Chapter 12SPEAK© 2011 Cengage LearningInformativ.docx

Chapter 12
SPEAK
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Informative Speaking
This chapter covers five distinguishing characteristics of
informing, five methods of informing, and two common types of
informative speeches.
5/27/2014 12:29 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft,
Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may
be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or
other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and
represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the
date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to
changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a
commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot
guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the
date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS,
IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN
THIS PRESENTATION.

1
The mind is
The original root of the word "information" is the Latin word
informare, which means to fashion, shape, or create, to give
form to. Information is an idea that has been given a form, such
as the spoken or written word. It is a means of representing an
image or thought so that it can be communicated from one mind
to another….
~Theordore Roszak
Learning Outcomes:
1. What is the goal of an informative speaker?
2. What are the characteristics of effective information
speaking?
3. What are the major methods of informing?
What are the two most common informative speech
frameworks?
What are the major elements of process speeches?
What are the major types of expository speeches?
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THIS PRESENTATION.
2
What is an Informative Speech
An informative speech is one whose goal is to explain or
describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that stimulates
interest, facilitates understanding, and increases the likelihood
of remembering.
Informative speeches answer questions about a topic, such as
who, when, what, where, why, how to, and how does.
Informative speaking differs from other speech forms (such as
speaking to persuade, to entertain, or to celebrate) in that your
goal is simply to achieve mutual understanding about an object,
person, place, process, event, idea, concept, or issue.
What is an Informative Speech?
An informative speech is one whose goal is to explain or
describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that stimulates
interest, facilitates understanding, and increases the likelihood
of remembering.
In other words, informative speeches are designed to educate
audiences.

3
Characteristics of Informative Speeches
Informative speeches are:
Intellectually stimulating
Depth: Goes beyond people’s general knowledge of the topic
Breadth: Examines how the topic relates to associated topics
Relevant
Creative
Memorable
Characteristics of Informative Speeches
Your audience will perceive information to be intellectually
stimulating when it is new to them and when it is explained in a
way that piques their curiosity and excites their interest. So
depth goes beyond people’s general knowledge of the topic.
Where as breadth examines how the topic relates to associated
topics.
Relevance are statements that clarify how a particular point
may be important to a listener—throughout the speech.
Creative speeches yields innovative ideas. Creative informative
speeches begin with good research.
Memorable - if your speech is really informative, your audience
will hear a lot of new information but will need your help in
remembering what is most important. Effective informative
speeches emphasize the specific goal, main ideas, and key facts

in ways that help audience members remember them.
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THIS PRESENTATION.
4
Techniques for Making Informative Speeches Memorable
© 2011 Cengage LearningTECHNIQUEUSEPresentational
AidsTo provide the opportunity for the audience to retain a
visual as well as an audio memory of important or difficult
material.RepetitionTo give the audience a second or third
chance to retain important information by repeating or
paraphrasing it.TransitionsTo increase the likelihood that the
audience will retain the relationships among the information
being presented, including which information is primary and
which is supporting.Humor and other emotional anecdotes
To create an emotional memory link to important
ideas.Mnemonics and acronyms
To provide an easily remembered memory prompt or shortcut to
increase the likelihood that a list is retained.

Instructor Note: To generate in-class discussion present the
technique & use and allow students to come up with examples;
author’s examples are listed below.
Techniques for Making Informative Speeches Memorable:
Technique: Presentational Aids
Use: To provide the opportunity for the audience to retain a
visual as well as an audio memory of important or difficult
material.
Example: A diagram of the process of making ethanol.
Technique: Repetition
Use: To give the audience a second or third chance to retain
important information by repeating or paraphrasing it.
Example: “The first dimension of romantic love is passion; that
is, it can’t really be romantic if there is no sexual attraction.”
Technique: Transitions
Use: To increase the likelihood that the audience will retain the
relationships among the information being presented, including
which information is primary and which is supporting.
Example: “So the three characteristics of romantic love are
passion, intimacy, and commitment. Now let’s look at each of
the five ways you can keep love alive. The first is through small
talk.”
Technique: Humor and other emotional anecdotes
Use: To create an emotional memory link to important ideas.
Example: “True love is like a pair of socks: you’ve got to have
two, and they’ve got to match. So you and your partner need to
be mutually committed and compatible.”
Technique: Mnemonics and acronyms
Use: To provide an easily remembered memory prompt or

