Taking A Look At Muscle Fatigue

Taking a Look at Muscle Fatigue
Muscle Fatigue Date: 20/5/14
Introduction:
I know that the more times I skip, lactic acid will build up in my legs, from my own experience this makes you fell horrible. As our bodies perform
strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we attempt to move more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its
energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. The cells follow the aerobic process when the blood supplies enough oxygen to the cells, which
is:– Glucose+ oxygen–>Carbon Dioxide+ water+ Energy. But when the blood cannot get the needed oxygen to the cells, it has to get the energy from
the glucose in another way. The cells use the anaerobic pathway; It does this then by breaking glucose down into lactic acid, Glucose–>Lactic Acid+
Energy. Lactic acid is released into the muscles when they have used up glucose stores but still have intense energy needs. Small amounts of lactic
acid operate as a temporary energy source, which helps you avoid fatigue during a workout. However, a build–up of lactic acid during a workout can
create burning sensations in the muscles that can slow down or halt your activity. This is not an effective energy source for long periods of
exercise, so the blood takes lactic acid to the liver which coverts it back into glucose to be used in the normal aerobic process. Scientist are always
looking into ways to decrease lactic acid build up in elite athletes so they can perform faster
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Ethnographic Study Summary
High–intensity interval training alters ATP pathway flux during maximal muscle contractions in humans
The purpose of this study was to see how high intensity interval training alter ATP in maximal muscle contractions. This study consisted of young
eight men who performed six series of repeated 30 s all out sprints on an ergometer (Larsen, Maynard, & Kent, 2014). The purpose of an ergometer
is to measure the amount of work is used to perform this task. All of the participants were students at University of Massachusetts who volunteered to
participate in this study. Ages ranged from 27. 0 В± 3.4 years, no participates was currently participating in any regular exercise program. No
participates were on any type of medication or vitamin to help ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Personally, I believe each individual deals with stress differently. There are many ways to deal with stress, some people listen music, go fishing, and
even workout. The research of this article was done to quantify the interactive effects of physical and mental workload on muscle endurance. In the
study there were twelve participants with the gender evenly divided performed intermitted static shoulders abduction to exhaustion at 15, 35, and 55%
of MVC. Each participant self–reported that there were no musculoskeletal injuries or disorders within the past year. To quantify muscle endurance
and recovery, the experiment design consisted of 3 physical workload x 2 mental workload. There were six treatment conditions on a separate of 2
days with a minimum of 2 days rest in

The Benefits Of Compression Stress
Throughout this article, the authors studied the concept of wearing compression tights on the thigh during prolonged running that was attenuated with
the exercise–induced increase in muscle damaged markers in the blood. The authors Sahiro Mizuno, Mari Arai, Fumihiko Todoko, Eri Yamada and
Kazushige Goto used this article to address and acknowledge earlier publications that have been conducted on this topic. The article gave way to the
discussion whose purpose was to examine the effects of wearing a lower–body compression garment with different body coverage areas during
prolonged running or exercise performance involving muscle damage. The discussion in recent publications had implied that applied pressure played a
role in the benefits of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The broad approach to figuring out if compression garments reduced the increase in muscle damage markers in blood due to prolonged exercise was
tested using various methods. Some of the methods that were used involved grading muscle soreness and fatigue based on a 10–cm visual analog scale,
with 0 cm indicating no pain or fatigue, and 10 cm indicating the worst pain and fatigue. A thigh and calf circumference was conducted by tape
measurements for the pre–marked sites that was distinguished before the exercise started. Then a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee
extension and plantar flexion was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer, and finally, blood samples were taken by using the antecubital vein to
determine different components of blood with serum and plasma samples obtained by a centrifugation. As discussed in the article, all of these tests,
combined with other components, were used to help each author in the article shed light on the idea that compression tights can cause a difference
during prolonged running (120 minutes or more) in dealing with the decrease or reduction in muscle damage markers in the blood. The researchers in
this study used different means of measurement to gather information on different aspects of the study. One thing the researchers did was use three
different locations for the

Fatigue In The Body: Exercise Physiology
Fatigue in the Body
William Cotton
Exercise Physiology
Fatigue can occur anywhere in the body. Fatigue is defined as the inability of an organism, organ, or part to function normally because of prolonged
exertion. It is a result of mental and physical exertion. Fatigue is something that almost everyone experiences no matter what field of work s/he may be
working with. Athletes are the main focus when talking about fatigue. This is because athletes are the population that performs prolonged exertions the
most. A lot must occur before fatigue sets in an individual. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the main sites of where
fatigue can occur. Within these are a numerous of amounts of sites that fatigue... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E and Powers K. S.: Exercise Physiology Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, ed 9, New York, 2015 McGraw
–Hill
Kelly L. McMullen, Nicole L. Cosby, Jay Hertel, Christopher D. Ingersoll, and Joseph M. Hart (2011) Lower Extremity Neuromuscular Control
Immediately After Fatiguing Hip–Abduction Exercise. Journal of Athletic Training: Nov/Dec 2011, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 607
–614.
Matthew S. Harkey, Phillip A. Gribble, and Brian G. Pietrosimone (2014) Disinhibitory Interventions and Voluntary Quadriceps Activation: A
Systematic Review. Journal of Athletic Training: May/Jun 2014, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 411
–421.
Nelson Cortes, Eric Greska, Roger Kollock, Jatin Ambegaonkar, and James A. Onate (2013) Changes in Lower Extremity Biomechanics Due to a
Short–Term Fatigue Protocol. Journal of Athletic Training: May/Jun 2013, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 306
–313
Principles of athletic training (8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book. Arnheim, D., & Prentice, W.

Homeostatic Response Paper
The intensity of exercise regulates the homeostatic response on ventilation. Each person exercises differently and their bodies respond to exercise
differently as well. Whether it is an athlete that trains everyday, the friend that exercises regularly or a patient that is diagnosed with cardiac failure
that tries to exercise regularly, people approach exercise differently. Yet, the common theme of exercise is that the body consumes an increased amount
of oxygen as a metabolic change in response to CO2 production. As numerous studies have shown, as the intensity of exercise increases, metabolic
acidosis occurs where there is a build–up of lactic acid in the muscles that is called the anaerobic threshold. Studies that expound on aerobic and
anaerobic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous studies showed that low to moderate exercise affect ventilation rate and depth. The PCO2 and PO2 levels are usually normal in normal
individuals. The intensities of exercises determine how ventilation is regulated in an individual. Heavy work always induces lactic acid build up which
we call the anaerobic threshold. The anaerobic threshold is useful to determine physical aptitude and severities in cardiopulmonary diseases. There are
still numerous possibilities that anaerobic threshold can determine and studies are still ongoing to see what we can determine from lactic acid build up.
Further studies should include different noninvasive ways to analyze anaerobic threshold besides maximal exercise. So far, this limits the capability of
using anaerobic threshold in tests since the test is physically tolling and could have unintended side effects. Even though it is currently unanswered,
ways to use anaerobic threshold are being studied and

