The City Of Carthage

The City Of Carthage
In the IXth century, the city of Carthage was founded by colonists from Tyre. In their language, the
city name meant "New City". The city will be very successful and prosperous starting with VIth
century. Carthaginian sailors will explore the coasts of Africa and Europe, reaching even the islands
of Great Britain. Carthage will have colonies of its own in Sicily, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Baleares.
In the IIIrd century BC, Carthage is the most powerful city of the Mediterranean from a commercial
perspective.
The beginnings of Carthage are quite interesting as they find an analogy with ones of Rome: Elissa
of Tyre – called by a cognomen "Dido" (meaning "the wanderer") – left her country and landed in
what will be Carthage, together with several companions. Aeneas, son of Anchises, will flee Troy
with a band of comrades when the city was overrun by the Greeks and, according to mythology,
stops finally in Latium where Rome will emerge a few centuries later.
Carthage trades and transports a large variety of goods in the entire Mediterranean basin: precious
metals from Spain and Morocco, spices from the East, bronze from Gallia, slaves from Africa, silk
from Asia and so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome's vessels were triremes with three levels of rowers. Carthaginians were also more skilled than
the Romans in matters of naval strategies and ship operations. The Romans were wiped out in the
first naval battles. Rome realized that victory will come if it can meet Carthage on its own "terrain":
the open sea. Rome invented the corvus – a hooked gangplank (Mulligan) that allowed Romans to
board enemy vessels and take the fight in "land–like" conditions. The next moments of the war saw
the Romans using their military superiority in taking over the Carthage's forces. This war helped
Rome master the seas – a feat that will prove important in the upcoming events that will take Rome
from regional Republic to the Empire of the
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Similarities And Differences Between Ancient And...
There are subtle stylistic differences that occur in the Piombino Apollo that make it more advanced
than the archaic kouros, which lead many scholars to distinguish this statue as Hellenistic rather than
Archaic. The modelling of the back is one of the biggest alterations that occurs between actual
kouros from the archaic period and the Piombino Apollo. The back of the statue is much more
artistically advanced than the front regarding modelling (Ridgway 1967: 48). The subtle modelling
of the muscular structures and ridges of the spine of the back suggest the desired realism of the
Hellenistic era, instead of the basic and ridged 'idealized' form found in the archaic period (Ridgway
1967: 48). More subtle differences between a true archaic sculpture and a retrograded Hellenistic
sculpture are also present in this statue in other areas, such as the feet. On most kouros, the feet are
high arched, but on the Piombino Apollo, they are small and flat (Ridgway 1967: 49). Also the toes
are a discrepancy between the two eras. Usually "archaic statues have [the toes] aligned with the
central part of the other foot" (Ridgway 1967: 49) in a very geometric fashion. However, the toes on
the right foot of the Apollo do not align with the middle of the left foot, and instead align with the
left heel (Ridgway 1967: 49). As stated earlier, the hair is a defining feature in archaic kouros and it
is typically flat and in a bulky beaded shape to best attempt to represent the different

Trigonometry: The Hipparchus Catalogue Essay
Have you ever wondered how many astronomers were out there? And also what they have
contributed to this world? Well this astronomer I'm about to talk about, his name is Hipparchus.
Hipparchus is a greek astronomer, mathematician and geographer. Hipparchus brought 3
contributions models, another math formula, and a method of prediction. He proposed around 250
BC, the Earth went around the Sun. If you want to find out more about this astronomer keep reading
and you'll find out about his life and about his contribution to this Earth. Also to the mathematical
world by bringing another form of math into the equation.
Around 190 BC Hipparchus was born in Nicaea in Bithynia (Now know as Turkey.) Hipparchus was
the 1st astronomer to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This scale is still used today. The only difference from then and now is Hipparchus did not have the
luxury of using a telescope. Ptolemy continued Hipparchus's work and his catalogue after he was
dead. He gather another 37 in the end the total was 1080 stars. Hipparchus was credited with
dividing a circle into 360 degrees. This was 1st used in trigonometry but later on used in other
mathematical formulas and equations. Hipparchus had referred to Timocharis, who was and
astronomer who lived 150 years before him. Hipparchus appears on many Roman coins from five
different emperors reigns in 138 AD and 253 AD.
Hipparchus has made three contributions to astronomy. Hipparchus was the 1st Greek to create a
quantitative and an accurate model for the motion of the Sun and Moon. Another contribution he
made is more towards mathematical contribution. Hipparchus possessed a trigonometric table and
he likely solved problems of spherical trigonometry. The last contribution is he made a reliable
method of predicting solar eclipses, and the compilation of the first comprehensive star catalog.
Hipparchus has many others work but sadly they are now lost. These included an astronomical and
astrological writings and a catalogue of his own works.
In summary, Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer who gave three things to astronomy and the
mathematical world. He kept a catalogue of all the stars he had observed over time. After
Hipparchus

The Nature Of Democracy By The Roman Res Publica Essay
If the nature of democracy may be understood via its etymological roots, demos (people) and kratos
(power) arguably, in its very meaning, the system reflects an idealistic depiction of its primal
iteration (that is, in 5th century Athens) rather than, for instance, the cogs of representative
democracy that turn at the present – or so Western society likes to believe. In part, the significant
distinction between the constructs is the constitution of the demos, Thorley estimates that it refers to
between 12% and 17% of the Athenian population , and of course 66.1% of the UK population in
the most recent general election. Hence, with a progressive understanding of politics one might
assume that 'the intermediary' institutions of the Roman res publica (Senate and various Assemblies)
lie somewhere within this linear democratic movement. Generally, however, political change is
neither progressive nor linear and to this extent the Roman res publica was not the blending point
that we might like it to be; it was not Aristotle's "advantage to the poor" nor, in some ways, was it,
as M. Cicero suggests, in "hands [where] the welfare of the commonwealth was the most important"
. Rather, Roman political organs may be said to have malignly mutated from the schemata of
Pericles' Athenian government to the coup and later dictatorship of Sulla in 88BC; potentially, from
which the elements of democracy, as it were, became unrecognisable to the Athenian gaze; and
finally to the fall of the

The Battle Of The Roman Republic
As the Roman Republic found its way into the third and second centuries BC, it could not have
anticipated its level of military engagement nor the number of conflicts it would find itself in over
the next two hundred years. A series of wars allowed the Roman Republic to consolidate power on
the Italian peninsula, emerge as a major force in the Mediterranean area, and lay the groundwork for
what eventually would become the Empire. The series of wars Rome fought had profound impacts
on the political, economic, social and cultural areas of Roman life. Ultimately Rome would emerge
as a powerhouse city with a thriving political system within it, dominate the economic situation in
the region before extending further, and saw the dramatic change of Roman society as it experienced
a cultural influx from foreigners. The series of wars in response to Pyrrhus' invasion and the
rebellion of Italian tribes would ultimately lead to the unification of the Republic on the peninsula,
as well as secure a period of reprieve from foreign invasion forces. The recently defeated Samnite
tribe in central Italy resented Roman control and when tensions between the Tarentines and Romans
escalated, they would play a major role in the civil unrest and eventual war. The Romans decision to
develop a navy was met with harsh and immediate response from Tarentum, who also called upon
King Pyrrhus of Epirus to help them engage the Roman forces. Despite his superb and fairly large
invasion force, the

