Marxist Philosophy Essay

Marxist Philosophy Essay
Although there is a strong diverse controversy tied with the name of Karl Marx, he was concerned
primarily with human freedom, stimulating the ancient concept of Communism, in which human
beings might fulfill their cooperative roles within society, without the fear of exploitation. He saw
the historical period of capitalism as the "menacing" antagonist of such freedom; menacing because
unlike serfdom (the predecessor of capitalism in the evolution of social relations), capitalism
enabled the illusion of freedom even though it relied on those who have nothing to sell but their
labor and those, who through the power of capital and property, exploit such labor for profit. It is
important to point out that Karl Marx did not view capitalism ... Show more content on
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Liberally, the premise is based on a community of individuals whom are equal, free, and possess all
natural rights. In view of the fact that these people will strive to gain goods and will eventually rise
to conflict, Locke summons a law of morality set to govern them before they accept their roles in
society. He believes that people will understand and best protect themselves and their assets, come
together, and serve as a social union. Locke's main point is a deductive theory of "unlimited–
personal property" which protects these people from the interference of a higher power. The Treatise
argues against government power and totalitarianism (Lock, 1.1, 2.1).
Marx's most famous work, "The Communist Manifesto," attempts to explain the goals of
Communism, as well as his theory, which underlies it. The Manifesto begins with the important
claim, "A spectre is haunting Europe––the spectre of Communism," used to explain the growing
power of the bourgeoisie class in Europe, or the employers of the employees (Marx Manifesto,
Intro).
In historical purposes, the bourgeoisie class has played a huge role in revolution terms. Whenever it
has risen, it crushes all "feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations." It has changed all occupations into
wage–earning professions, including previously honorable ones such as the lawyer, doctor, and
dentist.
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An Overview of Modern Philosophies of Education
Overview
Philosophy means "love of wisdom." It is made up of two Greek words, philo, meaning love, and
sophos, meaning wisdom. Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in
education, usually through such questions as: What is being educated? What is the good life? What
is knowledge? What is the nature of learning? And What is teaching? Philosophers think about the
meaning of things and interpretation of that meaning. Even simple statements, such as "What should
be learned? Or What is adolescence?" set up raging debates that can have major implications. For
example, what happens if an adolescent commits a serious crime? One interpretation may hide
another. If such a young person is treated as an adult criminal, what ... Show more content on
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Plato also believed that the soul is fully formed prior to birth and is perfect and at one with the
Universal Being. The birth process checks this perfection, so education requires bringing latent ideas
(fully formed concepts) to consciousness.
In idealism, the aim of education is to discover and develop each individual's abilities and full moral
excellence in order to better serve society. The curricular emphasis is subject matter of mind:
literature, history, philosophy, and religion. Teaching methods focus on handling ideas through
lecture, discussion, and Socratic dialogue (a method of teaching that uses questioning to help
students discover and clarify knowledge). Introspection, intuition, insight, and whole–part logic are
used to bring to consciousness the forms or concepts which are latent in the mind. Character is
developed through imitating examples and heroes.
Pragmatism –is the philosophy of considering practical consequences or real effects to be vital
components of meaning and truth. Pragmatism is generally considered to have originated in the late
nineteenth century with Charles Pierce, who first stated the pragmatic maxim. It came to fruition in
the early twentieth–century philosophies of William James and John Dewey and, in a more
unorthodox manner, in the works of George Santayana. Other important aspects of pragmatism
include anti–Cartesianism, radical empiricism,

Albert David Singer
Introduction Peter Albert David Singer is born in July 6, 1949 in Melbourne, Australia. He is a son
of a Jewish parents who escape the Nazi–ruled Vienna in 1938. He grew up in Melbourne, and
eventually attended the University of Melbourne and earned his B.A and M.A in Philosophy in 1967
and 1969, respectively. In 1971, he enrolled at the University of Oxford where he earned his
B.Phil.1
Currently, he is a professor of bioethics at Princeton University in the United States of America, and
laureate professor in the centre for applied Philosophy and Public at the University of Melbourne,
Australia.2 He is specialised in applied ethics and approaches ethics issues from a secular, utilitarian
perspective. His work in applied ethics has led to controversial views on abortion, animal liberation
and infanticide.[3][4]
He is popularly known for his book Animal Liberation (1975), Practical ethics, The Life You Can
Save, and The Point of the View of the Universe.5 His essay includes his essay Famine, Affluence,
and Morality, in which he argues in favour of donating to help the global poor.6
Marx: A Very Short Introduction:
Perter singer in the book, Marx: A very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. 'The Young Hegelian' looks to the philosophy of Hegel, especially as expressed in The
Phenomenology of Mind, to try to understand more about how Marx came to his beliefs.11 The
well–known passage in the in Phenomenology concerns the relationship between master and slave.
The example given by Hegel as dialectic profoundly influence Marx's idea concerning the
relationship between capitalist and proletariat. 'The Young Hegelian' looks to the philosophy of
Hegel, especially as expressed in The Phenomenology of Mind, to try to understand more about how
Marx came to his beliefs. . Hegel's philosophy seemed mystifying to Marx, until applied to the real
world. The notion of 'Mind' became 'human

Critical Analysis Of 'Fahrenheit 451' By Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury's 'Fahrenheit 451' critiques the damage of the forcible coercion of a conformist
society and comments on the dangers of technology and mass consumption. Written in 1953,
Bradbury critiques McCarthyism and its enforcement by creating a fictitious dystopian society in
which the alienation of aberrations parallels with the persecution of communist enthusiasts. The
narrative follows protagonist, Guy Montag, who realises the effects of the restriction of knowledge.
Resultantly, Bradbury narrates that totalitarianism and technology are a threat to humanism,
individuality, and intellectual thought. HOW DID CRITICS VIEW IT? HOW IS THE NOVEL
VIEWED?
With a world–centred approach, Louis Althusser's Marxist notion of ideological state apparatuses
demonstrates the influential dominance of the educational system and media. 'Fahrenheit 451'
follows an enforcer of society's ideological values despising the communicative ideological state
apparatus (i.e. media) and forcibly tearing himself away from the ideologies enforced by both
repressive and ideological state apparatuses. Complimentary to Marxist critical theory, Michel
Foucault's notion of poststructuralism surveys individuality – or lack thereof – in a panoptic society.
Similarly, an individual abandons the social constructs deemed 'normal' in the hopes of gaining
individuality and intellectual thought. With the application of Marxist and poststructuralist critical
theories, Guy Montag's positive metamorphosis and his