Exercise Physiology And Training Programs
Exercise Physiology and Training Programs.
Research Report
The contents included in this report will outline; the meaning of fitness, components of fitness, measurements and evaluation of physical performance
capacities, the three energy systems, oxygen consumption and delivery, training methods and training principles.
2
Table of contents
Contents
Table of contents1
Part A2
Introduction2
Part B2
Touch analysis2
Part C3
Fitness components and energy systems3
Part D3
Process and effects of training3
Part E4
Evaluation and conclusion4
Bibliography5
Appendices6
Appendix 16
Appendix 27
Part A

Introduction
Exercise physiology, as explained by exercise.com, is the study of how the body reacts to physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part B
Touch analysis
Touch Football was only formalized in the 1970's and is now played in all of Australia. Coaches of Rugby teams used variations of for offseason
activities. The game came to be known as Touch Rugby/Football, now simply known as touch. The main differences in the rules of the game of touch
and rugby league is that there is no tackling you have to touch the attacking player instead, kicking is not allowed, the dummy half cannot get touched
and the ball is not allowed to drop to the ground.
In the game of touch there are three positions and two players at each position on the field, the positions are middle, link and wing. The main roles
for the middle are to ruck/drive the ball down the field in attack and to close down the defence. The predominant energy system used at a
professional level is the lactic acid system but as they are subbed off regularly and at a senior high school level we do not have the luxury of enough
players to sub on the energy system used changes to the aerobic system. Knowledge of rucking patterns and organisation helps make a great middle.
The key roles in the position of link are to set up tries for the wing position and controlling the defensive and offensive line. The focal energy system
used by the link position is the lactic acid system. The ability to find gaps in the defence separates good links from great ones.
Lastly, the wing position, finishes off the set plays by scoring

Exercise Physiology : The Eccentric Contraction
The Eccentric Contraction
Exercise Physiology November 26, 2012
Damian Santamaria
Dr. Hildebrand
KNES 3613
Exercise Physiology
Southern Nazarene University
November 26th 2014
One indicator of life that has continually been examined is motion; whether it has been external or internal it is better understood in the body as muscles.
Muscle analysis and locomotion dates back to ancient history. Today there is a more in depth modern understanding of muscle types, movements and
contractions. Both scientists and everyday fitness enthusiasts debate over knowing how different types of motion and muscle contractions effect
muscle function and structure. Interestingly there are studies that either support or dispute the various types of muscle contractions for building
strength and muscle hypertrophy. Every day we use our muscles and with an in depth look into how they work will lead to understanding which way to
train our muscles for optimal results.
Muscles are not only used during voluntary movements such as lifting weights or running, but also during involuntary movements, for instance heart
contractions or food digestion. These voluntary and involuntary functions of the muscles are performed by three different muscles smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Interestingly similarities in the three muscle types are evident, "the anatomical structures of smooth, cardiac and
skeletal muscle differ in some respects, but their control mechanisms and principles of

Creatine 's Performance Enhancing Athletic Performance
Carter Eckhardt
CP Eng IV 2nd hr.
February 24, 2016
Muscle Candy If you ever wandered through a pharmacy, you may have seen muscular bodybuilders checking out creatine (Cr) supplements. Many
athletes consume this supplement to build strength and enhance athletic performance, especially towards physical efforts requiring energy bursts.
Since English Olympians initially brought attention to creatine 's performance–enhancing benefits at the 1992 Barcelona Games, creatine 's popularity
has skyrocketed. Its effectiveness is supported by numerous scientific studies, including those suggesting benefits for people with physical disabilities.
The supplementation of Cr is proven in studies to enhance athletic performance, although more studies have shown how Cr will boost the strength of
the physically and mentally disabled with limited side effects. Creatine, a nitrogenous carboxylic acid, is produced internally in vertebrates or
consumed from exogenous sources such as fish or red meat. Cr is synthesized in a two–step process from three amino acids: arginine, glycine and
methionine. Cr synthesis begins in the kidney and pancreas from arginine and glycine. According to Qasim and Mahmood, (2015), almost 90–95% of
the total Cr in the human body is stored in the skeletal muscles which take up Cr against a concentration gradient with the aid of the sodium–dependent
Cr transporter–1. Cr is stored mainly in the skeleton system, but also in muscle fibers, brain neurological system,

Essay on The Physiology of Fitness
BTEC Level 3 Unit 2: The Physiology of Fitness Describe the musculoskeletal and energy systems response to acute exercise. What is an acute
response? An acute response is an immediate response to exercise. Acute exercise will last throughout the full length of your training session.
During the training session our bodies begin to respond to the exercises we are doing and begin to feel the changes within our bodies and mind due
to physical strain and stress of the physical activity in lots of different ways. Musculoskeletal response Increased blood supply: the increased blood
supply occurs in the body due to the increase in demand for more oxygen and this is due to the working muscles needing more oxygen and energy
during... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ATP–P system doesn't provide a lot of energy but it is used for quick and powerful movements. For example: A 100m runner would use the
ATP–PC system due to the fact that the athlete would need a short powerful burst of movement to be able to get off the blocks quickly. Another
example of this energy is for a shot putter. They would use this energy system because they don't need a lot of energy for their sport, all they need is
a short powerful burst of energy to be able to get a strong, powerful thrown and to be able to throw the shot–putt a long way. All these different
sporting examples last up to 8–10 seconds and this is the energy production. The speed of energy production for Phosphocreatine is very fast, although
the amount of ATP produced is very limited. The time it takes to recover from the ATP
–PC energy system is 30 seconds up to 4 minutes. The
phosphocreatine works when your body is working at high intensity at around 90–100%. The strengths of the Phosphocreatine system is because the
source is stored in the muscles and liver so it can produce energy very quickly using a short burst. This means that there will be a higher force of
contraction. There are also no waste products within this system. Another advantage/strength of this energy system is the recovery time.
Phosphocreatine recovery time is shorter than the

Physiology Assignment
Physiology
Assignment
Physiology
Assignment
Short term responses
One short term response when playing basketball is when your face starts to go red, this happens because the body gets too hot and it tries to cool the
body down by bringing blood to the surface of the skin to let some heat out and the skin also produces sweat to let out heat, therefore the skin surface
goes red. Another short term response to physical activity is that your breathing rate and heart rate increases, the reason this occurs is because the
muscles are being made to work harder and as a result of that the muscles need more oxygen so therefore you need to breathe in more oxygen and
breathe out more carbon dioxide to keep the muscles going. Another short ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increase in oxidative capacity is achieved by an increase in the number of mitochondria (An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in
which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.) within the muscle cells, an increase in the supply of ATP and an increase
in the quantity of enzymes involved in respiration. Another long term change that occurs due to training is that the heart gets larger; the result in the
change is due to increased stress on the heart. The extra work of pumping blood against the increased pressure causes the heart wall to thicken over
time, the same way a body muscle increases in mass in response to weightlifting. A long term change in the cardiovascular system as a result of
training is that the resting heart rate gets lower, the cardiovascular response happens because a person that has been training for a long time has a lower
heart rate because through exercise, they have a stronger heart; meaning that an athlete 's heart can pump more blood and more oxygen out with one
pump than a non–athlete 's heart could. Another long term response in the cardiovascular system is that the blood supply increases, this change is
due to your body needing more oxygen because you are exercising, your muscles and all your body organs are needing more energy and oxygen, this
is because your body is working more than usual. Your body needs to do many things such as sweat, which helps you cool down, and to

