Include five pieces of information that is
appropriate to your element eg в—¦Colour: в—¦State of matter at room temperature: в—¦Density: в—¦Melting point: в—¦Boiling point: в—¦Odour
/ Texture / Hardness: в—¦Flammability: в—¦How reactive is it? (Will it combine with other elements?) Side #4 – Periodic Table Information:
пѓ±Include the following five pieces of information that is appropriate to your element: в—¦Type of Element: в—¦Atomic Number: в—¦Atomic Mass:
в—¦Period Number: в—¦Group Number: Side #5 – About пѓ±Include information that is appropriate to your element eg в—¦Background history of
your element. в—¦Origin of the nameв—¦Who discovered or first identified your element? в—¦What country was it found in? в—¦When was it
discovered? в—¦Where is your element found and how is it

Analysis Of The Book ' The Chemy '
A Chemy called Al is a very outgoing book that helps you use your imagination so you can clearly see the different forms of elements of the periodic
table. It 's full of action and will keep you guessing on what is going to happen. Here are some main key points of the story.
Key idea 1
Chemy lion is one of the main characters In the book "The Chemy called Al" he is supposed to represent something big and luxurious and mysterious.
In the book Chemy lion blends in with the surrounds around him. Almost like a chameleon. Alchemy was a kind of pre science that existed from a
bout 500 B. C. to about the end of the 16th century. People who studied alchemy– alchemists– wanted to find a way of changing lead, iron, and other
metals into gold. They were also looking for a way to have eternal life. Alchemy contained too much magic and mysticism to be a real science, but
alchemist developed a number of techniques and produced many new materials that were later found to be useful in modern day Chemistry. He
represents Albertus Magnus. Albertus Magnus was a saint in the 1200s. He was also a scientist.
Key idea 2
The periodic are horses. They represent different elements on the periodic table. For example, Au, which is gold is achemical element. Its atomic
number is 79. In its purist form it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, soft, dense and a ductile metal. Chemically gold is a transition metal and a group
11 element. Each horse is a different size, shape, and

Why The Chemical Elements Are Given A Unique Atomic Number
All the chemical elements are given a unique atomic number; copper is the 29 atomic numbers. Atoms are made of three kinds of smaller particles,
called protons, neutrons and electrons the atomic number is the number of protons in the atom. Each element is first identified at room temperature and
pressure as being solid, liquid or gas therefore copper is a solid. Elements, like copper, have other properties and characteristics physical properties
can be observed and measured whereas chemical properties is how an element reacts with other substances. Copper is capable of being bent and
shaped also it can be easily pulled or stretched into thin wire. Copper has a shine to it; it is an excellent transmission of heat and electricity since it is
a good conductor. The maximum density of Copper is 8.96 g/cm3.
Copper is a ductile metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Ductility is a measure of how much pressure a metal can take before
breaking apart. A metal with high malleability will be able to be drawn into long, thin wires without rupturing whereas a metal with low malleability
will be brittle, although it may be strong, once it deforms enough, it will rupture. Most metals like Copper, gold, silver and aluminum are malleable
because atoms can roll over each other and retain the structure of crystal, a function of metallic bonding. Copper is a pinkish color when it is new,
but soon turns a reddish orange color after it is exposed to air, it is soft and bendy.

Magnesium Oxide Lab Report
Intro In this lab, we will create a chemical reaction between the reactants oxygen (O2) and magnesium (Mg) using combustion. The product will be
magnesium oxide (MgO). In this lab we will record the masses of reactants and products to perform stoichiometry of the chemical equation Mg + O2
–> MgO. The actual yield of product will differ from the theoretical yield based on how the experiment is performed. The independent variable is the
product amounts and the dependent variable is the percent yield. Literature Review The word stoichiometry originates from the Greek language
(ChemTeam). The Greek words for "element" and "measure," stoicheion and metron, are what combine together to make that word stoichiometry.
When performing stoichiometry, the masses of products and the masses of reactants involved in the particular chemical equation you are observing are
used in the calculations. The first person to record the concept of stoichiometry was Jeremias Benjaim Richter, a German chemist. He said, originally in
German and translated to English, "Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or mass ratios in which chemical elements
stand to one another." In a typical stoichiometry problem, you will be given the chemical equation of a reaction, a certain amount of reactant, and then
you will need to find how much of the product can be formed. The skills needed to complete a stoichiometry problem are balancing equations,
converting between grams

