How Concentration Affects The Rate Of Reaction Between...

How concentration affects the rate of reaction between...
How concentration affects the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate
Chemistry Coursework
How Concentration Affects a Reaction
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to find out how concentration affects the rate of reaction between
Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium
Thiosulphate.
Introduction:
This experiment will be carried out by drawing a cross on a piece of paper and mixing hydrochloric
acid and sodium thiosulphate together to see if the cross disappears. The concentration of
hydrochloric acid would change every reaction to show that concentration effects a reaction. The
time in which the cross took to disappear would be recorded as well as the temperature at the start
and end of the reaction, the concentration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sunlight could affect the speed therefore the experiment will take place in the shade, so that
temperature shouldn't change the reaction speed, we will check by using a thermometer. Also the
same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate will be mixed each time so that the
concentration changes will affect the same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate.
The concentration of the hydrochloric acid will be changing each time to test if it speeds up a
reaction. The speed for the light intensity to drop by 10% will be measured after each attempt so that
the affects of concentration changes can be recorded. Each concentration will be tested three times
and an average will be worked out, to see if there were any anomalies within the experiment. If one
result is out of line with the others then that will be easily identified using graphs and tables. The
concentration has been picked so that there is a range from 0.25M to 2M, at intervals of 0.5M, 1M,
1.25M and 1.5M.
Prediction:
I predict that the higher the concentration the faster the reaction will take place meaning the light
intensity will drop by 10%. This is because the more concentrated the hydrochloric acid is the more

particles there are to collide, therefore more effective collisions to break old bonds and make new
bonds. 0.25M concentration would be the slowest reaction and 2M would be the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Using Hydrochloric Acid To Dissolve The Chicken Bone
When acids are dissolved in water, they dissociate into H+ ions (protons) and their constituent
anions. The reason acids are good at dissolving matter is because these protons react with the matter
and decompose it into smaller pieces (Franzen 2001). Strong acids are especially good at yielding
protons in solution– as they dissociate at a rate of about 100%– but there are only 6 of them, so I
chose one of them. I chose to use hydrochloric acid to dissolve the chicken bone because it is a
common element in the chemical digestion of animals (2016). Existing in the body, it is more likely
(although still unlikely) to come in contact with bone, and thus, is a good choice to use as a model.
Even though I can't study the material components of the

An Investigation Into the Factors Affecting the Rate of...
An Investigation into the Factors Affecting the Rate of the Reaction between Calcium Carbonate
and Hydrochloric Acid
A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms are redistributed, resulting in
a change in the molecular composition of substances. The reaction rate is how quickly a reaction
occurs and this can be affected by four different factors:
¡¤ changing the surface area of any solids involved
¡¤ changing the concentration of reactants in solution
¡¤ changing the temperature at which it is carried out
¡¤ the use of a catalyst
I am going to investigate into exactly how one of these variables affects the reaction rate and I
believe the most suitable variable to change is the concentration of the solution as all ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to make my experiment safe I will wear goggles and an overall when I handle the acid as it
is corrosive and if any came in contact with my skin during the experiment I would wash it off
immediately. As I described above, my experiments will be fair as it will be performed under the
same conditions, with hopefully only the concentration of acid being altered for each experiment.
The equipment should be set up as shown in the diagram below:
The small marble chip will be placed in the conical flask first and then the hydrochloric acid will be
poured into the flask and as soon as all the acid is in I will start the stop clock and put the bung on
the flask. I will then watch the pencilled cross from and above and stop the clock at the exact
moment that I can no longer see the circle. I will record this time in my results table and then set up
the experiment for the next measurement.
Modifications following preliminary experiment
For my trial experiment, I placed one small marble chip in 50cm©ø of 1 molar hydrochloric acid
and timed how long it took before a pencilled cross was no longer visible under a conical flask
containing 10cm©ø of limewater. Although the limewater began to turn cloudy eventually, it took
more than 10 minutes to do so and I believe there were a few reasons for this.

Chemistry Of Hydrochloric Acid And Ammonium Hydroxide
During part A of the experiment, the solution and LabQuest was prepared. The 300 ML solution of
HCL solution was prepared through the addition of 200 ML of deionized water and
100 ML of 6 M HCL. This solution was labeled "2 M HCL". The solution was stirred with a glass
stirring rod. Next, a 150 ML of 3 M NaOH was prepared through the addition of 50 ML of deionized
water and 100 ML OF 3 m NaOH solution. This was labelled "2 M NaOH". The solution was stirred
with a glass stirring rod. It was important to remember that diluting the solutions would produce
heat and to use the solutions in reactions 1–5, it was important that the solutions cooled down to
room temperature. For the next part of the experiment, the LabQuest needed to be set up. The
LabQuest was plugged in and turned on, then the temperature probe was attached to channel one.
The graph was then set up through clicking "Sensor View" and changing the "Time Based" data and
interval. The interval was changed to 15 seconds and the derived settings were saved. During part B
of the experiment, the reaction of Hydrochloric Acid and Ammonium hydroxide were conducted.
During reaction 1, Hydrochloric acid was combined with
Ammonium Hydroxide. To do this, two Styrofoam cups were stacked together and placed into a
beaker. 50 ml of the "2 M HCL" solution prepared in step 1 was added to the Styrofoam cup.
The Styrofoam cup was then covered with a plastic lid and the temperature probe was inserted into
the solution, making sure

How Does The Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid Affect The...
Aim:
To investigate how concentration affects the volume of gas that is produced after one minute.
Background Information:
In this experiment hydrochloric acid is reacting with magnesium to form magnesium chloride and
hydrogen, and the chemical equation goes as follows:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Particles must collide with each other at a certain activation energy in order for a chemical reaction
to take place. Reducing the concentration reduces the amount of particles, which in turn reduces the
probability of particles colliding with enough activation energy thus reducing the rate of reaction.
Hypothesis:
I predict that the rate of reaction will increase as the concentration increases. This is due to the fact
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was clear to see as the amount of gas produced after one minute with the hydrochloric acid of
0.5 molars was 6.5ml, while the hydrochloric acid with 2M produced 68ml of gas after one minute.
The results that I got agree with my hypothesis because I predicted that the higher the concentration
the faster the rate of reaction would be, and the results I got show that more gas was produced at
each given time interval as the concentration increased. THis is due to the fact that as the
concentration increases, the number of particles increases. Therefore, resulting in a higher chance of
successful collision which in turn increases the rate of

