The European Parliament And Of The Council

The European Parliament And Of The Council
1. The European Commission presented a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and
of the Council on April 26, 2006 regarding criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of
intellectual property rights. After much discussion, the Council of Ministers adopted Directive
XZY/07 by qualified majority on June 20, 2007. According to the Commission, the legal basis for
the proposed Directive was former Article 95 EC (now Article 114 EUFT). The Commission sought
to establish a harmonized, horizontal, criminal–law framework to ensure the enforcement of
industrial, literary, and artistic property rights, and other similar incorporeal rights through the
Directive. The Commission justified the proposed Directive saying it concerned the internal market
and was prompted by the clear need for European–level action in this field.
In determining whether the adoption of the Directive on the basis of Article 95 EC was justified, it is
first necessary to analyze Article 95 EC, as the treaty base is fundamental to the relative powers and
ability of the other institutions to influence the content of European Union (EU) law. Additionally,
the legal base, or the treaty base, determines the 'players' in the procedure and their level of
participation. Article 95 EC does provide details of the procedure to be used in paragraph 1: "The
European Parliament and the Council shall, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative
procedure and after consulting the Economic and
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Is The Contemporary Crisis Participation For Traditional...
A crisis in participation can be defined as a serious situation in which there has been a drop in, or
lack of citizens engaging in political activities designed to influence government decision making.
In this essay, I will demonstrate how there is a contemporary crisis in participation in traditional
forms of political participation. This is however more significant amongst young and unskilled
groups. I will show how there is an increase in participation in more informal methods of
participation as social norms evolve, and how this reduces the extent to which there is a crisis.
There is a trend of falling electoral turnout in a variety of established democracies. The percentage
turnout at UK General Elections as a proportion of the electorate has declined from 72.8% in 1945
to 66.1% in 2015. (UK Political Info) In April 2011, parliamentary registers were 82.3% complete,
compared to 1950s and 60s registers which were found to be 96% complete. (Electoral Commission,
2011) This highlights an even more significant crisis in participation as the register is shrinking
along with the percentage of the register which is voting. The decline in EU average turnout in
European Parliamentary elections from 61.99% in 1979 to 42.61% in 2014 (UK Political Info)
shows how there is a serious crisis in participation as this is at such a low level, the European
Parliament cannot be sufficiently held to account. This also emphasises the widespread nature of the
crisis across many European

The Levels Of The Uk Government Essay
Introduction:
The levels of the UK government:
European Parliament
National/Central Government
Regional Government
Local Government
What is the European Parliament:
The European parliament is an elected parliamentary institution of the European union (EU) which
was formed on November 1st 1993, they mainly focus on functions like legislation within the 28
member states that form up the European union to help sustain, control and create a political and
economic community throughout Europe, the European parliament's general role is to represent the
citizens of the EU community.
What is the National/Central Government:
The National Government is basic terms is a body which runs the country (UK), Again the National
Government is an elected (by the public)parliamentary institution for the uk, they have the
responsibility for mainly developing and implementing policy's and laws as well as the national
interests of security and stability.
What is the Regional Government:
The regional Government also known as 'Regional Assemblies' primary role was to channel across
to other regions and businesses the voice and opinions of the citizens in their region. Later on this
Regional Government started to Scrutinise about their regional planning, regional housing, regional
advocacy & policy development and regional accountability.
What is the Local Government:
A local Government/Authority is an body which represents the voice and opinions of the people in
that local area and is also

Essay on The European Union
The European Union (EU) was established in order to prevent the horrors of modern warfare,
experienced by most of Europe during the World Wars of the 20th century, from ever ensuing again,
by aiming to create an environment of trust with the countries of Europe cooperating in areas such
as commerce, research and trade (Adams, 2001). The EU has evolved into an economic, trade,
political and monetary alliance between twenty–eight European Member States. While not all
Member States are in monetary union (i.e. share the currency of the euro), those that are form the
'Euro–zone' (Dinan, 2006). The EU can pass a number of types of legislation, with a regulation, act,
or law, being the most powerful. Its 'tricameral' (European Union, 2007) ... Show more content on
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However, some of the smaller states, such as the UK, receive more votes than is actually justified by
population size.
The European Commission is the Executive (governmental) body of the EU, initiating legislative
proposals and also managing the EU's budget (Europa, 2007). Each commission operates for a five–
year period, with meetings taking place in Brussels every Wednesday. The Commission consists of a
President of the Commission and twenty–eight commissioners (some vice presidents). Employees of
the Commission are organised according to department (Directorates–General) and answer to a
Commissioner. The Commission exists in order to represent the interests of the whole of the EU
(thus arguably the whole of Europe), as opposed to individual Member States. The Commission
represents the EU on a global basis and is the main participant in negotiations in areas such as trade.
The appointment of Commissioners is the responsibility of the Parliament, with all having
previously assumed senior positions in politics in their own country, usually within its national
government. Proposals are drafted by the senior civil servant (Director–General. A proposal may be
adopted if more than half of the Commissioners decide to adopt it. Once agreed, all Commissioners
must give their unconditional support – similar to the collective responsibility held by the Scottish
executives and the UK. The Commission works closely with both

Is there a democratic deficit in the EU and if so, how...
Is there a democratic deficit in the EU and if so, how might it be reduced?
One of the most controversial debates in the history of European Union (EU) is if there is a
democratic deficit in the EU. On the one hand, many scholars argued that the democratic deficit
exists in the EU. On the other hand, there are other scholars who claimed that there is not a
democratic deficit in the EU. In this essay, the writer will support the argument that the democratic
deficit in the EU exists and will propose how this deficit can be reduced. In the first part of this
paper the arguments, which support the existence of the democratic deficit, will be discussed. After
that, this essay will present the claims that there is no democratic deficit in the ... Show more content
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Furthermore, people can vote for and support the head of potential government. As a result, Hix
(2005:175) argues that democracy exists if there is a competition between rival political manifestos
for public policies and between the leaders of political parties and if there is a possibility to change
the government if citizens do not satisfy from government's policies. To conclude, in the majority of
the democracies today, the party or the leader that wins the elections becomes the government or the
president (Hix 2005:176).
What is democratic deficit?
As it is discussed briefly what this essay means as democracy, it is important to define what is
democratic deficit. Because of there is not a clear and concise definition for democratic deficit; this
essay is based on the standard version and the five standard claims of democratic deficit as it was
presented from Hix (2008).
The first claim is that European integration has led to an increase of executive power on the one
hand and on the other hand that national parliament lose more of their power (Hix & Follesdal
2006:534, Raunio 1999). It is true, that members of governments of members–states of the EU
participate in the legislation process such as ministers from national governments in the council of
minister. As a result, it is possible that national governments can overcome the national parliaments
when vote or co–decision in legislative process in the EU (Hix & Follesdal 2006).