Marxist Literary Criticism Essay
While literary critics do attempt to elaborate or develop ideas articulated by Karl Marx, it is
important and necessary to make a distinction between Marx's specific socio–economic and political
agenda and the body of literary theory which emerged years later. Marxist literary criticism proceeds
from the fundamental philosophical assumption that "consciousness can never be anything else than
conscious existence...Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life" (Marx
568–9). Marxist critics use this challenge to the notion of an innate, prefigured, individual human
nature to reexamine the nature of creative or literary authority.
Power seems to reside outside or beyond the bounds of humanity. Rather ... Show more content on
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Though such institutions are capable of reaffirming certain statements of power, hegemony itself is,
as Raymond Williams states, "a whole body of practices and expectations...our ordinary
understanding of the nature of man and his world...a sense of reality...a sense of absolute" (4).
While Marxist critics must admit that they themselves are helpless to avoid the effects of hegemony,
the critical project of Marxist literary criticism remains steadfastly committed to the attempt to
identify and understand the mediating contexts in which the forces of hegemony exert pressure on a
text, its author, and its audience. These contexts manifest themselves within specific historical,
economic, political, cultural, etc... conditions. In order to discover such contexts, a work of art
cannot be uprooted from the specific temporal circumstances in which it is read or created and
regarded as an isolated purely original entity. Literature, for better or worse, is mired in history.
Marxist literary criticism remains a very rational, pragmatic endeavor at its core. "If ideology were
merely some abstract set of notions...society would be very much easier to move and change than in
practice it has ever been or is" (Williams 3). Though aware of their own inability to comment from
outside the bounds of hegemony, Marxist critics seem to express a tacit hope that by providing
knowledge of hegemonic

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay
Marxist Interpretation of Kafka's The Metamorphosis
Mahum Qureshi
"For all things outside the physical world language can be employed only as a sort of adumbration,
but never with approximate exactitude, since in accordance with the physical world it treats only of
possession and its connotations." –Kafka1
This paper looks at the philosophy of power, alienation and minor literature through an analysis
Franz Kafka's short story, The Metamorphosis. In the story the protagonist wakes up as a giant,
caterpillar–like creature, which ends up changing his life, job and family relationships. The
underlying themes are alienated laborer and exercise of power through mind control. The basis is
Karl Marx's chapter on Estranged Labor and the concepts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There is a power play in the story – the greater the freedom of expression the greater ability to be
understood. Gregor's transformation limits his liberty, both of choice and movement. He can no
longer move around as he pleases and therefore has no option but to remain in his room most of the
time. His situation gets worse as the story progresses. He cannot communicate anymore, "for since
what he said was not understood by the other it never struck any of them... that he could understand
what they said" (Kafka 22). He cannot express his helplessness which leads to the vicious cycle of
feeling even more helpless. We can see in the story that "Kafka has a permanent obsession with
food", it is his way of showing the change in Gregor, who devours the stale and rotten food while
"the fresh food had no charms for him" (Kafka 21). Gregor's speech is a hurdle and his tastes have
changed, upsetting the routine of his life.
The story can also be seen as a deconstruction of the work space and life through its effects on the
psyche of the worker. In the story we see "Kafka's fascination with servants and employees"
(Deleuze, Guattari & Brinkley 27). Gregor's job is of necessity, not choice. He has to work because
he has to and not because he wants to. His life is spent in service of others and it is not in his nature
to be defiant. Therefore it is an act of indirect coercion or violence, "based on the idea that our
human lives are transitory

history of philosophy
History of philosophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see History of Philosophy (disambiguation).
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.You can assist
by editing it. (April 2013)
Philosophy
Philosophers
Aestheticians
Epistemologists
Ethicists
Logicians
Metaphysicians
Social and political philosophers
Traditions
Analytic
Continental
Eastern
Islamic
Platonic
Scholastic
Periods
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Contemporary
Literature
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy

Branches
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Social philosophy
Lists
Index
Outline
Years
Problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is said that following a visit to the Oracle of Delphi he spent much of his life questioning anyone
in Athens who would engage him, in order to disprove the oracular prophecy that there would be no
man wiser than Socrates. Through these live dialogues, he examined common but critical concepts
that lacked clear or concrete definitions, such as beauty and truth, and the virtues of piety, wisdom,
temperance, courage, and justice. Socrates' awareness of his own ignorance allowed him to discover
his errors as well as the errors of those who claimed knowledge based upon falsifiable or unclear
precepts and beliefs. He wrote nothing, but inspired many disciples, including many sons of
prominent Athenian citizens (including Plato), which led to his trial and executionin 399 B.C. on the
charge that his philosophy and sophistry were undermining the youth, piety, and moral fiber of the
city. He was offered a chance to flee from his fate but chose to remain in Athens, abide by his
principles, and drink the poison hemlock.
Socrates' most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a
number of dialogues, which applied theSocratic method of inquiry to examine philosophical
problems. Some central ideas of Plato's dialogues are the Theory of Forms, i.e., that the mind is
imbued with an innate capacity to understand and contemplate concepts from a higher order
preeminent world, concepts more real, permanent, and universal than or representative of the things

Human Struggle In The Tokyo Story
In Ozu's film, the Tokyo Story, has many scenes that define the human struggle, such as the struggle
to make a living, aging and death of loved ones, and the way children eventually fall apart from their
parents when they get older. The one human struggle from Ozu's film that influenced the most
empathy is the inevitable truth of life that the struggle for survival in society eventually drifts
individuals apart such as parents and they're children when they begin to live independently and
become to take care for only themselves because of their daily busy lives.
From this film, Ozu introduces a few scenes to compare the similarities of different generations in
the relationship between children and parents. The first scene that begins this comparison is when
Koichi's son, Minoru, had high hopes of going sightseeing with his parents and grandparents, but
when suddenly Koichi had to go see his sick patient and the plans got cancelled, Minoru was very
disappointed and angry with his parents because he mentions that they always say they will go next
time, but they never seem to keep their words. Ozu includes this scene to show how often parents
never seem to keep their promises with their children because they're constantly busy with their own
things and not have enough free time to spend time with them. It's just like in reality where parents
that struggle financially tend to spend more time at work than at home, thus they never seem to have
the time or use their precious time to take their children out because it always involves money. We
can understand from both sides of perspective, as the parent and as the child. Many of us as a child
have surely experienced the samething atleast one time in our life when our parents never kept
they're words and seemed too busy to play with us. If it were from a wealthy family the parents
wouldn't have to worry about spending they're money and consume most of their time at work. They
would most likely go out more often with their children and take them to places like Disneyland or
Legoland such as most families today. When Ozu included the scene when right before they were
ready to go out for sightseeing and the patient comes in to see Koichi, shows us that this family is

Govt200 Worldview Analysis Essay
Worldview Analysis Essay
The institution of family and marriage was at one point one of the strongest institutions between two
people that existed in the world. However, due to process philosophy, we can now see that same
institution is being attacked and transformed into something that God objects to. As Christians, the
Bible is our way to better understand and worship God. If we explore the ESV version in Genesis 2,
we see God made man and woman and said that they "shall become one flesh". Karl Marx however,
offered up a different approach. Marx was an Atheist and therefore did not believe in God or the
word of God (Martin, 2006). Marx's atheistic teachings created a succession of process philosophers
that eventually brought us to our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With that mindset, our nation has come to the position it is in, particularly in regards to homosexual
"marriages'. Something that is so clearly stated that is sinful, our government leaders have decided
to legalize. How can we, as God's people, think that we have a right to change one of God's laws?
The answer is Marxism. Once we start disobeying God and start creating our own rules, we begin
sinning against God.
The consequences of Marxism can be witnessed everyday if we pay close attention. Marxism
teaches that everyone is born into a classless society, with everyone being the same. Today, you can
observe other people that constantly need to be like everyone else and to have the material things
that everyone else has. These basic ideas of conforming are Marxist in nature and are actually
mentioned in Ecclesiastes 4:4–7. Eventually, if we follow the path of Marxism, we see how it goes
from Capitalism, to Socialism, to Communism. Socialism though, is what we are dealing with more
and more in our daily lives. We see it happening in our government, work, and if we're not cautious,
we will eventually see it in our families.
Socialism is visible at work every day, especially in regards to welfare. If we look at the traditional
marriage, God ordered the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, to reproduce. "And God blessed
them. And God said to them, "Be