Rhyton
Another Rhyton was also discovered in Russia from Central Asia. Its forepart is shaped like a
wildcat or lynx. The spout for pouring is located in the chest of the animal. The piece of artwork is
called the Turkemenian Wine Horn. It is also a symbol of the Greek wine god Dionysus, whose cult
spread eastwards with the conquests of Alexander the Great. Dionysus roman name was Bacchus.
Commemoration/celebration of him during the ancient times was used as a theatre performance.
Due to festivities of wine which was held twice a year winter and spring, Christians made them
Christmas and Easter.
According to the Minoan civilization, they used Rhyton to hold wine or possibly the blood of a
sacrificed bull in religious ceremonies. The word Rhyton comes ... Show more content on
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Also in the article "Ancient Art," at the kingdom of Parthia existed in time paralleled with the
golden age of Rome (2nd century B.C. – 2nd Century A.D.) in the west and Han period (206 B.C. –
220 middle of 3rd century B.C. Their country extended from Central Asia through part of
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria developing art rich in elements from various cultural trends. They
fought against Rome, but finally were overthrown by Persian dynasty of the Sasanides. One of the
distinctive features in art of Persia of the Sasanides is iconography of royal image. Iconography has
a lot of meanings. First it literally means a symbolic representation, especially the conventional
meanings attached to an image or images. It is a subject matter in the visual arts, especially with
reference to the conventions regarding the treatment of a subject in artistic representation. Lastly, it
is the study or analysis of subject matter and its meaning in the visual arts. Iconography has
influence on designing of architectural ornament as well as design of textiles up to times of Islam
that overthrew rules of the Sasanides.
According to the Parthian Rhytons from Veliran, excavations at a Parthian cemetery produced three
different burial traditions and grave types: a hypogeum, a jar burial and a stone–lined tomb. A
hypogeum, cut into natural deposits, was the most important Parthian find from the site. Amongst
the most characteristic objects from this tomb were four attractive Rhytons: three in the shape of a
goat/ibex and one in the shape of a human leg with

When I Want To Attend College Essay
I would like to attend college to make a difference. Difference is defined as "an instance or point of
unlikeness or dissimilarity". To many people, this can be any form of change, such as, from
someone's posture or how an economy is run. As an individual I cannot large change, but working
together as a society there is an increased chance of change. I aspire to join the group of educated
men and women who in their careers design and create new goods. There are many jobs that require
an education in the field of the product being made. If I can attend college and learn a skill, I gain
the ability to join the workforce that develops the items that we use in our daily lives. In order to
work, one must have the experience to perform the task being asked of them. Colleges give
education and work experience, so one can have prior knowledge of job requirements and
expectations. The workforce can't develop certain items if the workers don't have the skills needed
to make them. Stopping the flow of goods would slow down the overall economic product amount
and affect many other aspects of the country. The workers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Spartan males were raised after the age of seven to be warriors and didn't learn to read or write.
The Spartans main advancements were in their military and forced servitude. In Rome, schools
separated by grade began in 1st century BC and spread throughout the Roman Empire until its fall in
the 5th century AD. The Romans had many advancements such as arches in architecture, public
sewers, the Roman crane, and signal towers. It can be easily inferred that the Romans advancement
was due to their extensive education compared to the Spartans. It is mainly because people are
highly educated that we have so many technological advancements occur in such a short span time.
If we continue on this pattern and educate more people technological advancements would continue
to

Gaul: The Battle Of Bibracte
What is now modern day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy was once
known as one place by the name of Gaul. Gaul was made up of land from all over. Its land limits in
the north and the west were the Atlantic Ocean, the east's were the Rhine River and the Alps, and the
south's limits were the Po Valley, the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenees. This area was known as
Transalpine Gaul. The name "Gaul" dates back to the 8th century and corresponds to a military and
cultural area that was founded on a familiar religion as well as independent states. In 1st and 2nd
century AD, Gaul made most of its money by exporting wine, food, and pottery. This was not the
case in 3rd century AD, when Gaul was suffered from multiple ... Show more content on
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The Roman army and six legions were led into Gaul in 58 BC. The Gallic people had asked for
Julius Caesar's help in defending their land because the Suebi threatened to invade them. Caesar
strategically placed his men in a way where they were likely to defeat their enemy. Ariovistus,
leader of the Suebi, had escaped back over the Rhine river and never crossed it again. Caesar then
proceeded to secure his German border. This battle either wounded or killed approximately 6,000
Roman men and 35,000 Suebi men. The Battle of Sabis River was fought in 57 BC. Julius Caesar
attacked the land of the Belgic tribes, which was led by Galba. Bibrax, a Gallic city, was attacked by
Belgae while Caesar was off setting up camp. Belgae then decided to attack Caesar at his camp site,
the Aisne River. The two enemies fought and many Belgic tribes surrendered. The Nervii were the
strongest warriors until they were attacked and surrendered to two Roman legions. Orders were sent
out for tribes to stay within the areas of their land. Within the tribes, there was a total of
approximately 60,000

Research Paper On Minerve
Situated on the southern part of the Natural Park of Haute–Languedoc, at the foot–hills of
Montainge Noire and only 1 hour drive from the Mediterranean sea, the little village of Minerve,
population 122, is in the same time the historic capital of the Minervois region, an outstanding
historic AND geologic site and a member of the "Most beautiful villages of France" – "Les Plus
Beaux Villages de France" – community. Built on a rocky bluff, Minerve, or Menerba in the local
Occitan language, overlooks from an altitude of more than 60 meters (200 feet) the gorges of the
Rivers Cesse and Brian. The Minerve village region – "le Minervois" – was inhabited since the
prehistoric times. The region, together with the whole territory that is the present ... Show more
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It is here that on July 22, 1210, 180 Cathars who did not renounce their faith were burned alive, after
Minerve fell to the crusaders' army at the end of a siege that lasted 7 weeks. The siege ended when,
in the middle of the summer with both Rivers Brian and Cesse dry, the crusaders, led by the
notorious Simon de Monfort, destroyed the village's only water source, Saint Rustic well, whose
remains can be still seen today. Minerve, the village hovering above two canyons and surrounded by
strong defensive walls, was a not to be ignored place during medieval or late medieval warfare and
so it participated also in the religious wars of the 16th century when it was a hiding place for
Huguenots who were defeated here by the armies of the Marshall Anne de Montmorency. Besides
being a high historic site, Minerve, or more precisely the natural caves called "ponts" formed in the
Cesse River canyon walls, where the river actually disappears when in low flow, make an
exceptional geological site. "Le Minervois" region, a patchwork of vineyards, olive orchards, and
cypres and Mediterranean pine trees groves, has been well–known since antiquity – it was the
Romans the first to grow here vitis vinifera –for its, mostly red,