The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Reaction With...
Title: The Effect Temperature of Sodium Thiosulfate Has On The Rate of Reaction with
Hydrochloric Acid
Statement of Inquiry: What is the effect of changing a factor on the rate of chemical reaction?
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to observe how by increasing the temperature of sodium
thiosulfate in a solution with 2.0 molar Hydrochloric acid can affect the rate of reaction and the rate
in which a precipitate is formed.
Hypothesis: If the temperature of the sodium thiosulfate is increased, then the time it takes the
precipitate to form will decrease therefore leading to the rate of reaction to increase as well. This can
be explained as the temperature increases, the particles in the molecule will be moving more rapidly
and hence as they move quicker, they will be colliding with other particles more frequently and with
more energy. This energy will likely overcome the activation energy barrier and break the initial
bonds and therefore produce a successful reaction and due to the increase in frequency of collisions,
the time it takes the precipitate to form will decrease and since the product/precipitate is produced
faster, therefore the rate of reaction will increase.
Balanced chemical equation of what will happen:
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + S + H2O+ SO2
Word Equation: sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid = sodium chloride (salt) + sulphur + water
+ sulphur dioxide
Independent Variables:
❖ Increase in temperature of sodium thiosulfate
1) 40 degrees
2) 50

Different Molarities Of Hydrochloric Acid On Marble
The Analyzation of the Different Molarities of Hydrochloric Acid on Marble
Authors
Shimi, Jamilah.
Introduction
The rate of a reaction is the speed at which the chemical reaction is taking place (Merriam–
Webster). There are many factors that can affect the rate of a reaction, such as adding heat to speed
up the reaction rate, removing heat to slow it down, change in concentration, and the particle size. A
reversible reaction is a reaction in which reactants form products. This theory was initially
introduced by French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet in 1803 (Encyclopedia Britannica). If a
reaction is in equilibrium, then it is making products and reactants at the same time. Le Chatlier's
Principle can be used to determine the effect of changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was evident through the results that the 6M hydrochloric acid had the fastest reaction rate
compared to the 3M and the 1M. When conducting this experiment there are many factors that will
impinge on the outcome. For example, the type of rock being used and the amount of acid , and the
acid concentration can change the outcome. Ways the experiment can be furthered are using an acid
that is different than hydrochloric acid, different concentrations other than 1M, 3M, and 6M, and
testing different types of marble and

Comparing Magnesium, Sulfate And Hydrochloric Acid
As seen if Figure 1, the most reactive metal was Iron and the least reactive meatal was Copper. As
seen in Table 1, Iron, which was the most reactive metal, reacted with water, hydrochloric acid,
Copper (II) Sulfate, and Magnesium Chloride. The second most reactive metal was Zinc, which
reacted with hydrochloric acid, Copper (II) Sulfate, and Magnesium Chloride. The third most
reactive metal was Magnesium, which reacted with Hydrochloric Acid and Copper (II) Sulfate. The
least reactive metal was Copper, which reacted with Hydrochloric acid and Zinc Sulfate. However,
after comparing the results of the experiment to the published activity series, the results of the two
were very different. The activity series of this experiment was Iron, Zinc,

Hydrochloric Acid Concentration
The Effect of Concentration on the Reaction Time of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate
Introduction The speed if which a chemical reaction occurs is known as the reaction rate. When
chemical reactions occur they can either happen at a slow or fast rate depending on the chemicals.
The concentration of the chemicals has the largest effect on the rate of reaction. Concentration,
which is usually measured in mass volume per unit is referred to as the ratio of a substance. Sulphur
is produced when Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphuric react to each other. In todays
society, the rate of reaction is relevant and needs to be taken into consideration because if the
reaction time is too long it may be impractical because today the world is considered ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Materials Hydrochloric acid (1.0 M) Sodium Thiosulfate (1.0 M or 0.1M) 50 mL and 25 mL
measuring cylinder 100 mL Flask 2 x 100mL beakers Teat pipette Stop watch White tile Black
marking pen/texta Method 1. On the white tile use the black texta to draw a cross 2. Measure 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid into the flask. 3. Carefully pour 40ml of sodium thiosulfate into the flask,
gently swirl and start the stopwatch. 4. Place the flask on the white tile over the cross. 5. When the
cross disappears stop the timer. Safety Ensure that lab coats and safety goggles are worn at all times
when the experiment is being conducting as the acids are extremely toxic to the skin. If the come in
contact with skin, ensure that the area of skin effected is washed thoroughly under water then go and
see a school nurse. Results The effect of Concentration on the Reaction Time (Seconds) of
Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulfate Concentration Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average 1 4.52 4.25
5.02 4.61 0.25 56.90 59.34 60.22 58.82 0.1 28.25 25.90 23.22

The Formula Of Zinc And Hydrochloric Acid
In this lab, we balanced the equation xZn(s) + yHCl(aq) → ZnxCly (s) + y/2H2(g) by the
information obtained from the lab. When zinc and hydrochloric acid are mixed together, the reaction
took place in an evaporating dish that was accompanied by hydrogen gas. Then we measured out the
mass of zinc and chlorine in the reaction and calculated the empirical formula of zinc chloride which
was ZnCl8. Based on the conservation of mass, we balanced the equation and got Zn(s) + 8 HCl (aq)
→ ZnCl8 (s) + 4 H2 (g). In the second part of the experiment, we obtained copper wire and sulfur
from the instructor. Then we measured out the mass of copper and added proper amount of sulfur to
cover the copper wire. During the lab, copper with sulfur was heated, and the reaction was carried
out. We saw the blue flame occurred on the crucible. We determined the empirical formula of copper
sulfide, which was Cu2S. Then, the equation was balanced easily from the obtained data which was
2Cu + S = Cu2S.
Introduction:
The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with chemical formulas and how they 're obtained.
Chemical formulas represent what are produced from a chemical reaction. Compounds composed of
molecules are called molecular compounds, which may or may not contain more than one type of
atom. Chemical formulas indicating actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecule are called
molecular formulas, whereas chemical formulas that indicate only the relative numbers of atoms of
a type of

Magnesium And Hydrochloric Acid Lab Report
Partners: Robert LOWSLEY–WILLIAMS
Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid
1. INTRODUCTION
I have been asked to do an experiment on the rates of reactions experiment to see the rates of
reactions and come up with a conclusion to why it happens, I will also have one variable which me
and Robert have chosen to be the temperatures, we will have the temperatures:
15 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
With these results we will compare the results we got from different temperatures to see if there is
any particular pattern.
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
For this experiment we will be doing 15 different tests 3 of each different temperatures, and ones
done with these 15 temperatures we will compare the results to see the patterns and the averages.
The higher temperatures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment did not show the same results to agree with the collisions theory which to me means
that there was a major problem carried out and I think that this problem was the magnesium ribbons
being a vary in the sizes, they were all generally the same size but they still had a small difference.
The solutions of hydrochloric acid were all taken from the same source, and that being the
hydrochloric acid and each piece of glass was cleaned in distilled waste and dried to reduce the risks
of contamination that would have reduced the results drastically. The results were watched by
myself and my partner Robert to ensure that the results were taken accurately. The experiments took
place on very different days so environmental conditions, e.g air pressure, may have had a small
influence on the results.
The possible improvements that I could have made to this experiment are that the concentrations of
acid were measured and checked to ensure they were all the same and the magnesium ribbon should
be measured and weighed to ensure that the thickness and length of the ribbon didn't affect the
amount of material in