exam 2 for exercise physiology
PET 3351 Exercise Physiology Second Exam Review (Fall 2012)
Chapter IV: The Physiological Basis of Muscular Strength and Flexibility
1. Strength is operationally defined as the maximal force that can be exerted in a single effort. Using this definition, strength should be assessed using
one repetition maximum (1 RM), though we often estimate strength using tests that may involve multiple repetitions.
2. In strength training and rehabilitation, emphasis should be given to both the concentric and eccentric phases of the movement. During the concentric
phase, the muscle shortens from a lengthened position and during the eccentric phase the muscle lengthens from a shortened position. For example, in
the execution of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example many people will show an improvement in strength from the first session to the second session. This improvement is due to CNS
adaptation because there is no hypertrophic gain during this short period. Another example which proves the importance of CNS adaptations related to
strength gains is that strength performance may increase by 30% while hypertrophic gains may only be 15%, thus half of the strength gains is
attributable to CNS adaptations. Generally in the first few months of strength training CNS adaptations account for a larger percentage of the strength
gain than hypertrophic adaptations. To illustrate the importance of CNS adaptations in the early part of training, it should be noted that electrical
stimulation can increase the rate of strength gains. Hypertrophy is an important factor in improved strength performance. Strength training brings
about an increase in the size and number of myofibrils. It is speculated that during and following a high intensity strength training session the
neuroendocrine responses will bring about an increased amino acid uptake and will increase the rate of protein synthesis. Optimal hypertrophic gains
require adequate recovery between workouts to permit the rate of protein synthesis to exceed the rate of protein degradation. It should also be noted
that strength training also stimulates bone and

Creatine Research Paper
The Effects of Creatine Supplement on the Athletic Health and Performance Many athletes use resistance training in their everyday workouts while
using creatine. However, the athletes are unaware of the effects it has on their bodies and whether performance is enhanced or not. Therefore, these
athletes need to become educated of what they are putting into their bodies and whether creatine is aiding them in gains or not. First, background
information will be provided on both creatine and resistance training. Next, there will be discussion on the benefits of resistance training with sex
differences and age differences. Then, studies will be provided to help with gaining a better understanding on creatine's effects with resistance training.
Creatine will then be discussed on how it helps other people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The four studies mentioned previously all draw to the same conclusion. The first study showed gains in muscle strength while performing lower–body
exercises. The second study showed an increase in 6.85 kg of muscle gains in lifts. The third study was an analysis of 22 different studies. It indicated
an 8% increase in muscle strength gains and a 14% increase in weightlifting performance. The last study showed an increase in strength gains and
performance in bench press. Overall, these four studies showed that there is an increase in both strength gains and performance with the use of creatine
and resistance training. Endurance athletes will not see benefits from creatine use. This is due to the energy system used for endurance, the Oxidative
System. The Oxidative System does not use phosphocreatine for production of energy. While the ATP
–PCr System, which is used in resistance
training, does use phosphocreatine to aid in production of energy. Therefore, when resistance training, athletes can and should use

Exercise Physiology Research Paper
I am interested in the exercise physiologist/Health fitness specialist as advertised on your website. I am seeking an opportunity to grow in the area of
exercise physiology. I have a strong educational background and some professional experience which I feel uniquely qualifies me for this job
opportunity. I am currently a certified exercise physiologist. (ACSM– EP), certified cancer exercise trainer (ACSM CET) and currently pursuing my
masters in Exercise Physiology. My educational background and work experience with different population have prepared me for placement as an
ideal candidate in this field. I designed an exercise program for clients with special needs (Autism, mental disability, and cerebral palsy), athletes,
cardiac and

The physical characteristics of participants are presented...
The physical characteristics of participants are presented in table 1. Although there was no significant difference between the age of men and women in
the study, the heaight and body mass of the men were significantly greater than women P<0.05.
Figure 1 illustrates the significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake when comparing submaximal treadmill ergometer and cycle ergometer tests
(P<0,05). Both men and women showed an increase of 10% in maximal oxygen consumption measured in mL/Kg/min.
Figure 2 demonstrates the increase in maximal oxygen uptake in men when compared to women as well the increased estimated VO2max observed
during the treadmill ergometer compared to the cycle ergometer across gender, both in which were deemed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Determining VO2max can be important for not only elite athletes in enhancing performance but also the general public in maintaining good health and
well–being.
Consistent with preceding literature (Jones & McConnell, 1999; Carter et al., 2000; Basset & Boulay, 2000), both men and women showed a
significant increase in estimated maximal oxygen uptake on the treadmill ergometer, with a mean estimated VO2max of 50.5В±9.4 mL/Kg/min
compared to the cycle ergometer averaging a VO2max of 45.5В±9.8 mL/Kg/min. The commonly accepted reasoning to account for this difference is
that the treadmill running engages a greater muscle mass (the swinging motion of the arms and the stabilization of the core muscles) compared to
cycling which predominately uses leg muscles and therefore leads to a greater demand for oxygen supply to skeletal muscle tissue resulting in a
greater amount of inspired air and a greater maximal oxygen uptake value (Jones & McConnell, 1999; Carter et al., 2000).
In addition to these findings, it was found that men had a significantly higher maximal oxygen uptake compared to women across both modes, with
men recording a mean VO2max of 53.6В±91 mL/Kg/min on the treadmill ergometer and 47.7В±10.7 mL/Kg/min on the cycle ergometer compared to
the average treadmill and cycle ergometer VO2max of 45.2В±7.3 mL/Kg/min and 41.4В±6.2 mL/Kg/min respectively. As hypothesized by

Muscle Phsyiology Essay examples
Christopher Couchell
Muscle Physiology
Purpose:
The Purpose of this exercise is to understand how muscle twitch, contract and react to different activities.
Exercise 1: Muscle Twitch
A. What is a muscle twitch? A muscle twitch is the fasciculation , or "muscle twitch", is a small, local, involuntarymuscle contraction and relaxation
visible under the skin.
B. According to the graphs, which muscle has the fastest twitch? Why?
The lateral rectus eye muscle has the fastest twitch. It has the shortest latent period, or the shortest period of time between the stimulus and its response.
C. What is the latent period and why does it occur?
The latent period is the first stage of a muscle twitching. It is the time that elapses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With incomplete tetanus muscles contract but there is a period of relaxation between contractions. As shown on a graph, it looks like a wave. With
complete tetanus, there is no relaxation between contractions and on a graph, this is represented by a straight line.
B. Will muscle fatigue occur quicker in complete or incomplete tetanus? Explain your reasoning. Muscle fatigue will occur quicker in complete
tentanus, this is because of the rapid contraction of the muscle without any relaxation period.
Exercise 5: Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue Data Table 5: Muscle Fatigue| Trial| Start Time(seconds)| Aching/BurningFeeling Begins| Arm Begins to
Drop(seconds)| Duration (seconds)| 1| 0| 30| 45| 45| 2| 0| 28| 43| 43| 3| 0| 25| 41| 41|
A. Explain why muscles get fatigued. The muscle gets fatigued because of a decrease of oxygen levels, and accumulation of waste products and a loss
of cellular energy. B. Which muscle or muscle groups became fatigued with this exercise? The bicep becomes fatigued. C. What causes the burning
sensation in a muscle, and how does that sensation affect muscle contraction? Lactic acid build up causes the burning sensation, the muscle doesn't
work as efficiently when it's acidic. D. What might have happened in