Roman Sculpture
Roman sculpture and painting differed mostly for the fact that the status were used to record major
events and also as realistic portrait. As per the paintings, they were used much as decor and to cover
walls than anything else.
The picture depicts a heroic sculpture of Augustus, a military leader who was the first Emperor of
the Roman Empire, controlling Imperial Rome from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 (Hays, 2008).
Roman sculptures were focused in representing the real form of those being portrayed. However, in
the case of rulers, they attempted to make it strong god–like images. Unlike the Greek, which
usually tried to created an idealistic human form through their sculptures. The Romans reflected
events and lifestyles of the time these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Shelby, 2016). Roman paintings were used mostly as wall decoration. They "were painted directly
on the walls of their rooms, and also on portable panels" (Gunther, n.d.). The main idea was to bring
their windowless interior dark rooms to life, totally changing aspects of these living spaces. A
variety of painting art forms is seeing throughout Roman ancient history. Nevertheless, Frescoes
was the most popular approach seeing in the interior design of ancient Roman buildings. "Fresco
painting, method of painting water–based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall
surfaces. The colours, which are made by grinding dry–powder pigments in pure water, dry and set
with the plaster to become a permanent part of the wall" (Britannica, 2014). These fresco paintings
represented images from the Greek scenery, Roman mythology. Although landscapes were mostly
used to give the impression of a window view. As commonly seen within the Romans, such art
paintings were equally a privilege of the wealthy ones. There are four styles seen throughout the
history of Roman paintings:
"
First Style originated in the early 2d century BC. It is an imitation of marble veneering, in which the
painted decoration resembles slabs of colored marble
Second Style began in the early 1st century B, opening up the wall by providing an illusion of
windows and porticos which looked outward onto

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Abstract
Various Wonders of the World lists have been compiled over the ages in order to catalogue the most
spectacular natural and man–made constructions. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the
first known list of remarkable man–made creations of classical antiquity, and was based on guide–
books popular among Hellenic sight–seers and only includes works located around the
Mediterranean rim. Later lists include those for the Medieval World, the Modern World, the Natural
World and others. The list that will be discussed today is the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The historian Herodotus (484 BC–ca. 425 BC), and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca 305–240
BC) at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of "seven wonders" but ... Show more content on
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The gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BCE.
The lush Hanging Gardens are extensively documented by Greek historians such as Strabo and
Diodorus Siculus. Through the ages, the location may have been confused with gardens that existed
at Nineveh, whose king at the time was Nimrod, since tablets from there clearly show gardens.
Writings on these tablets describe the possible use of something similar to an Archimedes' screw as
a process of raising the water to the required height. The Greek Historian Diodorus (Antipar) said:
"The Garden was 100 feet long by 100 feet wide and built up in tiers so that it resembled a theater.
Vaults had been constructed under the ascending terraces which carried the entire weight of the
planted garden; the uppermost vault, which was seventy–five feet high, was the highest part of the
garden, which, at this point, was on the same level as the city walls. The roofs of the vaults which
supported the garden were constructed of stone beams some sixteen feet long, and over these were
laid first a layer of reeds set in thick tar, then two courses of baked brick bonded by cement, and
finally a covering of lead to prevent the moisture in the soil penetrating the roof. On top of this roof
enough topsoil was heaped to allow the biggest trees to take root. The earth was leveled off and
thickly

Women in Ancient Rome Essay
Women in Ancient Rome
In Roman times women were treated differently depending on their class, and family background.
However Roman women off all social classes were expected to assume, that they were merely
possessions of their fathers and then of their husband.
Many Romans told a story (below) about a woman named Cornelia, a Roman woman of the second
century BC:
An upper–class women from Campania was staying with Cornelia, a mother of the Gracchi brothers.
She continually boasted about her jewels which were the most beautiful to be seen at that time,
Cornelia kept her talking until her children returned home from their lessons, then she said to the
women: "these are my jewels" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In AD 14, the Emperor Augustus, on his death bed, is reported to have told his wife, Livia;
'always remember whose wife you have been'.
Freeborn Roman women were never allowed to forget that people always regarded them as
someone's daughter, wife or mother, but never as an individual who has their own rights.
Daughters
Roman daughters, much like Greek daughters, were always in the custody of the oldest male in her
family and had to obey their rules. (The paterfamilias) the head of the household. In the Roman law,
the paterfamilias was so important and powerful that he had the right over everyone's life in his
family.
The daughters name as simply the name of her fathers but in a feminine form, there was nothing
personal in a daughter's name. If the father was called (Marcus Tullius Cicero) the daughter would
be simply be called Tullia. If however more than one daughter was born in that family then to
prevent confusion she would be called Tullia the younger, or Tullia the second, and so on.
We know this because historian's found evidence of this, from letters written on papyrus sheets that
have survived from Roman times.

Laws passed by Roman emperor's show that unwanted children were exposed and left to die in
public places, often on rubbish heaps. The precise number of female babies left to rot like this is
unknown;

Rhetorical Analysis of Cicero's Defense of Marcus Caelius...
Cicero believed that a good orator must do three things in his speech: earn the favor of the audience,
provide persuasive arguments, and move the audience with emotional appeals. In his defense of
Marcus Caelius Rufus one finds an excellent example of Cicero's work and through close
examination can glean some additional information about what Cicero felt was needed in a good
speech. With such scrutiny it becomes readily apparent that each of the three objectives need not be
attained equally. Because while Cicero does attempt to gain the favor of his audience, provide
persuasive arguments, and presents the audience with powerful emotional appeals, he spends a vast
amount of time providing the jury with "proofs" (persuasive arguments), a ... Show more content on
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However, his most obvious attempt to entertain his listeners is seen in his adoption of various
personas, such as "the famous Caecus" (Cicero, p.141–142), or Clodia's younger brother (Cicero,
p.143) and finally the strict and lenient fathers who address Caelius directly (Cicero, p.143–144).
The reasons why he resorts to these methods are almost as evident as the methods themselves. In
this trial there is little to no physical evidence, the prosecution is based almost entirely on the
testimony of Clodia (as Cicero points out (Cicero, p.140–141)) and various other witnesses. And
despite the fact that Cicero claims "Fact will be pitted against fact" (Cicero, p.137) the outcome of
the case depends largely on which side the jury chooses to believe; Cicero knows that if the jury is
on his side then they will tend to value his points over those of his opponents. In order to sway the
jurors he flatters them and attempts to entertain them, because if they feel good will towards him as
he speaks that could easily be transferred to his statements as well. This is extremely important
because much of his defense rests on attacks upon the

Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the post–Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization,
characterized by government headed by emperors, and large territorial holdings around the
Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The 500 year old republic which preceded it was
severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was
appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued,
culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the
Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was now unassailable and
in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new ... Show more
It was the largest empire of the Classical antiquity period, and one of the largest empires in world
history. At its height under Trajan, it covered 6.8 million square kilometers and held sway over some
70 million people, at that time, 21% of the world's entire population. The longevity and vast extent
of the Empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language, culture, religion,
inventions, architecture, philosophy, law and forms of government on the Empire's descendants.
Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were even made to establish successors to the
Roman Empire, including the Crusader state, the Empire of Romania and the Holy Roman Empire.
By means of European expansionism through the Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian,
German, British, Belgian empires, Roman and Greek culture was spread on a worldwide scale,
playing a significant role in the development of the modern world.
History
Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though
it didn't expand outside Italy until the 3rd century BC. In a sense then, it was an "empire" long
before it had an Emperor. The Roman Republic was not a nation–state in the modern sense, but a
network of towns left to rule themselves and provinces administered by military commanders. It was
ruled, not by Emperors, but by annually elected magistrates in conjunction with the Senate. For
various reasons, the