shortcut to increase the likelihood that a list is retained.
Example: “You can remember the four criteria evaluating a
diamond as the four carat, clarity, cut, and color.”
5
Diverse Learning Styles
To appeal to the…
Feeling dimension: use concrete, vivid images, stories and
examples
Watching dimension: use visual aids & appropriate gestures &
expressions
Thinking dimension: use clear macrostructure & relevant data
Doing dimension: use demonstrations & hands-on features
Because the members of your audience differ in how they prefer
to learn, effective informative speeches are developed in ways
that address diverse learning styles.
Rounding the cycle ensures that you address the diverse
learning styles of your audience and make the speech
understandable, meaningful, and memorable for all. To help you
round the cycle, you might even make note of where and how
you address each dimension in your speech outline.
Diverse Learning Styles:
To appeal to the…
feeling dimension: use concrete, vivid images, stories, &
examples

watching dimension: use visual aids & appropriate gestures and
expressions
thinking dimension: use clear macrostructure and relevant data
doing dimension: use demonstrations & hands-on features
6
Methods of Informing
Describing
Defining
Comparing & contrasting
Narrating
Demonstrating
Methods of Informing
Description is a method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal
picture of an object, geographic feature, setting, event, person,
or image. This method usually answers an overarching “who,”
“what,” or “where” question.
Definition is a method that explains the meaning of something.
You can define a word or idea by classifying it and
differentiating it from similar ideas; by explaining its derivation
or history; by explaining its use or function; or by using a
familiar synonym or antonym.
Comparison & contrast is a method of informing that focuses on
how something is similar to and different from other things.
Narration is a method of informing that recounts an
autobiographical or biographical event, a myth, a story, or some
other account. Characteristics of a good narration include a
strong story line; use of descriptive language and details that
enhance the plot, people, setting, and events; effective use of
dialogue; pacing that builds suspense; and a strong voice.

Demonstration is a method of informing that shows how
something is done, displays the stages of a process, or depicts
how something works. In a demonstration, you organize the
steps from first to last so that your audience will be able to
remember the sequence. Effective demonstrations require
considerable practice.
7
Common Informative Frameworks
Process speech
Expository speech
Economic, social, religious, or ethical issues
Historical events and forces
Theory, principle, or law
Creative works
Effective process speeches require you to carefully delineate the
steps and the order in which they occur. The steps typically
become the main points, and concrete explanations of each step
become the subpoints. Most process speeches rely heavily on
the demonstration method of informing.
All expository speeches require that the speaker use an
extensive research base for preparing the presentation, choose
an organizational pattern that helps the audience understand the
material being discussed, and use a variety of informative
methods (e.g., descriptions, definitions, comparisons and
contrasts, narration, demonstrations) to sustain the audience’s
attention and comprehension of the material presented.

Common Informative Frameworks:
Process speech: Demonstrates how something is done, made, or
works.
Expository speech: Provides carefully researched, in-depth
knowledge about a complex topic.
Economic, social, religious, or ethical issues
Historical events and forces
Theory, principle, or law
Creative works
8
Not only is there an art in knowing a thing, but also a certain art
in teaching it.
~ Cicero
9
Chapter 11
SPEAK
Practicing Delivery

In this chapter, you will learn the characteristics and elements
of effective delivery: use of voice and use of body. You will
also learn about the three types of speech delivery and the
settings in which each is most appropriate. Finally, you will
learn a process for rehearsing your speech that will prepare you
to deliver it in a dynamic, conversational style.
12/17/2015 3:10 PM
other countries.
THIS PRESENTATION.
1
The mind is
There are always three speeches, for every one you actually
gave. The one you practiced, the one you gave, and the one you
wish you gave.
~ Dale Carnegie

Learning Outcomes:
1. What are the characteristics of effective delivery?
2. What can you do to use your voice effectively as you
deliver your speech?
3. What can you do to use your body effectively as you
deliver your speech?
4. Why and how should you rehearse your speech?
Action Step 6 - Practice Oral Language and Delivery Style
Practice until delivery is conversational, intelligible, and
expressive.
Practice integrating presentational aids until you can do so
smoothly and confidently.
Continue practicing until you can deliver your speech
extemporaneously within the time limit.
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THIS PRESENTATION.

2
Delivery Is…
how a message is communicated orally and visually through
your use of voice and body.
Delivery is how a message is communicated orally and visually
through your use of voice and body.
Your delivery style is communicated through your nonverbal
behaviors (all speech elements other than the words
themselves).
Effective delivery is both conversational and animated. A
conversational style allows each member of your audience to
feel as if you are talking with him or her rather than speaking at
the group. When your delivery is animated or lively, you create
excitement about what you are saying so it is easier for your
audience to pay attention. Your speech content is conveyed
through language. Your delivery style, however, is conveyed
through your nonverbal behaviors.
Nonverbal elements of communication include your use of voice
(e.g., pitch, volume, rate, quality, articulation, pronunciation,
and pauses) and use of body (e.g., facial expressions, eye
contact, gestures, body language, and even appearance).
3
Characteristics of an Effective Delivery Style

