This forum has two parts. Recall the two presidential speeches.docx

This forum has two parts.
Recall the two presidential speeches that were given by both
President Obama and President Reagan, respectively. Note that
these two presidents used the Rogerian method of argumentation
to not only win over those who agreed with their viewpoints,
but also to win over those who held different views.
Think about a national or international issue that matters to you
and write your own speech for that issue, using the Rogerian
style of argumentation. How would you win over the other
side? You don’t need to use citations, but please do not create
statistics or ‘facts.’ You might also find this video on the
Rogerian form
helpful:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9knvRXU8zQ&feat
ure=youtu.be.
Please note that you have the option of having the text of the
video appear if you check the CC icon at the bottom of the
screen. Does your speech follow the pattern generally?
Next, consider the following. During week seven, you are
creating an argument using the Rogerian method. Have you used
this style of argumentation before in your studies or career
(either verbally or in past writing assignments/projects)? Will
you use it in the future? Why or why not?
In your response to your classmates, comment on the
persuasiveness of your classmate’s speech – do not comment on
whether or not you agree with the issue. Did this student
follow the Rogerian format? Why or why not?
102Forum Rubric.pdf

Chapter 10
Economy and Politics
Copyright © 2015, 2013, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved
Tracking the Trends: Economy and Politics
In 2013, just 19% of people said they trust the U.S. government
to do what is right most of the time.
Q. How do you feel about the federal government’s
performance? What are some of the consequences of low public
confidence in government?
Survey Question: “How much do you trust the government in
Washington?”
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Column1 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2012 2013 0.7300000000000002 0.65000000000000024
0.53 0.3600000000000001 0.28000000000000008
0.25 0.47000000000000008 0.44000000000000006
0.25 0.47000000000000008 0.23 0.17
0.39000000000000012 0.24000000000000005
0.4200000000000001 0.6000000000000002
0.3600000000000001 0.31000000000000011 0.17
0.22000000000000003 0.19000000000000003

Percentage Responding
“Just about always” or “Most of the time”
Economy and Politics
Politics: The social institution that guides a society’s decision
making about how to live
Economy: The social institution that organizes the production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services
Rights Reserved
The Capitalist Model
Capitalism: Economic system in which natural resources and the
means of producing goods and services are privately owned
Pursuit of self-interest
Market competition; supply and demand
Private property
Rights Reserved
The Capitalist Model
Little interference from government, a formal organization that
directs the political life of a society
But…
What is economically efficient for producers is not always good
for workers or community members
High level of economic inequality

Rights Reserved
The Socialist Model
Socialism: Economic system in which natural resources and the
means of producing goods and services are collectively owned
Limits to the right to private property
Interest of the people over the individual
Government guides operation of the economy
Relatively low standard of living
Government can limit personal freedom
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Mixed Systems
All countries have elements of both systems.
Majority of countries are mostly capitalist
About 20 countries are mostly socialist
Types of Mixed Systems:
State capitalism: Government works closely with large,
privately owned companies
Welfare capitalism: Government provides extensive welfare
programs, funded by high taxes.
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Mixed Systems
The U.S. is among the most capitalist countries, with 82% of
production in the private sector.
In difficult economic times, government steps in with loans.
Figure 10-1 Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in

the Private Sector and the Public Sector
Rights Reserved
Bipin (B) - COMP: Please replace image with final art.
Global Map 10-1 Economic Freedom in Global Perspective
Rights Reserved
Figure 10-2 Who Should Control Production, the Market or
the Government?
Rights Reserved
The Economy and Politics
Political economy: The closely linked economic and political
life of a nation or world region.
Types of political systems:
Democracy - political system in which power is exercised by
people as a whole
Authoritarianism - political system that denies popular
participation in government
Monarchy - political system in which a single family rules from
one generation to the next