The History Of Animals Being Domesticated
The history of animals being domesticated starts as far back as 20,000 years ago, when large
mammals such as bison roamed the tundra of Europe and Asia. They were hunted widely by two
groups of hunters, both smaller and weaker than the bison, but both had sufficient developed social
systems to allow them to hunt and kill in packs. These two hunters were the humans and the wolves.
These two groups of hunters are surprisingly similar. Both are family based and led by a dominant
male whose female partner has authority second to his. All of the members are friendly towards each
other, but extremely suspicious of outsiders. All members are also protective of any newborn and
young in the pack, and both are good at interpreting the moods of others, by facial expression or
other forms of body language. Though humans and wolves started out competing for the same prey,
but soon realized the advantages for both of them in teaming up. On the side of the wolves, human
ingenuity and the use of weapons mean a share in a greater number of kill, and maybe a taste of
bigger pretty they couldn't take down alone, such as mammoths. On the side of humans, the speed of
the wolves and ferocity is equivalent to a new weapon altogether. The partnership between the two
is natural. People love to nurture an abandoned young animal, and a wolf cub is adapted to learn the
rules of a hierarchical human society. For a species like the wolf to become domesticated, it must be
willing to breed in

Pompey The Great : Qualities Of A National Leader
Pompey the Great There are many qualities that a national leader should have. First and foremost,
every national leader should be educated. Without education, leaders would not be able to
communicate with other leaders. Leaders would not be able to fix their people's problems because
they do not know the logical way to solve it. For example if a farmer had trouble bringing water to
their farmland, an uneducated leader would be probably make an incorrect decision, but an
education leader would be able to think reasonably and come up with a easier way for the farmer to
water his crops, like using irrigation. Second, a national leader must also be resilient. Resilience
allows leaders to keeping preserving. For example, when a leader loses his men to a rival, he must
be able to overcome the defeat and continue to try to win the war the leader's country is in with
another country. Third of all, a leader should also have the trait of perseverance. With perseverance,
a leader can reach their dreams that may help their nation. For instance, if a leader wants to achieve
a nation where everything is run on solar energy and meets a hindrance in the process, a persistent
leader should be able to to find a way to solve the problem, no matter how long it takes, and goal to
aim for their goal. Every national leader must also be superior. Superiority makes the leader have
more control over his nation. For example, if all the leader's people act crazy and order disappears,
then the leader

Essay on Julius Caesar and The Late Roman Republic
Julius Caesar was a general and a politician of the late Roman Republic. He greatly influenced the
size of the Roman Empire before seizing power and making himself dictator of Rome, which paved
the way for the Imperial system. (Julius Caesar 100BC–44BC, April 29th, 2014)
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus was born on July 12th or 13th, 100BC into the prestigious
Julius clan. He and his family were closely related to the Marion faction in Roman politics. Caesar
started to progress within the Roman political system. He became a succession quaestor in 69 BC,
aedile in 65 BC, and praetor in 62 BC.61–60 BC he served as governor of the Roman Province of
Spain. Later in Rome in 60 BC, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus, which helped ...
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She was the one who dreamed of Caesar's imminent death right before the fateful Ides of March.
(Caesar, Gaius Julius, April 30th 2014)
Julius was such a famous and important leader in ancient Rome that they named a month after him–
Julym for Julius Caesar. (Julius Caesar for kids, April 29th 2014) Julius Caesar was a great
administer and to say he was a well–known general would be an understatement. He improved laws
and changed how they ruled provinces of the Empire. . (Julius Caesar for kids, May 1st 2014)
Rome started to become overrun with crime and people were so scared, they stayed off the streets.
People started to become unemployed and taxes started to increase. The Roman people became
angry with the government. They demanded that the government do something. Caesar heard the
pleads of the people and convinced them he knew what to do. The Roman people began to trust and
rely on him to fix Rome's problems. (Julius Caesar for kids, May 1st 2014)
As Caesar gained power through the people, the Senate became worried. They feared Caesar might
make himself king. Soon, so that wouldn't happen, the Senate swore that Rome would never be
ruled by king again. Caesar became impatient and brought his own army to Rome ti overthrow the
Senate. The people saw this as heroic. They were saved! Caesar was going to solve all of their
problems; well it wasn't going to be easy. The Senate constantly plotted and

Children's Death In Ancient Egypt
The causes of children death in ancient Egypt: The ancient Egyptians took care of their children.
The family was very keen on providing the child with his needs: food, play, education. The ancient
Egyptians were encouraged to have as many children as they can. Some families were very proud to
have 10 or 15 children. This is normal in the Egyptian agricultural society, where more children
mean more participants in the labour markets that could help the family economically. There are
many scenes that show the children helping their families in the field work. Other reasons can be
related to the religious concepts in which the happiness of the netherworld depends on the child that
will execute the funerary rituals for his father. This habit continued in the Graeco–Roman period.
Therefore, it is normal to find an increase in the death–rate among the children. This can be
confirmed by the census that reached us from the Roman period from the Fayoum region,
Oxyrhynchite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason could be related to the change occurred in the state; during the Pharaonic period the
economical and the medical status was secured, while in the Graeco–Roman period, the country
passed through many revolutions and wars that affected the status of the country and led to poverty.
As long as the children of than age were no more breast–fed, the poverty could affect the ability of
the family to secure enough food for their children. This of course led to the increase in the death–
rate of the children. This can be confirmed by the team that worked in examining the cemetery of
Abu Sir who discovered that children of three to four years died more frequently than younger ones.
Moreover, the researches that were done on the children burials at Kellis 2 (Dakhla) proved that 70
% of the children suffered from porotic hyperostosis that was caused by deficiency

Greek And Hellenistic Influence
This man was grandson of the painter, cayo pictor Fabio. He is one of the few Roman historians and
historians. Being the 1st representative of the old analytics. Intervened in the Gallic War dated in
225 BC. It was also after the Roman victory in Cannas dated in 216 BC, Roman ambassador in the
oracle of Delphi. Being a mission of great political conflict, this happened because he, acting in
favor of the Greeks in the battle against Carthage. His work as a historian meets the Greek or
Hellenistic tradition of the history of the polis, which he wrote in Greek. Leaving very little
information of this work, although it consists of seven books. We know that the first, it is about the
foundation of the city around 748 BC, thus resorting to the Trojan hero Aeneas, in order to unite
Greece with Rome as destinations. On the other hand, books II, III and IV; Ranging from the
foundation of the city until the 3rd century. And the rest of the books (V, VI and VII); They dealt
with contemporary facts. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Characterizing this literary work as a literary and political objective that gave way to the
establishment of the bases of the senatorial historiography, where resorted to the tradition of the
pontifical analyst with a high artistic level. It is believed that this work was later translated into
Latin. As a continuation of what had previously been said to Fabio Pictór: We do not know exactly
what they contained or at what date they were published, we only know what Cato left us as