Use a conversational style
Be animated
Characteristics of an Effective Delivery Style:
Use a conversational style, meaning that you sound spontaneous
(natural) and relaxed.
Be animated—lively, energetic and enthusiastic.
Spontaneity is the ability to sound natural as you speak—as
though you are really thinking about the ideas and getting them
across to the audience as you speak. The secret to developing a
conversational style is to learn the ideas of your speech rather
than trying to memorize every word.
You can be conversational and animated at the same time by
focusing on conveying the passion you feel about your topic
through your voice and body. I
4
Effective Use of Voice
Vary vocal characteristics
pitch, volume, rate, quality
Speak intelligibly
articulation, pronunciation, accent
Use vocal expressiveness
Avoid monotone
Use stresses & pauses effectively
Effective Use of Voice:
Vary vocal characteristics:
Pitch is the highness or lowness of the sounds produced in your

larynx by the size and vibration of your vocal cords.
Volume is how loudly or softly you speak.
Rate is the speed at which you talk.
Quality is the tone or timbre of your voice and what
distinguishes it from the voices of others.
Speak intelligibly which means to be understandable.
Appropriate volume is the key to intelligibility. The rate at
which you speak can also impact how intelligible your message
is.
Articulation (using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, and
lips to shape vocalized sounds)
Pronunciation, and problems with accent (the inflection, tone,
and speech habits typical of native speakers of a language) can
affect how intelligible your message is.
Vocal expressiveness by changing your pitch, volume, and rate,
stressing certain words; and using pauses strategically. A total
lack of vocal expressiveness produces a monotone—a voice in
which the pitch, volume, and rate remain constant, with no
word, idea, or sentence differing significantly in sound from
any other.
Important ideas can also be marked by stresses (emphasis
placed on certain words by speaking them more loudly than the
rest of the sentence) and pauses (strategically placed moments
of silence).
Exhibit 11.1 (page 146) display words that are commonly
mispronounced
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THIS PRESENTATION.
5
Effective Use of Body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zpf8H_Dd40
Effective Use of Body:
Maintaining eye contact helps audiences concentrate on the
speech, bolsters ethos, and helps you gauge audience reaction to
your speech.
Facial expressions are the eye and mouth movements that
convey your personableness and good character (bolstering
ethos) and can help you animate your speech (bolstering
pathos).
Gestures, the movements of your hands, arms, and fingers, can
also help intelligibility and expressiveness.
Motivated movement, movement with a specific purpose such as
emphasizing an important idea, referencing a presentational aid,
or clarifying macrostructure.
Posture refers to the position or bearing with which you hold
your body. In speeches, an upright stance and squared shoulders
communicate a sense of competence and confidence, which

enhances your ethos.
Poise is a graceful and controlled use of the body that gives the
impression that you are self-assured, calm, and dignified.
Professional appearance sends important messages about a
speaker’s commitment to the topic and occasion, as well as the
speaker’s credibility (ethos). Dress a bit more formally than you
expect your listeners to dress, consider your topic and purpose,
and avoid “extreme” fashion statements.
6
Exhibit 11.2
Common hand gestures used by speakers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZZ7k8cMA-4
Exhibit 11.2 (page 149)
You can use gestures as you speak to describe or emphasize
what you are saying, refer to presentational aids, or clarify
structures. This exhibit shows some of the most common
gestures used by speakers.
#1 – the supine hand with palm upward to express good humor,
frankness & generalization
#2 – The prone hand with palm downward to show superposition
or the resting of one thing upon another.
#3 – The vertical hand with palm outward to indicate warding
off, putting from, or a disagreeable thought.
7
Exhibit 11.2

Common hand gestures used by speakers
Exhibit 11.2 (page 149)
You can use gestures as you speak to describe or emphasize
what you are saying, refer to presentational aids, or clarify
structures. This exhibit shows some of the most common
gestures used by speakers.
#4 – The clenched hand to reinforce anger or defiance or to
emphasize an important point.
#5 – The index finger to specialize or reinforce the first in a
sequence of events.
8
Delivery Methods
Impromptu
Scripted speeches
Extemporaneous speeches
Speeches vary in the amount of content preparation and the
amount of practice you do ahead of time. The three most
common delivery methods are impromptu, scripted, and
extemporaneous.
Delivery Methods:
Impromptu Speeches: delivered with little or no advance notice
for preparation (employment interviews & performance reviews,
remarks at business meetings, statements to the media).In each

situation, having practiced organizing ideas quickly and
conveying them both intelligibly and expressively will bolster
your ethos and help you succeed.
Scripted Speeches – delivered by reading or memorizing a
written copy. Because of the time and skill required to
effectively prepare and deliver a scripted speech, they are
usually reserved for important occasions that have important
consequences. Political speeches, keynote addresses at
conventions, commencement addresses, and CEO remarks at
annual stockholder meetings are examples of occasions when a
scripted speech might be appropriate.
Extemporaneous speeches are the easiest to give effectively.
When speaking extemporaneously, you are able to prepare your
thoughts ahead of time and to have notes to prompt you. Yet
unlike scripted speeches, extemporaneous speeches do not
require as lengthy a preparation and practice process to be
effective.
9
Rehearsal
Rehearsing is the process of practicing your speech aloud. You
can rehearse effectively by:
Preparing speaking notes
Handling presentational aids
Rehearsing & refining delivery
All speakers should practice their speeches out loud. Rehearsal
gives you time to revise, evaluate, and mull over all aspects of
the speech. Inexperienced speakers often believe they are ready
to present the speech once they have finished their outline.