The Reading Ways Of Seeing By John Berger And Banking...
Throughout the first couple weeks of school, I have read and reflected on some readings and
fragments that have led my train of thought develop analytical ideas. Although, one universal idea
was brought to my attention, which is the concept of perspective. Around the globe, perspectives
have been and are being shaped by influences in both hand sides simultaneously. Viewpoints are
established and changed in both ways in the two reading Ways of Seeing by John Berger and
Banking Concepts of Education by Paulo Freire. While the first half of Ways of Seeing consists of
possible positive aspects of the worlds perspective, the second half consists of the negative effects
that the influences of the world have on perspectives. Also, Banking ... Show more content on
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One can notice that as the paintings of her have evolved, Mary becomes more and more seductive.
Her clothes are depicted more informal and loose and she is even topless in the last two images. This
shows how man has changed their point of view about women to a sexual perspective. It
demonstrates how man changed the meaning of art to benefit themselves by pleasing their own
sexual desires. This can also be seen in other painting techniques such as oil paintings. Since oil
paintings utilizes advance techniques, they could show more depth and details in what they
portrayed. Those who were identified as wealthy had the ease to take control over the breakthrough
of art by inputting textures to an object such as clothes to make them seem luxurious. The same
could be seen in landscape drawings/ paintings. Berger goes on to state that before artists' interests
in ecology for envious purposes, "nature was not thought of as the object of the activities of
capitalism; rather it was thought of as the arena in which capitalism and social life and each
individual life had its being", as humans used and enjoyed the beauty of nature and its landscapes
for what it is. Another example can be found on page 106 where Berger shows a picture of a couple,
the Andrew's, sitting on a bench in front of a beautiful landscape. Berger goes on to say that "the
point being made is that, among the pleasures their portrait gave to Mr. and Mrs. Andrews,

A Critique Of Capitalism And The Power Of The Bourgeoisie...
Critical Theory is defined as "is a critique of capitalism, its appropriation of the surplus value of
collective work, and its commodification of every aspect of our modern society" (Ward, p.1). In this
essay I will argue that although perhaps not inherently intentionally, both liberal and realism, in all
of their forms, represent hegemonic ideology, and that this has been proven throughout history, and
therefore support much of Marxist theory surrounding capitalism and the power of the bourgeoisie
class, both on a domestic and global scale.
Critical theorists share 4 assumptions: firstly they dispute realism in their belief that human nature is
effected majorly by social changes, as opposed to the belief that states dominate and that
technological progress has no effect on the autonomy of states. This is supported by liberalist
thinking in the development of international institutions, the process of globalisation has
dramatically changed the way states behave, something that realists choose to ignore. They believe
that this is due to struggles throughout history, which supports the idea of hegemony in that states
that have been successful in both economic terms as well as within warfare are more able to shape
social change and progress. Critical theory also emphasises the importance of emancipation, which
links back to the Marxist thought on which it is based, as it highlights the importance of citizens,
and critiques both liberalist and realist thought in its belief that

Marxist Philosophy Of Class Struggle In The United States
Marxism is the philosophy of class struggle within a society. Marxists believe that human society is
based on material forces; in order for the human society to exist, humans must produce the
necessities of life which allow them to survive. Food, shelter, water, and such are the material things
that are needed without them we would die. But how we interact to produce these necessities, along
with who controls the products of our labor and how they use them will determine the type of
society in which we live. Prior to the election of Lincoln, the majority of presidents were either
slave owners or pro–slavery creating a dominating Congress; however immigration for Europe was
steadily increasing in the North thus creating an unbalance of controlled

The 's Call For Individual 's Responsibility Of Privacy Essay
However, Abram's call for individual's responsibility of privacy by limiting access to certain
information is impossible due to the very nature of social media. In Alice E Marwick and danah
boyd's 2014 article, Networked Privacy: How Teenagers Negotiate Context in Social Media, they
argue that because social media is, as previously discussed by Werbin and Fuchs, a networked
environment that thrives on sharing user–generated data (Marwick & boyd 1054). Furthermore,
Marwick and boyd explain this argument through a paraphrased statement from new media studies
scholar Jenny Sunden (2003), which states, "to exist online, people must type themselves into
being" (Marwick & boyd 1054). In other words, each "like", post, and comment all contribute to our
existence online; to use social media we must put ourselves and our information online. Moreover,
rather than focusing on Abram's individual responsibility model – which Marwick & boyd call
"access–control list" –, Marwick & boyd suggest that their "networked privacy" model – where
privacy becomes the responsibility of each member of the social media network – fits our social
media platforms better (1064–1065). In other words, through their study of how American teenagers
manage privacy online, Marwick & boyd conclude that it is incredibly difficult to maintain privacy
on social media, because one shared photo to a few friends on Facebook means the responsibility to
keep this information private transfers to these friends (1064). To

Marx View on Capitalism
1b. Summarize Marx's views on the market, alienation, the labor theory of value, the surplus value,
and the accumulation of capital. Are these views relevant in the 20th century and during the
contemporary globalization? If so, how? How are these views related with Thorstein Veblens ideas?
Please give specific reference to the relevant readings.
Theory of Alienation––his analysis of how people are bound to become estranged from themselves
and each other under the conditions of capitalist industrial production (Hooker). This Theory of
Alienation is often considered the philosophical underpinning for his later more technical critique of
capitalism as an economic system (Bramann).
Marx developed his theory of alienation to reveal the human ... Show more content on
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The factory owner has done nothing to earn the money and the $5 per hour he receives is "surplus
value", representing exploitation of the worker. Even the tools which the factory owner provided
were, according to Marx, necessarily produced by other workers (Wollstein).
According to the labor theory of value, all profits are the rightful earnings of the workers, and when
they are kept from the workers by capitalists, workers are simply being robbed. Marx called for the
elimination of profits, for workers to seize factories and for the overthrow of the "tyranny" of
capitalism. Basically out of the worker labor, the companies make far more than what they paid the
workers, while the companies get richer and richer while the workers remain poor (Mandel).
There are some flaws to the labor theory of value. For example, most workers prefer to be paid
when their work is completed rather than when their products are sold – which may be months later.
For workers to be paid now, rather than later, someone must advance their wages, and clearly this
service has a value. But proponents of the labor theory would have it both ways: workers are to
receive the full future value of their product now. The final theoretical failure of the labor theory of
value is the value–effort fallacy. It is folly to assume that all effort produces value. Every day each
of us wastes time on fruitless efforts. To equate labor with the