How Does The Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid Affect The...
To investigate how does the concentration of Hydrochloric acid affect the rate of reaction?
Outline
I aim to discover how different concentrations of Hydrochloric acid influence the rates of reaction.
In order to carry out this investigation I have decided to use marble chips, which I will vary the sizes
as powder, small chips and large chips. I will also be changing the concentration, the different
concentrations are as follows 0.2m, 0.5m, 1m, 1.5, 2m. I have chosen these concentrations as they
have a good range, we have to take this in to account, in view of the fact that if I was to use a
concentration lower than 0.2m, the rate of reaction will be to slow or if I was to use over 2 molars, it
is too dangerous to handle and violates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have also found that the big marble chips take way too long to react with in both volumes of HCL.
The marble chips which are in a powder form react too quickly and there was some marble chips
remaining within 2cm ³ of HCL. These results tell me that the right size to use for my main
experiment will be the small marble chips and I will need to use a higher volume of HCL.
Equipment
Conical Flask Bung Water (H20)
Measuring Cylinder Stop Watch Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
Safety Goggles Water Bowl Small Marble Chips (CaCo3)
Delivery Tube Weighing machine
This is a diagram to show equipment setup
Method
1. Bring out equipment (including all concentrations of HCL needed in experiment and small marble
chips)
2. Then put water in to my water bowl
3. Next clean my conical flask and delivery tube
4. After that I will fill my measuring cylinder with water in my bowl of water, making sure there is
no bubbles in the tube and then turn it upside down (as shown in the last page)
5. Wear safety goggles and put chairs under desks
6. Weigh 1 gram of marble chips, using weighing machine
7. Measure and pour 30cm³ of HCL in to conical flask

8. Put delivery tube in to measuring cylinder and bung (as shown on the last page)
9. Make sure stock clock is ready
10. Someone has to hold the measuring cylinder upside down until the 20cm³ of gas

Affects The Dissolving Time In The Hydrochloric Acid
Introduction
What if the density of the pill affects the dissolving time in the hydrochloric acid? During this
experiment, this question will be answered. The denser the pill, then the longer dissolving rate when
time is a function of the dissolving rate. Tablets, coated tablets, gel capsules, and hard capsules will
be tested, and all of these each have a different densities. Medicine is a very important part in
keeping humans alive and healthy. Different types are capable of many things such as: relieving
pain, fighting disease, "balance systems and organs in the body," fighting infection, supplementing a
deficiency, helping a bodily mechanism fix itself, and decrease, and overabundance of a body
substance (Howell 2017). There are many ways that medicine can be administered, and include, but
are not limited to: orally, sublingually, injection, intravenous, dermal, and inhalation. After the
administration, the drug is delivered throughout all of the body systems and will perform by causing
the effects it was made to put out. Finally, the medicine and waste are washed out of the body. Based
on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines
the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug
itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption
process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of
administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the
stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the
stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the
bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive
diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the
medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process. Blood
traveling to tissue, otherwise known as perfusion, is the main

Panacetin And Hydrochloric Acid Synthesis Lab Report
Brianda Mendez
Lab 7 : Post Lab Each scenario below describes an operational error that can lead to low yield
and/or low purity of product(s) or during the extractions of this experiment. In each case specify the
component(s) whose percentage(s) would be too high or too low, and briefly explain your answer.
After adding dichloromethane to Panacetin, the mixture was not stirred long enough.
Not all of the Panacetin would be dissolved completely, instead you would end up affecting the %
yield, % purity, % composition of each component, and % recovery.
During the extraction with 5% NaHCO3, the layers were only swirled gently rather than vigorously
shaken. Not all of the aspirin will be converted to sodium acetylsalicylate, so it will instead remain
in the organic layer and be weighed with the unknown. Therefore, the reported weight of aspirin will
be too low, while the unknown will be weighed too high. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
HCl will not react with aspirin to form a water soluble salt, so the aspirin will stay in the organic
layer and will not be obtained. So that leaves the reported weight of the unknown to be too high.
The pH paper was read incorrectly during neutralization of the NaHCO3 solution, and it was
adjusted to pH = 7.
Very little bit of aspirin will precipitate at pH 7, so the reported weight of aspirin will be low.
2. Describe any evidence that a chemical reaction occurred when you added 6 M HCl to the solution
of sodium acetylsalicylate (the conjugate base of aspirin) and explain why they took

Hydrochloric Acid And Acetone Lab Report
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to find the rate law for the reaction of iodine with acetone. This was
found by using the method rates. The orders of acetone and hydrochloric acid is one while the order
of iodine is zero. The procedure was meant to notice the disappearance of one reactant, Iodine.
Introduction
A chemical reaction is when chemical substances are changed into other substances. When a
chemical reaction takes place, chemical bonds break and new ones are formed. Kinetics is the study
of the rate and mechanism of chemical reactions. Reaction mechanism is a series of individual
chemical steps by which an overall chemical reaction occurs 1. These mechanisms are important in
deciding what is the most efficient way of causing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The method of initial rates is a common way to find the order. For this experiment, the time it takes
for the color of iodine to disappear is measured as the initial rate of reaction. HCl was used as the
acid catalyst. An acid catalyst makes a reaction happen faster, but does not get consumed in the
process. The purpose of this experiment is to find the rate law for the reaction of iodine with acetone
by using the method rates.
Experimental
First, the following materials were gathered: Four fifty milliliter beakers, four pipets, four graduated
cylinders, about 30 mL of 4.0 M Acetone, 1.0 M HCl, and 0.005 M Iodine, a squeeze bottle filled
with distilled water, a spectrometer, and a tablet that displays the data from the spectrometer. The
acetone, hydrochloric acid, and iodine were put into three of the fifty milliliter beakers. The tablet
was connected to the spectrometer via Bluetooth. The spectrometer was calibrated for a wavelength
of 410 nm. It was calibrated by filling a cuvette with water and placing it inside the spectrometer.
The room temperature was recorded. Reaction number one started off the experiment. For reaction
one, as recorded in Table 1, 3 mL of Acetone, 3 mL of HCl, 8 mL of water, and 4 mL of Iodine were
measured out into the four graduated cylinders. Then, the acetone, hydrochloric acid, and water
were combined into the last remaining fifty milliliter beaker. At the same time, the

Investigating the effect of varying concentration on the...
Investigating the effect of varying concentration on the reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid
Aim
It is to tell how the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid will be effected if we change
the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
Introduction
In the experiment the magnesium reacts with the hydrochloric acid to create magnesium chloride
and hydrogen. The balanced formula for this is: Mg(s) + 2HCL(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Magnesium will react with hydrochloric acid, because it is higher in the reactivity series than
hydrogen. The magnesium displaces the hydrogen in the acid, so it forms magnesium chloride and
hydrogen gas.
Magnesium strip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is to compare with the other diagrams to see what the change is and if the reaction rate has
decreased or increased.
The first one is to see what will happen if I change the temperature of the solution. As the
temperature increases the speed and the power at which the acid particles hit each other increases,
making the number of successful collisions with the magnesium strip increase.
The second one is to show how increasing the mass of the magnesium strip can increase the rate of
reaction slightly because of the increased surface area but it is only slightly increased on the sides
and so this is proportional to the rate of reaction of the original diagram. It is only slower than the
original reaction because there is more of it to react with and produces more of the products.
Figure 3 shows the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increased so there are more particles to
have more successful collisions. This is a faster reaction then the original reaction.