The Sources of Legislation That Are Binding in Scots Law
1) The sources of legislation that are binding in Scots law are: European Union UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament
The European Union (EU) is economic and political union which is located in Europe in Brussels. It
consists of 785 members representing the 492 million citizens of the 27 Member States of The
European Union. Countries which join EU are Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece,
Hungary, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, Slovakia, France, Italy,
United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Romania,
Slovenia and Sweden. EU is elected every 5 years throughout all the Members States.
5 Institutions serve the European Community: Council of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It must be possible to extract the ratio decidendi of the precedent. The ratio decidendi (reason for a
decision) is the point of law on which the previous decision was based. Obiter dicta are remarks of
the judge, which are not essential for the disposal of the case. They tend to be hypotheses indicating
what his preferred decision would have been if the facts had been slightly different. The doctrine of
judicial precedent is less rigid in the criminal courts.
At present the most important decisions of the Scottish courts are published in the series known as
"Session Cases"
Examples are: a) Donaghue v. Stevenson, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31; b) H.M. Advocate v. Kirkwood,
1939 J.C. 36; c) Smith v. Oliver, 1911 S.C. 103. 3) Lawyers in the 17th and 18th centuries (called
'institutional writers ') wrote books setting out the principles on which Scots law is based. Many of
these principles were based on Roman law. Lawyers in Scotland today still look at what the
institutional writers said about the law and apply these principles to modern day situations. Their
authority is always less than that of legislation and case–law, and so the court must always apply the
legislation or the binding precedent in the event of a conflict.
The most notable institutional writings are: a) Sir Thomas Craig b) Sir George Mackenzie c)
Viscount Stair d) Lord Bankton e)

The European Union 's Democratic Deficit
The European Union has greatly evolved over the decades since it has begun into a well–evolved
quasi–state of over 28 countries, and over five hundred million citizens. The European Union has
been regarded as a method to bring democratic stability and economic prosperity to less developed
democracies in East and Central Europe. While the European Union has a mandate to bring all of
these standards, the European Union lacks these basic standards for their overall institution. This
structural problem has given the European Union its own 'democratic deficit'. The rise of the
democratic deficit has arisen from many undemocratic characteristics of EU institutions, and a lack
of a demos or a lack of a single socio cultural European identity. In order for a political body to
remain legitimate, it must have the trust and support of the citizens it governs, and makes changes
for the continuation of its future. In other words, if the European Union does not take action to
combat its democratic deficit, the future of the European Unions institution will be at risk. Another
serious issue is the European Union has seen democratic backsliding of many Eastern European
countries. This paper will discuss the major issues that the Democratic Deficit has caused for the
European Union, and what possible reforms can be done to help fix the democratic deficit. The
European Union is one of the world's greatest economic superpowers. Though the EU does not have
the police or military strength to

The European Parliament and The Notion of a Common...
European Union remembrance policy
This essay will analyse the policies that the European Parliament has introduced to create and
endorse the notion of a common European historical memory. The main institutions that have dealt
with the issue are the European Council, European Parliament's Committee on Culture and
Education and the Directorate–General for Internal Policies.
First I shall discuss the reasons behind the necessity for a "historical memory" in the European
context. I will then give an overview of current European Union practices on establishing a pan–
European historical memory and of the existing political initiatives regarding a common European
historical memory. The main emphasis shall be on the Europe for Citizens ... Show more content on
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Since the Eastern Enlargement, efforts to keep history alive are supported in particular by the
Europe for Citizens Programme launched in 2006. The European Commission has extended the
programme to 2014–2020 , which was presented in 2011. In the renewed programme, there is a
greater focus on remembrance and hence, a critical 'European culture of remembrance', rather than a
standardised view on Europe's past, is argued for.
2. The development of the Europe for Citizens Programme and the actors involved
The common European values influence the narrative and the creation of a certain culture of
remembrance. In supranational context, the two memory frameworks dominating official EU
discourses for the creation of a common European historical memory are Nazism and Stalinism.
These two regimes and their policies embody an absolute contrast to the ideals embraced in the
European project: peace, freedom, democracy, the rule of law, human rights, civil liberties and the
right to individual self–determination. The aim of remembrance policies is an informed and self–
critical European historical memory. This is done with shared European principles and universalised
practices as a basis, while acknowledging the multiplicity of different national pasts at the same
time. In other words, it would not be a "homogenisation of the contents of different collective
memories, but rather a Europeanisation of moral and political attitudes and practices

The European Union ( Eu )
Through a historic nationwide referendum on June 23, the outright majority of Britons chose to
ignore forecasts of financial doom and diminished global clout to opt out of the European Union
(EU). In the process, they tuned out world leaders like US President Barack Obama, who had
warned free–agent Britain would start at the "back of the queue" for bilateral trade deals, and
financial gurus including Bank of England governor Mark Carney who grimly predicted a recession
if the UK quit the union. The final tally showed 30 million people voted in the referendum, a 72%
voter turnout, and 52% of them said,"Sayonara, EU."
Earlier in May, in my column titled "Rest in peace, European Union?", I had mused whether the
clock was running out on the European Project. Britons, after all, were not the only ones frustrated
with the centralization of power in Brussels. Indeed, following the Brexit vote, right–wing
euroskeptics throughout Europe have begun calling for their own national referendums. The highest
decibels of which emanate from France, currently at loggerheads with local labor unions triggered
by EU calls for longer working hours for less overtime to make French businesses more
competitive. This does not amuse the French, who jealously guard their 35–hour work week.
That said, the UK post–Brexit is in a real pickle. The vote exposed deep divisions among Britons in
how they viewed the net benefits of EU membership and brought to the surface hard questions about
the future

Democracy And The European Union
Democracy in the European Union is as good as it could be.
Nowadays democracy is sometimes assumed like pregnancy, in other words meaning that the
democracy should be either present or not. However, there could be more or less democracy. In fact,
much depends on what one believes should be in the scope of its definition. Furthermore,
democracy is not easy to define as its boundaries are unclear. According to Oxford dictionary,
democracy is a system of government in which individuals are involved in the decision–making
process about the affairs of the state by means of voting and electing representatives to a parliament.
This essay shall start by looking into the routes of democracy in the European Union, then discuss
the notion of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This argument is always blended with the issue of democracy, more specifically, democratic deficit.
Maurice Duverger defined "democratic deficit"as a combination of the parliament's lack of
legislative power, of the lack of publicity in the actual process of legislation and of the lack of a
definite separation between executive and legislative powers. To shed more light on this definition it
is necessary to consider the operation and effectiveness of the legislative institutions in the European
Union, issue of transparency and the separation of powers within the executive and legislative
powers.
There is no single body that can be described as the Union's legislature. Both the Council and the
Parliament play significant roles in the process. The European Parliament is frequently accused of
democratic deficit. In particular, there are two separate issues to consider: one relates to its
composition and another is connected to the engagement of citizens in Parliament. First of all, the
European Parliament initially consisted of delegates designated by the Parliaments of Member
States, but since 1979, it has been directly elected by the people according to the national electoral
system of each Member State. Undoubtedly, that reform helped to overcome the democratic deficit
to some extent. Nevertheless, the European Parliament is often criticized of failing to generate much
commitment and