The Media 's Influence On The Perception Of Media And...
Very few viewers of adverts decode images passively. Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright argue that
there are very few viewers who decode images passively because there is no mass culture. This is
because each viewer has different contexts and social backgrounds meaning that the images they
view can be decoded in various ways because of their frame of reference and background. However
the subject of how audiences decode and view media including advertising can be seen in various
different perspectives particularly with Karl Marx and Louis Althusser who have similar but
different theories around audiences as passive and active parts of the decoding process. Through
Stuart Hall also we can understand the different ways audiences can receive a advert.
Sturken and Cartwright's theory of audiences focuses on the idea that everyone has their own
background and frame of reference that determines how they decode an image (57). In advertising
this theory is vital in understanding how audiences perceive images and understanding the effects
and success of advertising on different people around the world. A part of this surrounds the identity
of the viewer and the relevant context of the advert. For example, the Steinlager Pure advert which
depicts the nuclear free image of New Zealand (Steinlager Pure). How this advert is received will
depend on who views it. New Zealanders will have a direct connection to the advert due to its
setting and context around the identity of New Zealand

Essay on change
'If there is no struggle, there is no change'
To guarantee a wholesome, enriching experience of change in the individual it is vital to accept
struggle. Facing the struggle can test relationships, introduce unclear perception of ones identity and
produce unpredictable situations; though change must be able to transpire to truly create complete
development in the individual. Director Ron Howard discovers the unique mind that takes root
inside the individual, by overcoming the cruel affects schizophrenia causes and instead welcoming
positive change in his film 'A Beautiful Mind' (2001). Likewise S.E Hinton reveals the ability of
humankind to move forward within erratic moments, deal with rebellion in optimistic ways and
embrace new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way we deal with this hopelessness shapes our characteristics, subsequently shaping how we
cope with struggle.
Change is a purely inevitable process that continuously affects all humankind. The way we deal with
this active process carves who we are as people; and how we accept different obstacles, in either
positive or negative methods. Hinton arouses a compelling sense of change through investigation of
the individual's identity, Ponyboy, who through visual imagery harmonized with the dejected mood
of the persona 'then there was Soda n' Darry, all the family I got' forms a bleak, defenseless sensual
image of a tense home life environment, where the unkindest struggle occurs, trying to discover
himself rather than being labeled. Extending on, analogy of 'the soc's sippin' on drink' compared
with 'greasers drippin' with blood' shows the comparison between the two social classes, the rich
soc's and the underprivileged greasers' and how being positioned in a category; just as Howard has
placed Nash is into university for the first time, separated by other students, leaving both individuals
feeling abandoned, unwelcomed and frail. The hunger to possess ones genuine identity is dense and
should be located by the

Impact of Gender in Media and Film
I have to start and apologize for my cynical view. It is difficult for me to separate emotional stimulus
from a purely analytical approach. Without using Carl Sagens Baloney Detection Kit at my side I
easily diverge from logical analysis approach and immerse myself in my emotional defense. What I
want to do is pull two separate and different works together and focus on the impact of gender in
media and film. First I will summarize my position then address the two selected works. One work
is from noted Marxist Louis Althusser where he points out eight different Ideological State
Apparatus (ISA) of which I will focus on two for this writing, the family ISA and the culture ISA.
The second is from noted Canadian activist and trans–gender ... Show more content on
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Technological advancements in science provide author Holy Devors more tools to confuse his/her
view–point of femininity and masculinity and the role each play in the structure of family and small
groups. Holly/Aaron Devor lives a life of contradiction; while simultaneously indicating a solid
understanding of the schism between sexes in the Canadian society he/she challenges culture norms
by publicizing being a pregnant male, thus, creating some confusing messages about survival to
some individuals. I am more than certain his/her decision to withhold certain information from the
public has not been solely base on preference of choice but in self defense from potential or real
threats upon his/her life or the life of those associated with Holly/Aaron Devore. His her/ actions are
clear examples of the thrust toward survival of self.
Holy/Aaron Devors points out that both genders share some physical characteristics but, each is
more adapted to better perform task specifically identified by a culture as being suited for a specific
gender. But, he/she goes beyond the concept and shocks society by claiming to be a pregnant male.
Obviously, social stigmas are not the only obstacle Holly/Aaron Devor has an issue with her natural
role and publicly boast through his/her actions as having superiority over nature and the power to
change destiny. These actions may be better explained

Class Struggle in Robert Frost's Poem Out, Out Essay
Class Struggle in Robert Frost's Poem Out, Out–
Robert Frost's poem "Out, Out–" is developed around a clear and unquestionable moment: a
horrifying accident in which a young boy is mutilated by a buzz saw. Frost's underlying message,
however, isn't nearly as straightforward. As the poem develops, two clear levels of interpretation
seem to surface. While on the basic level the poem would seem to be a simple metaphor for man's
struggles with nature, a more careful analysis suggests a level of interpretation far more relevant to
humanity as a whole.
On the most basic level, Frost's "Out, Out–" begins by establishing the primary character – the
dominant voice – in the form of a buzz saw. When the narrator writes that "The buzz saw ... Show
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Thus, the conflict between man and nature is expanded into a conflict between man's destructive
qualities and his innocent acceptance of the natural world.
At the climax of "Out, Out–" Frost clearly reveals the horrible nature of the conflict within man.
When "the saw, / As if to prove saws knew what supper meant, / Leaped out at the boy's hand, or
seemed to leap," the boy is horribly mutilated both as an individual and as a representation of
mankind's innocence towards nature. The saw, as an embodiment of the destructive qualities of man,
takes the boys hand and, with it, the boy's innocence. When Frost writes that the boy "swung toward
them holding up the hand, / Half in appeal, but half as if to keep / The life from spilling" he seems to
be presenting the boys final appeal to remain innocent and free of corruption before nature. His
appeal, however, is clearly denied when the boy's life and innocence fades into "Little –– Less ––
Nothing!" Thus, Frost's "Out, Out–" would seem, on the outward level, to be a representation of
man's struggle both with himself and with nature.
It would not be surprising, given Frost's affinity for nature, to assume that "Out, Out–" is, indeed,
merely a poem born out of Frost's

The Relations Between Producers And Capitalist Society Essay
When Marx talked about fetishism, he was talking about the way we relation between producers and
capitalist society. The word fetishism was used to describe the practices of religions that should be
magical powers to objects like idols or charms. From Marx's money and commodities, people think
that they have mystical powers, but the powers come from us from own creative labor. If we take a
look inside a workplace it could be any place of work a capitalist factory, a peasant commune, or a
family farm, the relations between different workers are direct, you make a widget and hand it
directly to the next person. If something needs to change by the labor process, someone brings
workers together and says now we will organize things differently. The organization happened
directly between people. Now if we take a look at the market outside the workplace, things were
different. The relations are not direct between individual. In the market, these interactions happen
between things because to change their work, to produced more or less, and go out of business or
expand the business. Farmers, electricians and auto workers do not directly relate to each other as
workers instead the products of their labor beat in the market and are exchanged with one another.
The material relations between people become social relations between things. For example, When
we look at car, corn, tv, and peanut butter we do not see the worker created them. We just see
commodities standing in relation one to

Sociological Perspective Of False Consciousness
False consciousness is sociological concept that I can personally identify with the most. False
consciousness acording to the text book is a condition in which people, usually in groups that are
relatively powerless, accept beliefs that work against their own self–interests. False consciousness
has to do with myself because of my evangelical parents that defined my childhood due to their
ideology and how so many of peers act against their self intrests due to a toxic ideology given to
them by the ruling class. False Consciousness supports my view that the world is filled with many
deceived subgroups that act in False consciousness. This sociological concept allowed me to learn
more about why False Consciousness occurs and strengthened my view of the perceived power that
the ruling class has over working class but the actual untouched power the working class has over
the ruling class. As I grew up I saw how the church created an ideology for my parents that justified
its excessive exploitation of them and how they simply accepted this ideology even though it went
against many of our best intrests. We missed meals on a regular basis because the church demanded
15% of all of our income when we had very little to give. In the text book it gave an example of
medival European society; "the ruling class could promote its interest through the Church". My
parents church promoted it's intrests and my parents simply accpted this ideology that caused major
finacial strain on them and on