The final reaction has the same amount of particles of acid and the magnesium, but the magnesium
has been cut to increase the surface area. This makes the acid particles more likely to have more
successful collisions each second than the original reaction.
There are also many factors that I could record like the weight of the solution and the time it took
for the magnesium strip to dissolve, but
I am only recording the hydrogen produced. I chose

Hydrochloric Acid Lab
bstract: This lab explored the effectiveness of various antacid tablets in regard to Sodium
Bicarbonate. The effectiveness of the antacid tablet was measured by how much NaOH was added
to the antacid and HCl solution, and the results indicated that the brand name product consumed
0.00391 mol of HCl compared to the off brand product that consumed 0.00250 mol of HCl which
shows that the name brand product was a better antacid. Introduction: In this experiment, two
different types of antacid tablets is used to determine which one is more effective. The two types
that are used are Tums and an off brand generic version of Tums from Walgreens. According to the
Tums antacid commercial, this antacid is advertised as being the best. Upon completion, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Add 5 mL of 0.1 of M hydrochloric acid to the buret for rinse. Discard the acid. Rinse the buret with
acid solution two more times. Add 0.1 M HCl solution to the same buret. Volume will need to be
adjusted to the zero mark. Add 5 mL of 0.1 of M hydrochloric acid to rinse another buret. Discard
the base. Add 0.1 M NaOH solution to the buret. Rinse the buret with the base solution two more
times. Volume will need to be adjusted to the zero mark. Clean the 125–mL Erlenmeyer flasks with
water. Use distilled or deionized water for a final rinse. Wet flasks can be used for titration. In a
clean 25 mL volumetric flask, measure out 0.0020 mole of acetic acid. Make sure to use all the
digits on the balance. Add water to line indicated on the flask. In 125–mL Erlenmeyer flask, add the
mixture and 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution. Use sodium hydroxide to titrate the
solution until the color turns pink. Wait for at least 30 seconds to see if the pink color continues.
Record the volume of 0.1 M NaOH solution used. In 125–mL Erlenmeyer flask, rinse very well with
water. Use distilled or deionized water for a final rinse. Wet flasks can be used for titration. Titration
procedure should be repeated 2 more

Hydrochloric Acid : A Widely Used Chemical That Is Found
Hydrochloric Acid: The Widely Used Chemical That is Found in Your Home
Introduction
According to Erco Worldwide, "Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is an aqueous
solution of hydrogen chloride gas". By looking at the word, "hydrochloric", people may believe that
this chemical is only formulated by the elements hydrogen and chlorine but are also generated by
other methods. Hydrochloric acid is also created through, "the chlorination of organic chemicals . . .
the salt–sulfuric acid production process; and, as a co–product in the manufacture of silica" (Erco
Worldwide). This chemical can be produced easily through the various methods presented, leading
to the widely uses that this chemical has in the world. Erco Worldwide points out that, "The largest
end uses for hydrochloric acid are steel pickling, oil well acidizing, food manufacturing, producing
calcium chloride, and ore processing [to name a few]". Humans also produce hydrochloric acid to
digest food. Hydrochloric acid possesses its own set of dangers and needs a set of safety tips to
protect themselves. Hydrochloric acid is a common chemical that has many uses, types of
exposures, and its own set of safety procedures.
Uses
To begin with, hydrochloric acid is a common chemical that has many uses. Hydrochloric acid are
employed for both industries and for consumers. The three uses that this essay will cover is
hydrochloric acid in food, stomach, and household items. Ecro Worldwide states that, "A major use

Separation Of Methylene Chloride And Hydrochloric Acid
The process of extraction removes a desired compound from a mixture. Because molecules with
similar intermolecular forces are more soluble in one another, organic compounds are usually
dissolved in organic solvents. Based on the solubility differences of the organic solution and water,
when mixed, two distinct layers form. Sometimes, small amounts of the solvent may dissolve in
water. To prevent contamination of the product, a drying agent is added to absorb the water
molecule. The organic solvent is evaporated from the organic compound through the use of a rotary
evaporator. It is a quick process that reduces the pressure and thus the boiling point of a liquid. In
this experiment, eugenol was separated from mixtures containing methylene chloride and hexane. If
was predicted that methylene chloride would be the most effective solvents due to its immiscibility
to water and low boiling point.
Procedure
First, 0.210 g of eugenol, deionized water and methylene chloride were poured into a separatory
funnel. The funnel was shaken and vented 2–3 times. It was placed onto a ring clamp until two
layers formed. Then, the top and bottom layers were slowly filtered out into two different beakers.
Next, MgSo4 was added to the top layer solution until ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order for the two layers to form, the solvent had to be immiscible in H2O. Based on their
chemical structures, acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate are polar molecules This makes them
miscible in water. Methylene Chloride is polar, but does not form Hydrogen bonds with H2O.
Hexane is nonpolar (Figure 1). Therefore, these two solvents are immiscible in water. At the end of
the experiment, the solvent would be evaporated from the solution. Thus, a solvent with a low
boiling point was more desirable. The two solvents selected were methylene chloride and hexane
with boiling points of respectively 36.9 C and 68 C (Table

Magnesium And Hydrochloric Acid Lab Report
To investigate the different concentrations of hydrochloric acids, to compare the reaction rate
between the different concentrations and determine how concentration effects the rate of reaction. 2.
What do you think will happen? Explain why. Use the wording: "If.... then.....because.....".
(Hypothesis) If the concentration of hydrochloric acid is increased, then the rate of the reaction with
magnesium will increase, because more collisions between the atoms will occur. Magnesium +
Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen 3. Consider the possible variables which
may affect your results and classify them as either:  Independent variable–that which you will
deliberately manipulate in order to invoke a change in the dependent variable or "What do I
change?" – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(At least 2 valid uncontrolled variabes) – Room temperature/condition – Unknown if each
magnesium strip contains the exact same amount 4. Equipment needed, including sizes of beaker,
measuring cylinder etc:(Material used) Test tubes Test tube rack Measuring cylinder Stopwatch 5.
Chemical needed, including concentrations of any solutions eg. 2mol/L or 2M: (Material used)
Hydrochloric Acid (0.1M, 1M, 2M) Magnesium