Excavation Of Pompeii
Before its destruction, the city of Pompeii was home to a flourishing city that through observations
made from its archeological excavation and through the analysis of certain artifacts and various
buildings An exact image of the city as it stood in the first century is presented to the archaeologists.
This provides insight into the lives of the people living at the time.
Pompeii is an old Roman town–city located in the territory of Pompeii and commune in the
Campania region of Italy. Pompeii was destroyed and buried under 13 to 20 feet of volcanic ash in
the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 (Beard 22). Pompeii was founded in the sixth or seven
century BC by the Oscans and came under Roman rule in the 4th BC but was conquered to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pompeii as an archeological site is a source of information on so many aspects of the economic,
religious, social and political life of the ancient world. Many well–preserved house shrines give a
hint on the importance of the vitality of religion in the family. Pompeii had a busy port that exported
products throughout the Mediterranean region; this was a haven for the tradesmen and merchants
living near the city gates. Unfortunately, these excavations are endangered by tourist traffic at the
site, changes in weather patterns and destructive vegetation. In the 1950s, many structures were
fitted with concrete roofs but have deteriorated over the years making upkeep difficult. Pompeii
faces numerous problems including, mismanagement, degradation, and vandalism. In July 2008, the
Italian government took the unforeseen step of declaring a one–year state of emergency for the site
and a special officer was appointed to oversee the site (Sonneborn 17).This move emphasizes the
need to importance of preservation, restoration and critical analysis of the evidence available before
it is lost

Influence of the Roman Theater on Cicero’s Oration Pro...
Influence of the Roman Theater on Cicero's Oration Pro Caelia By
Cicero's oration in defense of M. Caelius Rufus shows many substantive and stylistic borrowings
from the Roman Theater, particularly the comedies of the 2nd century b.c.e. This would scarcely
seem remarkable to Cicero, to employ such devices is only to make use of the tools of his trade, as a
practical and practicing rhetorician. In this case using the theater as a framing device to guide his
audience's response.
So too would the judgments and emotions existing in the cultural reservoir of Greco–Roman, or
Attic–Latin stage have met his division of purpose as he considered the permanent written speech,
he would set down in the wake of the trial, however it was decided. ... Show more content on
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Cicero, by example of his own life takes a broad inclusive approach to Oratory. In a earlier
statement we encounter words which probably reflect his own view closely: But the fact of the
matter is that oratory is a much more considerable activity and depends on a far wider range of
different arts and branches of study, than people imagine (Cicero, Orator I 4,16).Particularly Cicero
seems interested in holding on to the orator's special sphere – the third branch of Philosophy life and
behavior of human beings which is to say, human nature (Cicero, Orator I 15, 69).
We hear of the orator's special strength – to rouse men's hearts to anger, hatred, and indignation
(Cicero, Orator I 12,53), a not dissimilar goal to that of the dramatist. We find that a speaker's job is
to ensure that the feelings of his audience are affected just the way he wants them to be (19, 87). His
Five Tasks of the orator (and to keep within the dignity of the theme) (Cicero, Orator I 38, 142–44)
given in a following paragraph, are suitable instructions for any playwright or actor. Even at the
beginning of On the Orator Cicero has one of his characters observe approvingly of the benefits to
be gained from the less serious art on regulation of expression, voice and movement of body. Cicero
has his character Antonius make an observation that the chief distinction between an actor speaking
and an orator is that the actor has more leeway. He is excused if he has

Roman Mythology And Greek Comparison
Between styles of writing, there are many ways you can compare pieces and contrast them because
they are both written on a specific subject in two different perspectives. "The House of Hades," by
Rick Riordan, is a fiction title about a Roman and Greek demigod adventure in which they travel
worldwide to prevent a catastrophic event from occurring. The online resource by Jose Delgado was
written in essay form and about the start of the mythologys. Both these writings are about
Mythology but they have many differences. The main topic in this essay is comparing and
contrasting two different writings on Greek and Roman Mythology. Theme, setting, and style are the
ideas of writing being compared. As you can see, greek and roman mythology can be written
hundreds of ways and therefore, can be compared easily. Theme is what the author wants the reader
to take away from their piece of writing. For the first paragraph, the themes are being compared. In
the fiction resource, ¨The House of Hades¨, one of the themes is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, 12 century BC is a huge setting that means a lot to the story of Roman God´s creation. The
Roman Gods were created after the Greek and Asian War in 12th century BC, when Romulus and
Aeneas created them. In addition, Rome is another setting that contributes a lot. Rome is where
either Romulus or Aeneas traveled after the war to create the Roman gods that were based off of the
Greek gods that they already knew. A third setting is 2,000 BC. Around these years Atlantis rose
from Timaeus and Critias, two very powerful beings in which no one knows their origin. The last
setting in the website is Mount Olympus. Mount Olympus changes where it is every so often so no
one can pinpoint where it is. Mount Olympus is a key setting because worshippers of the Greek
Gods would bring meals, or offerings to them and this is how they would pray to the

The Causes And Fall Of The Mauryan Empire
The Mauryan Empire collapsed in 187 BC after the last Mauryan king, Brihadratha was killed by his
general, Pushyamitra Sunga. Pushyamitra Sunga, a Brahmin, established the Sunga Dynasty that
ruled Magadha till 73 BC. He was hostile to Buddhism and ordered the destruction of several
Buddhist monasteries. There was a revival in Hinduism during this brief period and attempts were
made to revive the caste system. The Sunga rulers believed in Vedic sacrifices such as Asvamedha,
Rajsuya and Vajpeiya. This period is known for developments in literature and language as
Patanjali, a renowned scholar, published a treatise on the rules of Sanskrit grammar. The Sunga
Empire collapsed in 73 BC, when its last ruler, Devabhuti was deposed by his minister, Vasudeva,
who founded the Kanva Dynasty. The Kanva dynasty ruled Magadha from 73 BC to 30 BC. There
was high political instability in India during this period. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At its peak, the Kushan Empire included Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India and parts of central
Asia. The Kushanas had diplomatic contacts with Han China, Persia and the Roman Empire. They
controlled Silk Road that traversed through central Asia, linking Roman Empire in the west to China
in the east. Kanishka was the greatest emperor of the Kushan Dynasty. He was a great supporter of
Buddhism and convened the Buddhist Council meeting in Kashmir during his rule. The Saka
calendar was introduced by Kanishka in 78 AD on his accession to the throne. The empire collapsed
and broke up into several independent kingdoms in 3rd century AD after the death of Vasudeva I,
the last great Kushan

Mediterranean Basin Polytheism
The Mediterranean Basin experienced many political and cultural changes from the 8th century BC
to the 5th century CE. First, religious views in the Roman Empire that spread throughout the
Mediterranean changed from polytheism to monotheism over time because people were unsatisfied
with the lack of spiritual passion in their current beliefs. Second, political structures and forms of
government changed from independent city states and republics to empires due to expanding
political entities, trade, and colonization. Lastly, architecture and art continued to improve society
by promoting political organization and public welfare.
Religious views in the Roman Empire that spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin changed
from polytheism to monotheism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greece had many city–states with acropolises, agoras, and temples. Greek architects constructed
acropolises on fortified hilltops for citizens to discuss government business. The agora was
strategically designed to be in the center of a city–state as a marketplace for the general public to
shop and gather. Many Greek city–states built temples and monuments to honor their patron deity
and serve as religious structures. The most famous of those temples was the Parthenon in Athens,
which was considered a massive architectural feat at the time. Approximately one century after the
Parthenon was constructed, Alexander the Great began to spread Hellenistic art. Two major statues
of Hellenistic art were the Colossus of Rhodes and Nike of Samothrace. The sculptures honored the
two gods and commemorated war victories. Similar to Greece, Ancient Rome's architects designed
structures benefiting the general public, political religion, and religion. Many government buildings
and the Twelve Tables were located in the Forum, an intricately designed plaza in the center of
Rome. The Pantheon, constructed in 27 BC, honored all the Roman gods and displayed the
brilliance of Roman architects. Other structures to provide entertainment and promote public health
were constructed from Julius Caesar's rule to the end of the Roman Empire, 476 AD. Public baths,
aqueducts, and roads were created to promote a healthier and more efficient lifestyle for the people
of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum was a source of entertainment for many people and
incorporated advanced technology, such as arches and drainage systems. As the Roman Empire
gradually declined, architecture was used for defense purposes. Multiple defensive walls were built
to protect Roman Empire from invaders. One of the first walls built was Hadrian's wall (122 AD)
and the last wall built was the Anastasian Wall (469