Questions On Advanced Physiology Of Exercise
KIN 560 – Advanced Physiology of Exercise
Exam 1
Please type all your responses in this word document.
Save the document with your last name in the file name (e.g., "KIN 560 Exam 1_Sollanek").
SAVE OFTEN AS YOU WORK. UNFORTUNATLEY, LOST WORK AS A RESULT OF COMPUTER CRASHES IS NOT A VALID EXCUSE.
You must answer question #1.
Of the remaining questions (#2 – #12), please answer any 7 you wish to tackle.
In total, you will answer 8 of the 12 questions below.
You do not need to write a book; however, you need to make sure you answer the question being asked in sufficient detail. Show me what you know.
But keep an eye on the clock. You have around 15 mins to answer each question.
Once complete, upload your word document into the Moodle assignment where you downloaded this word document from. Make sure you scroll down
and hit the submit button.
1.Using examples from the topics in the lectures and article presentations we have had so far, identify and explore a unifying theme of this material.
A unifying theme of the material thus far is skeletal muscle adaptation. We have looked at the adaptations of resistance exercise using body builders
as our prime example compared to adaptations in endurance athletes such as marathon runners as well as sprinters. In the article presentations, we
have also looked at diet manipulation and timing of exercise (once a day vs twice daily) and the effects on training responses. We know that the load
and ATP demand play a

Bmc Recovery
Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to test the correlation of heart recovery rates post–exercise in both athletes and non–athletes and
determine which group had the faster recovery rate. This was accomplished by selecting six non–athletes and six athletes to run one lap around the
Fresno Pacific track for two days. Each participant's resting heart rate was taken before running the lap and instantly after running the lap as well. Upon
completion of the lap their heart rate was measured in thirty second intervals and it was noted how long it took to get back down to each initial resting
heart rate again. Due to the athletes training it was hypothesized that they would have the faster recovery rate because they'd be more conditioned ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The subjects were given a survey on their health as to avoid injured or asthmatic variables. Also they were all required to be in the healthy BMI range
and the athletes were from one sport and the non–athletes had a strict definition of exercise as less than twice a week. However, a few errors could
have slipped through. For example when recording the participants heart rate. The pulse was sometimes hard to locate requiring more time to look for
it after their lap run and perhaps lose data in the process. Another possible error that could have occurred was taking the recovery times. The majority
of the participant trials were done by one project partner making it difficult to monitor the thirty second intervals while measuring and recording the
heart rates as well. In future studies these errors may be avoided by requiring all the researchers be present for the experiment in order to secure more
definitive results. Another issue that occurred was the participants failing to show up, more so in the athlete group, which left a hole in hour
experimental data because we were unable to reach the intended six athlete total due to this issue. Future researchers should attempt to have all the
athlete and non–athlete participants together at one time for each day. This would avoid having to come back day by day and remember who did one
day and who's

Exercise Physiology Of Ski Racing Essay
Task 2: Exercise Physiology
Ski racing is a sport where you race quickly down a ski slope around gates. There are short–term effects whilst performing the sport and long term from
training.
1. Short Term Responses
CardiovascularRespiratoryMuscular
Heart rate increases
Body temperature increase, particularly in the face. Respiration rate increasesMuscle Pain
Heart rate increase:
During a race your muscles are contracting very frequently and working very hard, especially the leg muscles, this means a lot of oxygen and waste
removal is required to keep the muscles working. Blood delivers oxygen to the muscles and helps to remove wastes such as lactic acid, during a race
the heart rate increases to perform these tasks. This affects my sport as the increased heart rate allows muscles to contract more frequently and last
longer without burning and feeling like 'jelly', by providing them with more oxygen and waste removal you can therefore work harder and perform to a
higher level.
Body temperature increase:
For muscles to work at a high level and contract frequently they require energy, this energy is obtained by burning fuels in a chain of chemical
reactions. Heat is a by–product of these reactions and they cause the body temperature to increase. Heat is released predominantly by blood vessels
coming to the skins surface, particularly in the face; this is because much of the heat energy is carried away from the muscles by the blood. After a
race, which is

Comparing The Energy Systems Used By Yourself Completing A...
1) Compare and contrast the energy systems used by yourself completing a run/swim/run event of 200m running, 50m swim and 200m running
compared to an elite athlete competing in an ironman triathlon (3.8km swim, 180km cycle, 42km run) (2A) (20 marks)
When comparing and contrasting the energy systems used by myself when completing a run/swim/run event of 200m running, 50m swim and 200m
running compared to an elite athlete competing in an ironman triathlon (3.8km swim, 180km cycle, 42km run there are several key differences
between the two.
ATP–CP System:
The ATP–CP framework contains a collaboration between two particles, ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) inside the mitochondria of a cell. The CP
atom discharges a lot of vitality when the bonds between its creatine and phosphate atoms are separated. This compound of creatine and phosphate (CP)
is critical in this methodology. The ATP
–CP pathway is the body 's essential quick wellspring of vitality of the three vitality frameworks. Exercises
which oblige quick and prompt vitality are intensely reliant on this pathway. After ATP
–CP is utilized up the other two vitality frameworks assume
control.
Lactic Acid System (anaerobic glycolysis):
The lactic corrosive vitality framework uses glycogen from carbs. This is a two–stage vitality framework additionally called glycolysis. Glycolysis is
basically the blood transporting a glucose particle from carbs into ATP and two atoms of pyruvic corrosive in the phone. There is an

Oz Tag Training : Improving Training
Oz–tag Training: Improving Training In any chosen sport, in order for the performance capacities to be improved, and to improve one's ability and
success within the sport, sport related training must be implemented. The information on this webpage has been compiled to provide Oz–Tag
enthusiasts ideas and examples of quality Oz–Tag specific training. As stated before in order to be a successful sportsman, and for performance
capacities to improve, sport related training must be implemented. Rep As well as sport related training, drills must ensure that sport related fitness is
increased to improve the player. пѓ– Drills are to be executed at greater intensities than the average game to improve fitness, the Vo2 Max and the
anaerobic threshold. пѓ– APP This is because the greater the VO2 max and anaerobic threshold, the player will have better endurance as fatigue will
be delayed. пѓ– Also this training is specific to enhancing fitness to a high level, as sport related fitness is required to be significantly higher than
health related fitness. Two drills that have been implemented analysed and tested are a 'Tagging Drill' and a drill called 'Keeping Off'. Tagging Drill
Many performance capacities are essential to the game of Oz–Tag in order to be a successful player. However, the performance capacities of, reaction
time, agility and balance have all been targeted by this drill. пѓ– EVA The drill consists of a player running through a course of other players avoiding
getting