Reaction (rate) between magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric...
Aim
It is to tell how the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid will be effected if we change
the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
Introduction
In the experiment the magnesium reacts with the hydrochloric acid to create magnesium chloride
and hydrogen. The balanced formula for this is:
Mg(s) + 2HCL(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Magnesium will react with hydrochloric acid, because it is higher in the reactivity series than
hydrogen. The magnesium displaces the hydrogen in the acid, so it forms magnesium chloride and
hydrogen gas.
There are many variables that I can change, which are the temperature and concentration of the
hydrochloric acid, and the mass and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount of hydrogen I will end up with when the reaction has completely finished will be the
same for all the concentrations, but if a reaction is too slow and exceeds the set time I will stop
taking results and it might not finish reacting.
Preliminary experiment
I was suggested to use 20cm3 of hydrochloric acid and 5cm of cleaned magnesium ribbon, and take
the volume of hydrogen in the syringe every 10 seconds for the preliminary experiment to. I tried
this but the reaction happened very quickly and the results of the volume of hydrogen were very
spread out. The results for each 10 second interval were not accurate enough and there was not
enough magnesium to get a high level of hydrogen. To solve this I increased the amount of
magnesium strip to 8cm, and decreased the time interval to 5 seconds each. I tried this and the
results were much more reliable to use and analyze.
Fair Test

To keep a fair test I will have to look into all the variables surrounding the experiment and only
change the variable that I am testing on. The other variables are the temperature of the acid at the
beginning, the volume of acid, the surface area of the magnesium strip, the length of the magnesium
strip and if the magnesium strip is cleaned or not.
The magnesium strips were cleaned and cut correctly by the lab technician and I measured and
inspected the strip each time I started the experiment to make sure it was ok for the experiment.
Most of these variables

Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of...
Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid
Rates of Reaction: Investigation
Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid.
Chemical reactions between substances are caused by the collision of particles. More collisions
mean a quicker rate of reaction.
In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon, the chemical reaction takes place
when the magnesium ribbon is dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The products are hydrogen gas
and magnesium chloride.
The equation for this reaction is as follows:–
Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
Mg (s) + 2HCL (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I predict this because of collision theory.
There will be more particles in a solution of hydrochloric acid with a higher concentration than in a
lower concentration, in the same volume of liquid. This means that particles in higher concentrations
will collide with magnesium particles more frequently, therefore increasing rate of reaction i.e. a
shorter time measured for the magnesium to be used up in reaction.
I can predict that rate of reaction will increase with concentration of acid. The quicker the rate of
reaction, the less time the reaction will take to be completed.
Therefore:–
Rate of reaction 1 concentration of acid
time taken to react

So...
Rate of reaction concentration
time taken to react
Plan
I am intending to react a chosen length of magnesium ribbon with different concentrations of
hydrochloric acid. I will measure the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear (be used up
in reaction) with a stop–clock. This will be switched on when the piece of magnesium ribbon is
dropped into the hydrochloric acid & seen to be reacting with the acid i.e. producing bubbles of gas,
and switched off when the magnesium is no longer visible & no more new bubbles are being
produced.
Results will be recorded in a results table, with 4 readings and an average time for each
concentration value.
– I will conduct a preliminary experiment to investigate the optimum length of magnesium ribbon to
be used in my experiments.
3cm, 2cm and 1cm

What Effect Will the Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid...
Introduction In this chemical reaction, the magnesium will dissolve in the hydrochloric acid to
produce hydrogen gas. This is because magnesium is higher than hydrogen in the reactivity series.
Therefore, when the two reactants are combined, a displacement reaction occus and the magnesium
displaces the hydrogen, forming magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) –>
MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid –> Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Aim
The aim of this investigation is to observe the effect that the concentration of hydrochloric acid
(independent variable) has on the rate of reaction (dependent variable) between the magnesium
ribbon and the hydrochloric acid. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is more surface area exposed to the hydrochloric acid, the particles of acid will have a
greater area of magnesium to react with and form successful collisions, thus increasing the rate of
reaction. – Volume of Hydrochloric Acid Used: An overall volume of 50ml of hydrochloric acid and
water should be used for every trial. If a lesser volume is used, this will decrease the rate of reaction
as there will be less particles in the HCl to collide with the Mg particles, which will lessen the
chance for creating a successful collision, and thus lower the rate of the chemical reactions. –
Timing of the experiment: Bung with delivery tube should be placed on the conical flask as soon as
possible after the magnesium ribbon is dropped. This will ensure that as much of the hydrogen gas
gets measured in the measuring cylinder above the trough, in order to obtain accurate measurements
when calculating the rate of reactions. Stopwatch will begin as soon as the magnesium is dropped
into the hydrochloric acid, so that the timing of the reaction is measured accurately. – Cleaning of
the magnesium: The ribbon of magnesium will be cleaned with sandpaper to remove the coating on
the magnesium metal caused by reactions with atmospheric gases. This needs to be done so that the
measuring cylinder measures the gas produced from the reaction

Reaction Between Marble Chips And Hydrochloric Acid
Using the syringe method I am going to investigate the reaction between
Marble chips and hydrochloric acid by measuring the volume of carbon dioxide formed. Chemistry
Using the syringe method I am going to investigate the reaction between Marble chips and
hydrochloric acid by measuring the volume of carbon dioxide formed. This reaction rate will tell me
how fast or slow a chemical reaction is and there are four things that could affect this greatly they
are–
* Concentration–An increase in concentration means there are more particles. More particles mean
that there will be more collisions.
* Surface area–When one of the reactants is solid; the reaction can only take place at the surface of
the solid. Breaking the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the collision theory I predict that the more concentrated the acid, the more collisions so the
quicker and more violent the reaction will be.
To make this experiment a fair test I will make sure that the marble chips will be of the same size,
amount and mass. I want to make sure that the marble chips are as similar as possible throughout the
experiment and hopefully the results will be in direct relationship to each other. I will make sure that
I use the same conical flask and syringe throughout each experiment because if I used different ones
there is a chance they may not be clean and this will make the experiment unfair.
Each run will have to be done at the same time, non–stop or else the temperature could effect the
results in which I would end up with inaccurate results. I will take readings at the same intervals
throughout the experiment i.e. every thirty seconds. If these varied I would expect my results to be
inaccurate.
Safety– Great care should be taken in any experiment and the experiment should be undertaken in a
sensible manner. I will wear safety goggles throughout the experiment to prevent any acid from
going into my eyes. I will also wear and overall to stop anything from spilling on to my

Titration : Titration Of Hydrochloric Acid
Lab:Titration Analysis of Hydrochloric Acid
Title
In this lab a acid–base indicator phenolphthalein was used to determine endpoint of a reaction
HCl(aq) and KOH(aq). At the end point all of the HCl(aq) would have reacted with KOH(aq), and
the pH becomes 7. The phenolphthalein would changed colours from colourless to pink indication
when enough KOH(aq) was added. The purpose of numerous trials was to use the average volume
of the 3 trials with similar measurements.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab was to use process titration to find concentration of an aqueous solution of
Hcl(aq) , using KOH(aq) as the titrant.
Results
Table 1.0: Information gathered during the trial: The volume of KOH(aq),titrant, used in different
trial.
Trial
1
2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Write a discussion of error summarizing 2 sources of error, why are your results and the other group
different?
The first source of error that caused different results between group was that the groups misread the
colour of the indicator at exactly the equivalence point. The other group could have misjudged light
pink for clear and could've kept pouring the titrant till the color of the indicator changed dark pink
,which will result in a higher number of moles of the solution in your buret than in your flask. The
extra moles of titrant used would give incorrect measurement since the amount KOH used would to
titrate HCl would increase and giving a higher concentration for HCl. To avoid this source of error
groups should used pH meter instead of phenolphthalein.A pH meter giver reading from 1–14 and
doesn't require judgment. The group would know solution is basic when the reading is 7 and they
would stop pouring the titrant. This would avoid extra titrant in the solution and give a more
accurate concentration.
The second source of error that caused different results
Research