Marxism In Brave New World
The german philosopher, Marx, is considered one of the most influential thinkers of all time. His
philosophies are used throughout literature after his time. Marx wrote during a time which the
excesses of the new Industrial Revolution were most prominent. His ideas revolutionized thoughts
about capitalism and its relation to business, individuals, states and the environment. The motivation
of idea behind Marx's philosophy was the idea of materialism. Materialists believe that it is the
material conditions of the world, for instance, the structure of the economy and the distribution of
wealth, that give rise to ideas such as who should leads and deserves to earn what they earn. The
idea is contrary to idealism, which states that it is ideas that give rise to material reality. The traits of
Marxism is found throughout the novel Brave New World.
In Brave New World, they reader can see that the author, Huxley, wants his readers to view the
novel by the traits of Marxism. The first rational text in the book, lending itself to a Marxist
analysis, comes from the symbol portrayed by the name of the main character in the book. Bernard
Marx seems to be such a unique name that one can assume that there must be reasoning for it,
especially considering the context of this novel. In the first few introductions to Bernard, ... Show
Such a thought results in the existence of both pro– and anti–Marxist ideals within the World State
all throughout the novel. The world of the novel presents itself with pro Marxist ideologies largely
in accordance to the basic psychology of the World State itself: "Everyone belongs to everyone else"
(Huxley 34). There is no individualization in the World State, and everyone achieves tasks only for
society and the people around

Examples Of Sophie's World Book Critique
Sophie's World Book Critique: Marx Jorge A. Suarez 10–12–14 APE1 In Sophie's World, Sophie has
an experience in the woods on her way to Alberto's place with the infamous Scrooge, from A
Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, and a little match girl, from a tale by Hans Christian Andersen.
Her experience goes beyond the characters; when Scrooge refuses to help the match girl, she
threatens to burn down the woods and she says, "You didn't know I was a communist, did you?"
Alberto goes on to explain Marx's beginning and his intricate ideology; Alberto explains that Marx's
beginning happens in relation to Kierkegaard's beginning. Hegel influenced Marx and all his ideas
but Marx's ideology was the complete opposite of everything Hegel ... Show more content on
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We have many reformers in Russia, such as Leon Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin, and Joseph Stalin. These
famous Russian reformers all attempted reform in Russia while some misinterpreted the message the
basis of what they wanted to do was in Communism. The same goes for China, which to this day
lies in Communism and lives with communism, in the case of Mao Zedong he was the father of the
People's Republic of China, which he governed as the Chairman of the Communist Party.

Marx Vs Aquinas Research Paper
Epistemology is defined as the theory of knowledge, with regards to the acquisition, validity, and
scope of knowledge. Human history has been a constant struggle of curiosity, whereby humans
constantly seek information and answers to their dearest questions. From discovering why the sun
rises, to whether a God exists, humans have always sought to understand. Philosophical debate has
occurred for thousands of years, determining what makes knowledge true, and how to acquire this
true knowledge. Philosophers such as Aquinas firmly believed in the power of God, and his divine
grace providing humanity with their answers, while others such as Marx defined knowledge as
concrete and objective, revealed through evidence and study. These contrasted worldviews are
characteristic of changing human culture, because as time progresses, humanity changes. Therefore,
through Marx and Aquinas' vastly different time periods, cultures, and worldviews, both came to
define knowledge and its acquisition through vastly different means. These two philosopher's
personally defined epistemology using their own experience, from how to acquire knowledge, what
makes that knowledge real, and the limit of human knowledge.
From the belief that knowledge is a result of God's grace, to knowledge coming from observation,
Aquinas and Marx understood things differently. Aquinas lived ... Show more content on
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Aquinas was raised a man of faith, and his theories concerning philosophy and epistemology
involved and revolved around God. He was a man who let God rule his life, whereas Marx was an
atheist, and saw the world through a secular lens. Marx let science and objective fact rule his life,
believing only what could be observed was true knowledge. Their contributions to the field of
epistemology were great, but it is clear, that their gap in time created the rift between their unique

Plato's Republic Essay
Plato's Republic
"the having and doing of one's own and what belongs to one would be agreed to be justice." (The
Republic 434a) In other words the above statement means that justice, according to Plato, is doing
only the tasks assigned to them by nature. This is the fundamental notion for his creation of an ideal
city. It is both knowing what true justice is and where one belongs in the city that the ideal can be
achieved. What this means to politics in the ideal city is that only a certain class of person has the
ability to engage in politics, just as only a certain person has the ability to engage in carpentry.
Those who engage in politics would be the philosophers because just as the ideal individual searches
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A third class, auxiliaries, would be in charge of carrying out what the philosophers, guardians of the
city, decided. However, Plato does admit that this system is a hierarchy with the philosophers at the
top, but he allows this because they are the only ones who can find universal truths and pass it on to
those who cannot see it. To Plato the above is his vision of a justice. Within his idea of justice, Plato
also has three other virtues to help categorize those within the city and find justice in the city itself–
wisdom, courage, and moderation, all ideals that would sustain the city and nurture it. Wisdom is
found in the philosophers, courage in the auxiliaries, and moderation found in all classes.
Philosophers need wisdom and the need to know what justice is. The auxiliaries, say soldiers, need
courage to protect the interests of the city. Finally, all classes need to demonstrate moderation so as
not to develop injustices through excess luxury, the only luxury that a city can have is
philosophizing. These virtues, if found in a city, can also help one to distinguish it as a just city.
Therefore, within Plato's definition of a division of labour making a city just, he also identifies other
components of it. But, for the ideal city to be nurtured, all the divisions listed must be

“Acceptance to the Cruel Reality: A Marxist Reading on...
Marxist views can be frequently spotted within William Blake's works. The argument that "human
interactions are economically driven and are based on a struggle for power between different social
classes" is deeply rooted within the lines of Blake's work. (Gardner, Pg. 146). In fact, "The Chimney
Sweeper," which was first published in 1789, a full half a century before Karl Marx first publicized
his Marxist theory in 1848, has several instances of Marxist tones. Critic, Janet E. Gardner, argues
that the theological similarities between the views expressed in the poem "Chimney Sweeper" and
Karl Marx's beliefs are easily found. For example, Karl believed that literary characters could be
"divided into powerful oppressors and their powerless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that, the work lends itself to a Marxist reading through the child–like form, but also through the
sarcastic attack on the hierarchal system within the society. To continue, Blake displays how the
church or religion gives people a false hope, and perhaps even unfairly convinces them that they
should be content with their lives and continue to work. The idea of blind faith and to obey without
seeing the reality is what Blake's government is advocating to Tom, and perhaps even convinces
Tom to not question his faith. After the Angel speaks to Tom, the reader is presented with Tom and
the two paths he can take. The "if" in the Angel's response indicates that if Tom works hard without
complaint will he end up in heaven. Further, the children respond by returning to work until "all do
their duty, they need not fear harm." The final line again presents a Marxist reading; moreover, it
presents an almost cynical response to a religious ideology that some how justifies for the children's
suffering. Moreover, the idea that