Has the sovereignty of EU member states passed to EU institutions or is it still retained by member
states? Introduction The European Union (EU) poses one of the most unique challenges to
understanding sovereignty and international relations. This is because of the extent of integration
between EU institutions and member States. This integration has been to the point where the EU is
not only considered an international body whose laws States can choose to adopt, but that it can
actually play a significant role in the law making of member States. The extent of this integration
has made it questionable whether member States have effectively given up their sovereignty to the
EU. To an extent, sovereignty has passed from member States to the ... Show more content on
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How the EU Fits in with Westphalian Sovereignty Initially, looking at the EU through a Westphalian
understanding of sovereignty illustrates that member States have not given up their sovereignty to
the EU but have however passed on certain aspects of sovereignty to the EU. For an entity to be
sovereign in the Westphalian sense, it must have certain features and this includes defined borders
and political institutions who can collect taxes, make policies on issues and who hold a monopoly
over legitimate violence (Caporaso 1996, p. 34). A State that is sovereign can also enter into
international agreements and is socially recognised by other sovereign States as being sovereign
(Caporaso 1996, p. 34). Despite being members of the EU, member States do retain many of these
elements however arguably, their influence is diminishing. For example, States still have defined
borders even though border posts are vanishing (Wallace 1999, p. 518). Also, the people in member
States vote in EU elections (Wallace 1999, p. 518). However, the EU is not able to enforce its laws
through violence but through the willingness of States to comply to such laws, whereas States can
still use legitimate violence against their own citizens to enforce their laws (Richardson 2015, p. 7).
Arguably, it is in the area of law making that it can be argued quite effectively that States have
passed their sovereignty to the EU as the EU has the

Pros And Cons Of Bicameralism
1. Bicameralism: there and back again
In the last decades, several bicameral States in Europe revised or started to question the functioning
or the structure of their second chamber. In many cases, reforms of bicameralism affected both the
form of State –i.e. the way the political power is located over the territory– and the form of
government –i.e. the relationships between the legislative and the executive powers. Eventually, this
reform process transformed the constitutional equilibriums of the EU, deepening its constitutional
and political crisis –since in the absence of a formal European Constitution the constitutional
essence of the EU legal system is nothing but the intersection of the constitutional frameworks of its
Members .
After ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The above–mentioned Italian constitutional reform of 2016 abolished the "double vote of
confidence" system that characterized the Italian "perfect bicameralism" , precisely to guarantee
stability and governability. In fact, if the popular referendum that will be held in the 2016 fall will
confirm the constitutional reform, the Italian executive will not be responsible to the upper house

The European Union Decision-Making Procedure Essay
As at January 1, 2007, the European Union comprised of 29 member States (United kingdom,
Ireland, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, Spain, Poland,
Slovenia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Slovakia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Latvia,
Malta, Portugal, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia and Turkey.)
Decision–making at the European Union comprises three main institutions; the European
Commission (comprises all the member states), the European Parliament (its composition is
governed by the founding treaties, and the Act of September 20, 1976 on election of members of the
European Parliament by direct universal suffrage.) and the Council of the European Union
(comprises of representatives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proposal will then be returned back to the Commission for consideration of the amendments
suggested after which it forwards the amended proposal to the Council which may amend it further
or accept the amended proposal unanimously. Matters that go through the consultation process are:
police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, revision of treaties, tax arrangements, economic
policy, agriculture, discrimination instances, transport, competition rules, visas, immigration and
asylum cases, enhanced cooperation and European Union citizenship .
The assent procedure reiterates that the European council in reaching a decision alone must obtain
the consent of the European Parliament before hand. The decision on the proposed legislation should
not be one that seeks to amend the proposal but rather accept it as it is or reject it as it is; the
majority vote carries the day. Article 16 of the European Union affirms that the Council must act by
a qualified majority unless waived by a subject treaty. Protocol No. 36 on the Transitional provisions
on qualified majority that is valid till October 2014 proposes that Germany, France, Italy and the
United Kingdom shall bear 29 votes each while Spain and Poland shall carry 27 votes each.
Netherlands have 13 votes, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary and Portugal each bear
12 votes, Denmark, Finland, Ireland,

Essay about law assessment
Law Assessment
Outcome 1
1) List the main sources of Scots Law?
Legislation (Statute)
Judicial Precedent
Institutional Writers
Custom
2) List any four Acts of Parliament from within the UK
Statute of Westminster adoption Act 1942
Post–16 education Act 2013
4th road bridge 2013
National trusts act 2013
3) What is meant by the doctrine of judicial precedent and give an example?
Judicial precedent refers to the sources of law where past decisions made by judges create law for
future judges to follow. An example would be the Donoghue vs Stevenson case, where Stevenson
had bought ginger beer, and Donoghue had drank it after their been a decomposed snail in it,
however their was no charge because she was not in a contract with ... Show more content on
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7) What are the four most important institutions of the European Union? Explain their role in the
law making process.
The council of ministers– This is the European Union's main decision making body, it is composed
of ministers from the National governments of each of the member states, and meets in Brussels or
Luxembourg to agree legislation and policy.
The European Commission – The commission is the EU's administrative and executive body, it is
headed by a president and has a further 24 commissioners.
The European parliament – the EU citizens elect a Member of Parliament, which Leads to
subsequent legislation.
The European Court of Justice – The court has a judge fro each member state that sits for a term of
six years. The court adjucates on all legal issues and disputes involving community law and must
ensure that community law in uniformly interpreted and effectively applied.
8) Explain Institutional Writing and its role in Scots Law?
Writers, lawyers in the 17th and 18th centuries wrote books setting out principles on which Scots
law is based, many based on roman Law, lawyers apply the principles to situations, e.g. Stair, Bell,
Erskine.