Ancient Roman Art Of Entertainment
Ancient Roman Entertainment The art of entertainment held many significant influences within the
Ancient Roman society. Though it is known that certain means to achieve such spectacles were
vicious and cruel, it ultimately satisfied the Roman peoples need for pleasure and excitement. Public
displays varied from chariot races, musical and theatrical performances, to the more gruesome acts
of wild beast hunts, gladiatorial games, and public executions. Most of the Romans daily leisure
activities still remain in the realm of common recreational activities we still perform today, such as
swimming, hunting, fishing, and even gambling. While the inner city state provided nearly all public
entertainment events, citizens held their own interpretations beyond the outer city territories. Every
distinguishable form of entertainment within the society held distinct and important influences
throughout the ancient Roman culture, regardless of how they were formed or who cultivated them.
Displays of mass public entertainment took on a number of different forms, from festivals such as
ludi Megalenses, ludi Ceriales, to "ludi Circenses, (chariot racing in the circus) Venationes (games
with animals, also in the circus, but later they took place in the amphitheater as well) and theatrical
performances, ludi Scaenici" (Potter and Mattingly, 206). Although the games were religious in
origin, they gradually acquired secular and political importance, becoming more prominent as the
annual

Informative Essay: The First Gladiator Fighting In Rome
Close your eyes, take a deep breath, in the out, and still with your eyes close imagine yourself
walking into the middle of an arena somewhere in Rome back around 265 BC. The arena is filled
with many anxious, excited and angered faces. You hear people screaming your name as you walk in
and others booing and wanting you to leave. As you stare straight ahead you see a man, at least 6ft
tall, covered with many tattoos and his face covered with a mask and he is holding a silver sword.
Slowly he walks towards you, gripping his sword. He brings his sword over his head and swings at
you. Open your eyes now and think about how you almost died. What you were just experienced
was a gladiator game and the man that just about killed you was a gladiator. Gladiator fighting
started around 265 BC. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Junius Brutus Pera...The first gladiator fight took place in the Forum Boarium, a cattle market in
Rome. As this was the funeral of a prominent aristocrat and held in a public area, the event was
likely to have drawn a large crowd. This first gladiatorial fight was a clever idea as it also brought
political prestige to their family¹s name... combat started with a funeral." (Tribunes and Triumph)
Gladiators can be men and women or even volunteers who risked their lives to fight each other or
wild animals for audiences like the Roman Empire and Roman Republic. (Wikipedia) Some
gladiators fought because this was their job and they enjoyed fighting and the glory, fame and riches
that came with it. But others fought because it was their punishment because they were either an
condemned criminal, prisoner of war, or a

Julius Caesar's Ambition
Mere centuries after the Republics zenith of power, Rome became a victim of its own success and
fell into a state of social, economic and political strife. From a combination of overpopulation and
mass unemployment stemmed economic stagnation and public upheaval. (Link to next– idea of
reformers)
Julius Caesar was a man of pure ambition who's social, economic, and political reforms in the 1st
century BC greatly assisted in the decline of the Republic. While it was not Caesar's motive to
directly end the Republic, it was his aim to become powerful and implement change. This, however,
subsequently resulted in the final destruction of the Republic and eventual formation of the Empire.
In order to analyse Julius Caesar's impact on the Republic, his background and furthermore his
motives as a leader, must be deconstructed. Caesars ambition has been assumed to largely be the
result of the accumulated events in which he underwent in his young life (Cunliffe, B. 1994:93).
Caesar up during a time of social war and violence within Rome from which his perspective was
presumably shaped by the chaos of the disintegrating Republic (Bradley, P. 1990:369). His
determination to hold power was exhibited in several points of his life. One of which, includes his ...
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While Cicero's personal account on the matter cannot be trusted as an accurate representation for all
of Rome's views, it can provide insight into the perspective of an aristocratic Roman or a Senator of
the time. By making changes and showing disregard for mos maiorum, Caesar weakened the
political structure and strength of the senate (Lewis and Reinhold. 1990:306). The Optimate party
feared that with his increasing power the senate would be disregarded and a monarchy would soon
be

Slavery In Rome
Slavery in the ancient world and in Rome was vital to both the economy and even the social fabric
of the society. While it was commonplace throughout the Mediterranean region, and the Hellenistic
regions in the east, it was not nearly so vital to others as it was to the dominance of Rome. As the
Romans consolidated their hegemony of Italy and Sicily followed by the systematic conquest of
western Europe, countless millions of slaves were transported to Rome the Italian countryside and
Latin colonies all over Europe. Though slavery was prevalent in households throughout the city
itself, it was on the farms and plantations where it had its greatest effect. The Roman conquests of
Carthage, Macedonia and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cheap slave labor replaced work for the average citizen and the rolls of the unemployed masses
grew to epidemic proportions. These issues had a great destabilizing effect on the social system
which had a direct role in the demise of the Republic. "As the rift between Senatorial elite
(optimates) and social reformers (populares) grew, the use of the unemployed, landless, yet citizen
mobs were an overwhelming ploy grinding away at the ability of the Senate to govern." (Rostovtzev,
2010) Though there are many factors involved in the Fall of the Republic, slavery and its effects
rippled throughout every aspect of that turbulent time period. Not only did slavery help push the
Roman lower classes into organized mobs, but the slaves themselves understandably revolted
against oppression. The 3 servile wars in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, with the rebellion of
Spartacus in the 70's BC the most notable, showed that the social system was dangerous and
unhealthy. By the end of these civil wars and general social disorder, slaves were abundantly present
in

Julius Caesar in Rome
Over two thousand years ago, the city of Rome ruled much of the world. However, it could not rule
itself (Donegan, n.d.). In the first century, Rome was a republic state, which meant that the highest
power was held by most of the people that lived in that area and the representatives that were
elected. The state also nominated a president instead of a monarch, which at this time was the
Senate. The senators of Rome were not concerned for the people but were fighting for power
between each other (Donegan, n.d.). No one presented attention to the people and instruction had
turned into turmoil. The head of state, who were always men never women, abused their power and
sat on top of all social order (Donegan, n.d.). The nobility, which was a group of people with a
hereditary or honorary title, were not given credit and order was given into chaos (Donegan, n.d).
During this time the only recognized power that seemed to work was military tyranny. On the other
hand, the face of the Roman republic was going to transform later on by the acts of a famous
general, statesman, and dictator. He would be the one to side against the upper class and change the
Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
Around 100 BC, Aurelia and Gaius Caesar gave birth to a son by the name of Gaius Julius Caesar
(McManus, n.d). He was born into a moral upper class family during the perilous times of Rome,
when the city was not able to handle its own extent and authority. At the age of 18, Julius Caesar
went on

