2. Appropriate Clothing
Tools & Equipment Used on the Job
Chemical Hazards & Your Right to Know
Fire Safety
Ergonomics
Drug’s in the Work Place
Prevention of Back Injuries
Reporting Injuries
FIRST THINGS TO DO…..
3. SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS
1. Wear Safety Goggles while working on equipment.
2. Make certain computer parts are placed on anti-
static material.
3. Make certain all equipment is grounded.
4. 1. Always use the right tool because using the wrong
tool is dangerous
2. When you finish a project, make certain you store
all tools in the proper storage provided
3. Leave your workstation the way you found it (Neat
& Clean)
5. Before using any chemicals on the job
1. Find out what it is
2. Find out what it can do
3. Find out how you can protect yourself from
harm
6. ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1. Do not overload electrical outlets
2. If a circuit blows, there is a PROBLEM—tell your
supervisor
3. Keep cords out of walkways
4. Use proper voltage in equipment
5. Don’t expose computer software disks to electromagnetic
fields
7. FIRE SAFETY
1. Know locations of all fire emergency pulls
2. Be familiar with all fire exits
3. Know location of all fire extinguishers
4. Know which fire extinguisher is used for which type of
fire & use only if you have been trained in doing so.
5. Evacuate immediately if fire alarm sounds
8. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
Visual Problems- Eyestrain, Irritation, Headaches due to:
1. Poor Lighting
2. Poor screen resolution and/or positioning
3. Copy material that is difficult to read
Fatigue
1. Adjust Display Screen
2. Adjust Chair
3. Adjust Mouse/Keyboard
4. Take frequent rest pauses
11. CHASSIS
Cases can come in many different sizes (known as form
factors). The size and shape of a computer case is usually
determined by the form factor of the motherboard, since it is
the largest component of most computers.
Consequently, personal computer form factors typically specify
only the internal dimensions and layout of the case.
Form factors for rack-mounted and blade servers may include
precise external dimensions as well, since these cases must
themselves fit in specific enclosures.
14. Form factor
Origi
nate
d
Max. size
Typical
feature-
set
(compar
ed to
ATX)
Typi
cal
CPU
flexi
bility
Power
handlin
g
Notes
(typical usage, Market adoption, etc)
XT
IBM
1983
8.5 × 11 in
216 × 279
mm
Obsolete, see Industry Standard Architecture. The IBM Personal Computer XT was the successor
to the original IBM PC, its first home computer. As the specifications were open, many clone
motherboards were produced and it became a de facto standard.
AT
(Advanced
Technology)
IBM
1984
12 × 11–
13 in
305 × 279–
330 mm
Obsolete, see Industry Standard Architecture. Created by IBM for the IBM Personal Computer/AT,
an Intel 80286 machine. Also known as Full AT, it was popular during the era of the Intel 80386
microprocessor. Superseded by ATX.
Baby-AT
IBM
1985
8.5 × 10–
13 in
216 × 254–
330 mm
IBM's 1985 successor to the AT motherboard. Functionally equivalent to the AT, it became
popular due to its significantly smaller size.
ATX
Intel
1996
12 × 9.6 in
305 × 244
mm
Created by Intel in 1995. As of 2007, it is the most popular form factor for commodity
motherboards. Typical size is 9.6 × 12 in although some companies extend that to 10 × 12 in.
SSI CEB SSI
12 × 10.5 in
305 × 267
mm
Created by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum. Derived from the EEB and ATX
specifications. This means that SSI CEB motherboards have the same mounting holes and the
same IO connector area as ATX motherboards.
microATX 1996
9.6 × 9.6 in
244 × 244
mm
A smaller variant of the ATX form factor (about 25% shorter). Compatible with most ATX cases,
but has fewer slots than ATX, for a smaller power supply unit. Very popular for desktop and
small form factor computers as of 2007.
Mini-ATX
AOp
en 20
05
5.9 × 5.9 in
150 × 150
mm
Mini-ATX is slightly smaller than Micro-ITX. Mini-ATX motherboards were design with MoDT
(Mobile on Desktop Technology) which adapt mobile CPU for lower power requirement, less heat
generation and better application capability.
FlexATX
Intel
1999
9.0 × 7.5 in
228.6 × 19
0.5 mm
max.
A subset of microATX developed by Intel in 1999. Allows more flexible motherboard design,
component positioning and shape. Can be smaller than regular microATX.
Mini-ITX
VIA 2
001
6.7 × 6.7 in
170 × 170
mm max.
A small, highly-integrated form factor, designed for small devices such as thin clients and set-top
boxes.