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Problems of the U.S. Political Economy: Power of Corporations
Corporations: Businesses with a legal existence, including
rights and liabilities, separate from that of their members
The largest 100 corporations control most U.S. production
Share has been increasing
Often receive taxpayer money, in the form of government
handouts and subsidies
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Monopoly and Oligopoly
Monopoly: the domination of an entire market by a single
producer
Emerged at the end of the nineteenth century
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Oligopoly: the domination of a market by a few companies
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Conglomerates and Other Linkages
Conglomerate: Giant corporation composed of many smaller
corporations
PepsiCo Taco Bell, KFC, Frito-Lay, Pizza Hut, Quaker Oats
Interlocking directorates: Social networks made up of people
who serve as directors of several corporations at the same time

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The Power of Money
Corporate wealth influences political process
Special-interest groups: political alliances of people interested
in some economic or social issue
NRA (National Rifle Association )
AARP (American Association of Retired Persons)
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union )
Money buys political power though lobbying, the efforts of
special-interest groups to influence government officials
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Campaign Financing
Total campaign spending for 2012 elections: $7 billion+
Sources:
Corporations (largest source)
Political Parties
PACs (Political Action Committees)
Unions
Individuals
The social problem: Government for Sale?
Campaign contributions are made in expectation that specific
political objectives will be advanced.
Political decisions are made with fundraising implications in
mind.

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Campaign Financing: PACs
Political Action Committees: Organizations formed by special-
interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political
goals
5,700 PACs in the U.S.
2002: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
No more than $5,000 to a single candidate
No more than $15,000 to a single party
PACs started encouraging individuals to give
Rights Reserved
Campaign Financing: Super PACs
2010: Citizen’s United vs. Federal Election Commission
No limits to the role that money can play in today’s elections
Super PACs
Raise money on behalf of candidates
Cannot work directly with candidates
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Voter Apathy
In the last five presidential elections, between 52% and
63% of eligible voters voted.
Conservative view: Sign of indifference; people are satisfied

with the way things are
Liberal and Radical view: Sign of widespread alienation from
politics
Other countries have higher participation:
more political choices; laws that require voting
Why so much apathy?
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National Map 10-1 Voter Turnout across the United States
Rights Reserved
Figure 10-3 Public Confidence in Selected
Institutions, 2013
Corporate fraud, negative campaign advertising, and ongoing
political gridlock have caused a decline in public confidence.
Confidence in Congress has dropped to 10%.
Rights Reserved
Who Votes? Class, Race,
Ethnicity, and Gender
Income:
Most people with high incomes vote
Most people with low incomes do not vote
Why? Affluent people:

More schooling
Older
More at stake
Figure 10-4 Voting by Income Level, 2012
Rights Reserved
Who Votes? Class, Race, Ethnicity,
and Gender in 2012
Race and Ethnicity
66% of African Americans voted; 64% of whites
48% of Hispanics voted
Sense of cultural marginality
Lack of fluency in English
Gender
64% of women; 60% of men
Age
72% of those age 65+
41% of college-age
Rights Reserved
The Gender Gap
The tendency for women and men to hold different opinions
about certain issues and to support different candidates
More women vote and they tend to support Democratic
candidates
Women favored Obama over Romney, 55% to 44%
Women tend to support issues that protect children, older
people, those with disabilities

Men more likely to support strong military, gun rights, and the
death penalty
Rights Reserved
Voting Laws for Persons Convicted of Serious Crimes
6 million people in the U.S. do not have the right to vote:
48 states: no vote for people in prison (exc. VT and ME)
35 states: no vote for those on probation after being convicted
of a felony
11 states: no vote for those who have completed their sentences
Controversial: Politically motivated?
Rights Reserved
Social Movements: How Much Change?
Political activism and social change
Civil Rights movement
Women’s movement
Gay Rights movement
Social movements have played important role in shaping the
political landscape but have had little impact on economic
inequality.
Occupy Wall Street
Rights Reserved

26
Structural-Functional Analysis:
Rule by the Many
The economic system as complex system to produce and
distribute goods and services
The political system as operating to distribute power and
maintain order
Robert Dahl: The Pluralist Model
power widely distributed, with “veto groups”
Criticism: Does not reflect political reality; what about Wall
St., wealthy individuals, Super PACS?
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Social-Conflict Analysis: Rule by a Few
Economic and political systems operate under control of an elite
to benefit the elite
President Dwight Eisenhower warned of the growing military-
industrial complex.
C. Wright Mills: The Power-Elite Model
Power concentrated among a small elite: top military officials,
heads of major corporations, top political officials
Children of the power elite marry one another, passing along
privileges to another generation
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Social-Conflict Analysis: Rule by a Few
Karl Marx: Capitalist Political Economy
Sees the concentration of wealth and power in a society as the
result of capitalism