Exercise Physiology Paper
Exercise Physiology
This study assessed heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse oximeter readings at rest and during exercise. The heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and
oximetery measurements provide better insight into the inner workings of the human body. In using the results of the assessment, one can determine
the affects that rest and exercise have on the cardiac system.
Heart rate is described as the rate of the cardiac cycle. Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm). A well conditioned heart is able to pumplarge
amounts of blood with each beat. This is called bradycardia (* 60 bpm). In contrast, a poorly conditioned heart is called tachycardia (* 100). Males have
an average resting heart rate between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average resting blood pressure is around 120/80 mmHg.
The pulse oximeter is a photoelectric device for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood using the left index finger. In other words, "the
machine senses the levels of saturated hemoglobin and will convert that amount to a percent of saturation" (Bilsky 2000). At rest, the normal oximetry
reading is 97%. However, because Greeley is above sea level (around 5,000 ft.), the assessment will base the normal measurement at 95%.
Exercise heart rate is used to help an individual utilize a specific energy system and/or condition specific systems of the body. One can utilize exercise
to stimulate the heart rate. This is done by walking up and down stairs at different intensities.
The rate of the cardiac cycle is a valid indicator of demands that are required on one's body. During exercise, BP is indirectly indicated by intensity
or exertion levels. The systolic BP is expected to rise because of the increase in cardiac output. Diastolic BP is expected to remain equivalent to
resting levels or decrease during exercise indicating an increase of vasodilation and an opening of the capillary beds. Furthermore, the pulse oximeter
reading should stay relatively the same from rest to exercise, at approximately 97% (Fox 1999).
It is essential to have a basic understanding of heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse oximetry readings in order to assess a person's

Effects Of Exercise On Brain Health
There is ample evidence to demonstrate that through the normal ageing process alterations to the brain in structure and function are directly related to
cognitive changes (Glisky, 2007). With an increasing ageing population strategies for prevention of disease and age related cognitive decline are
necessary to improve quality of life and reduce the associated healthcare costs (Australian Government Productivity Commission [AGPC], 2013).
Physical exercise is known to be crucial in maintaining physiological health; it can also be used as a means of neuroprotection and assist in modifiable
risk factors for improved brain health and subsequent cognitive function. This review will critically analyse current research into the effects of exercise
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smith et al. (2013) took a less studied approach to improving cognitive decline by testing the effects of aerobic exercise on adults (60–88 years old)
already suffering from cognitive impairment. After 12 weeks of moderate exercise there was an improvement of memory and neural efficiency across
all subjects.
As discussed at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference [AAIC] (2012), elderly people who had reduced cadence, velocity and stride
length of just 1.7cm were seen to have greater declines in cognition, memory and executive function. These gait related restrictions were associated
with an overall smaller brain volume (Bridenbaugh & Kressig, 2013). Having reduced mobility results in an accelerated cognitive decline as being in
the same environment regularly provides little stimulus to keep the mind active. Gait restriction can be improved through physical therapy and
although it may not increase lost brain volume it can assist in reducing the effects of further decline (Patla, 1991).
Due to the inconsistency between studies there is no definitive exercise dosage or type that can aid in protection against dementia. However, from the
evidence provided it suggests that higher levels of exercise can be used as a neuroprotective mechanism to prevent the onset of

Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic...
Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic Performance?
The Purpose of Creatine
In our competitive society, being the best is of utmost importance. Athletic performance is no exception, and athletes are constantly striving to find new
ways to train which will help them to become the best. Many supplements promising results have come and gone, but creatine may actually be able to
deliver improved athletic performance. Many athletes are currently supplementing their diets with creatine to increase their strength, muscle mass, and
weight by providing their bodies with more available energy, thus reaching new heights in athletic performance.
What is Creatine and how does it work
Improving Energy Production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(http://www.creatine.com/creatine.html#source)
Usually relying on ATP production for energy is alright except for two problems. The first is that ATP is produced at a slow rate, too slow to supply
the energy needed to run a 200–meter sprint, for example. The second problem is that ATP production takes a while to get started. As one goes from
rest at the starting line of a race to running at race speed, for example, the traditional method of ATP production does not begin working at full capacity
until a couple of minuets have passed. Another source of energy is therefore needed to get one through the early moments of a race or workout. (http:/
/www.creatine.com/creatine.html#source)
Creatine phosphate serves as this other source of energy. CP donates its phosphate to ADP, thus creating the ATP needed to make muscles work. It has
been hypothesized that by increasing the amount of free Creatine in the diet one could increase the amount of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscles
which would then provide better availability of high energy phosphate for energy production during muscle contraction. If one were to start running at
top speed from a standing start, creatine phosphate would supply almost all of the necessary energy during the first six seconds of the run. Http:/
/www.creatine.html#source)
Buffers Lactic–Acid Buildup

Creatine phosphate also acts as a ''buffer'' which helps to combat jumps in muscle acidity during intense exercise.

Exercise Physiology Paper
Exercise physiology studies how the body responds to physical activity and how the body can adjust to physical activity over periods of time. (The
College of St. Scholastica, 2016). The job of exercise physiologists is to condition clients to achieve higher levels of fitness. (The College of St.
Scholastica, 2016). "Exercise physiologists measure the metabolic responses of the body to exercise and training through various endurance, flexibility,
and strength programs." (Lumpkin, 2017, p.39). They can prescribe exercise for rehabilitation from illness and injuries, because of their knowledge of
bodily functions and their reaction to muscular fitness. (Lumpkin, 2017). Athletes can greatly benefit from exercise physiologists to improve their
performance and endurance. Exercise physiologists can also help clinical patients with chronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Ivy, 2007). Hippocrates was the first advocate of exercise and its effect on health. (Ivy, 2007). The firstexercise physiology laboratory was established
at Harvard University in the late 1800s by George Fitz, a Harvard Medical School graduate. (Lumpkin, 2017). Fitz, who was head of the program,
created it to train graduates to direct athletic clubs, such as the YMCA. This was the beginning of higher–level education courses being offered in the
exercise physiology field. (Ivy, 2007). The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory did over three–hundred research studies related to exercise and its effects on the
human body from 1927–1947. The labs greatly contributed to today's understanding of exercise physiology and helped raise awareness for it. By the
1940s, exercise physiology became an important part of physical education programs in colleges. (Ivy, 2007). Although this was the beginning of
research in the field of exercise physiology, the studies of physical activity really began to take off with the 1954 establishment of the American
College of Sports Medicine. (Lumpkin,