The method of titration was discovered in late 1800's by a french pioneer name Francois Antoine
Henri Descroizilles. Titration is a process used to find concentration of an unknown compound. This
process is used in labs to find information need in everyday life.For instance, titration is used during
blood test and urine test to determine the concentration

Sodium Bicarbonate And Hydrochloric Acid Airbags
Scenario:
In this experiment, you have been asked by your teacher, to investigate the design of a small–scale
airbag system they want to produce as a child safety device to put into baby strollers. Because of
sodium azide's toxicity (which is used in many vehicular airbags), it is suggested you use the
reaction of NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate or baking soda) with an aqueous solution of HCL
(stomach acid) to produce CO₂ gas to test your engineering design. The reaction of hydrochloric
acid and sodium bicarbonate is: HCL + NaHCO₃, one mole of CO₂ gas is produced. Regarding the
other products, NaCl dissolves in the water to create a salt solution which occupies only a small
portion of the volume inside the bag.
Pre–Lab:
Grab a one quart zip–lock® ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using the 6.56g of baking soda and 26mL of Hydrochloric acid the bag inflated too quickly
and too much and the bag popped and released all the gas through the top. Our third and final trial of
5.15g of baking soda and 20mL of Hydrochloric acid the bag inflated in about one second and
inflated to just the right amount where the bag was not too hard and not too soft.
Experimental Error: There are several errors that could have taken place in this lab. The first error
could have been excess air being inside the bag before the experiment starts. Another error could
have been, left over water from previous trials preformed in the lab. The third possible error could
be, baking soda leaking out of the egg into the hydrochloric acid causing a premature reaction.
Future

Hydrochloric Acid Test Lab Report
The effectiveness of commercial antacids to neutralize acid
Introduction The human stomach contains gastric juices with a pH between 1.5 and 3.5 when these
highly acidic juices rise into the less acidic lower esophagus pain and discomfort can occur
(Exploring Biology in the Laboratory). There are many commercial antacids on the market that
claim to relieve the pain more effectively than their competitors. All these antacids, however, should
work in a similar manner to neutralize the excess hydrogen ions from the stomach that are causing
the discomfort (Exploring Biology in the Laboratory). Tums and Alka–Seltzer are two popular
antacids on the market, each containing different active ingredients. Tums contains 500 mg of
Calcium Carbonate while Alka–Seltzer lists three active ingredients on their bottle, 325 mg of
Aspirin, 100 mg Citric acid, and 1916 mg of Sodium Bicarbonate. It could be hypothesized that
Alka–Seltzer will neutralize the most acid because it contains three active ingredients instead of just
one. Hydrochloric acid occurs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three test tubes were labeled accordingly: Tums, AS for Alka–Seltzer, and Water as the control. A
pipette was used to transfer 5ml of each solution to the appropriately labeled test tube. Four drops of
Bromocresol Purple were added to each test tube and flipped upside down while covered to fully
mix into the solution. 0.1 M of HCl was added a drop at a time in to the Tums solution and then
flipped upside down after every drop to mix, until the solution was no longer purple. This procedure
was repeated for the two other test tubes and the number of drops was recorded. Six groups of
students performed the experiment and the number of drops of HCl used for each solution was

Essay about Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and...
Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid
To investigate the factors which affect the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric
acid, with one in specific detail. Scientific knowledge:
Marble chips erode when they are exposed to acid rain or pollution.
Erosion is evident when you look at older marble buildings as in certain cases the erosion take a
long time. It is more likely to occur in areas, where there is more pollution. This is because there are
a greater number of industries in city than in the countryside.
Especially the higher amount of cars which release carbon dioxide, formed as a waste gas in
reactions such as internal combustion.
Carbonic acid (the product of carbon dioxide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If each collision requires less energy, then more collisions can take place in a shorter period of time.
They also provide a surface for the molecule to attach to, increasing the probability of particles
bumping into each other. However, each different reaction needs a unique catalyst.
Surface of a catalyst
Temperatures:
Increasing the temperature gives the particles more energy, resulting in faster moving particles and,
consequently, more collisions and an increased rate of reaction.
When the reactants are heated, the rate generally increases. When the reactants are cooled, the
reaction generally goes slower. According to the collision theory, particles must collide in order to
react. Heat gives the particles more energy to move around and so they increase their speed. This
increases the chances of a collision, and more importantly a successful one, as they are hitting each
other with greater force with increased energy. On the other hand, cooling has the opposite effects
and the chances of successful collisions are reduced. Cold Hot
Surface Area:
A smaller piece within a large surface area means more areas of contact, resulting in an increased
number of collisions and, so, an increased reaction rate.

When the surface area of the solid reactant is increased, i.e. the reactant is powdered, the rate of the
reaction will also increase.
This is because there are more particles exposed for the particles of the other reactant,

Hydrochloric Acid And Chalk Experiment
The effect of concentration of rate of reaction
Aim:
To examine how the concentration of hydrochloric acid affects the rate at which it reacts with chalk.
Background:
Chemical reactions are significant in our everyday lives. Combustion reactions help release energy
to heat our homes and move our vehicles, oxidation–reduction reactions keep the batteries in our
cell phones and laptops functioning and acid–base reactions take place when cleaning your oven.
Not all reactions happen at the same speed. The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds is
known as the rate of reaction. Chemical reactions that proceed quickly, including explosion and
combustion reactions are said to have a fast rate of reaction. Chemical reactions that proceed slowly,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the concentration was increased, from 0.5 M, to 1.0 M, to 1.25 M hydrochloric acid, the time
taken for 50mL of carbon dioxide to be produced significantly decreased, and from 0.5 M to 1.25 M
it decreased by around 12 seconds.
The original plan for this experiment included testing 2.0 M hydrochloric acid. We tried using this
concentration twice, and in the first time the reaction happened so quickly the products started
spilling out of the test tube before we could put the rubber stopper on, which resulted in the time
taken for 50mL of gas to be produced in the inverted test tube to actually take longer. The result for
this trial was 38 seconds. The second time we tried using 2.0 M hydrochloric acid the rubber stopper
was placed on the test tube in time, however the time recorded for 50mL of gas to be produced in
the inverted test tube was still slower than results from less concentrated acid, taking 25.29 seconds.
This was due to some gas still escaping through the top of the test tube, as well as the rate reaction
being too quick for the gas to travel through the connecting tube. We solved this problem by using
1.25 M hydrochloric instead for the third concentration after 0.5 M and 1.0 M. The results from the
1.25 M supported the hypothesis, as the rate of reaction was faster than the previous trials with less
concentrated