Nano-ITX
VIA 2
003
4.7 × 4.7 in
120 × 120
mm
Targeted at smart digital entertainment devices such as PVRs, set-top boxes, media centers and
Car PCs, and thin devices.
15.
16. POWER SUPPLY
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other
components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically
designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from
the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and
Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage direct
current (DC) power for the internal components of the computer. Some power
supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V.
17.
18. 24-pin ATX12V 2.x power supply connector
(20-pin omits the last four: 11, 12, 23 and 24)
Color Signal Pin Pin Signal Color
Orange +3.3 V 1 13
+3.3 V Orange
+3.3 V sense Brown
Orange +3.3 V 2 14 −12 V Blue
Black Ground 3 15 Ground Black
Red +5 V 4 16 Power on Green
Black Ground 5 17 Ground Black
Red +5 V 6 18 Ground Black
Black Ground 7 19 Ground Black
Grey Power good 8 20 No connection
Purple +5 V standby 9 21 +5 V Red
Yellow +12 V 10 22 +5 V Red
Yellow +12 V 11 23 +5 V Red
Orange +3.3 V 12 24 Ground Black
20. Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer
bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such
as hard disk drives and optical drives.
A 15-pin Serial ATA power receptacle.
This connector does not provide the extended
pins 4 and 12 needed for hot-plugging.
SATA
USED FOR:
HARD DISK DRIVES
OPTICAL DRIVES(CD/DVD ROM)
21. Pin # Mating Function
— Coding notch
1 3rd
3.3 V2 3rd
3 2nd
4 1st
Ground5 2nd
6 2nd
7 2nd
5 V8 3rd
9 3rd
10 2nd Ground
11 3rd
Staggered spinup/activity
(in supporting drives)
12 1st Ground
13 2nd
12 V14 3rd
15 3rd
Hot swapping and hot plugging are
terms used to describe the functions of
replacing computer system components
without shutting down the system.
HOT SWAP CAPABILITY
22. MINI FIT JR.-MOLEX (“MINI-MOLEX”)
The Mini-Fit, Jr. can be found in consumer applications, such as white goods,
requiring high density and high current.
These connectors are polarized so that they cannot be inserted incorrectly, and
lock into position using a latch.
USED FOR:
FLOPPY DRIVES
25. PARTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD
A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit
board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is
a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU
socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU,
support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and
most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB.
27. PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT - part of the PCI Local
Bus standard and often shortened to PCI) is a computer bus for
attaching hardware devices in a computer.
Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems,
extra ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers.
29. NORTH BRIDGE
also known as a Memory Controller Hub (MCH) or an Integrated Memory
Controller (IMC) in Intel systems (AMD, VIA, SiS and others usually use
'northbridge'), is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a PC
motherboard
FUNCTIONS :
The northbridge typically handles communications
among the CPU, RAM, BIOS ROM, and PCI
Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.
NORTH BRIDGE
also known as a Memory Controller Hub (MCH) or an Integrated Memory
Controller (IMC) in Intel systems (AMD, VIA, SiS and others usually use
'northbridge'), is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a PC
motherboard
30. SOUTH BRIDGE
FUNCTIONS :
also known as an I/O Controller Hub (ICH) in Intel systems
(AMD, VIA, SiS and others usually use 'southbridge'), is a chip that implements
the "slower" capabilities of the motherboard in a northbridge/southbridge
chipset computer architecture.
31. IDE
TYPES :
Integrated Drive Electronics - a computer hardware bus used primarily for hard
disk drives and optical drives (e.g. CD, DVD)
Parallel ATA (PATA) is an obsolete interface standard for the connection
of storage devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM drives
in computers.
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is
a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage
devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives.
34. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of
a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's
functions. The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the
program in sequence, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and
input/output operations of the system.
35.
36. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated
circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random).
"Random" refers to the idea that any piece of data can be returned in
a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is
related to the previous piece of data. The word RAM is often associated
with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where the
information is lost after the power is switched off.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated
circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random).
"Random" refers to the idea that any piece of data can be returned in
a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is
related to the previous piece of data. The word RAM is often associated
with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where the
information is lost after the power is switched off.
37. HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)
is a non-volatile storage device for digital data. It features one or more
rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a metal case. Data is
encoded magnetically by read/write heads that float on a cushion of air above
the platters.
39. PARTS OF A HARD DISK DRIVE
A hard drive consists of a number of platters on a spindle.
The platters are read and written to with heads for reading, writing, and
aligning.
Each platter has two sides.
Each side is divided into a number of rings called tracks. The tracks are
numbered 0 on the outside and usually go up to 1023 tracks.