Vo2 Max Lab Report
Introduction: VO2 max is the maximum oxygen intake during a high intensity exercise. The test is typically done on a treadmill, or cycle ergometer.
The VO2 max test reflects the aerobic fitness of the test subject and the endurance the subject has during prolonged exercise. The subject who are fit
usually have a greater VO2 max, and can exercise for longer periods of time than other who are not physically fit. Pro athletes usually have a higher
VO2 max because they train hard in order to be physically fit.
Purpose: The purpose of the VO2 max test is to measure the aerobic fitness of the test subject in order to determine their fitness level. The test is done
during a high intensity work out to determine their oxygen intake. The test also involved taking their heart rate during the test at different times.
Methods:
Treadmill test In this test the test subject will get on the treadmill for a slow walk with the speed ranging from 3.0– 4.5 mph. the slow walk will last
four minutes after those four minutes the subject heartrate will be recorded. The heart rate will determine the speed the subject will walk the next four
minutes. In the second part the subject will walk for four minutes but the elevation on the treadmill will go up 10%. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The subject will start pedaling one the subject get a rhythm the resistance will increase to 1 kp for women and 1.5kp for men. Once the resistance
is added the time will begin. The subject will pedal 3 minutes at 50 rpm at the tree minute mark the subject heart rate will be recorded. Depending on
the heart rate the resistance will increase or decrease. The subject will keep on pedaling at the five minute mark the subject heart rate will be
recorded. Then at the six minute mark the subject heart rate will be recorded against. There must be a 10 bpm difference between the heart rates, so if
it is higher than 10 the subject will keep on pedaling until it is between those

Functions Of A Steady State Exercise Essay
Assign–3794
3.Steady state exercise is the activity where we perform while maintaining the same heart and muscle movements. Steady state exercise affects many
body functions. If the steady state exercise performed for months consistently, it will increase the overall endurance of an individual. The below are the
certain physiological functions affected during steady state:
Cardiac output: The aerobic exercise performed at steady rate causes the body to increase the amount of blood pumped by the heart. Cardiac output
is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. The Stroke volume is defined as the quantity of blood pumped at each heart beat, while the body
going from rest to steady state exercise. Cardiac output increases rapidly even more gradually until it reaches a plateau. By that time we develop an
increased number of capillaries, greater opening of existing capillaries, more effective blood redistribution and increased blood volume. Due to this,
capillaries improve the body ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to muscle and also to remove the waste products.
Cardiac output is generally calculated by:
Cardiac output = Heart rate * Stroke volume
Blood pressure: The blood pressure of an individual is affected before and after reaching the steady state. .There is increase in the systolic and
diastolic blood pressure during steady state. These increases in the pressure represent the pressure in arteries. This pressure is while the heart is
contracting and

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Deep Water Running
Introduction
This technical report will analyse existing evaluations of deep water running whilst also exploring the advantages and disadvantages of deep water
running.
Deep Water Running or Aqua Running is the replication of a running style where the subject is submerged up to the neck in water and is unable to
touch the ground (Masumoto et al 2017). It is used by elite athletes in a variety of situations: as a rehabilitation technique, allowing the athlete to
maintain their cardiovascular fitness whilst injured, as a form of active recovery, increasing heart rate helping to increase blood flow to muscles, and
also in addition to a regular training programme, allowing more cardiovascular training without excess strain on joints and muscles from the impact
forces of running. A flotation belt is normally used to carry out deep water training in order to copy the style used by the runner on land (Kilgore).
The use of deep water running is advantageous to an athlete, less pressure is placed upon their joints and spine allowing them to increase training
volume without increasing the risk of injury. Meanwhile the recovery process from the athletes major training sessions can also be sped up by deep
water running allowing the athlete to train under less fatigue in future sessions.
Deep water running can however provide some disadvantages to an athlete who uses it. To achieve the same benefits from a training session they must
work at a greater perceived effort. The use of deep

Maximal Oxygen Consumption Lab Report
LaShonda Mobley
Physiological Aspects Lab– AB November 2, 2015
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
The purpose of the Maximal Oxygen Consumption Lab Test is to determine an individual's cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance. (Wikipedia)
Maximal oxygen consumption is said to be the maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise, most typically on a
motorized treadmill. (Beam and Adams) Peak oxygen consumption is measured during a specific test, but it may not be the highest or maximal oxygen
consumption possible.
(Beam and Adams) There are two different ways to describe peak oxygen consumption one is the highest recorded value would be considered the
maximal oxygen consumption and when the values were low they were said to be peak oxygen consumption. (Beam and Adams) The next way to
describe peak oxygen consumption is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You must complete five flushes with the calibration syringe to reach the three liters (this is measured consistently), during this entire process you have
the flow meter which is used to measure the amount of airflow. Always remember to never start the treadmill while there is a person feet on the tread,
the clients' feet are to be dismounted on the sides of the treadmill away from the tread. Before beginning the test give the client three practice runs of
mounting/dismounting on the treadmill before powering the machine on, make the individual point out all four of the stop areas on the Woodway. For
you clients on safety, make sure that their hands aren't on the mounts on the treadmill at all when it's in motion and when you begin the testing make
the client start out walking first. Remind you clients that if/when they do feel the need to pull the magnet it doesn't stop the treadmill automatically, it
just gradually slows it down.
Data
п‚· Gender: Male п‚· Age: 23 yrs. п‚· VO2 Max HR: 220–23= 197 bpm п‚· Weight: 175 lbs. п‚· Height: 72 in.

Athletic Training On Muscle Strengthening Improves The...
Athletic Training in Muscle–Strengthening improves the Performances in an athlete. Strengthing your bones, joints, and muscle will help you keep
your body moving and supported for a long time.What is strength? Strength is the ability to give muscle force. What is muscle? Muscle is a tissue in
human body which has the ability to perform movements in part of the body. Facts about Muscle–Strengthining is you don 't provide yourself with
enough rest or nutrition, you can put your body into risk of damaging it. There are three ways you can help you muscle to grow so it can become
strong; muscle tension, muscle damage, and muscle stress. The are three ways that will make your muscle grow become strong; muscle tension,
muscle damage, and muscle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you do not provide your body with adequate rest or nutrition, you can actually reverse the anabolic process and put your body into a catabolic or
destructive state.
There are 650 skeletal muscle in human body. Skeletal Muscle composed of a thread like myofibrils{threadlike longitudinal} and sarcomeres{basic
unit of a muscle} that forms muscle fiber and are the basic unit of contraction. Motor Neurons are nerve cell. They tell you when your muscle are
getting stronger, the better you become at strengthening your muscle the stronger you will get. This is involved in the growth of a muscle and
disrupts homeostasis within your body. Your body repairs and replaces damaged muscle where muscle fibers to form new muscle protein strands.
When muscle growth to occur you must force your muscles to adapt by creating stress that is different than your body has already adapted to. This is
can be done by lifting heavier weights, continually changing your exercises so that you can damage more total muscle fibers and pushing your muscles
to fatigue while getting a the pump.
Different people have different genetics, which range from hormonal output, muscle fiber type and number, along with satellite cell activation. That
can all limit muscle growth. To know if your doing your best to grow muscle, muscle protein must exceed. You have to breakdown muscle protein.
This requires that you take in an source of protein like essential amino acids and