Roman Slavery Research Paper
Slavery in Rome Slavery Text Box: Relief from Smyrna–
Roman leading slaves in chains.
(Ashmolean Museum)
Description:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roman_collared_slaves_–
_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg/220px–Roman_collared_slaves_–_Ashmolean_Museum.jpgAncient
Rome was fundamentally a slave society, built up from the slaves. As the lowest tier of the Roman
hierachy they were by defnition without human rights. As Aristotle wrote, slaves were considered; 'a
slave is a live article of propert.y' (Aristotle, Politics, Section 1253b. 4) Providing usually unpaid
labour and considered the property and under complete control of their master, slaves were an
integral part of Ancient Rome's economy and way of life. Slaves had ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Prisoners of war were quite common as Rome was almost always at war somewhere in her territory
or at the borders. The defeated army would likely be slaughtered or the survivors would be sold into
slavery. Caesar did so in his 9 year Gallic wars, enslaving an estimated a million prisoners to pay his
troops. Plutarch (Caes. 15). Being sold into slavery was mostly the cause of piracy. In the years
before 167 BC the people on the island of Rhodes ensured safe passage through the eastern
Mediterranean, however once the Romans destroyed the Rhodian fleet, pirates were given the
opportunity to attack whoever they chose, resulting in a plentiful supply of cheap slaves to be sold.
As stated in Cicero– 'Who sailed the seas without exposing himself to the risk either of death or of
slavery?' People born to a slave were automatically a slave themselves. They were called vernae.
Vernae were likely to be the result of a liason between a free person in the household and a slave.
This was likely as no female slave could refuse her master or free males in the house. Slaves being
born into slavery profited their masters greatly as they were not paid for and then later on could be
sold for more money. As military service was mandatory to all in Rome except for slaves, numbers
of vernae could grow rapidly and without restriction. Some

Roman Patronage Essay
In this essay, the topic to be discussed is that of patronage in the roman society. Aspects of this to be
looked at are the relationship between patron and client as well as the roles and responsibilities of
the two parties. Patronage in politics is another topic to be acknowledged within this essay. Work on
this later Patronage was a mutual relationship between a man of wealth and influence, and a free
client. This was a relationship that law acknowledged in the early ages of the 5th century BC and by
1st century BC it had become hereditary. However, patronage is said to have originated in the dim
past, possibly in the early monarchy, this idea is prompted by this passage by Dionysius of
Halicarnassus about the Roman founder: "Romulus entrusted ... Show more content on
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Therefore, the more clients a patron gathered, the better it was for their political stance. And if a
patron were able to gain a large portion of political clients, they could retrieve power through both
votes and by infiltrating every political group and influencing all their loyal clients. Therefore, the
practice in politics used by patrons over their clients was of importance in the voting attended in the
public assemblies under the republic. Another aspect to be seen was that clients and patrons were
not to go against each other in court, perhaps due to another statement from Dionysius's passage
with "It was unlawful and unholy for patricians and clients to bring suit against one another, to
testify against one another in court, or to vote against the other." Thus emphasizing the laws in place
when clients and patrons were associated with politics and the court. An example of a patron could
be Augustus, due to when Augustus became First Citizen, he desired to be treated as a father or a
patron by the Roman world. In this, he brought about the patronage system. Through it, he acquired
many writer clients, for the writers, they gained a large market and large financial support, and for
Augustus it would promote his own personal

Essay on roman
753BC Romulus found the city Rome. The Capitoline Wolf is a bronze sculpture of a she–wolf
suckling twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. According to the legend,
when Numitor, grandfather of the twins Romulus and Remus, was overthrown by his brother
Amulius, the usurper ordered the twins to be cast into the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she–
wolf who cared for them The Rape of the Sabine Women is an episode in the legendary history of
Rome, traditionally dated to 750 BC, in which the first generation of Roman men acquired wives for
themselves from the neighboring Sabine families. The English word "rape" is a conventional
translation of Latin raptio, which in this context means "abduction" rather than its ... Show more
Two annually elected consuls convened the senate and the curiate and centuriate assemblies.
Initially the office was only open to patricians until the Lex Licinia opened it to Plebeian candidates
in 367 BC. At the end of their annual term of service, Consuls would take the title Proconsul and
generally serve as provincial governors The Senate directed the magistrates, especially the consuls,
in their prosecution of military conflicts. The Senate also had an enormous degree of power over the
civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regards to its management of state
finances, as only it could authorize the disbursal of public monies from the treasury. In addition, the
Senate passed decrees called senatus consultum, which was officially "advice" from the Senate to a
magistrate. While technically these decrees did not have to be obeyed, in practice, they usually were.
During an emergency, the Senate (and only the Senate) could authorize the appointment of a
dictator. The last ordinary dictator, however, was appointed in 202 BC. After 202 BC, the Senate
responded to emergencies by passing the senatus consultum ultimum ("Ultimate Decree of the
Senate"), which suspended civil government declared something analogous to martial law. Tribune
（494BC）was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to
convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the

Tower Of Hercules Research Paper
1st Source Tower of Hercules The Tower of Hercules has served as a lighthouse and landmark at the
entrance of La Coruña harbour in north–western Spain since the late 1st century A.D. when the
Romans built the Farum Brigantium. The Tower, built on a 57 metre high rock, rises a further 55
metres, of which 34 metres correspond to the Roman masonry and 21 meters to the restoration
directed by architect Eustaquio Giannini in the 18th century, who augmented the Roman core with
two octagonal forms. Immediately adjacent to the base of the Tower, is a small rectangular Roman
building. The site also features a sculpture park, the Monte dos Bicos rock carvings from the Iron
Age and a Muslim cemetery. The Roman foundations of the building were revealed in excavations
conducted in the 1990s. Many legends from the Middle Ages ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to myth, it also marks the resting place of one of Hercules' greatest conquests. Built
around the 2nd century and originally known as the "Farum Brigantium" or "Brigantia Lighthouse"
the structure looks as though it could have been built just decades ago. The beacon is located atop a
small hill promontory that was likely chosen by its ancient Roman builders not only for its view of
the sea, but the spot may also have been a sacred space dedicated to the demigod Hercules. As part
of one of the mythic Twelve Labors of Hercules, the super strong son of Zeus is said to have killed
the giant Gerylon with an arrow dipped in Hydra's blood. Then in a gesture that is more Celtic than
Roman, the legend says that Hercules buried the giant with his weapons and ordered a city built atop
the burial site. While the area where the tower is built was rather barren when it was originally built,
the surrounding city of Corunna has sprung up around it across the