Percent Yield Of Hydrochloric Acid
In this today's lab, Percent Yield of Hydrogen Gas from Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid, the
purpose is to study the stoichiometry of H2 produced from the reaction between magnesium (Mg)
and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The chemical equation for this reaction is Mg +2HCl –> MgCl2 + H2.
It was predicted that 0.0029 moles of hydrogen gas would be formed from 0.07g of magnesium
metal and 10 mL of hydrochloric acid. The hypothesis was proven correct based on an actual yield
of 0.00299 moles of hydrogen gas. We know this because after measuring the volume and pressure
of our results, we used the Ideal Gas Law Equation to calculate the number of moles. We also
calculated the percent yield by dividing the experimental number of moles of hydrogen gas

Hydrochloric Acid Lab
Background:
Acids are known to chemistry as the chemical substances that are below seven on the pH scale and
they cause litmus paper to turn red. They are also known to have a sour taste but not all acids should
be tasted due to some of them being extremely dangerous and should not be in contact with human
body parts. In this lab, we worked with an acid known Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). HCl is a clear
liquid that visibly looks no different from water. HCl is known to be very dangerous when in contact
with skin, eyes, ETC, and should be dealt with caution.
Bases are technically the opposite of acids. Bases are chemical substances that are above seven on
the pH scale and they cause litmus paper to turn blue. They have a very peculiar taste. Bases ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the lightest batch out of all the other batches.
Batches
Measurements
Batch 5 (Acids)
Acid (HCl)
Starting Volume:
9.89 mL of HCl
Ending Volume:
5.12 mL of HCl
Amount of Acid Used:
3.56 mL of HCl
Batch 5 (Bases)
Base (NaOH)
Starting Volume:
45.01 mL of NaOH
Ending Volume:
39.22 mL of NaOH
Amount of Base Used:
5.79 mL of NaOH
Observations: The result of this batch was a darker shade of pink. It was very similar to the batch #1.
Analysis:
We knew that the molarity of NaOH was 0.100M and we can find the molarity of the HCl by using

our data to create a stoichiometry problem. 0.100 mol NaOH1000mL of NaOHx49.61 mL of
NaOH1mol of NaOHx 1000 mL of HCl1000 mL of NaOHx 1 mol of HCl49.25 mL of HCl
= 1.007x 10–4 M HCl
Conclusion:
In conclusion, we have conducted this experiment in which we have gathered tons of data on HCl–
NaOH titration. In the end we gathered the data to discover the unknown concentration of our
solution. It took some practice and some stoichiometry, but that was what it took to disclose the
unknown

Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid
Magnesium + sulphuric acid → magnesium sulphate + hydrogen Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
Metal hydrogen carbonates and acids is also a common reaction. In this case, metal hydrogen
carbonates are reacted with acids; this produces water, salt and carbon dioxide. A common example
occurs between sodium hydrogen carbonate and hydrochloric acid, which react to form water,
carbon dioxide and sodium chloride (a salt). Metal hydrogen carbonate + acid → salt + water +
carbon dioxide Sodium hydrogen carbonate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water +
carbon dioxide NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 Acids and bases can be defined as either
strong or weak. The strength of an acid or base is determined by the amount of ionisation. Ionisation
is the creation of an ion through the addition or removal of an electron. If a substance ionises
completely, it is referred to as a strong acid. Weaker acids do not ionise completely in solution;
therefore, they are referred to as weak acids. Similarly, a strong base ionises completely, while weak
bases do not. For example, when a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water it
splits and forms hydronium and chloride ions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, weak acids do not fully ionise. Instead, they form an equilibrium mixture. Ethanoic acid
is a weak acid as it does not fully ionise when mixed with water. It reacts with water to produce
hydronium ions and ethanoate ions; however, only approximately 1% of the ethanoic acid molecules
are converted into

Magnesium Chloride And Hydrochloric Acid
Patterns:
The lower a metal is in its group the faster the reaction it will have with water. This is true for both
group 1 and group 2. The metals reacted to form Hydrogen gas and a solution that was alkaline.
When going down a group the Electronegativity decreases which results in the element losing their
valence electrons easier, making them react more quickly.
The group 1 elements had similarities in their appearances, Potassium and Lithium were in a
cylinder shape, but sodium was white and had some crystallisation. Lithium and Sodium were a
silver colour on the inside until they were reacting with oxygen, then the inside started to change to
a greyish colour. Once added to water they all had an exothermic reaction, but reacted at a different
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the compounds were hard to dissolve because of the amount placed into the test tube, but
after some time stirring they all dissolved. The compounds in group one mainly ranged from pH7
and pH11. The compounds measured as pH7 means that they are at a neutral point. The compounds
higher than pH7 indicate alkalinity, which increases as the number increases.
Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Calcium Sulfate, Barium Chloride and
Barium Hydroxide all had a similar appearance, all white powders. Most of the compounds did not
dissolve in water, they turned the solution into a cloudy white and the compounds sunk to the
bottom of the test tube. Barium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride were the only group 2
compounds to dissolve after being mixed into the water. The oxide elements turned to a dark purple
when paired with the universal indicator because they are above the neutral point and is more
alkaline than acidic.
The Chloride elements across the group 1 and group 2 compounds all had a crystal like appearance.
The only Carbonate compound in both group 1 and 2 to not have a pH11 was, Barium Carbonate.
Lithium Chloride and Barium Carbonate were the only compounds to have

Determination Of Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid And...
Determination of Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid and Phosphoric Acid in an Unknown HCl –
H3PO4 Mixture through Use of Potentiometric Titrations
Andrea Byassee
8000 Utopia Parkway
Department of Chemistry
St. John's University
Jamaica, NY 11439 andrea.byassee12@stjohns.edu Report Prepared for:
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Professor Neil Jespersen
Due Date: October 16, 2014
Submitted Date: October 20, 2014
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if soft drinks manufactured by Coca–Cola use
phosphoric acid in their product formula. An analysis of their product concentrations of HCl and
H3PO4 was performed using the potentiometric titration method, with a standardized 0.1002 M
NaOH solution. The molarities of HCl and H3PO4 were determined by plotting the titration data,
the first derivative, and the second derivative of this data. The results of our analysis of the three
trials found the molarities of HCl to be 0.1232 M, 0.1232 M, and 0.1230 M, with a mean of 0.1231
M and an average deviation of 0.8 parts per thousand. We are 95% confident that for this set of data,
the true mean lies within the range of 0.1228 and 0.1234 M. The molarities of H3PO4 were found to
be 0.1709 M, 0.1706 M, and 0.1702 M, with a mean of 0.1706 M and an average deviation of 1 part
per thousand. We are 95% confident that for this set of data, the true mean lies within the range of
0.1698 and 0.1714 M. These values compare well to literature values for the