9) Explain custom and its role in Scots law?
Custom is eroded by Statute and development of EU authority in 19th century customer responses
of community, a court may be asked to give effect to a custom when giving judgement, must add

The European Parliament 's Quest For Limit Its Market Control
Perhaps the most critical approach to Google's position has been the European Parliament's quest to
limit its market control. The company, which controls over 90% of searches in many European
countries, has faced a number of legal challenges from the European Parliament in recent years.
The European Union is known for its criticism of antitrust probes – it challenged Microsoft's
position as a market leader a few years ago. It has since turned its attention towards Google and
criticised the search giant for abusing its market position.
EU has accused the company for its anticompetitive practises, claiming the company promotes its
own services over those of its rivals. The European Parliament has called the company to unbundle
its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While there are many who have welcomed the EU's decision to go after Google's monopoly
position, the US government has sometimes accused the EU for looking after its own interests.
Nonetheless, the US Federal Trade Commission did look at antitrust complaints against Google
earlier, but decided not to pursue stronger action.
The dangers of a digital monopoly
But should digital monopolies be limited? Are there any dangers associated to companies such as
Google having such a big market share? The following are some of the dangers of a digital
monopoly and the reasons why regulators are right to keep an eye on market position.
Problems over the ownership of data
Many experts, who argue against digital monopolies, aren't necessarily concerned about the market
positions per se or their influence on the competition, but the ownership issues over data.
Companies such as Google are able to collect a vast amount of data from their users through the
different operations and use this data in order to stay ahead of other businesses.
Furthermore, many argue the company hasn't always acquired this data through appropriate
measures. For example, Google has been accused of using exclusive deals in order to attract new
customers and that some of its services collect data without its customers'

Legal Environment of Business
[pic]
BАBS
Legal environment of business
Home Assignment
Seminar leader: Margit Racz
Student name: Nurlаn S. Kurmаlаyеv
Contents
1. Introduction..........................................................................3 2. The constitutional order of
Hungary..............................................3 1. Legislation................................................................... 3 2.
Execution tasks................................................................................3 3. Judicial
power................................................................4 3. The constitutional order of the
EU................................................4 1. Legislation....................................................................4 2.
Execution tasks...............................................................5 3. Judicial
power................................................................5 4. Conclusions (similarities + ... Show more content
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Court system in the Republic of the Hungary divides into two: 1. Ordinary courts, 2. Special courts.
The ordinary courts are organized on four levels: the Judgment Boards, the Court of the Capital and
the county courts, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Hungary and the last but not the least is
local courts.
The constitutional order of European Union
Legislation
There are two bodies responsible for the legislative tasks in the EU. First one is The Council of the
European Union (officially the Council and commonly referred to as the Council of Ministers) is the
principal decision–making institution of the European Union. The Council is composed of twenty–
seven national ministers. The primary purpose of the Council is to act as one of the two chambers of
the EU 's legislative branch. The Council is the main law–making body of the EU (on the initiative

of the Commission and in co–decision with the European Parliament). The Council is based in
Brussels, but meets at fixed intervals in Luxembourg. Second body responsible for legislative task is
European Parliament. The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of
the European Union. Its essential function is to express the will of the Union's citizen in the
Community decision–making process hand–in–hand with the Council, representing the interests of
the Member States. Together with the Council of the European Union, it forms the bicameral

Unit 7 M2
P5 – describe the impact of international factors on a selected business.
M3 – assess the impact of changes in the global and European business environment on a selected
business.
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement on Climate Change. The major feature of the
Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European
community for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This amounts to an average of five per cent over
the five–year period 2008–2012.
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on
16 February 2005. As of September 2011, 191 states had signed and joined the protocol. The only
remaining signatory not to have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The store which is timber–framed rather than steel costs 30% more to build than others stores,
however this does not bother Tesco as they know that this will be cost efficient as huge savings will
be made on electricity and water bills. This will be done by using rain water to flush toilets and to
wash the cars in the car wash while the refrigerators will have doors to save energy while also
getting rid of harmful HFC refrigerant gases.
On the Tesco website they claim that their aim is to become a zero–carbon business by 2050.
Another sign that they are making forward footsteps to do this was in 2010 when they installed over
500 PowerPerfector units at a cost of about 25m. Each unit will help a store save between 5 and 8%
of its total energy usage which should equate to around 12m a year.
Tesco have established that an effective way to cut their carbon footprint is to self–generate energy
from renewable sources such as solar, wind, biomass and geothermal. To do this they have set aside
£500m which will be spent over the next five years on environmentally–friendly technologies such
as these.
The Kyoto protocol clearly has already had a huge impact on Tesco as massive amounts of money
have been pumped into the project in the aim of reducing first reducing its carbon footprint on stores
by 50% in 2020. The fact that Tesco are actually doing this quickly rather than simply talking about
it says a lot for the

Questions On Parliamentary Sovereignty Of The Uk...
Module: Law
Component: assignment 2
Percentage of final module grade: 20%
"The development of the EU has slowly eroded the sovereignty of the UK Parliament"
Student Number: 1546031
Word Count:
Parliamentary Sovereignty is the concept that Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the United
Kingdom. Kellerman, M. G. (2011) argues that since the United Kingdom unlike most other
countries does not have a codified constitution to restrict the powers of the Parliament, the main
check on power of the British Parliament is the sovereignty of the future parliaments. The European
Union has been growing since its establishment and its growth has been considered a threat to the
Parliamentary Sovereignty of the UK, since their joining of the EU in 1973. This essay will
showcase the treaties, institutions, cases, and acts that have eroded the sovereignty of the UK
Parliament and will conclude that the development of the EU will only further reduce the power of
Parliamentary Sovereignty as long as the United Kingdom stays a member of the EU.
Britain has sacrificed power to treaties since the end of World War 2 in order for better relations
with foreign countries, these treaties and others developed into what is now known as the European
Union. Perhaps the most significant of these treaties is the Treaty of Rome (1957). The UK
conceded to this treaty in 1972 and for the first time European Law was given power in the UK
through an act of the UK

The European Union Of The English Law
EU law have been influence the uk law in many things because of it especially basics. The European
Union, is an international organisation. It looks like the American Organisation of the United
Nations, being characterised by a unique political system in the world, it has a single economic
market (European Common Market) and a single currency (the euro). it enjoyed by the authorities
and powers granted by the state institutions Joint Union, but these countries have not reached the
limit to giving up its sovereignty to the Union, but gave up some of their interests in order to achieve
the common interests of the Union provides its power and influence in the world. This essay will
clarify the impact of the european union to the English ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the year 1195, through the Treaty of Rome the European Common Market
Maybe Treaty white paper or Europe one of the year 1957, through to the year 1986, up to the
Maastricht Treaty of the European Union EU for the year 1992. This treaty established a common
European market, and organised topics fabricated on the rights of citizens of the Union, including
the free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital funds, and impose restrictions on the
customs. Accordingly, these treaties have involved
Different rights to the citizens of the Member States. It has also these treaties establishment of
various institutions of the Union, such as the Commission, the European Parliament, the European
Council and the European Court of Justice. Member States have made through the signing of these
agreements, determining its powers or sovereignty in certain subjects, and the granting of authority
to those topics to Union institutions. Treaties and continues to form the basis of the European legal
system, and the first source of Union law, which is similar to a certain "Constitution" in the internal
legal systems.
Secondary sources is the treaty has authorised the Union institutions, the power to issue secondary
legislation, in order to
Be able to achieve the objectives for which established the Union. As it stated