Criticism: Ignores U.S. progress in extending economic and
political opportunity (Presidents Clinton and Obama were not
born into political elite class); socialism may concentrate power
even more than capitalism.
Rights Reserved
Conservatives: The System
is Working
Free competition in the marketplace
Competition among political candidates
People are free to participate in political economy as much or as
little as they wish
U.S. Constitution is the foundation of these freedoms
Major problem: increase in the size of government
Rights Reserved
Liberals: The Need for Reform
Favor a free market but support more government regulation of
the economy
Laissez-faire economy concentrates wealth and power in the
hands of a few
Support a welfare state to reduce inequality, transferring wealth
from rich to poor and providing benefits to the needy
Progressive taxation
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31
The Radical Left: A Call
for Basic Change
Oppose a market system and support government control of the
economy
Capitalism is the source of the problem
Small changes make no difference; only solution is placing
entire economy under government control
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Chapter 9
Physical and
Mental Health
Rights Reserved
Rights Reserved
Tracking the Trends: Mental and Physical Health
People who are obese are at risk for a host of medical problems.
In 1960, about 13% of adults were obese; the obesity rate
soared above 30% by 2000 and has continued to increase.

Q. What do you think are some of the reasons for this trend?
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Health and Illness:
A Global Perspective
Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being
Infant mortality rate: Number of babies, of every 1,000 born,
who die in their first year of life
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years people in a society
can expect to live
Chronic disease: An illness that has a long-term development
Rights Reserved
Health and Illness:
High-Income Nations
Infant mortality is low, about 5 deaths for every 1,000 births
Life expectancy is high
In U.S., 76 years for males; 81 for females
People die in old age of a chronic disease such as heart disease,
cancer, or stroke
In U.S., a high fat diet and little physical work result in 2/3 of
adults who are overweight

Rights Reserved
Global Map 9.1 Infant Mortality in Global Perspective
Rights Reserved
Health and Illness:
Low-Income Nations
1 billion people suffer serious illness due to poverty
malnutrition
lack of safe drinking water and poor sanitation
Infant mortality is higher
Life expectancy is lower
Acute disease: illness that strikes suddenly
Ebola, malaria, cholera, typhoid, measles, diarrhea
Rights Reserved
Rich and Poor Compared:
The AIDS Epidemic
Social epidemiology: how health and disease are distributed
throughout a society’s population
Epidemic: disease that spreads rapidly
AIDS
Africa has 15% of the world’s population and 71% of HIV
cases.

Rights Reserved
The AIDS Epidemic
Why are the world’s poorest nations so hard hit by AIDS?
Poor have weakened health
Poor countries have fewer resources for education and
prevention programs
Cultural patterns and AIDS
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The AIDS Epidemic
AIDS in the United States
U.S. accounts for just 3% of HIV cases
More than 600,000 have died from AIDS
Obama administration has asked for $30 billion annually to
fight AIDS
Drug treatments delay onset of full-blown AIDS among people
with HIV
Primarily a disease of the poor
Rights Reserved
Figure 9-1 Deaths from AIDS in the United States
African Americans and Hispanics, who together represent 30%
of the U.S. population, account for 56% of all AIDS deaths
Non-Hispanic African Americans are 10x more likely than non-

Hispanic whites to become infected; Latinos are 3x times as
likely
Rights Reserved
Paying for Health Care
Socialist Systems
The People’s Republic of China
Government administers health care
Barefoot doctors
Blends modern scientific medicine with traditional healing arts
Acupuncture
Medicinal herbs
Cancer and heart disease risks: 53% of men smoke (but only
2% of women)
Rights Reserved
Socialist Systems
The Russian Federation
Health care is still mostly under government control
Doctors are paid less
72% of doctors are women
Economic decline led to declining health
Rights Reserved