Etruscan Culture Essay
Question– What was the true origin of the Etruscan civilisation, were they Greek or Italian?
Intro
The origin of the Etruscans has been a subject of debate since antiquity. Herodotus, for example,
argued that the Etruscans descended from a people who invaded Etruria from Anatolia before
800BC and established themselves over the native Iron Age inhabitants of the region, where as
Dionysius of Halicarnassus believed that Etruscans were of local Italian origin.
Body
Section 1– Development of the Etruscan Civilisation
In any event by the middle of the 7th century BC the chief Etruscan towns had been founded.
Culture created and developed on the Italian Peninsula by the ancient people of Etruria during the
1st millennium BC.
From very early times Etruscan society was dominated by a firmly entrenched aristocracy that
exercised strict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, many scholars long upheld the tradition of Herodotus that the Etruscans migrated to
Italy from Lydia in the 12th century BC to escape a severe famine.
After the Roman conquest of Etruria the Etruscan language fell into disuse. Writing in the 1st
century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius called the language unlike any other, thus noting a
difficulty that has since hindered attempts to translate its surviving fragments. Although knowledge
of the Etruscan language is still very limited, scholars have identified it as not related to the Indo–
European family of languages.
The Etruscan alphabet contained 26 letters in its earliest known form and 20 in its latest form. It
somewhat resembles the Greek alphabet, but the vocabulary and grammar of the two languages
differ.
On the island of Lemnos, in the Aegean there survives the inscribed tomb of a warrior, and the
language of the inscription has links both with Etruscan and with tongues of Asia

Analysis Of The Second Setting Of Tartarus '
In the 2nd paragraph, settings of how the gods were created and background knowledge are being
analyzed. The first setting in the fiction resource is Tartarus. Tartarus is an ancient god. He is where
all dead monsters go to revive. Percy and Annabeth were trapped there and had to get out. Another
setting in the book, ¨The House of Hades¨, is modern day. It's modern day because everyone lives
the same lifestyle as people today do. They also have very nice cars and phones like people of today.
The last setting in the book is Athens. Athens, the center of Greece, is where the climax happens in
this series, ¨The Heroes of Olympus¨. It is where Gaea will either rise or fall on the Summer
Solstice, or August 1st, according to the prophecy.

What Is The Vedic Age Essay
The Vedic age in India started around 1500 BC with the arrival of Aryans, an Indo–European tribe
from central Asia near the Caspian Sea. Aryans settled along the banks of the Indus and its
tributaries in the northern part of the subcontinent. Initially, it was a tribal society centred in
northwest India and by 1000 BC, it spread along the Gangetic plain with the development of modern
agriculture. Aryans dominated the local indigenous population and often ruled over them. Over time,
the interbreeding with the local residents led to the emergence of mixed culture. The Vedic age
lasted from 1500 BC to 500 BC. Agriculture and cattle rearing were the main occupations of the
people. The Vedas and Upanishads were written during this period. The early Vedic beliefs formed
the foundation of Hinduism. People worshipped Gods such as Indra, Agni, Varuna, Vayu, Prajapati,
Vishnu, Rudra, etc. The society was divided into four castes based on the profession of the people;
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Women had a respectable position in the society and
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pushyamitra Sunga, a Brahmin, established the Sunga Dynasty that ruled Magadha till 73 BC. He
was hostile to Buddhism and ordered the destruction of several Buddhist monasteries. There was a
revival in Hinduism during this brief period and the Sunga Dynasty made attempts to revive the
caste system. The Sunga rulers believed in Vedic sacrifices such as Asvamedha, Rajsuya and
Vajpeiya. This period is known for developments in literature and language as Patanjali, a renowned
scholar, published a treatise on the rules of Sanskrit grammar. The Sunga Empire collapsed in 73
BC, when its last ruler, Devabhuti was deposed by his minister, Vasudeva, who founded the Kanva
Dynasty. The Kanva dynasty ruled Magadha from 73 BC to 30 BC. There was high political
instability in India during this

Roman Theatre : A Diverse Art Form
Roman theatre initially began in 240 BC when Greek theatre was discovered and translated to Latin,
then being brought to Rome. The first drama was held at Ludi Romani, the Roman Festival or the
Roman Games. This occurred just before Rome became an empire in 27BC. There were many types
of these festivals during a year for all sorts of reasons according to history. Theatre was, and is a
diverse art form. It ranged from festival performances, street theatre, and acrobatics to eloquent
tragedies. By 345 AD there were one–hundred and seventy–five festivals a year. Well over half of
those were dedicated to and focussed on Roman theatre. The first stone theatre was built in 55 BC in
Rome by Julius Caesar. In the fourth century of BC, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mythology and domestic life also had major impacts on the way Roman theatre evolved over years.
Each influence had their own special thing about them that when added to Rome 's theatre, slowly
created a wonderful art that still remains today. The Etruscans were famous for emphasizing circus–
like elephants and things like them. Most Roman theatre was very parodied and exaggerated during
the 1st century BC. Slowly the show 's got more and more realistic as time went on. The plots of
Roman theatre did not differ from Greece 's but the character 's names and some other minor details
did change. A lesser known influence to Roman theatre happened to be the Oscans. The Oscans also
brought their own type of theatre and ideas about such to Rome. The Oscans had their own type of
comedy called Atellan Farce. It was a kind of improvised comedy played with five main characters
for each show. There was the fool, the stupid one, a foolish old man, a wise fool, and a monster with
big jaws. Respectively the names to these characters were Maccus, Bucco, Pappus, Dassenus and
Mandacus. These stock characters brought life to those of Rome 's own stock characters named the
same. The reason we still have theatre today is purely because of Roman and Greek dramas. Even
just the term "play" comes from Latin's "ludus" meaning to play. Nowaday we still use this
entertainment to distract our people from surrounding issues. Comedy is

God Of Mercury Research Paper
We all heard of the planet named Mercury, the 1st planet. Did you know this planet was named after
a god named mercury? God of mercury is the god of god of shopkeepers and merchants, travelers
and transporters of goods, and thieves and trickery. Mercury can also be identified with the god of
Hermes. His symbol is a winged sandals, winged hat, and because he always transferring messages
and communicating. God of mercury didn't appear to be a god until Roman Republic time. He didn't
start wearing winged shoes, hat and carrying a caduceus until 4th century BC. Mercury is son
Jupiter; which is known as the "shining father", he is the god of light. Hermes and Mercury had
similar traits they shared. Mercury could be seen holding the caduceus in

An Analysis of Art in Ancient China, Rome, and Northern...
An Analysis of Art in Ancient China, Rome, and N. Europe
Introduction
One thing is permanent about art throughout the ages and civilizations of time: it always expresses
some aspect of the culture that produced it. So it may be seen in Renaissance Italy in Michelangelo's
David, or in Hellenistic Greece in the Dying Gaul. The Egyptian statue of Anubis reveals something
about the spiritual belief of those ancient people, and the abstract expressionism of Kandinsky in the
20th century represents the shift in intellectual concepts of modern spirituality. Art throughout the
ages has always been coupled with some sense of otherworldliness. My recent travels through time
have confirmed this and these pages will show exactly how artworks from late 2nd century BC
China, 1st century BC Rome, and 16th century Northern Europe illustrate the fact that art in every
time and place may serve as a shining example of the beliefs and cultural attitudes of that time and
place.
Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi's Tomb (200 BC)
My initial time travel destination is China in the year 200 BC. Here I examine the resting place of
the First Emperor of Qin. Buried in Qin Shi Huangdi's tomb are thousands of life–size terra–cotta
replicas of his soldiers and tell us something of the warrior–tyrant, who unified China: "This man
was a Bonaparte, a ruthless warlord, who destroyed a great deal of the then civilization, 'burning
books and slaughtering scholars,' as one text has it, to end what was known as the

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