In general, try to complete the outline at least three days before
you are scheduled to present it to give yourself sufficient time
to practice, revise, evaluate, and practice your speech again.
10
Exhibit 11.3
Timetable for Preparing a Speech
This exhibit 11.3 provides a useful timetable for preparing and
practicing your speech.
11
Preparing Speaking Notes
Speaking notes are a key-word outline of your speech, including
data such as quotations and statistics as well as delivery cues.
Preparing speaking notes:
provides you with prompts as you speak
helps cement the flow of the speech in your mind
makes you think about key ideas and phrasing
To develop your notes, begin by reducing your speech outline to
an abbreviated outline of key phrases and words. Then, if there
are details you must cite exactly—such as a specific example,
quotation, or set of statistics—add these in the appropriate
places.
Making speaking notes not only provides you with prompts
when you are speaking, but it also helps in two other ways.
First, the act of compiling the speaking notes helps to cement
the flow of the speech’s ideas in your mind. Second, as you

prepare your notes, think about key ideas and phrasings. Notes
don’t include all the developmental material.
12
Exhibit 11.4
Presentation Note Card Example
The exhibit shows a speaker’s notes for her complete outline.
For a three- to five-minute speech, you will need no more than
three 3- by 5-inch note cards to record your speaking notes. For
longer speeches, you might need one card for the introduction,
one for each main point, and one for the conclusion.
Exhibit 11.4 (page 153) gives a full example of speech notes.
Your speaking notes should indicate exactly where you will
reveal and conceal each presentational aid. Practice sharing
each aid only when you are talking about it; conceal it when it
is no longer needed.
If possible, practice your speech in the space where you will
give your speech, so that you can ensure that everyone can see
your aids. If this isn’t possible, arrive early enough on speech
day so you can practice quickly.
Remember to keep your focus on the audience, not on your
presentational aid. Also, avoid passing around objects in the
audience, as this will take their focus off of you and your
message.
Handling Presentational Aids:
Guidelines for Using Presentational Aids
Carefully plan when to use the presentational aids.
Consider audience needs carefully.

Share a presentational aid only when talking about it.
Display presentational aids so that everyone in the audience can
see and hear them.
Talk to your audience, not to the presentational aid.
Resist the temptation to pass objects through the audience.
13
First Practice
Record the practice session
Read through the sentence outline once or twice to refresh your
memory
Make the practice as similar to the public speaking situation as
possible
Write down the time you begin
Begin speaking
Write down the time you finish
During practice sessions, you have three goals: (1) Practice
language choices so they are appropriate, accurate, clear, and
vivid. (2) Practice your speech aloud until your voice and body
convey your ideas conversationally, intelligibly, and
expressively. (3) Practice using presentational aids.
As part of each practice, you will want to analyze how well it
went and set goals for the next practice session.
First Practice
Record the practice session.
Read through the sentence outline once or twice to refresh your
memory.
Make the practice as similar to the public speaking situation as
possible.

Write down the time you begin.
Begin speaking.
Write down the time you finish.
Analysis & Additional Practice
Watch & listen to your recorded performance while reviewing
your complete outline.
Then immediately repeat the six steps listed for the first
practice.
Additional practice sessions will also likely be helpful.
Ask yourself the following questions after your first practice:
Did you leave out any key ideas?
Did you talk too long on any one point and not long enough on
another?
Did you clarify each of your points?
Did you adapt to your anticipated audience? (If you had a
friend or relative listen to your practices, have him or her help
with your analysis.)
Were your note cards effective?
How well did you do with your presentational aids?
14
Adapting to Listeners as You Speak: The Rhetorical Situation
Be aware of & respond to audience feedback
Correct yourself when you misspeak
Adapt to unexpected events
Adapt to unexpected audience reactions
Handle questions respectfully

You must be prepared to adapt to your audience and possibly
change course a bit as you give your speech. Remember that
your primary goal as a public speaker is to generate shared
understanding with your listeners, so pay attention to the
audience’s feedback as you speak and adjust accordingly.
15
It takes one hour of preparation for each minute of presentation
time.
~ Wayne Burgraff
16

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