Leishmania Case Study

Leishmania Case Study
All of lesions were ulcerative with different size. Isolates that caused great scars, located in the same
clade in dendrogram. According to the questionnaires, all of the patients, suffering from L. major
infections were from endemic areas, or had a history of travel to endemic areas. Leishmania
amastigote was identified, using Giemsa stained smears, obtained from all isolated samples. Some
of the PCR products represented a mix infection, from two to three species of Leishmania. All the
samples were examined, using PCR. Species–specific band observed in all of samples (Fig 3).
At least 20 L. major kDNA haplotypes have been identified, by sequence alignment, in comparaison
with sequences, presented in GenBank. Only 20 out of 80 (25%) PCR ... Show more content on
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In this study, we have used kDNA gene as a tool to evaluate the genetic diversity of Leishmania
Spp. The kDNA contains thousands of mini–circles and dozens of maxi–circles, concatenated in a
giant network 24. The structure of kinetoplast DNA is unique for a mitochondrial genome 23,25,26.
The 10,000 kinetoplast mini–circles are distributed among 10 different sequence classes 4,23,27–29.
The number of mini–circles in each class is very variable, dividing into conserved and variable
region 4,23,30. The high copy number (10000 to 26000) of the Leishmania mini–circles, makes it as
a reliable target for molecular analysis of Leishmania Spp. 4,24,29,31,32. The conserved region of
these mini–circles has been used as a diagnostic PCR target, since 1990s 33. The kDNA–PCR seems
to be the most sensitive approach for diagnosis of leishmaniasis, suggested to be implemented as the
standard method for routine diagnosis, if the identification of species is not required 34.
In this study, despite the fact that all isolates belonged to different county in Ilam province, but all
were positive for Leishmania major. Our analysis showed an intra–species genetic diversity and 20
isolates were divided into four clades in dendrogram. So that, clad 1 contains (10fv, 11fv, 22fv, 23fv
and 158fv taken from Farokhabad village in Dehloran county and 16d belongs to the Dehloran city),
geographically closed to each other. Clad 2
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A Comparison Between Neanderthal And Modern Human Dna
Introduction
Homo heidelbergensis was an early human species that lived around 700,000 to 200,000 years ago.
These pioneers were the first to live in colder climates, hunt large animals with wooden spears, and
utilize fire. They were also our first ancestors to construct simple shelters out of wood and rock.
Interestingly a comparison between Neanderthal and modern human DNA suggests the two lineages
diverged from a common ancestor, most likely Homo heidelbergensis!
Discovery
On October 21, 1907, Daniel Hartmann spotted a jaw while working in a sandpit in Mauer, near
Heidelberg, Germany (49.3389° N, 8.7986° E.) The jaw had human like teeth but was very large and
heavy boned, it was almost complete except for missing premolars and first ... Show more content
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H. 2000), which were found together with stone tools and the remains of more than 10 butchered
horses. This evidence shows they flourished in a rich and diverse cooling epoch called the
Pleistocene, which was a cooling period with intermittent glaciers covering North America and
Europe (Eldredge 2000) and deserts spread over northern Africa separating the populations of plants
and animals, including humans (Zuk 2013). These cooling and recurrent glaciations led to the
physical adaptation of shorter and wider bodies in an attempt to conserve heat in this cooler climate.
Dating
Many fossils of this species have been dated with various methods. One such was by sequencing
mitochondrial DNA from a femur bone found at the Sima de los Huesos ("pit of bones") in northern
Spain by Svante Paabo, a biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. After
sequencing, researchers compared the result with genetic information from Neanderthals and
Denisovans and dated them to over 300,000 years (Meyer 2013).
Description
The first preserved bones for this species was a lower jaw with teeth, found near Heidelberg,
Germany. Other fossils include 5,500 bone fragments from 28 individuals found in "The Pit of
Bones", Spain, and possibly a fossilized skullcap discovered in northern India 's Narmada Valley
that currently represents the easternmost occurrence (Meyer 2013).
Comparison
It has been argued that Homo

