The spinal cord and spinal nerves are described. The spinal cord contains gray matter in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns and white matter tracts. It has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch into dorsal and ventral rami. The cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses form from the ventral rami and innervate different regions. The document outlines the anatomy and branches of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerve plexuses.
Anatomy & functions of the Brainstem & CerebellumRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the anatomy of the brainstem & cerebellum; their parts, structure, blood supply & a brief description of their functions.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
This is a presentation for 1st year medical students, Anatomy course, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine,Mansoura University,Mansoura,Egypt.
We are talking about the upper limb skeleton, starting with general features of three bones which are:
Clavicle, Scapula & Humerus.
I hope you can get benefit of it.
Enjoy my friends.....
Anatomy & functions of the Brainstem & CerebellumRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the anatomy of the brainstem & cerebellum; their parts, structure, blood supply & a brief description of their functions.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
This is a presentation for 1st year medical students, Anatomy course, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine,Mansoura University,Mansoura,Egypt.
We are talking about the upper limb skeleton, starting with general features of three bones which are:
Clavicle, Scapula & Humerus.
I hope you can get benefit of it.
Enjoy my friends.....
Brachial plexus is one of the tough topic to remember by anyone undergoing MBBS course. This slide gives you in detail about the Origin / Course / Formation / Distribution / Anatomical variations & Applied anatomy & Made so easy to Remember & Draw as well.
US E-cigarette Summit: Taming the nicotine industrial complexClive Bates
I look back to 1997 and simpler time in tobacco control, then look at changes in trade, communications, technology and conclude the market is becoming ungovernable
Why invest into infodemic management in health emergenciesTina Purnat
A lecture discussing the challenge of health misinformation and information ecosystem in public health, how this impacts demand promotion in health, and how this then relates to responding to misinformation and infodemics in health emergencies. Appended with lots of tools, guidance and resources for people who want to do more reading.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK For Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Editio...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK For Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition Schlenker & Gilbert, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition Schlenker & Gilbert, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 11th Edition by Marilyn...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK For Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 11th Edition by Marilyn Hockenberry, Cheryl Rodgers, Verified Chapters 1 - 31, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 11th Edition by Marilyn Hockenberry, Cheryl Rodgers, Verified Chapters 1 - 31, Complete Newest Version.pdf
4. Cross-Sectional Anatomy
• Two lengthwise grooves divide
cord into right and left halves
–Ventral (anterior) median fissure
–Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
• Gray commissure—connects
masses of gray matter; encloses
central canal
5. Figure 12.31a
(a) Cross section of spinal cord and vertebra
Epidural space
(contains fat)
Pia mater
Spinal
meninges
Arachnoid
mater
Dura mater
Bone of
vertebra
Subdural space
Subarachnoid
space
(contains CSF)
Dorsal root
ganglion
Body
of vertebra
6. Figure 12.31b
(b) The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings
Dorsal funiculus
Dorsal median sulcus
Central canal
Ventral median
fissure
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Spinal dura mater
Gray
commissure
Dorsal horn Gray
matter
Lateral horn
Ventral horn
Ventral funiculus
Lateral funiculus
White
columns
Dorsal root
ganglion
Dorsal root
(fans out into
dorsal rootlets)
Ventral root
(derived from several
ventral rootlets)
Spinal nerve
8. White Matter
• Consists mostly of ascending
(sensory) and descending (motor)
tracts
• Transverse tracts (commissural
fibers) cross from one side to the
other
• Tracts are located in three white
columns
12. Spinal Nerves: Roots
• Each spinal nerve connects to
the spinal cord via two roots
• Ventral roots
–Contain motor (efferent) fibers
from the ventral horn motor
neurons
–Fibers innervate skeletal muscles
13. Spinal Nerves: Roots
• Dorsal roots
–Contain sensory (afferent) fibers
from sensory neurons in the dorsal
root ganglia
–Conduct impulses from peripheral
receptors
• Dorsal and ventral roots unite to
form spinal nerves
14. Figure 13.7 (a)
Dorsal root
ganglion
Gray matter
White matter
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Dorsal and
ventral rootlets
of spinal nerve
Dorsal ramus
of spinal nerve
Ventral ramus
of spinal nerve
Sympathetic trunk
ganglion
Spinal nerve
Rami communicantes
Anterior view showing spinal cord, associated nerves, and vertebrae.
The dorsal and ventral roots arise medially as rootlets and join
laterally to form the spinal nerve.
15. Spinal Nerves: Rami
• Each spinal nerve branches into
mixed rami
–Dorsal ramus
–Larger ventral ramus
–Meningeal branch
–Rami communicantes (autonomic
pathways) join to the ventral rami
in the thoracic region
16. Figure 13.7 (b)
Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
Intercostal nerve
Spinal nerve
Rami communicantes
Dorsal root
ganglion
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Sympathetic trunk
ganglion
Sternum
(b) Cross section of thorax showing the main roots and
branches of a spinal nerve.
Branches of intercostal
nerve
• Lateral cutaneous
• Anterior cutaneous
17. Cervical Plexus
• Formed by ventral rami of C1–C4
• Innervates skin and muscles of
the neck, ear, back of head, and
shoulders
• Phrenic nerve
–Major motor and sensory nerve of
the diaphragm (receives fibers
from C3–C5)
19. Brachial Plexus
• Formed by ventral rami of C5–C8
and T1 (and often C4 and T2)
• Major branches of this plexus:
–Roots—five ventral rami (C5–T1)
–Trunks—upper, middle, and lower
–Divisions—anterior and posterior
–Cords—lateral, medial, and
posterior
20. Figure 13.9 (a)
Upper
Middle Trunks
Lower
Roots (ventral rami):
Upper subscapular
Lower subscapular
Thoracodorsal
Medial cutaneous
nerves of the arm
and forearm
Long thoracic
Medial pectoral
Lateral pectoral
Nerve to
subclavius
Suprascapular
Dorsal scapular
Posterior
divisions
Anterior
divisions
Lateral
PosteriorCords
Medial
Axillary
Musculo-
cutaneous
Radial
Median
Ulnar
Posterior
divisions
Trunks Roots
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
(a) Roots (rami C5 – T1), trunks, divisions, and cords
22. Figure 13.9 (c)
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Humerus
Ulna
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Radius
Radial nerve (superficial branch)
Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
Digital branch of ulnar nerve
Muscular branch
Digital branch
(c) The major nerves of the upper limb
Axillary
nerve
Anterior
divisions
Posterior
divisions
Trunks Roots
23. Lumbar Plexus
• Arises from L1–L4
• Innervates the thigh, abdominal
wall, and psoas muscle
• Femoral nerve
• Obturator nerve
24. Figure 13.10
(a) Ventral rami and major branches
of the lumbar plexus
Iliohypogastric
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Ilioinguinal
Genitofemoral
Lateral femoral
cutaneous
Obturator
Femoral
Lumbosacral
trunk
Lateral femoral
cutaneous
Anterior femoral
cutaneous
Saphenous
Obturator
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Femoral
Ventral rami
Ventral
rami:
(b) Distribution of the major nerves from
the lumbar plexus to the lower limb
25. Sacral Plexus
• Arises from L4–S4
• Serves the buttock, lower limb,
pelvic structures, and perineum
• Sciatic nerve
27. Figure 13.11 (b)
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Common fibular
Deep fibular
Superficial fibular
Plantar branches
Tibial
Sural (cut)
Posterior femoral
cutaneous
Pudendal
Sciatic
(b) Distribution of the major nerves from
the sacral plexus to the lower limb