How Do Growth And Maturation Affect Vo2max?
How do growth and maturation affect VO2max?
When looking into how growth and maturation affect VO2max there are a number of areas we need to cover: we first need to understand the definition
of VO2max, the two ways VO2max can be measured and the difference between growth and maturation before we can finally investigate into how both
growth and maturation affect VO2max.
VO2max
VO2max is the maximum rate of oxygen you can take in and use during exercise and is the typical parameter we look at when focusing on endurance
exercise and aerobic respiration. Endurance exercise relies on the ability of the heart and lungs to work continuously for a relatively long period of time
and VO2max, under aerobic respiration, (Cooper, D.M., Weiler–Ravell, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Measuring VO2max
When measuring VO2max there are two versions that can be used, absolute and relative. Absolute VO2max is measured in L.min–1 and is the
measurement used when looking at fitness levels in association to an individual's body size. Relative VO2max – ml.kg–1.min–1 – describes VO2max
when body mass (weight not size) is accounted for by taking the absolute value and dividing it by the individuals' weight. This method is used when
comparing the fitness levels of individuals as, typically, the bigger the individual the larger the heart, lungs and muscle mass are, which contributes to
them having a higher VO2max.
Growth and maturation
(Malina, 2014) Growth and maturation are terms that are often used in a similar context but each, however, specify a different biological process.
Growth refers to the increase in body size both from an external perspective and an internal perspective: As a child grows, height and body mass
increase due to changes in skeletal and muscle composition as well as increases in organ growth and fat storage. Maturation however, refers to the
transition towards biological maturity, the process of advancement in a child's abilities, attributes, and character. Maturing is the development of natural
human patterns in ordered sequence, including sexual maturation (prepubescent to adult) and skeletal

Physiology Of Exercise And Human Performance
William L. Easter
Lab # 3 – Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake
30 October 2014
KINE 3153: Physiology of Exercise and Human Performance
Dr. Murat Karabulat
INTRODUCTION: The energy to perform exercise for periods of more than 10 minutes comes mainly from aerobic metabolism (1). VO2max is a
reproducible measure of an individual's cardiovascular system's ability to deliver the required oxygenated blood to a large muscle mass involved in
exercise (1). The determination of an individual's VO2max is commonly used to assess levels of physical fitness, as well as develop and monitor
training programs for athletes. The submaximal tests have an error of plus or minus 10% which makes them invalid for the purpose of long term
training studies. For clinical screening purposes the use of submaximal prediction tests is a viable option. There are three main advantages to using
submaximal testing. Submaximal testing does not take and individual to his or her maximal limits, which greatly reduces the chance of a
cardiovascular accident, especially in older subjects. In addition expensive laboratory equipment is not needed, and more subjects can be screened in a
given period of time.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this laboratory #3 it to acquaint the class with different methods to estimate VO2max, and to see how these predictions
compare to VO2max values acquired during Lab #2. Laboratory #2 was canceled due to inoperative equipment, so those comparisons cannot be made.

Exercise Physiology
Pate and Durstine (2004) define exercise physiology as the study of physical activity and the effect it has on the body, including its tissues and cells,
over brief or extended periods of time. Over the years this discipline has made contributions to human health and has lead to athletic success through
maximizing human potential.
Clinical sports medicine has been greatly impacted by exercise physiology for a number of reasons, but most importantly has made improvements in
enhancing athletic performance through methods that facilitate prevention and allow proper treatment for sports–related injury, along with testing that
can give insight to further the success of athletes. Clinical physiologists focus on exercise design and determine how ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Regular participation in physical activity betters the body's ability to optimize oxygen consumption, making it easier for oxygen to be transported to all
areas of the body; this not only improves overall health, but it also results in a less fatigued process when expending energy (Burton et al., 2004). Shaw,
B.S. and Shaw, I. were interested in determining whether resistance training would alter the VO2 max levels of individuals, reducing the risks for
coronary artery disease (CAD). They studied 28 male subjects who were either matched to a control group exempting exercise or the
resistance–training group. Through their experimental pre–test and post–test design, the researchers observed that the pre–test and post–test VO2 max
levels were relatively sedentary for the control group with values of 25.097 ml/kg/min and 23.778 ml/kg/min, but significantly increased for the
resistance–training group from 26.674 ml/kg/min to 30.981 ml/kg/min. Their research concluded that with increased VO2 max levels found in those
participating in resistance training exercises, the risks of CAD were significantly lowered, and as a result suggested that this type of training could be
implementing into more training programs to improve the health of individuals (Shaw, B.S. & Shaw, I., 2005). To further support this claim, a broader
group of individuals and a larger sample size could be

Exercise Physiology Class : Testing And The Observations...
Across the duration of Professor Van Oosbree's Exercise Physiology class we had multiple labs which involved testing and the observations of our
individual performance. Our first lab was a few weeks in September which was the test of our Muscular Strength. We had various techniques as
warm ups to determine our one repetition maximum which was followed by multiple lifting exercises such as bench press, leg curls, and grip
strength. On the bench press and leg curl I classified under "Fair" which was listed 4th out of 6 different classifications. Although I received a Fair
ranking, out of my whole class I was right in the middle and that was due to the female's results. Part of this is due to the statistics showing that men
have significantly larger type 1 fiber areas and mean fiber areas than women. Secondly, Flexibility was next on the agenda. During this lab we
performed several test which included modified sit and reach, shoulder rotation, zipper test, and range of motion. This lab I particularly enjoyed as I
classified under Good and Excellent in all the techniques along with a passable range of motion in my joints that were tested. What possibly helped me
excel in that flexibility lab could of been the same factor that hurt me in the muscular strength. Lifting weights without the proper stretching activities
can limit your mobility and create stiffness. One of the more recent labs and quite possibly my least favorite was determination of our body
composition. Now prior to

Principles Of Exercise And Sport Science
HSE101 Principles of Exercise & Sport Science Practical Assignment – Submaximal Exercise TestingВ¬ Name: Renee DeverallStudent Number:
215067741 1.Write a short paragraph that defines VO2max, explains what it measures and describes some of the most important ways that it can
be used in health and sport. VO2max can be defined as the maximum oxygen uptake. This entails the maximum rate at which oxygen is readily
available in the body to be taken up and used during aerobic exercise. (Fletcher et al.) It is a very important and commonly used indicator of a
person or athletes level of cardiovascular fitness. A high VO2max demonstrates a high level of aerobic fitness, where as a low VO2max indicates a
low rate of aerobic fitness. There are two factors that are important in determining a persons VO2max, which are the hearts ability to deliver oxygen
to the muscles and the muscles ability to extract the oxygen from the blood and use it (Brown, Miller and Eason). This means that when a person has
a high VO2max their body is able to deliver oxygen through the blood efficiently to the muscles in order to maintain high levels of aerobic exercise
over an extended period of time. VO2max is a valued measurement of cardiovascular fitness in the Sport industry due to its ability to indicate
cardiovascular fitness, as well as the pulmonary and muscular systems efficiency throughout the duration of the exercise (Brown, Miller and Eason).
There are multiple tests that can measure VO2max