All the tracks on the platter form a cylinder. Cylinders are also usually
numbered 0-1023.
Each track is divided into sectors. Sectors are the smallest chunk of bytes
usable on a hard drive. Sectors are usually 512 B but are always to the power
of two.
40. Contiguous tracks form clusters.
A hard disk has one MBR (Master Boot Record). A MBR holds the Partition Table
which says how a disk is partitioned into up to 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary
partitions and 1 extended partition
A primary partition has a specific file system (e.g. FAT or NTFS) and may even
have system file for a specific OS (e.g. W95 or WNT). A primary partition is
assigned a logical hard drive letter.
PARTS OF A HARD DISK DRIVE
43. PS/2 CONNECTORS
is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer
system. Its name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal
computers, with which it was introduced in 1987. The PS/2 mouse connector
generally replaced the older DE-9 RS-232 "serial mouse" connector, while the
PS/2 keyboard connector replaced the larger 5-pin DIN used in the IBM
PC/AT design.
44. USB PORTS
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication
between devices and a host controller (usually personal computers), developed
and invented by Ajay Bhatt while working for Intel. USB has effectively replaced
a variety of interfaces such as serial and parallel ports. USB can
connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, digital
cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, Network Adapters,
and external hard drives.
45. SERIAL COMMUNICATION PORT
a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which
information transfers in or out one bit at a time (contrast parallel
port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer
through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and
various peripherals.
While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB all send data as a
serial stream, the term "serial port" usually identifies hardware more or less
compliant to the RS-232 standard, intended to interface with a modem or with a
similar communication device.
46. VGA PORT
Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-
15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards,
computer monitors, and some high definition television sets. On laptop
computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place
of the full-sized VGA connector. VGA connectors and cables
carry analog component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical
sync) video signals, and VESA Display Data Channel (VESA DDC) data.
47. PARALLEL PORT
is a type of interface found on computers (personal and otherwise) for
connecting various peripherals. In computing, a parallel port is a parallel
communication physical interface. It is also known as a printer
port or Centronics port. The IEEE 1284 standard defines the bi-directional
version of the port, which allows the transmission and reception of data bits at
the same time.
48. ETHERNET LAN PORT
is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area
networks (LANs). The name came from the physical concept of the ether. It
defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model as well as a
common addressing format and Media Access Control at the Data Link Layer.
50. POWER SUPPLY TROUBLESHOOTING
The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply
is operating properly. When you start troubleshooting a dead
computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the
PC's power supply is at fault. Power supplies often fail gradually,
giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual
component failure. Many cheaper PC's ship with power supplies I
would basically describe as "disposable." If I had to choose one
part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's
on, it would be the power supply.
51.
52.
53. VIDEO CARD TROUBLESHOOTING
When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually
talking about no image at all on the display. The easy cases to
diagnose are those where the monitor or LCD isn't powering up
properly, or the PC not powering up. Video card failure isn't
uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the
motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently
popped out of their slot. Video failure can also be due to
motherboard failure or to external interference, when it comes
to poor image quality.
60. COMMON COMPUTER PROBLEMS
1. Computer speed or performance has slowed.
Reasons why this happens to your computer:
Lack of maintenance, fragmented data, corrupted registry,
spyware, and unnecessary loading of computer programs
and services can surely affect your PC speed and
performance. Managing your programs and cleaning your
registry can easily boost your computer’s performance
speed up to 30%.
61. 2. Computer system freezes and blue screens of death.
Computer virus or spyware are maybe some of the reasons
why this is happening to your computer. Update your anti-
spyware immediately to avoid this kind of problem and
thoroughly scan your computer to see if it has any viruses or
spywares.
If that doesn’t work try to increase your Computer RAM to
help avoid computer freezes. By increasing the RAM you get
more use out your computer's computing power.
62. 3. The computer keeps on rebooting again and again.
This kind of problem is usually associated with hardware issue.
Faulty power supply is usually the cause of this problem.
Dirty or defective cooling fan is another reason why your
computer is rebooting spontaneously.
When your computer is trying to cool itself when the fan is
defective it automatically switches off. Dust that accumulated in
your computer can trap the heat inside which makes it hotter.
What you should do is to clean the fan and make sure that it is
running properly.
63. COMPUTER ERROR MESSAGES
Error Message: Disk Boot failure-insert system disk and press enter
CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS:
1: Ensure that your drives are empty
2: BIOS set up
3: New hard drive configuration
4: Hard drive not properly plugged in
5: Restore the corrupted system files notes
64.