The Power Of Parliament And Parliamentary Sovereignty
Prior to the English Civil War and 'Glorious Revolution ' the Crown acted outside Parliament,
causing there to be a struggle for power between the King, the Courts and the Parliament in the 17th
Century. Eventually the Courts and Parliament defeated the power of the King and Parliamentary
Sovereignty emerged. Parliamentary sovereignty holds that parliament has absolute sovereignty – it
is the supreme law maker over all other government institutions. There are no legal limitations on
the legislative competence of Parliament and no person is allowed to override or set aside the law of
Parliament. R (on the application of Jackson) v AG (2005) shows that the definition of an Act of
Parliament differs according to whether it has been passed with consent of House of Commons and
Lords or just the House of Commons. The courts have the power to decide if a document is an Act
of Parliament. In this case they found that the Parliament Act 1949 and the Hunting Act 2004 were
passed under procedure laid down by Parliament Act 1949 and are valid statutes. For Dicey, it was
'the very keystone of the law of the constitution ' that Parliament is the sovereign or supreme
legislative authority in the state. He defined Parliamentary Sovereignty as 'The principle of
Parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament has, under
the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person
or body is recognised by

The European Union (EU) legislation has gone through evolution through many treaties in order to
establish a better democratic legitimacy of its legislative procedure. It has been discussed that the
core elements of democratic legitimacy can be found in two dimensions, the input–dimension and
the output–dimension. The input–dimensions focuses more on citizens' rights and possibilities for
participation and contestation, and their right to elect their own representatives. Besides that, the
input–dimension also described that in order for democratic legitimacy to be achieved, the
representatives within the EU must be accountable through transparent procedures of election and
government in the representative in the system that must be in ... Show more content on
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Upon the development of the EC Treaty, it was provided that the Council should vote by unanimity,
simple majority, or qualified majority. Therefore, according to the Article 16(4) TEU, a proposed
legislation will only be approved if it is supported by 55% of Member States which is 15 out 27
countries of the EU, provided that they represent 65% of the EU population. Beyond that, the
involvement of National Parliaments in the legislative process has also been increased and
formalised. Before an EU legislation is adopted, it will be subjected to prior scrutiny by national
Parliaments to be challenged if it does not conform to the principle of subsidiarity. Each national
Parliament will be granted 2 votes, shared out on the basis of the national Parliamentary system. If
1/3 of the votes of the national Parliaments object a proposal, the proposal will be sent back to the
Commission for a further review. However, the proposal must be abandoned if a majority of national
Parliaments oppose a Commission proposal, and if they have the backing of the European
Parliament and Council. Therefore it can be concluded that with the new Treaty, 3 criteria had to be
taken into account for a qualified majority: a certain percentage of Member States in the Council; a
certain number of Member States and a certain percentage of the EU's population.
The Treaty

The European Union (EU) is not a typical international organization. The mix of intergovernmental
and supranational institutions makes the EU a unique, distinctive political, and economic system. As
Europe has spiraled from one crisis to the next, difficult discussions haves arisen about how much
more power should be delegated to Brussels. Even though the EU advocates for "ever closer union",
through increased integration, states are becoming hesitant to relinquish power to the EU. This is
due to the fact that state sovereignty has become threatened; it is being compromised by a
combination of the lack of effective democratic institutions and the loss of states have lost control of
law–making to legislation power to EU institutions. Euroenthuthiasts argue that state sovereignty is
enhanced, not threatened, by reallocating power to EU institutions. However, Eurosceptics dispute
that too much control has seceded to the EU making is a threat to state sovereignty. My position
aligns with Eurosceptics, for the EU has weakened state sovereignty do to increased centralization
of power in EU institutions that lack legitimacy. The European Project has obtained a copious
amount of jurisdiction from states and eroded a basic fundamental freedom of the modern state–
sovereignty. Since the EU has with goals to deepen and widen integration it's clear that forfeiting
state sovereignty will only intensify. My essay will start with a brief history of the European Union
and a short

Role Of The European Parliament On The Eu Decision Making
The role of the European Parliament in the EU decision–making process is to gradually
strengthened. Initially it is only entitled to counseling and supervision. Prior to 1986, the maximum
power it holds it is only right to decide on the budget, you can modify the non–mandatory budget
for mandatory budget for minor changes, and formally adopted budget. 1986 "Single European Act"
by the so–called "cooperative program", making it the right to a preliminary decision of the Council
's proposed amendments and has authority over the second reading of the draft legislation. After the
signing, "Maastricht Treaty" has confirmed the above–mentioned system by the "Single European
Act" established and further expand it may reject draft legislation for the Council, and to report
thereon to veto the proposed legislation. The "Amsterdam Treaty" by introducing a "shared decision
making" system, the European Parliament and the EU Council of Ministers placed in the same
position on the legislation, the European Parliament finally become a true partnership legislature.
National interests between EU member states and the European Union have agreed on the
development of supra–national integration, there are also contradictory, divided diversification and
various decision–making body of the EU decision–making body can be seen as a search for balance
and consensus, resolve conflicts institutional arrangements. This arrangement with Western political
separation of powers strong color, also contains

Should The Uk Parliament Have Enough Control Over Its...
There is no doubt that Brexit has caused a divide amongst the UK population, with 52 to 48 percent
in favor of leaving. "Take back control" has been at the forefront of the Brexiter's campaign. It is
argued the UK Parliament has lost its power since joining the European Union (EU) in 1973. For the
structure of this paper, I will start out by highlighting some key arguments put forward by Brexiters
as they relate to Parliamentary sovereignty. Followed by a comprehensive look at Parliamentary and
other types of sovereignty and what they imply, followed by a decision as to whether or not the UK
will regain power by canceling its membership to the EU. Key Reasons for Argument: "Taking back
control." Immigration – the UK does not have enough control over its borders. Under the current
EU's fundamental right of free movement, any citizen of a member state is permitted to move and
work in the UK without first obtaining a visa, and in some circumstances, access to benefits.
Additionally, the migrant crisis that has found its way to the UK's doorstep in Calais, France has
created a cause for concern as migrants endlessly try to make it to UK soil and claim asylum. By
leaving the EU, Brexiters argue, the UK government will have the power necessary to stop and
control the migrant invasion. National security and defense – due to the previously mentioned right
to free movement, the UK is leaving the door open to terrorist attacks. The open border policy does
not allow the UK to check