Ethical Views Of Kant And Nielsen
The purpose of the paper is to compare ethical views of Kant and Nielsen. Both figures are quite
noticeable in philosophy of ethics. The works of Kant stand out among the philosophical treatises on
ethics. Kant's ethics in many ways was the pinnacle of moral philosophy of modern times. Nielsen
considered that philosophy is related to practical matters. Philosophy thinking includes abstract
theorizing and practical action. Nielsen claims that morality cannot be grounded on religion, and
that there is no sign to demonstrate that doubters deject or lose their feeling of individuality and
objective. He stresses that the consequences of Christian absolutism are more probable to be
outrageous than are those of a material ethic that integrates a ... Show more content on
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One of the merits of Kant is that he separated the questions of the existence of God, the soul,
freedom – issues of theoretical reason – from the question of practical reason: what should I do?
Practical philosophy of Kant has had a huge impact on the next generations of philosophers.
Current research of Kantian ethics is an attempt to give new ways of rethinking and new approaches
for Reconstruction of critical ethics. Critical Kantian ethics as its starting point is the recognition of
the practice, which is embodied with rational human behaviour. Just as theoretical philosophy
clarifies the question of the possibility of truth and scientific knowledge, all practical philosophy is
devoted to human practice, and consideration of the ratio of real freedom and the moral law is one
of the major problems of understanding the Kantian practical philosophy. According to Kant, the
unity of the critical philosophy with Kant's moral philosophy should be found in the fundamental
situation of human in the world and his understanding of the unity of knowledge and to push the
boundaries of behaviour. Indeed, the moral behaviour requires not only awareness of the obligation,
but also a practical accomplishment.
The only thing that was originally destined to a human is his pursuit of happiness; the most
fundamental needs and interests of the people ultimately boil down to achieve bliss. But even if this
fundamental nature of human can be distinguished from available human

Conflict at Work
Definition of Conflict
"Interpersonal Conflict occurs between two or more persons when attitudes, motives, values,
expectations or activities are incompatible and if those people perceive themselves to be in
disagreement" (John Hunt, 1982)
Conflict Theory
Conflict theory talks about why people think and act the way they do and what conditions and
causes influence a certain response in human behaviour. While there have been many different
views on conflict theory and it has taken a multitude of different forms, it often seems that the
Marxian theory is the one that represents the predominant example of conflict theory in sociological
literature.
The Marxist theory of conflict argues that there is a huge difference between social ... Show more
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Competing * No change to my position * Clearly communicate my position * Most radical view is
mine * Threats * "I know best" * Order | Collaborating * Work Together * Mutuality * Identify
areas of disagreement * Find common Grounds * Jointly explore * Declare each other´s positions *
Jointly problem solve | Compromising * Quick solution * Give and take * Find acceptable some
way point * At what point will you be satisfied?· * At least both of us gets something | Avoiding *
No wish for responsibility * Leave it till later * Not my problem * Cannot discuss this * Will not
discuss this * Do not want to see your point | Accommodating * Give away * Concede * Agree with
the others * Accept what you say * Non–threatening * Charming * From me to you * Work on your
preferred outcomes | |
Figure 1. Conflict handling skills: five modes (Adapted from Thomas, K.W. and Kilmann, R.H.,
1974, Working in Organisations, Kakabadse, Bank & Vinnicombe, 2005)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conflict
As conflict is created under disagreement and often disputation, it is natural to have negative impact.
When people engage in misplaced competitive behavior, then the conflict comes and both the
organization and individuals suffer. The difficulty of facing a conflict is that it can often be
destructive and feels acutely uncomfortable to the

Sigmund Freud in The Century of the Self Documentary by...
False consciousness refers to the manner in which material, political and recognized practices in
entrepreneurial culture deceive the public. False consciousness is resulting from the Marxist belief
which recognizes a state of mind of a person or an assembly of individuals who don't comprehend
their class interests. A number of people who are academically affiliated with the Marxist practice
trace the notions' foundation to a philosophy initially established by Marx, well–known as
commodity fetishism. Commodity fetishism is the notion that societies place a worth on
merchandises separately from those they intrinsically have. For instance, a diamond, as soon as it
grew into a commodity, is not merely a rock with the properties of a rock ... Show more content on
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By connecting mass produced merchandises to the unconscious desires of the community, Barnays
learnt that people could be persuaded to want things they did not need. Bernays investigated and
applied methods of mass–consumer influence, by means of any way to attain the profit objective of
companies and his desires. It was Bernays who established the first public relations firm and devised
the term "engineering consent". It refers to the how our notions about human nature have
transformed and how the expansion of psychology has permitted social associations to practice these
concepts and to exercise further influence over the general public. Barnays was also sure that the
concept of venerating consumer merchandise would prove beneficial if used in government schemes
for the support and governing of the multitude. He recommended using reversed psychology to set
free the illogical being of the individual, and by pleasing their irrational innermost wishes,
individuals may perhaps be made content and passive. By businesses creating huge quantities of
consumer–goods, the behavior of their consumers came to be primeval and instinctive. Barnays had
accomplished the demonstrative effects between merchandises and individuals and consumer
influence.
A German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher advanced a theory which a future philosopher,
Wilhelm Dilthy, called the Hermeneutic circle. The theory involved the impression that in order to
comprehend the entirety of a

Jean Paul Sartre Research Paper
Jean Paul Sartre
Pioneering intellectual and proponent of existentialism whose cause was left winged in France and
other countries
French novelist, professor, playwright, philosopher and proponent of existentialism.
Biography
Born on June 21, 1905 Paris, France
Father died when he was an infant and was brought to his mom's parents' house to be raised
In his autobiography Les Mots (Words;1963) , he describes the difficulty for he and his mother to be
accepted as they went from group to group in the park.
. exclusion prompted him to write about how society had rejected him and his desire to build one to
his own likings.
Graduated from the prestigious École Normale Supérierure with a doctorate in philosophy.
Until he was drafted into the war, he was a school professor ... Show more content on
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Sartre was conscripted into the French army in 1939 where he was a meteorologist. He would be
captured as a POW for 9 months by Nazis in 1940 and released in 1941.
After the war, Sartre participated in an underground group called Socialisme et Liberté with fellow
writers, but this quickly fell apart. Instead, he decided to focus on writing.
He published Being and Nothingness, The Files and No Exit, the works that throw him into fame.
He also wrote about Semitism, with experience from the war, he published Anti–Semite and Jew, an
attempt to analyze the concept of hatred towards Jews.
After the war, he also became politically active, by engaging in different roles.
He opposed French rule in Algeria
Welcomed Marxism and went to Cuba to visit Fidel Castro and Che