The Effect Of 5 Drops Of 0.1m Hydrochloric Acid
The Effect of 5 Drops of 0.1M Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) on The pH
Level of 5mL of Tap Water, Distilled Water, Commercial Buffer, and 10% Homogenized Potato
Solution
Aya Ali
Ms. Kim
February, 29. 2016
SBI4U–04
Background / Pre–lab Questions:
Figure 1: Logarithmic pH scale (WHOI, 2016)
Almost all liquids that an individual encounters in their daily lives are classified as an acid or base,
based on their hydrogen ion concentration relative to pure water, water that does not contain any
salts and minerals and is chemically pure. An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen (H+) ions
and contains a relatively higher H+ concentration than water, greater than 1 × 10 –7 M, while basic
solutions accept hydrogen ions and have a lower H+ concentration, less than 1 × 10 –7 M (KA,
2016). The concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance is commonly measured by the 'power of
hydrogen' (pH) scale, ranging levels from 0–14. The pH scale is a linear logarithmic scale resulting
in values that increase or decrease by a factor of 10 each time. For instance, as seen in figure 1, the
pH of 3 is 1000 times more acidic than the pH of 6. These values can be calculated as the negative
log of a solution's hydrogen ion concentration; pH = −log10 [H+]. The value of 7 on the pH scale is
also known as neutral pH, meaning that the substance is neither acidic nor basic and contains a
regulated amount of hydrogen ions (Senese, 2010). The

Distilled Hydrochloric Acid
From the observations of the reactions of alkali metals, it is conspicuous potassium was the most
reactive due to the fact the reaction between water and potassium was immensely more vigorous the
other alkali metals. Additionally, there was a burst of sparks and flames in the potassium reaction
also a great amount of bubbling and gas formed, greater than the other reactions. The reaction
partaken between sodium and water was seemingly not as reactive as potassium, from the
experiment it can be inferred that only sparks and some formation of gas and bubbling were
observed. Moreover, lithium was the least reactive, there were no sparks or flames evident, rather
only a small amount of bubbling and formation of gas occurred.
With the alkaline earth metals, the reactivity of the elements was tested in both water and distilled
hydrochloric acid. The reaction of calcium was observed to be more vigorous and overall more
reactive than magnesium. In the test between calcium and water, there was bubbling, and formation
of gas observed, additionally, when a magnesium strip was placed in water, no reaction occurred,
providing evidence to the fact calcium is more reactive than magnesium. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From the observations table, chloride is prominently the most reactive out of the three elements due
to the facts a colour change occurred when the aqueous solution of chlorine was mixed with
bromine and iodine, exhibiting a more reactive element displacing a less reactive element. In the
aqueous solution of bromine, a colour change occurred only when mixed with iodine, justifying the
fact that bromine is less reactive than chlorine though more reactive than iodine. Therefore, iodine is
the least reactive due to the inability of displacing chlorine or bromine when mixed together, no
colour change was evident in any of the

Lab 7: Ph, Dissociation, Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Kevin Malakov 6/28/15 CHM 3001 Professor Charnick Lab #7: pH, Dissociation, Hydrolysis, and
Buffers Lab Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to "compare calculated and measured pHs
of a series of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid solutions." "Measure the pH of various salt
solutions." Also to "compare measured and calculated pHs of: a buffer solution." (Lab Manual Page
15) Concentation pH %error HCl pH %error HC2H3O2 1x10–1M 0% 6.9% 1x10–2M 5.0% 2.94%
1x10–3M 3.33% 2.56% 1x10–4M 0% 2.22% Solution pH %error Distilled Water 7.14% Original
buffer Solution 5.06% Distilled water with added 6M HCl 9.48% Buffer Solution with added 6M
HCl 29.0% Distilled water with added 6M NaOH 1.55% Buffer Solution with added 6M NaOH
46.4% ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, the results for the pH of HCl and HC2H3O2 was close to that of the theoretical pH. The K
values had errors most probably due to contamination, improper dilution, and bad mixing. Also
some of the measured pH's from the water buffer solutions had high %errors may be due to
contamination, bad mixing, and not having the precise volumes. The changes in the observed
percent ionization of acetic acid with dilution are consistent with Le Chatelier's principle. As a
solution becomes more dilute ionization increases. This will make the equilibrium to shift to the
right in order in this case to make more

Hydrochloric Acid Indigestion Lab Report
Introduction Antacid is in a form of medicine to help prevent and or correct the acidity level in one's
body, focusing mainly in the stomach. The stomach contains a solution of hydrochloric acid with a
pH level of approximately 1.5 ("Stomach" par. 1). The use of hydrochloric acid is to help the
process of digestion in the stomach however, if there is a high number of acid, and is intense and
excessively concentrated, it can result in symptoms of heartburn and acid indigestion. Indigestion is
a feeling of pain and discomfort in the stomach in having difficulties in digesting food. Heartburn is
a form of indigestion felt as a burning sensation throughout the chest, caused by acid regurgitation
into the esophagus ("Indigestion" par. 3).
Heartburn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both bases appeared as a white thin powder once compressed. One gram of baking soda and Tums
were placed in separate test tube. Once both antacid is dissolved in five milliliters of water, a clear
solution formed in both the test tubes. Both clear liquids mixed with two drops of universal indicator
creating a green substances. Refer to Figure 1. Lab SetUp for further demonstration. The universal
indicator was used to help detect the neutralization and help tell apart a base or acid. The indicator
had baking soda form a dark green solution while the Tums created a light green solution. Acids and
bases react together to form a neutralization. In this case, hydrochloric acid is added to both green
substances to ensure both antacids are bases and to allow a neutralization of a pH level of 7. Tums
required approximately 10 drops of hydrochloric acid to turn neutral (yellow colour) while baking
soda required approximately 127 drops to become neutral. See Table 2: The Quantitative
Observation. Thus, baking soda contains more acidity than Tums and in result, Tums are more of a
preferable option in reducing acidity level in stomach during heartburn and other acid indigestion.
Tums are more efficient as it took a shorter amount of time to become neutral compared to baking

Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid and Magnesium Essay
Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid and Magnesium Introduction
In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium, the hydrochloric acid will dissolve the
magnesium and produce hydrogen gas.
All chemical reactions involve reactants which when mixed may cause a chemical reaction which
will make products.
In my case the reactants are hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The chemical reaction takes
place when the magnesium ribbon is dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The products that are
formed during this reaction are hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride. The formula equation for this
experiment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The factors that may affect the rate of reaction are as follows:
· Temperature of the Hydrochloric Acid
· Mass of the magnesium ribbon used
· Concentration of the Hydrochloric acid
· Surface area of the magnesium ribbon used
All of these factors will change the rate of reaction because of the Collision Theory. This is a theory
that is used to predict the rate of a reaction. The Collision Theory is based on the idea that for a
chemical reaction to take place, it is necessary for the reacting particles to collide with each other
with enough energy to break or form new bonds between the other particles, which is called a
successful collision. If when they collide and they do not have enough energy to break or form new
bonds then they will simple bounce of each other, causing an unsuccessful collision.
Ways that I could record my experiment
There are several way which I could record my experiment. The possible ways are as follows:
Amount of gas evolved

I could use a gas syringe to collect the gas that will evolve from my experiment. I could use these
results to calculate the initial rate of reaction.
The weight before and after the experiment
I could put the conical flask with the chosen volume of hydrochloric

How Concentration Affects The Rate Of Reaction Between...

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