Democratic Deficit in the European Union
"Most voters seem to take the opportunity to give the incumbent national government a 'good
kicking' during European elections, as seen in the UK, Spain and France, rather than vote on a broad
manifesto of ideas. This is fuelled further by MEPs campaigning on local issues rather than
European ones." This is an example of part of the democratic deficit in the European Parliament. To
further show how there is a democratic deficit in the European Parliament I will explain how it is
largely inaccessible to its European citizens and how the European Parliament lacks the power that it
requires to resolve the problems in the Union. I will then describe some unsuccessful attempts at
solutions and conclude with some possible future remedies. ... Show more content on
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The balance between these two branches differed from country to country. With the gradual
development of the EEC, more and more areas of public policy were transferred from national
governments to the community with the result that the overall powers of the executives within
member countries of the EU have increased while parliamentary powers have decreased.
The main argument is that the parliament is too weak, while the council is too powerful. The
executive branches, the Council and the Commission, "are not drawn from Parliament and are thus
not accountable to it in the way it would be, for example, in the UK through a vote of no confidence.
The two branches are completely separate, which can mean that there is not an effective check as
there was meant to be. The Parliament is too weak to hold either of the executive branches to
account, meaning that they can pass legislation without the consent of the Parliament, except when
co–decision applies on matters pertaining to qualified majority voting in the Council."
Compared to many national and sub–national legislatures, the European Parliament has a relatively
low profile. In the past, some scholars of the European Union judged it to be less important than
other governing institutions of the Union. However, since the mid 1980's the European Parliament
has undergone many substantial changes, probably more than any other major European Union
body. The Parliament's

Bogdanor Research Paper
Title: Discuss Bogdanor's opinion on the effect of the 2016 British Referendum on the sovereignty
of Parliament and its position of significance in history
Bogdanor refers to 2016 EU Referendum ("the Referendum") as the most significant constitutional
event in history, emphasizing the sovereignty of the people when voting against Parliament and the
government. The first statement can be criticized due its emphatic approach to stress the effect of the
Referendum on Britain's future and its position in history. Bogdanor overemphasizes the
significance of the referendum both in law and history due to using a unique definition of
sovereignty when discussing the public's autonomy. He also misinterprets the relationship between
the government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Legal sovereignty, having decisive power in the legal system of the state, has never been given to
the public at large. The public was not given legal power – let alone legal power that surpasses that
of Parliament. Lord Reed in the dissenting judgement of Miller draws on Professor Wade's comment
on the ability of Parliamentary sovereignty to withstand even prerogative powers, which further
emphasizes the extent of legal sovereignty placed upon Parliament. Therefore, it is difficult to
support the existence of legal sovereignty in a public vote issued by Parliament. 'The people' is not a
body that has the right to override or set aside law issued by

The English Legal System Can No Longer Be Considered on...
The European Community was set up by the EEC Treatyin 1957, and the UK joined the Community
in 1973.
On joining the Community, now called the European Union, the UK and its citizens became subject
to EC law. This subjection to European law remains the case, even where the parties to any
transaction are themselves both UK subjects. In other words, in areas where it is applicable,
European law supersedes any existing UK law to the contrary.
Community law consists primarily of the EC Treaty and any amending legisla¬tion such as the
Single European Act to which the UK acceded in 1986, the Maastricht Treaty 1992 and the Treaty of
Nice 2001. However the most recent reform was introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, signed by all the
members in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Council is made up of ministerial representatives of each of the 27 member states of the Union.
Thus, when considering economic matters, the various states will be represented by their finance
ministers or, if the matter relates to agriculture, the various agricultural ministers will attend. The
Council of Ministers is, in essence, the supreme organ of the EU and, as such, it has the final say in
deciding upon Community legislation. Although it acts on recommendations and proposals made to
it by the Commission, it does have the power to instruct the Commission to undertake particular
investigations and to submit detailed proposals for its consideration.
The European Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected European institution and, to that extent, it can be
seen as the body which exercises democratic control over the operation of the EU. As in national
Parliaments, Members are elected to represent constituencies, the elections being held every five
years. Membership is divided amongst the 27 member states in proportion to the size of their
various populations. The Parliament 's general secretariat is based in Luxembourg and although the
Parliament sits in plenary session in Strasbourg for one week in each month, its detailed and
preparatory work is carried out

The Eu And The European Union
Introduction
Formed from 28 Member States, the EU has developed an internal single market which enabled it to
control what happens in the Member States. The context in which the EU has developed has caused
it to be unique in comparison to all the others and through this essay I will demonstrate how the
characteristics and functions of the EU are found to be those only associated with the EU.
Creating EU Law
The European Union has aims which are to promote peace, maintain its values and maintain the
wellbeing of the people. Even though there are other organisations which also aim to do this, the EU
is unique as it has to balance the national interest, common interest of the EU, democratic
representation and also geographical representation. The EU has executive bodies which enable it to
make decisions throughout the process: the Commission, Council of Ministers and the European
Parliament.
The Commission is the only institution inside the EU which has the power to draft new legislation.
It has the power to legislate in many areas across Europe, however there must be an establishment of
competence in order for the EU to rightfully legislate in a certain area. Article 2 of the TFEU
outlines whether it is the EU or the Member State which has the right to legislate in a certain area
and therefore the extent of the competence that the EU has. The Commission can either have
exclusive (it is given full power to legislate), shared (where the Member State can legislate as long
as

Behind the Façade: The Problems Within the EU Essay
The European Union calls itself "a unique economic and political partnership between 27
democratic European countries" (1) which apparently aims to promote "peace, prosperity and
freedom for its 495 million citizens – in a fairer, safer world" (1). While this may be a noble
sentiment, in reality the EU is an inefficient, bureaucratic mess. It is my belief that, while the
European Union is fundamentally a good idea, it is turning into an undemocratic kleptocracy that
will gradually begin to remove our civil liberties while causing great damage to many areas
including the environment and society. One key issue is that the European Union is undeniably
unnecessary, especially at the current cost to us. For example, countries under the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One UK Diplomat even called the CAP "the most stupid, immoral state–subsidised policy in human
history, communism aside" (3). Now onto the next major issue: the £1000billion a year cost of the
EU, nearly £2000 per European Citizen per year. (2) However, the EUs official budget for 2009
came in at "only" €134 billion (around £122 billion). So what explains the massive difference
between the two sums? Well, the EU budget only includes money it directly spends, and doesn't
include the cost of complying with EU regulation, dealing with red–tape, tax fraud committed,
higher food prices due to high import duties and the cost of having civil servants carry out the EU's
will in member countries. These seem, to any reasonable person, to be costs that should be
considered, so the fact that they were not considered in the EU Budget (4) shows that either the EU's
accountants are incompetent or that the EU is deliberately trying to distort how much it actually
costs to its citizens. So, now we know the true cost of the EU, let's look at what we get for our
money. We get 5 new laws a day (2), the "most stupid... policy in human history" (3) aka the
Common Agricultural Policy, we get MEPs (Members of European Parliament) being paid £468,000
for 1 years work (2) while hiring escort girls on expenses