65. Blue Screen of Death (also known as BSoD, blue screen), is caused by a fatal
system error and is the error screen displayed by the Microsoft Windows family of
operating systems upon encountering a critical error, of a non-recoverable nature,
that causes the system to crash.
The most common cause of blue screen errors
In reality, the most common cause of blue screen errors is a device driver
problem. Outdated, incorrect or corrupt drivers can cause the system to encounter
a STOP error, resulting in the BSOD.
SOLUTION: RE-INSTALL OUTDATED OR CORRUPTED HARDWARE DRIVERS
66. Check your system – run a virus scan and spy ware scan after updating your
definition files.
Run a memory test to check your computer’s RAM. Memory faults can easily cause
blue screen errors, so see if your RAM is error free. Vista and Windows have a
built-in option to test the memory, for XP you can use a program called memtest86.
69. Setting up Windows XP:
1. Changing the Boot Device Priority
• Go to BIOS Setup. (During POST, press DELETE or F2)*
• Go to BIOS Features Setup then change the BOOT PRIORITY:
1st
Boot – CD-ROM
2nd
Boot – HDD
3rd
Boot – HDD or Disabled
• Press F10 to Save Changes and to Reboot PC.
* This depends on the BIOS manufacturer
91. Setting up Windows Server 2003:
1. Changing the Boot Device Priority
• Go to BIOS Setup. (During POST, press DELETE or F2)*
• Go to BIOS Features Setup then change the BOOT PRIORITY:
1st
Boot – CD-ROM
2nd
Boot – HDD
3rd
Boot – HDD or Disabled
• Press F10 to Save Changes and to Reboot PC.
* This depends on the BIOS manufacturer
118. NETWORK CABLING (Straight Through)
Unroll the required length of network cable and add a little extra wire, just
in case. If a boot is to be fitted, do so before stripping away the sleeve and
ensure the boot faces the correct way.
Step 1:
A straight-through cable is used to connect two different-layer devices
(e.g. a hub and a PC).
NETWORK CABLING (Straight Through)
A straight-through cable is used to connect two different-layer devices
(e.g. a hub and a PC).
119. Carefully remove the outer jacket of the cable. Be careful when stripping the
jacket as to not nick or cut the internal wiring. One good way to do this is to cut
lengthwise with snips or a knife along the side of the cable, away from yourself,
about an inch toward the open end. This reduces the risk of nicking the wires'
insulation.
Step 2:
120. Inspect the newly revealed wires for any cuts or scrapes that expose the
copper wire inside. If you have breached the protective sheath of any wire, you will
need to cut the entire segment of wires off and start over at step one.
Step 3:
Inspect the newly revealed wires for any cuts or scrapes that expose the
copper wire inside. If you have breached the protective sheath of any wire, you will
need to cut the entire segment of wires off and start over at step one.
Step 3:
121. Untwist the pairs so they will lay flat between your fingers. The white piece of
thread can be cut off even with the jacket and disposed.
Step 4:
122. Arrange the wires based on the wiring specifications you are following,
Then Crimp the RJ-45 after arranging the wires.
Step 5:
568B - Put the wires in the following order, from left to right:
White orange
Orange
White Green
Blue
White Blue
Green
White Brown
Brown
123. NETWORK CABLING (Crossover)
A crossover cable connects two devices of the same type, usually connected
asymmetrically, by a modified cable called a crosslink. Such distinction of
devices was introduced by IBM.
The crossing wires in a cable or in a connector adaptor allows:
connecting two devices directly, output of one to input of the other,
124. NETWORK SETUP (WINDOWS XP)
Peer to Peer Networking:
1. Right-click My Computer, then choose Computer name tab.
2. Under Computer name tab, click Change Button.
3. Change the Computer name according to your network naming
convention. E.g. PC1.
4. Make sure that the workgroup name of all the computer in the network
have the same workgroup name.
125. NETWORK SETUP (WINDOWS XP)
Basic elements of a computer network include:
hardware, software, and protocols. The interrelationship of these basic
elements constitutes the infrastructure of the network.
If we think of a network as roads, highways, rails, and other means of
transport, the network protocols are the "traffic rules." The network
protocols define how two devices in the network communicate.
126. 1. Start Network Setup via New Connection Wizard
Enter into the Network control window.
Click Start --> Control Panel --> Network Connection.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132. NETWORK SETUP (WINDOWS XP)
Summary:
Step 1: Connection methods – how will the computer connection to the internet.
Step 2: Assigning a computer name – this will be the identity of the computer to
the network.
Step 3: Assigning a homegroup – the name of the network where computers are
inter-connected.
Step 4: On/Off File and Printer Sharing – this will set the network sharing of files
and printers in the network.