Creatine Supplements
Protein Powders and Creatine:
Are they beneficial?
Anyone from ordinary people to fitness junkies to professional athletes and Olympians, can benefit from protein powders and creatine supplements.
According to Richard Kreider of the University of Memphis, "it is more than a supplement for athletes... it helps you maintain muscle mass and that has
long–term health benefits". These supplements are meant to accommodate a healthy diet, not to be a replacement for food. When used correctly,creatine
and protein powders are beneficial for everyone.
High quality protein supplements can be very beneficial for weight loss. When trying to lose weight, it is essential to lose fat instead of muscle tissue.
According to Lisa Leupp, "adequate protein is essential for maintaining lean muscle mass". If you are dieting and weight loss is coming from muscle
mass, you will have less energy and will not be able to perform as long. It has been established that an average adult should take .36 grams of protein
per pound of body weight. If the diet is a reduced calorie diet, than even more protein should be consumed to maintain muscle (Leupp). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Total Health also states that Whey protein contains all essential and non–essential amino acids and is an excellent source of glutamine and the
branched–chain amino acids that are necessary for new cell growth (Leupp). In a past study, it was found that men with high cholesterol lowered their
numbers by taking creatine. Another more recent study showed that creatine supplements not only help protect the heart muscle from damage, but it
can also help post–op patients exercise at a greater intensity

Cardiovascular System: Case Study
1.Explain in detail how the following systems adapt, in the short term, to exercise. Please also make brief comment about long term adaptation in each
case
a.The Cardiovascular system
The body needs to circulate glucose and oxygen rich blood to the cells within the body and remove carbon dioxide waste from the muscle. This role is
specifically dedicated to the cardiovascular system. The heart, veins, arteries and capillaries make up the cardiovascular system.
The cardiovascular response is triggered by excessive exercise within a short–term anaerobic exercise (such as running for 30 minutes). This initial
response starts with the release of adrenaline that causes an increase in heart rate, meaning an increase in cardiac output. This activity ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010). Respiratory System. Available: http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html. Last accessed 24th February 2015.
Janet Rae–Dupree (2015). Anatomy and Physiology for Dummies. London: Gen.K. 32–78.
Gibala, M.J. (2012). Physiological adaptations to low–volume. The Journal of Physiology. 590 (5), 1077.
Wienberg.J. (2009). Heart rate and power training zones. Available: https://wattbike.com/uk/guide/getting_started
/heart_rate_and_power_training_zones. Last accessed 25th February 2015.
Webb.M. (2015). Exercise Intensity. Available: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Exercise_intensity last accessed 24th
February 2015.
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014). Exercise Intensity: How to measure it. Available: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy
–living/fitness/in–depth
/exercise–intensity/art–20046887. Last accessed 19th February 2015.
Thibodeau (2007). Anatomy and Physiology. 6th ed. China: John C Atherton & Helen L Atherton.
Elaine N. Marieb (2012). Human Anatomy & Physiology. America: Katja Hoehn.

Smith.K. (2015). Circulatory System Introduction. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health
–and–medicine
/human–anatomy–and–physiology. Last accessed 16th February

Resting Metabolic Rate And Progressive Submaximal Exercise...
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY LAB
APK4110L – Section # 008
Carissa Insinga
9/22/16
LAB REPORT #2
Resting Metabolic Rate & Progressive Submaximal Exercise Test
Mike Haischer Introduction
In these experiments we talked about the Resting Metabolic Rate and Progressive Submaximal Exercise Testing to determine a subjects' carbon
dioxide production to oxygen consumption. This was done by having examples provided for us to calculate the RMR by using a formula, (X ml/kg
/min x weight in kg) / 1000 mL= # L/min, to determine the number of calories burned at rest, as well having subjects perform the standardized
treadmill test for 12–15 minutes for the Progressive Submaximal Exercise Testing.
Resting Metabolic Rate is the energy expenditure at rest in well rested, fasted state in a supine position. For an accurate reading of RMR, one should
not eat or drink within 6 hours before testing, refrain from any physical activity 12 hours prior, and no caffeine/tobacco/medication consumption
beforehand. The purpose of finding RMR is to find the number of kilocalories that are required each day. RMR can be depend on factors such as body
composition, genetics, gender, and age.
A Progressive Submaximal Exercise Test is a test that estimatesVO2 max, oxygen consumption, and is performed by gradually increasing the intensity
of exercise. This test helps predict the maximal aerobic capacity of an individual as well as measuring the heart rate and VO2 max. While

The Effects Of Training On Elite Endurance Athletes
DuFour et al. (2006) conducted a study on the effects of training in normobaric hypoxia intermittently and how it affected two performance measures in
elite endurance athletes. Eighteen subjects were used to test the effects of intermittent normobaric hypoxia training in comparison to standard training
protocols in normoxic environments. The subjects were divided into two groups. Prior to training all subjects were tested for first and second
ventilatory thresholds (in normoxic and hypoxic conditions respectively), VO2max in a normoxic environment and time to exhaustion in a normoxic
environment. Subjects performed two high–intensity training sessions above their predetermined second ventilatory threshold per week for a six week
training... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first group (n=7) performed training in a normoxic environment (fraction of inspired oxygen = 20.9%) and the second group (n=8) performed the
same protocol in a normobaric hypoxic (fraction of inspired oxygen = 14.5%) environment. Following the 6 week training protocol all measures were
tested again and a second muscle biopsy was collected. The results of this study showed an increase in VO2max and time to exhaustion. The tested
biopsies post training showed an unchanged oxidative capacity, but a shift in mitochondrial regulation occurred. This study suggests that intermittent
normobaric training in hypoxia supports a more efficient mitochondrial integration between the supply of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and the
demand for it by the skeletal muscle cells. This would suggest improvement in anaerobic performance via an increase in ADP phosphorylation speed
within the muscle making ATP more readily available post hypoxic training. An additional follow up study conducted by Zoll et al. (2006) used the
same training protocol once more on 15 male long distance runners. This particular study dubbed this training protocol "Training High, Living Low"
despite the lack of atmospheric pressure change. The subjects were divided into two groups. Prior to training all subjects were tested for first and
second ventilatory thresholds (in normoxic and hypoxic conditions

Motocross Racing Essay
A study was conducted by the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness in order to determine the physiological and functional changes caused
generally by motocross racing. Tests
Baudoux, 3 including running on a treadmill to exhaustion were performed on fifteen participants to record their maximal heart rate and oxygen
consumption. Participants ages ranged from 8 to 28 years, and body fat percentages from 14.9% to 33%. After the first tests were completed and the
participants allowed their rates to reach normal levels then endured simulated 30 minute motocross races to measure biochemical and functional
alterations caused by the racing heat. The results of that test displayed that every one of the participants spent at least 87% of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants were gradually allowed less and less sleep, and the scores only kept falling. Although the results of this test were obvious, there is still
more to learn from the study. If they had included a group of eight non–motocross riders of the same age group, there would have been a control group
to compare their findings of the motocross riders to. This would have given the researchers a better visual on how motocross riders are different from
those who don't ride motocross. A diurnal fluctuation was noted at the end of the study, considering slight flaws in their collected data. However, this
doesn't necessarily mean that their conclusions were invalid. The tests were conducted in lab settings, and test scores were accurately recorded. This
doesn't leave any error allowing a fluctuation in their collected

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