The European Union's Democratic Deficit
The European Union has greatly evolved over the decades since it has begun into a well–evolved
quasi–state of over 28 countries, and over five hundred million citizens. The European Union has
been regarded as a method to bring democratic stability and economic prosperity to less developed
democracies in East and Central Europe. Although the European Union has a mandate to bring all of
these standards, the European Union lacks these basic standards for their overall institution. This
structural problem has given the European Union its own 'democratic deficit'. The rise of the
democratic deficit has arisen from many undemocratic characteristics of EU institutions, and a lack
of a demos or a lack of a single socio cultural European identity. In order for a political body to
remain legitimate, it must have the trust and support of the citizens it governs, and make changes for
the continuation of its future. In other words, if the European Union does not take action to combat
its democratic deficit, the future of the European Unions institution will be at risk. Another serious
issue is the European Union has seen democratic backsliding of many Eastern European countries.
This paper will discuss the major issues that the Democratic Deficit has caused for the European
Union, and what possible reforms can be done to help fix the democratic deficit. The European
Union is one of the world's greatest economic superpowers. Although the EU does not have the
police or military strength

International Union And The European Parliament Adopted...
"A "directive" is a legislative act that sets out a goal that all EU countries must achieve. However, it
is up to the individual countries to decide how. This was the case with the working time directive,
which stipulates that too much overtime work is illegal." http://europa.eu/eu–law/decision–
making/legal–acts/index_en.htm
In Rochelle's case the European Union and the European Parliament adopted Directive 2012/507
(The Off–Premises Sales Contract Directive), Rochelle may seek to rely on Article 3 (subsection 1)
of Directive 2012/507 that 'member states shall ensure that customers have a period of 14 days to
withdraw from an off–premise sales contract and return unused purchased goods. Such consumers
have a right to a full refund of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Direct applicability is the 'capacity of E.U. law to immediately form part of national law of Member
States without a need for any further implementation'.
Directives do not automatically form a part of English law, and therefore Rochelle needs to rely on
the doctrine of direct effect if she is to succeed with this Directive. Direct effect applies in principle,
to all binding EU law. Broadly the doctrine is 'provisions of binding EU law which are sufficiently
clear, precise, and unconditional to be justiciable can be invoked and relied on by individuals, before
national courts', however such definitions are disputed. (Page 180 – 181 EU LAW text cases and
materials 5th edition – Paul Craig)
Van Gend Loos established the doctrine of direct effect; this case involved two conflicting laws
between a Dutch customs law (national law) and Article 30 of the TFEU. The Government argued
that Article 30 conferred rights and obligations between states, and were not enforceable at the suit
of individuals i.e. the company Van Gend en Loos. In addition it was claimed that the treaty
provided enforcement procedures under Articles 258 and 259 of the TFEU. In Advocate General
Romer's opinion, Art.30 TFEU was 'too complex to be enforced by national courts'.
Notwithstanding this, the article was held directly effective by the Court of Justice, it was stated that
EU law 'imposes obligations upon individuals, but also confers on them legal rights'. The courts saw
the doctrine of

The Pros And Cons Of The Constitutional Commission
With the presidency established, a major discussion developed within the Constitutional
Commission over the powers of the institution. There were two basic alternatives–a strong
presidency with a subordinate parliament, or parliamentary supremacy with a nominal presidency.
Advocates of the latter model were concerned about the centralization of power in the hands of one
person. They argued that a parliamentary model with elections based on proportional representation
would facilitate the development of political parties and allow the representation of various views in
contrast to the "winner–takes–all" logic of the strong presidency. They referred back to the
parliamentary tradition embodied in the short–lived Armenian Republic from 1918 to ... Show more
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The President was directly elected for a 5–year term. He could serve for no more than two
consecutive terms. The president was entitled to appoint and dismiss the prime minister. According
to the Constitution, cabinet members were appointed and dismissed at the prime minister's
suggestion, though in reality they were picked by the president. The government had to present the
program of its activities to the National Assembly for approval. Thus, there was an investiture vote.
On the presentation of the prime minister, the president also appointed and dismissed the Prosecutor
General, as well as four of nine members of the Constitutional Court as well as the Chair of the
Court in the event that parliament failed to make an appointment within 30 days after the formation
of the Court. The president represented the country's foreign relations, was responsible for leading
and heading foreign policy, concluded and signed international treaties, and appointed and dismissed
diplomatic representatives. The president was the commander–in–chief of the armed forces and
made appointments to high–ranking military positions. Parliament declared war on the proposal of
the president, but the president made the decision to use military force. Theoretically, parliament
could impeach the president for high treason or other crimes. To do so, a majority had to

The Spanish Electoral System : The New Playing Field
The Spanish electoral system in 2015: the new playing field
Introduction
Although the Spanish Constitution defines the nation 's electoral system as proportional, it allows
for different degrees of proportionality in the electoral law, and in practice the d 'Hont formula is the
method used to convert voters into seats. Therefore, according to Duverger's law, one would expect
more than two parties playing a role in national politics. However, the Spanish political landscape
has been traditionally characterized by the alternation in power of the two dominant parties: the left–
leaning PSOE and right–wing PP. This raises the question of how a theoretically proportional
system ended up resulting in an two–party political scene. However this situation is bound to change
during 2015, as the country is likely to evolve from this two–party system to a multi–party one.
Local, regional and national elections are going to be held, and pre–election polls suggest that the
two traditional parties are going to share power with the new contenders: the left–wing Podemos
and the self–described as centre–left Ciudadanos (maybe better defined as centre–right
progressives).
The purpose of this paper is to analyze why the design of the Spanish electoral law has historically
favored PP and PSOE, and why precisely now the situation is changing. We will argue that the
outcome of this electoral system was not achieved by chance, but that it was the decision of pre–
democratic rulers to benefit the

The Differences Between Uk Parliament And European Parliament
Introduction
The consciousness of democracy and decentralization grow in people's mind and formed various
kind of country during the history of human. The UK evolves about thousands years and become a
constitutional monarchy country with nowadays appearance. The Europe suffered first and second
war and others conflicts between European countries, to prevent further war occur in Europe
European Union were built. In the last about sixty years the EU shows it's potential and has the
second largest parliament in the world with multiple member countries. The essay mainly focus on
discuss the differences between UK parliament and European Parliament, statistics, government act,
declaration and treaties will be given in order to support the opinions. Firstly, the origin and
developments of the two parliaments will be given. Secondly, the essay will compare the two
parliaments from aspects of structure, composition, function and role. Thirdly, a clear definition of
power and ability between UK parliament and EU parliament will be illustrated. Then, the ability of
parliament hold executive to account will be discussed. Ultimately, there will be conclusion to brief
review the gist of this essay.
Origin and Developments
The evolution of UK parliament across about a thousand years, and can date back to Saxon era. At
that time, there was a council or witan give advices to Saxon Kings comprised with nobles. In 13th
century, Government became a "franchise operation" that the King