Figure 9-2 Life Expectancy Index for Selected Countries
Life expectancy in the United States is greater than what is
typical of lower-income nations but less than that found in
many other high-income nations.
Rights Reserved
Capitalist Systems
Socialized medicine: a medical care system in which the
government owns and operates most medical facilities and
employs most physicians.
Sweden
Health care as a basic right for all citizens
Funded through taxation (= very high taxes)
Physicians are salaried government employees
Rights Reserved
Capitalist Systems
Great Britain
Dual system
Socialized system of health care (since 1948)
Market-based system
National Health Service is funded by tax dollars and covers all
British citizens
Private health care for those who can pay
Rights Reserved

Capitalist Systems
Canada
Not state-controlled, but a single-payer system
Government sets fees and pays physicians
Japan
Physicians and hospitals operate privately in a market system
Government programs and private insurance pay the majority of
health care costs
Rights Reserved
Figure 9-3 Extent of Socialized Medicine in
Selected Countries
Most high-income countries tax the population to distribute the
cost of health care over the entire population, with people who
earn more paying more in taxes.
The U.S. provides government support but treats medical care
mostly as a product to be purchased on the open market.
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Health Care in the United
States: A System in Crisis?
Why the current focus on health care?
U.S. ranks lower than most other high-income countries in
health of the population
U.S. spends more per person for health care than any other
country
Health in the U.S. reflects economic inequality.

Direct-fee system: medical care system in which patients or
their insurers pay directly for the services of physicians and
hospitals
Rights Reserved
The Cost Problem
Health care costs were $2.8 trillion in 2012
Six reasons behind the soaring cost:
Spread of private insurance
Specialization of doctors
More high technology
Lack of preventive care
Ageing population
More lawsuits
Controlling Costs
Pre-admission testing
Out-patient treatment
Regulating the length of hospitalization
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Who Pays?
Most people rely on health insurance:
Private Insurance Programs
64% of the population covered by traditional insurance
86% receive insurance through an employer
14% buy it on their own
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
Private insurance organizations that provide medical care to

subscribers for a fixed fee
Focus on controlling costs by disease prevention
Managed care; use of primary care physician
24% of the population enrolled in HMOs
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Who Pays?
Government Insurance Programs
Medicare, part of social security for those 65+
15.7% of the population in Medicare in 2012
Medicaid, serves poor people with special needs and families
with dependent children
16% of the population enrolled in Medicaid
Veterans receive care in government-operated hospitals
Rights Reserved
The Coverage Problem
Medical insurance does not cover all the cost of serious
accident or illness
48 million people lacked any coverage in 2012
Fewer jobs provide health insurance
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The 2010 Health Care Law:

The Affordable Care Act
All families now pay an insurance tax.
Insurance companies can no longer drop existing customers
because they get sick.
Insurance companies cannot set caps.
Parents can include children up to age 26 on insurance.
Insurance companies cannot refuse coverage due to preexisting
health issues.
All families are required to have insurance.
People who do not buy insurance will be subject to penalties.
Rights Reserved
Health: Class, Ethnicity, and Race
Poverty harms health
Poor nutrition
Unsafe environment
Higher accident rate
Race and health
Prenatal care
Racial bias and health
Life expectancy
Figure 9-4 Life Expectancy of U.S. Children Born in 2011
Rights Reserved
National Map 9.1 Life Expectancy across the United States

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Health: The Importance of Gender
Women have a higher life expectancy than men
Way in which culture defines masculinity
Gender also works against women:
Lower social standing affects health care research
Gender stereotypes distort medical treatment
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Health: The Importance
of Gender
Eating Disorders
90% of those with eating disorders are women
Women’s value in terms of physical attractiveness
Role of the mass media
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People with Disabilities
Disability: a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s
everyday activities
Physical disability may become a master status where others see
only the disability
Technology and changing attitudes improve quality of life
High poverty rate
Legislation: Americans with Disabilities Act

