1. Give three possible reasons why membrane proteins might diffuse m.pdf

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1. Give three possible reasons why membrane proteins might diffuse more slowly than expected, or not at all. 2. Describe the use of the mouse-human hybrid cells, FRAP, and STP in studying lateral diffusion of membrane proteins. 3. Many cells are polar. For example, intestinal epithelial cells have one side that faces the lumen of the intestine, and the other side that is attached to the basement membrane. These different sides contain different membrane proteins. - In an intestinal epithelial cell, what functions occur at the apical membrane? The lateral membrane? The basal membrane? - How might the proteins specific to these areas be kept in their proper locations? 4. The lipid membrane has a cytoskeleton that supports membrane structure. Describe the roles of Spectrin, Ankyrin, and Band 3 protein in this support structure. Solution 1). The membrane proteins might diffuse more slowly than expected because, (i). They have large molecular size (molecules of smaller size are more likely to diffuse through the membrane) (ii). They may be charged molecules (charged molecules do not pass through the membrane) (iii). They are hydrophilic in nature (uncharged or non-charged molecules pass through the membrane).

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1. Describe two constraints which limit the maximum size of a cell. 2. In what 2 ways do eukaryotic cells overcome some of the limitations on cell size to allow them to be larger than prokaryotic cells? 3. List the following structures in order from smallest to largest: Protein Bacterial cell Atom Human muscle cell Ribosome Nucleus Human epithelial cell 4. What features are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Solution 1. A)Cells are capable of taking resources in and expel waste and energy through skinny, pores and skin-like membrane surrounding it. As the volume of the cell will increase in size, it need to accumulate and expel more materials; but, due to the fact the volume grows but there\'s a limit to the quantity of diffusion which could take resources into or out of a cell. B)The nucleus of a cell is basically a small sphere (nucleus)within a bigger sphere(cell).Because the nucleus need to be large to govern a big cell,the nucleus is also liable to the hassle of surface to extent ratio. This limits the dimensions of the nucleus, which in turn, limits the size of cell. 2.The small size of prokaryotes permits ions and molecules that enter them to diffuse to different elements of the cell. Similarly, any wastes produced within a prokaryotic cell can quickly diffuse out. This isn\'t always the case in eukaryotic cells, which have evolved exceptional structural adaptations to enhance intracellular transport. 3. Structures so as from smallest to largest: Atoms Protein Bacterial cell Ribosomes Nucleus Human muscle cells Human epithelial cells 4.Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are: A)Cell membrane Both have lipid bilayer that\'s an association of phospholipids and proteins that acts as a selective barrier between the inside and outside environment of the cell. B)Genetics: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells each have deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .This genetic material had to alter cell feature and encodes into the progeny. C)Ribosomes Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have ribosomes to provide protein for the cells. D)Cytoplasm The cytosol is one essential aspect of the cytoplasm in each prokaryotes and eukaryotes – this jelly like liquid incorporates numerous ions, molecules and organelles. Therefore, it is also the site of many metabolic reactions, inclusive of protein synthesis..

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A thrown lump of clay hits a block in mid air and sticks to it. what.pdf

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Answer die following questions with short answers: Explain the difference between stream ciphers and block cipher. Explain the difference between passive and active attacks. Describe the difference between authentication and non-repudiation Explain the difference between a MAC and message digest. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of public-key cryptography over symmetric-key cryptogra Why is CBC mode considered preferable to ECB mode? Solution a) stream cipher and block cipher differ in whitch the plain text is encoded and decoded. the basic difference is how the logic used for the encryption and decryption. the idea of block cipher is partition the plain text into relatively larger blocks and further each block will be encoded. and same key is used for both encryption and decryption.example DES,IDEA the idea of stream cipher is plain text is encrypted and transfered bit by bit.but key property of stream cipher is different key is generated for each block or bit.example -ISAAC,FISH b) passive attack is indirect attack.the attacked host is completely unaware about the attack. hence it is called passive attack like some body listens the packet transformation or observing the host in network. active attack is direct attack.its nothing but the attacked one gets aware of the attack. like somebody listens the id and password and stop the services(denial of service) or logic bomb. both are harmful. c) authentication and non repudiation are two different things. authentication verifies the who you are(user-id).where the non-repudiation verifies the what you did(messages). authentication is done through a central instance where non repudiation can done by anyone d) message digest is a hash of a message.its output of a cryptographic hash function appilied to input data it refered to as message. mac is a piece of information that proves the integrity of a message. message digest is take only single input and produces a message digest(aka hash) if the message change it produce different hash code. mac (message authentication code) is take input and security code to check the integrity of message. HMAC is one of this kind. e) advantage of public key cryptography over the symmetric key cryptography is increased security and convenience. and no need of key distribution(transmitted to anyone).and it provide digital signatures that cannot be repudiated. the disadvantage of public key cryptography over symmetric cryptography is speed.they are many symmetic key methods runs faster than the public key cryptography. f) the reason why cbc is considered better than ecb has nothing to do with situations involving an attacker with partial cipher text. problem with ECB is that it leaks the information like when two blocks have same plain text then the corresponding cipher blocks also be same where in case of the CBC it randomly independent of plain text to produce the cipher text..

Answer die following questions with short answers Explain the d.pdf

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