The European Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice is the main governing body for the EU and enforcer of the laws over
all of its member states. The functions of the European Court of Justice is to enforce Community
law, to tackle disputes between member states and the European council and between the member
states themselves, and also to protect the rights of all European individuals. The court consists of
three courts, Court of Justice of the EU, General court and the EU civil service tribunal which are all
located in Luxembourg. The Court of Justice and the General court both consist of 28 judges one
from each member state, with usually three to five judges sit and hear cases. Judges must be
independent from their own state believes and must make decisions based on what is best for the
European Community as a whole. The judges appoint a President whose job is to oversee the
direction of the court by assigning cases and appointing judge–rapporteurs. The Presidency has a
renewable term of six years. The judges are assisted by eight Advocate Generals who must be as
qualified as the judges. The advocates prepare the cases which they are going to hear. All ruling by
the court are binding on all member states. It is said that the European Court makes the law and
there is no right to appeal in the cases they hand down decisions on. The Court of First Instance was
set up in 1989 to take some of the work load off the Court of Justice, but was limited to cases
between the EC and its staff,

European Law the Ordinary Legislative Procedure
n European Law the Ordinary legislative procedure is used when drafting hard law to ensure that the
democratically elected representatives of the EU citizens have an equal say in appropriate areas of
law making. There will be a brief analyse of the Ordinary legislative procedure and a discussion on
it.
European Law is very complex law , within EU law there is various different treaties which are in
place. Two most significant treaties which have importance to the legislative process are The Treaty
on European Union and the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union.
The Treaty on European Union also known as the Maastricht Treaty was signed in Maastricht 7th of
February 1992 and the Treaty on the functioning of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second Reading
The Parliament has three months from their first initial contact with the council about the
commissions proposal for legislation if they have not came to a decision whether or not to carry on
with the proposed legislation or agree with the Councils view on it .Then the council will be deemed
to adopt the act in accordance with its position Art 294(7)(a) TFEU. The Parliament can take
different approaches within the three month timeframe. The Parliament can reject the Council's
perception if they do so then the act would be considered not to have been implemented. This is
known as veto and prevents the bill becoming law. However in order for this procedure to take place
there must be a majority vote of the component members of parliament. Or they can vote an
majority vote to propose the amendments of the future legislation which the council has proposed.
In my opinion I think that it is beneficial that the parliament can chose to make the law veto as
personally the parliament members are for the citizens of the European Union therefore as they have
the power of veto then they can ensure fair and effective legislation is introduced into Europe and
not just any old law which is only really benefiting members of the Council. Although in order to
make the law veto there must be a majority which I personally

An Analysis of the Powers of the European Parliament Essay
An Analysis of the Powers of the European Parliament
History of the European Parliament:
On the 18th April 1951 the Ministers representing France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and
Luxembourg signed in Paris a treaty which established the European Coal and Steel Community, the
ECSC was born. The most important feature of the ECSC was its supranational character, it was a
supranational organization. It was aptly described as a 'quasi federation in an important economic
sector.[1] The Community was endowed with five organs;
1. An executive, called the High Authority
2. A Consultative Committee attached to the High Authority
3. A Special Council of Ministers
4. An Assembly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two years later, Greece joined the EEC followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986. With the entry of
Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995, the European Parliament was expanded to its present size of
626 members. The Treaty of Nice provides that the allocation can be reweighed from 2004 to
accommodate new Member States without increasing the number of MEPs beyond 732.
The size of the European Parliament has increased so has its powers. Originally, the EP was
conceived as little more than a consultative assembly with limited scope in certain areas, however it
has gained significant new powers and responsibilities with the signing of the Single European Act
in 1986, the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1996.
Elections
Election s to the European Parliament are held on a five year fixed term basis, there is no uniform
electoral procedure consequently the five sets of direct elections held to date have been contested on
the basis of different national electoral arrangements. In the 1999 elections the UK did not use its
standard 'first past the post' system, but rather proportional representation on a regional basis. This
meant that for the first time a form of proportional representation was used in all Member States. As
well as the differences between the electoral systems of

The Between Westminster And Brussels
Nowadays, legislation of both Westminster and Brussels has become the main source of the law for
the UK. Moreover, United Kingdom has its own law, which is called English legal system equally
Brussels has a major role within the UK as it part of the predominant source for the UK. Therefore,
this paper will firstly examine and give brief description of the legislative power. Then, it will define
the legislative powers of both Westminster and Brussels and their roles. Consequently, it will explain
the important roles and show how these roles are played by the English courts and the European
courts of justice (ECJ). Also, it will show how Brussels enforce compliance with treaty provisions
and explain how European Union citizens approach the European courts of justice.
Since United Kingdom joined to the European Union it has gradually and effectively passed its
power of making law that have an impact to the European institutions. Also, United Kingdom's
legislative, executive and judicial powers are controlled by the framework of the European
Community (Slapper and Kelly, 2010 p.65). The legislation is considered as the primary sources of
English law and made by the Parliament. Also, Parliament it is a supreme law making body and can
make law or reject and amend legislation. However, by the United Kingdom's membership of the
EU per EC Act 1972 the Parliament's power of creating law has been limited (Vollans and Asquith,
2011). In addition, legislative powers is the power of

Problems And Opportunities Of A Free Market Economy Essay
Introduction
To do business in Portugal, there are a few things that you need to know first; you need to know the
political, economic, environmental, and trade environments, challenges and opportunities of doing
business in Portugal, and other general information. It is important to know that there is
approximately 10,348,650 people according to the World Bank, and that their official language is
Portuguese. Overall, to be successful in this country, you will need to understand its culture and
language.
Background
Political Situation Portugal has been classified as a democratic republic since 1974 when they first
adopted their post revolutionary constitution. Their constitution has since been updated twice, most
recently in 1989, in order to pave the way for a free–market economy (Livermore). Similar to the
United States, Portugal utilizes a three branch system; legislative, executive, and judiciary. Portugal
has both a president and a prime minister. The president is directly elected by the people, serves in
five year terms, and can serve a maximum of two terms. They are in charge of guaranteeing national
unity and independence. The president is both the chief of state and chief commander of Portugal 's
armed forces. Additionally, the president appoints and dismisses various government positions,
including the prime minister, who is considered the head of the government (Livermore). The prime
minister is responsible to both the president and the Council of Ministers. The

The European Parliament And Of The Council

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