Atomic Structure Research Paper
Atomic structure In the nucleus of an atom there are protons and neutrons the number of protons and neutrons depends on the element and ,if it is
an isotope of that element. E.g. carbon 12, carbon 12 has six neutrons six protons and 6 electrons . Electrons are located around the nucleus of the
atom. Electrons are in shells, the shell closest to the nucleus is 1 , the one after 2 and so on. Each shell can only hold up to a certain number of
electrons . the first can hold up to 2 , the second 8 (2+6) the third up to 18 (2+6+10). The general formula for finding out how many electrons a shell
can hold is 2n^2. Electrons have a negative charge , while protons have a positive and neutrons have no charge. Aatom has the same number of protons
and electrons. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains a electrons .
Radioactivity is when energy is emitted from the nucleus due to the nucleus being unstable. The 3 types of radiation are Alpha ,Beta and gamma.
Alpha particles have 2 protons and two neutrons. Examples of radioactive nuclei that emit alpha radiation. Are : uranium, thorium, actinium, and
radium They are very ionising so they give energy off onto whatever they are in contact with. Therefore, it loses energy more quickly. They are not
very penetrating so can be stopped by a piece of paper or skin. Beta particles have 1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
isotopes have the same chemical properties as their elements but different chemical properties. This is because isotopes of an element have the same
number of electrons as an atom of that particular element. The electron arrangement is what affects chemical properties, and isotopes have the same
electron arrangement , so they have the same chemical properties. However the have a different number of neutrons which changes the mass number.
The mass number is what determines the physical properties , such as boiling point and

John Cusack: The Element Of Neon
John Cusack Sir William Ramsay and Morris M. Travers discovered the element neon in 1898. Sir William Ramsay and Morris M. Travers took
aargon, froze it in a glass bubble, and surrounded it with liquefied air. Then Ramsay and Travers took away the liquid and ran electricity through
the vapor, which turned into neon! Neon is a noble gas found at group 18 and period 2. Neon has an element symbol of Ne, has a atomic number of 10,
and a atomic mass of 20.179. Neon or Ne is located at group 18 so therefore neon has 8 valence electrons. Neon is a gas at room temperature, has a
boiling point of –246.1 oC, and a melting point at –248.6 oC. Neon is a non–toxic, tasteless, smell less, and colorless. Neon though is only colorless if
no electrical current is running through it. If neon has an electrical current going through it neon becomes a bright red–orange color. Neon is
chemically inactive so neon can't react with any other element or compound even under extreme pressure. Neon is the 4th most abundant element in
the universe, but only .0018% of neon is found in the Earth's atmosphere. Neon is found in Earth's atmosphere. Neon is a renewable resource. Neon
just by itself isn't dangerous, but if you have liquid... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you add substances to neon you change the red–orange color to hundreds. Neon is also used more than just for advertising such as lasers, TV tubes,
and cryogenics. Since neon is chemically inactive neon doesn't have any chemical bonds with other elements. There are three common isotopes of
neon 20Ne, 21Ne, and 22Ne. 20Ne and 22Ne are used for helium–neon laser applications. 21Ne is used for surface exposure dating. The name neon
comes from the Greek word neos, which means new. Neon gas is expensive because it has to be removed from the air. Neon's crystal structure is
cubic. Neon is the second lightest noble gas, lighter than air! Neon forms in stars with a mass of 8 or more Earth

Chemistry : The Chemical And Physical Properties Of Chemistry
By definition, chemistry is the scientific branch concerned with atoms, molecules, chemical elements and how they form compounds and undergo
reactions.
This science gave humanity the chance to understand not only the chemical and physical properties of chemical elements and compounds, it unlocked
endless opportunities for humans to prepare, find, and use these elements in every field and aspect in their daily life. This includes engineering,
medicine, nutrition, scientific research, experiments and industries.
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number or Z). 118 elements
are found, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements.
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
Every solid, liquid, and gas is made up of neutral or ionized (gaining or losing electrons) atoms.
Chemical elements constitute all the ordinary matter in the universe excluding dark matter in space which is yet to be discovered and studied.
The most common elements on earth are hydrogen, and helium that mostly formed after the big bang.
All chemical elements known to mankind are present in the "Periodic Table" that arranges them and summarizes their chemical properties.
One of the mostly used chemical elements in life is Copper "Cu"
The word copper derives from the Latin "cuprum," which translates into

History Of The Science Of Chemistry Essay

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