zcfgfhf

1. UNIT2 -
PROTEIN

2. Objectives
 IntroductiontoProtein Nutrient
 Attributesof Protein
 Classificationof Protein
 Sourceof Protein
 Functionsof Protein
 RDAfor Protein
 Ex
cessandDeficiencyof proteins

3. Protein
After water
, protein is the most plentiful
substance in the body. Proteins grow,
maintain, and replace the tissues in our
bodies. Therefore our muscles, organs, and
immune systemsaremostly made of protein.
Once protein is digested it is broken down
into itsaminoacid.
Y
ou'll find protein in lots of yummy foods like
eggs,nuts,beans,fish,meat,and milk.

4. PROTEIN
 ItisanorganiccompoundcontainC,H,O,N,S
 Proteinisthe50%dry weightof cells (total
cellweight= 70%of water+ 30%ofprotein
 Proteinismadeup of amino acids
 Thereare20aminoacidsin our body.Out of
20amino acids9 areessentialthat need to take
everyday from food and 11 are non essential
thatbody canmakethemselves

5. ATTRIBUTES OF PROTEIN
1)Proteinisalong chain-likemoleculethatismadeup of smallunitsknown as
aminoacids,joinedtogetherbypeptidebonds.
2)Theword protein isderived from the Greekword 'proteios' whichmeans "primary"
or "inthelead".
3)Like carbohydrates and fats, proteins are considered a major nutrient for the body
dueto theenergy(calories)theyprovide.
4)Protein is essential for life, it is crucial to all cells in the body playing a key role as
enzymesin acell.Afterwater
,proteinisthemostplentifulsubstancein the body.
5)Proteins grow
, maintain, and replace the tissues in our bodies. Therefore our
muscles,organs,andimmunesystemsaremostlymadeofprotein.
6)Once protein isdigested it isbroken down into its amino acids. These amino acids
can then be reused to make the proteins your body needs to maintain muscles,
bones,blood, andbodyorgans.
7)There areover 20 slightly differing amino acids.Our bodies canproduce around 13
of these, but there are 9 amino acids that our body cannot make itself. These are
called essential amino acids and we obtain these by eating certain protein-rich
foods.

6. ATTRIBUTES OF PROTEIN
8 Complete protein that has all amino acids including essential ones are meat,
poultry, fish,dairy products,eggs, and soy
.Incomplete protein sources include
nuts, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Therefore it is important for vegetarians to
pairmealswiselyin ordertogetallessentialaminoacidsin theirdailydiet.
9 Keratinisatypeof proteinthatour hair,nailsandouterskinismade off.
10 Taking on too much protein can be dangerous to the body, it is a strain on the
liverandkidneyscausingthemto workextrahardto getrid of theextra protein.
11 Liketheotherenergysources,carbohydratesandfat,too muchprotein can
alsoleadto weightgain.
12 The protein contained in eggs is considered to be the highest quality protein
out of all foods.
13 Insects actually contain quite high levels of protein, more than some normal
protein foods.
14 Proteinsinsomefood cancauseallergiesasthestructureof aproteincan cause
a reaction in the immune system. A lot of people are allergic to gluten for
example,whichisaproteinin wheatandgrains.

9. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROTEIN
PROTEINCANBECLASSIFIEDBY
:
 Structure
 Biological Function
Composition

10. Structures of Protein

11. Biological Function of protein
Proteins depending upon their physical and chemical structure and
location inside the cell, they perform various functions. Proteins are
grouped asfollows,basedon theirmetabolicfunctiontheyperform
1. Enzymic Proteins- They are the most varied & highly specialized
proteinswithcatalyticactivity
.Enzymescatalyzeavarietyof reactions
2. Structural Proteins- These proteins aid in strengthening or
protectingbiologicalstructures.Example:KERATIN
3. Transport or Carrier Proteins- Theseproteinshelpin transport of
ionsor moleculesin thebody.Example:Hemoglobin
4. Nutrient and Storage Proteins - Theseproteinsprovidenutrition to
growingembryosandstoreions
5. Contractile or Motile Proteins- Theseproteinsfunctionin theco
ntractilesystem.Example:Actin
6. Defense Proteins- Theseproteinsdefendagainstotherorganisms.
Example: Antibodies
7. Regulatory Proteins- Theyregulatecellularor metabolicactivities.
Example:Hormones:- Insulin
8. Toxic Proteins - Theseproteinshydrolyzeor degradeenzymes.Exa
mple:snakevenom

13. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROTEIN
COMPOSITION
1. SIMPLE PROTEINS- arethosewhich on hydrolysisyield only
amino acids and no other major organic or inorganic
hydrolysisproducts.
They usually contain about 50% carbon,7% hydrogen, 2%
oxygen,16%nitrogenand0–3%sulphur.
o Example: -Egg (albumin) -Serum (globulins) –Wheat (Glu
telin)-Rice(Coryzenin)
2. CONJUGATED PROTEINS- are those which on hydrolysis
yield not only amino acids but also organic or inorganic c
omponents. The non-amino acid part of a conjugated pr
oteiniscalledprosthetic group.

14. SOURCE OF PROTEIN

15. 1. Growth and Maintenance- Y
ourbody needsprotein for growthandmaintenanc of
tissues.
2. Causes Biochemical Reactions- Bodilyfunctionsthatdependon protein enzyme
include:Digestion,Energyproduction, Bloodclotting,Muscle contraction
3. Acts as a Messenger- Amino acid chains of various lengths form protein
and peptides, which make up several of your body’s
hormones and transmi information between your cells,tissuesand
organs.
4. Provides Structure- Aclassof proteinsknownasfibrousproteinsprovide variou
partsof yourbody withstructure,strengthandelasticity
.
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

16. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
5. Maintains Proper ph.- Proteins act as a buffer system,
helping your body maintain proper pH values of the
blood andotherbodilyfluids.
6. Balances Fluids- Proteins in your blood maintain the
fluid balance between your blood and the surroundin g
tissues.
7. Strength Immune Health- Proteins form antibodies to
protect your body from foreign invaders, such as
disease-causingbacteriaandviruses.
8. Transports and Stores Nutrients- Some proteins trans
port nutrientsthroughout your entirebody, while others
storethem.
9. Provides Energy- Protein can serve as a valuable
energy source but only in situations of fasting,
exhaustiveexerciseor inadequatecalorieintake.

17. RDA OF PROTEIN
The DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) is 0.8 grams
of protein per kilogram of body weight, or 0.36
gramsper pound. Thisamountsto: 56grams per
dayfor theaveragesedentaryman.46 gramsper
dayfor theaveragesedentary woman.

18. DEFICIENCY & EXCESS OF PROTEIN
Protein-deficiency symptoms are always observed
when eitherproteinor energyisdeficient
Extremefood energydeficiencyismarasmus
Extremeprotein deficiencyiskwashiorkor
Thetwodiseasesoverlapmostof thetimeand together
arecalledPEM
widespread malnutrition problem. It includes
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)– World’s most
both
marasmusandkwashiorkorandstatesof overlap
Hunger– Physiological c
raving for food–
Progressive discomfort, illness,andpainresultingfromthe
lackof food

19. DEFICIENCY & EXCESS OF PROTEIN
Overconsumption of protein-rich foods can make Possib
le health risks such as:
Heart disease
Homocysteine
Kidney disease
Adult bone loss
Cancer

20. Quiz Time
Q. Men need more protein than women
 TRUE
F
ALSE
Q. How many of your calories should come from protein?
 10%to 35%
 5%to 15%
 35% to 50%
 50% to 60%
Q. Why do we need protein?
a. For energy
b. T
obuild cells
c. T
orepairbonesandmuscles
d. Allof the above
Q. Our bodies are good at storing protein to use later.
TRUE
F
ALSE

21. Home Assignment
Q. Prepare the chart that includes rich source of protein veg. &
non veg. food both
Write 5 major functions of protein in our body Classify
protein on the basis of structure composition,
biological function?
Write daily requirement of protein for average age male
and women?
Q.
Q.
Q.