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Nursing Shortage
100,000 nursing positions currently unfilled
Increase in need for nurses going forward:
More illnesses can be treated with new technologies
More outpatient services
Increasing focus on preventive care
More people have health care; Affordable Care Act
Ageing population
Not enough teachers
Women have wider range of job options
High stress
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Mental Health and Illness
Mental disorder: psychological or behavioral condition that
causes distress and reduces a person’s ability to participate in
everyday life
Mental disorders are common
Nearly half of adult Americans suffer from some form of mental
illness during their lifetime; mild to severe
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Mental Health and Illness
Types of Mental Disorders
DSM IV – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, prepared by American Psychiatric Assn.
Many disorders have biological and social causes

Mental Illness: A Myth?
Thomas Szasz – an illness is real only if it affects the body in a
way we can see.
Responding to “difference” with medical labels that stigmatize
a person can do harm.
Rights Reserved
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Mental Health and Class
Robert Faris and Warren Dunham study (1939) linked poverty
and mental illness
Cause and Effect? Goes both ways:
Mental illness reduces ability earn a living
Poverty breeds stress and social isolation that increase risk of
mental disorders
Rights Reserved
Mental Health, Race and Ethnicity
By themselves, are not determinant
Native Americans have a higher rate
Asian Americans, a slightly lower rate
Link to poverty applies

Rights Reserved
Treatment Strategies
Treating mental illness is a recent phenomenon
Dorothea Dix (1840) advocated humane care
rather than “containment.”
Psychotherapy: An approach to mental health in which patients
talk with trained professionals to gain insight into the cause of
their problems
Psychoactive drugs (1950s)
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Treatment Strategies
Deinstitutionalization: the release of people from hospitals into
local communities.
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963
From institutions to outpatient centers
Not enough were built
Only 42% of people with mental illness receive regular
treatment (63% with serious disorder)
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Mental Illness on Campus
30% of college students report being so depressed they could

not do their work
84% claim they are overwhelmed at times
Most serious problem is suicide
Psychoactive drugs make it possible to attend college but some
may not take their medications properly or may be overwhelmed
by demands of college work.
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Structural-Functional Analysis: Health and Social Roles
Illness is a social problem because it interferes with the ability
to perform societal roles in families and at work.
Sick role: pattern of behavior expected of people defined as ill
Social institutions are linked
Criticism: Health is more complex than being “sick” or “well.”
Rights Reserved
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis:
The Meaning of Health
“Health” and “illness” are partly socially defined; the
definitions
differ among societies
change over time
State of mind can affect health of the body
Criticism: Ignores structural factors that play a part in the
reality of health; tends to assign blame for poor health to people
themselves.

Rights Reserved
39
Social-Conflict Analysis:
Health and Inequality
Health is linked to inequality
Access to care is critical
U.S. has no guaranteed access to care for all
1/3 struggle to pay medical costs; 15% lack insurance
Capitalism: profit motive over healthcare needs
Criticism: Overlooks fact that U.S. health has improved
dramatically. Healthcare systems in more equal societies
provide little incentive to develop new treatments.
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Feminist Theory: Health and Gender
Risk of illness is greater for women due to increased risk of
poverty
Only 34% of physicians are women; research geared to men.
Same rates of mental illness as men, but more likely to be
labeled as mentally ill
Cultural definitions of “masculinity” can lead to stress and
social isolation for men.
Criticism: Ignores fact that women’s health has improved
dramatically; longer lives.
Rights Reserved

Conservatives: Free-Markets Provide the Best Care
Choice allows people to select doctors and insurance
Do not support the Affordable Care Act
Competition improves quality and value for consumers
Competition leads to innovation and improvements in the health
care industry
Individual responsibility for one’s health
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Liberals: Government Must Ensure Universal Care
Health care is a right
Combination of health care for profit with access for all
Support the Affordable Care Act
Some would support a larger government role, as in Canada or
Great Britain.
Costs would be offset by having a healthier, more productive
population.
Rights Reserved
The Radical Left: Capitalism
is Unhealthy
Problem is the inequality of health care.
To improve health, one must:
Remove the profit motive from health care
Replace capitalism with socialism

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