Summary Of The American Pageant By Howard Zinn
After reading a chapter of The American Pageant by David Kennedy, and a chapter of A People's
History of the United States by Howard Zinn, both discuss the beginning of the revolution in the
colonies. Zinn approaches the information with great detail and analysis of the colonial revolution.
Kennedy does not succeed in this, he often contradicts himself, and lacks detail and analysis. Zinn
does a terrific job of giving analysis and detail into the positive and negative effects of the
Revolution. Zinn has the greater chapter, detailing the beginning of the revolution. Zinn's chapter
gives a detailed view of the beginning of the revolution, through the struggle to begin the revolution,
explaining "no taxation without representation", and the struggle between rich and poor. Kennedy
and Zinn cover the struggle to begin the revolution. However, Zinn goes into much greater detail, he
says, "But as the conflict with Britain intensified, the colonial leaders of the movement for
independence, aware of the tendency of poor tenants to side with the British in their anger against
the rich, adopted policies to win over people in the countryside" (Zinn 63). Zinn exemplifies the
way the colonial leaders persuaded the farmers to join the revolution. Zinn gives a more detailed
view of what it took to put together a militia against the British. Kennedy says, "In a broad sense,
America was a revolutionary force form the day of its discovery by Europeans" (Kennedy, 113).
Kennedy claims

Essay on Philosophy’s Prejudice Towards Religion
Philosophy's Prejudice Towards Religion
ABSTRACT: Religion acquired a bad press in philosophical modernity after a rivalry developed
between philosophy and theology, originating in philosophy's adopting the role of our culture's
superjudge in all of morality and knowledge, and in faith's coming to be seen as belief, that is, as
assent to propositional content. Religion, no longer trust in the face of mystery, became a belief
system. Reason as judge of propositional belief set up religion's decline. But spirituality is on the
rise, and favors trust over reason. Philosophy could make space for the spiritual by acknowledging a
difference between belief as propositional assent and religious faith as trust, a distinction lost with
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conceived as a rival of philosophy, in providing some coherent account of things religion lost
respect. Kai Nielsen is a well–known representative of this line in his thought.
I doubt whether philosophy would have dismissed religion if a rivalry between philosophy and
theology had not developed. There certainly was no need for it to develop. Philosophy, as a
rationally coherent account of how things, generally speaking, hang together, would not need to see
a rival in stories and rituals in which people tell of and nurture their trust in our origin and destiny,
search for healing in our pain and sickness, hope to be comforted in death and disaster, and find
wisdom in the face of evil. Philosophy, as an endeavor in which rational argument brings us to broad
conclusions intended to contribute to our power and control in the world, need not be in conflict
with religion in which prophetic wisdom attempts to comfort and direct us in relation to realities
over which we will never have much rational power or control. Philosophy develops the broadest
possible framework of conceptual understanding. Religion fosters attitudes towards things not
understood that way at all.
Nevertheless, rivalry came about when philosophy came to be regarded as what has been called our
culture's superjudge, adjudicator of all claims to knowledge or morality. In this way philosophy
came to adopt some traditional functions of religion, of priests and prophets. In addition,

Marxism And The Power Of The Media
The mass media is an extremely integral part of society as it consumes and influences our everyday
lives, whether we are conscious of it or not. Whether it is through the Internet, television,
newspapers, advertisements or the radio, we are constantly bombarded by mass media. As Burton
observes, the main power of the media lies in the fact that it can shape what we know about the
world and can be a main source of ideas and opinions (2002:2). As the media continues to compel
such power over socialisation, many researchers have set out to perceive the power of the mass
media (Curran, Gurevitch, Woollacott 2006:1). This essay will discuss these theories, namely the
liberal–pluralist and Marxist approaches as well as the role of media in ... Show more content on
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Lastly, the Marxists were concerned about the effects that the mass media had on the audience.
Media's influence can be evaluated from an essentially ideological standpoint; it propounds the view
that the media can be compared to a "hypodermic needle", because it has the power to 'inject' a
repressive ideology directly into the consciousness of the masses (Morley, 1980:1). However,
ironically, Marxist and critical commentators have also argued that the mass media play a strategic
role in reinforcing dominant social norms and values that legitimise the social system. (Curran ,etal,
2006:14). Marcuse suggested that we greatly overrate the indoctrinating power of the media. For
instance, voting, some Marxists claim that media portrayals of elections constitute dramatized rituals
that legitimise the power structure in liberal democracies, voting is seen as an ideology that helps to
sustain the myth of representative democracy, political equality and collective self determination
(Curran,etal, 2006:14). However, pioneering studies into the effects of the media on voting
behaviour by McQuail (1961) concluded that the media had only a marginal influence in changing
the way in which people voted.
In contrast to the Marxists, who saw the

Erich Fromm
Erich Fromm in his novel To Have Or To Be argues that there are two forms of existence: having
and becoming. He believes that modern society is dominated by the "to have" mode, which is as a
soul–less and selfish pursuit of material possessions. He also argues that neither capitalism nor
communism offer a way out of society's obsession with having because both economic systems have
a materialistic foundation. Therefore, Fromm attempted to synthesize capitalism and Marxist
humanism to form a society based on becoming. Fromm defined becoming as "the mode of
existence in which one neither has anything nor craves to have something, but is joyous, employs
one's faculties productively, is oned to the world" (16). The main difference between being ... Show
In the poem Tennyson describes the reaction he had toward a flower he saw while taking a walk.
Instead of merely enjoying its beauty he wanted to have the flower and thus he plucked it. Tennyson,
even though he gained spiritual insight, ultimately killed the flower because of his interest in it.
Fromm's thesis is that society in its having mode of existence destroys the natural world in its
pursuit for knowledge and truth (plucking the flower). For example, scientists dismember natural
systems to understand their function and origin. Scientists may gain knowledge, but at the price of
killing or damaging the system they were observing. Overconsumption and pollution will always be
a problem for as long as mankind view the natural world as something to have or to own. An
antithesis to Fromm's assertion is that interfering with the natural world does not harm it (or
plucking the flower will not kill it). God created the world for mankind thus mankind can do with it
as they please. I offer a synthesis of both philosophies by suggesting that a passive appreciation of
nature is good and is needed, but manipulating nature is also needed for scientific advancement.
However, science must not be in the having mode, but rather it must be humble to avoid
overconsumption and eventual catastrophe. The purpose of science is to learn and to become better
citizens of the world (or to become one with the world). However,

Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the...
Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities (1)
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses how higher education can help us in accomplishing our
humanization. It looks at the critical educational theory of Herbert Marcuse, and examines his
notion of the dis–alienating power of the aesthetic imagination. In his view, aesthetic education can
become the foundation of a re–humanizing critical theory. I question the epistemological
underpinnings of Marcuse's educational philosophy and suggest an alternative intellectual
framework for interpreting and releasing the emancipatory power of education. "Truth is ugly. We
possess art lest we perish of the truth."
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power #822
What is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper, I want to examine critically some of the problematic implications of Herbert Marcuse's
philosophy in particular for an emancipatory theory of education.
Marcuse's continuing appeal stems especially from his work on the problems of knowledge and the
political implications of education, particularly his critique of the prevailing mode of schooling in
the United States as education to alienationand to single–dimensionality. It also arises from his
emphasis on the emancipatory and dis–alienating potential of artand the humanities. It must be
admitted from the start that Marcuse's analysis is unusually absorbing. Even those who strongly
disagree with certain of his formulations, as I do, will find in him sources of immense insight into
philosophical traditions largely eclipsed in the usual forms of U.S. higher education.
Marcuse philosophizes about education under conditions of oppression and alienation, and this
concern and activity has been central to his entire intellectual effort. His work communicates the
vibrancy of his German intellectual sources and an appreciation for much of the real stress and
tension in our lives, which, as he finds, are continually torn in the conflicts between sensuousness
and reason, longing and gratification. The essential connection of education to the attainment of the
social potential of the human race is an integral part of his general theoretical discourse. Marcuse's
final book, The

Criticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald...
Criticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald
In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates an artificial world where money is the object of everyone's
desire. The characters, the setting, and the plot are very deeply submerged in a Capitalism that ends
up destroying many of them. Fitzgerald's criticism of Capitalism can be seen as a move to subtly
promote Socialism, an ideology in which value is placed on the inherent value of an object rather
than its market value. In a late collection of notes, Fitzgerald himself proclaims that he is
"essentially Marxist." [i] Marxism is a specific branch of Socialist theory. Fitzgerald makes Gatsby a
novel that is not inherently Marxist or even Socialist, but one that is ... Show more content on
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This is a Capitalist ideal; because the characters have this value and they are corrupt, Fitzgerald is
criticizing Capitalism as a system through its values.
This class division is painfully apparent throughout the novel. In chapter five, some of the people at
Gatsby's party are singing a popular tune of the 1920's, which includes the lyrics: "the rich are
getting richer/and the poor are getting children/ain't we got fun?" (101). The flippancy of the lyrics
implies a general attitude of the upper classes toward the lower class. Later in the novel, Gatsby
describes a young Daisy, who appears "gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles
of the poor" (157). This sentence captures the main argument of Marx's The Communist Manifesto.
In the Manifesto, he describes the constant conflict between classes, but says that the real struggle is
on the part of the lower class. In this book, the upper class is portrayed as being extremely artificial
and corrupt. The reason that Gatsby works so hard to become a member of the upper class is to
impress a girl who he places a market value on – and he becomes a member of that class through
illegalities. When Gatsby buys his house to impress Daisy, he is not simply purchasing property; he
"thinks he is buying a dream." [ii]
At one point in the novel, Nick says that "human sympathy has its limits" (143). Even the narrator of
the story, who has less

Marxism As A Conflict Theory
"Marxism is a conflict theory based on the idea that society is in conflict with each other; the
conflict is between the rich and the poor" ("A Brief Introduction to Marxism"). The basic tenets of
Marx's theory rest on the conflict between the different classes of society of which, Marx states that
"the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: i.e.,the class which is the ruling
material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the
means for material production at its disposal have control at the same time over the means of
material production, so that ...generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental
and [material] production are subject to it" (Marx ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tenets of Marxism as defined by Marx and Althusser provide a unique lens through which the
reader can view Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Conrad's novella portrays the historical era of
Imperialism, when European countries, Great Britain included, were laying claim to parts of the
African continent for its riches in natural resources. The idea that "Imperialism was the highest stage
of capitalism", expressed by Vladimir Lenin, a proponent of Marxism, adds an important layer to a
study of the novella using Marxist theory (Marxism: Essential Writings).
A look at one small scene from Section III of the novel, in which the young Russian speaks about
Kurtz to Marlowe, blatantly illustrates the treatment of the workforce by the ruling class:
He had, as he informed me proudly, managed to nurse Kurtz through two illnesses (he alluded to it
as you would to some risky feat), but as a rule Kurtz wandered alone, far in the depths of the forest.
'Very often coming to this station, I had to wait days and days before he would turn up, ' he said.
'Ah, it was worth waiting for!––sometimes. ' 'What was he doing? exploring or what? ' I asked. 'Oh
yes, of course; ' he had discovered lots of villages, a lake too––he did not know exactly in what
direction; it was dangerous to inquire too much––but mostly his expeditions had been for ivory. 'But
he

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Existentialism
Dallas Roark said that existentialism was the most difficult of all the philosophical movements to
define (Pecorino, 2000). Herein there will be an examination of the beliefs that existentialists hold
as their own per my understanding.
Strengths and beliefs of existentialism
Existentialists as all philosophies examine the big questions in life, called the Human condition by
many; existentialists ask questions, about why we are here, what is our purposes and how shall I live
my life (Introduction to Existentialism, 2012)? One of the main strengths about existentialism is
how they reject movements, thinking or philosophies that are all encompassing and have beliefs that
everyone should behave, act or surmise their views on life in the same manner, these are contrary to
the existentialists views, especially these issues pertaining to the human condition. One such
example is Christianity, because Christianity gives everyone the same options, existentialists reject
these beliefs. Therefore existentialism postulates a more individualized approach and believes that
everyone should determine what is morally right for themselves rather than follow a one size fits all
approach. I think we all have a right to decide our own path regardless of what others try to teach as
being the truth and we all should find the truth for ourselves. Consequently, most existentialists
believe that each of us should instead face these problems on our own, primarily to develop strength
of character,

The Question of Socrates' Obedience
The Question of Socrates' Obedience, Supported by Confucius
Introduction
Is it right to act in one's own best interest, or to obey the state? In other words, was Socrates right to
obey the orders of the state of Athens to take poison, or should he have acted to preserve his own
life by choosing exile or escaping?
In The Trial and Death of Socrates, the question is posed to the philosopher whether it is right to act
in one's own best interest or to obey the State. Crito argues that the State's punishment of Socrates is
unjust, but Socrates argues rather that authority comes from God and that to flee the State's decision
would be like fleeing God, which would neither be good nor in one's best interest. According to the
teaching of Confucius, Socrates would have been following the principle of "Jên," which can be
translated to mean "goodness." This paper will show why Socrates was right to obey the State and
drink the poison; it will also show how the teaching of Confucius on goodness supports this decision
and how Confucius' teachings, on account of their appeal to Goodness, are suppressed in a system of
tyranny, where Goodness is essentially outlawed.
Goodness according to Confucius and Socrates Arthur Waley (1989) writes that "Jên," in Confucius'
Analects, "means 'good' in an extremely wide and general sense" (p. 28). Goodness, moreover, is
understood as "complete submission" to authority either in rule or in ritual. An important distinction
of "the Good," is that

The Chimney Sweeper And William Blake's Songs Of...
William Blake's poem "The Chimney Sweeper" of Songs of Innocence draws a crude image of late
18th and early 19th century where children labors helplessly surrender themselves at the feet of
capitalists. This paper aspires to analyze "The Chimney Sweeper" from Althusserian view of
Interpellation as we see, different chimney sweepers, forgetting their own identity and pleasure,
conform to the rules and norms manipulated by their master. In the midst of flourishing
industrialization of late 18th century, workers really became material of production and in this way
they were incorporated into institution. This paper looks into the chimney sweepers through the
spectacles of Interpellation. In "The Chimney Sweeper", the course of Ideological State ... Show
In "The Chimney Sweeper", the little chimney sweeps become tools in the process of production.
According to Louis Althusser, "all ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals into concrete
subjects". Interpellation is a kind of 'misrecognition'. It can be counted as "recruitment" as it asks to
join a man into a position of subject. From Althusser's view, the state employs Ideological Apparatus
to reproduce ideology through practices and production. He presents his main concepts regarding
condition of production, theory of state and role of individual in an essay named "Ideology and
Ideological State Apparatus", where he mentions Repressive State Apparatus functions through
violence and force to subdue an individual on the other hand Ideological State Apparatus uses the
institutions of religion, ethics, and politics. As the production processes continue, the chimney
sweeps become lifeless objects for the sake of production and

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