The Course Of Human Evolution
The course of human evolution can be represented by subsequent development of:
1. Australopithecus as the common anthropoid ancestor of the distinct group of hominids
2. Pithecanthropus as the earliest members of Homo also called Homo Habilis or Homo Erectus
3. Palaeoanthropus or Homo Neanderthalensis as the closest predecessor of Homo Sapiens
4. Homo Sapiens as the species to which all modern human beings belong and is the only one from
genus Homo that is not extinct.
According to modern concepts primates evolved from earliest insect–eating mammals. Based on the
study of common characteristics and features it can be said that all apes came from primates. Not all
primates developed into apes. Even apes belongs to primates, they are very ... Show more content on
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Timeline Fossil form Brain volume
(cm3) Major features
30 million years ago Dryopithecus Less than 350 Earliest great apes.
Spent most of its life in trees.
Live in herd
10–14 million years ago Ramapithecus 350 – 400 The earliest human ancestor.
Still live in herd.
Spread from forests into open grassland for hunting.
Small ape–like creature which probably walked upright and used hands for food and defense.
Continue to live in herd.
4,5–1,75 million years ago Australopithecus about 500 Continue to spend much time in the trees but
lived on the ground.
Lived in family groups.
Using a variety of objects as tools.
First evidence of speech and communication
2,6 million.–600000 years ago Homo Habilis 650–850 Evidence of the manufacture of stone tools.
Might have built first shelters.
1,6 million.–400000 years ago Homo Erectus 1100–1200 Upright human
Had long skull, protruding jaw, no chin, thick brow ridges.
Made more sophisticated tools.
Developed more advanced speech.
Was able to use and control fire.
400000 – 50000 years ago Homo neandertalensis Up to 1500 Appearance very similar to a modern

human.
Evidence of spiritual and social development.
Less than 50000 years ago Cromagnons
(Homo Sapiens) On average 1400–1500 Abstract thinking,
Developed communication using

Bio Finch Lab Report
The objective of this lab was to observe how competition works in an actual environment, and how
it contributes as a selecting agent towards processes such as natural selection. In order to examine
how these processes worked, people in the class were assigned a variety of different "beaks" for
each of the "finches", or students. These beaks included chopsticks, binder clips, clothespins, pliers,
and tweezers. This created variation with the many different types of beaks that were available. All
of the finches started off with the same habitat, which was an island with small seeds. For this
experiment, the clothespin was assigned. Before beginning the lab, predictions were made based on
the tools that were provided. It was predicted that the chopsticks would be the least successful tool,
due to its difficulty in using it, and the high probability that the food would easily slip from the
chopsticks. On the other hand, the tweezers were predicted as the most successful tool, due to its
ease of use, the pointed tip, and the surface area that made it ... Show more content on
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When going over the results, tweezers and pliers were shown to have the best adaptation for both
large and small seeds. Clothespins were rated as being able to feed on large seeds, and chopsticks
and binder clips were labeled as inefficient in surviving in any of the environments, regardless of the
seed size. Therefore, the prediction from before was correct that chopsticks would be a difficult tool
to use, and tweezers did end up being one of the most successful beaks. From this experiment, this
also proved how the process of natural selection works, which was represented by the finches that
adapted the best to their environments (the beak that was best fitted for picking up the seeds). These
species that survived would later reproduce, and the useful traits would be passed down. This lab
clearly proved how natural processes have worked with actual species in nature in the real

Hobbit Evidence
Evidence on Whether Hobbits Are Different Species
Alien from Earth is a documentary film on an anthropological study reviewing the existence of a
new human species. The evidence in the film suggests that the Hobbit is a completely different
creature rather than the microcephalic Homo Sapiens. Firstly, the body structure varies considerably.
The size of the recovered skeleton reveals that the Homo Floresiensis is equivalent to a three–year–
old modern human measuring about three foot (Luar). Secondly, the brain size is small than Homo
Sapiens's one at about 400cc compared to modern being's 1500cc (Luar). Considering the standard
evolution theory of Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo Sapiens, the brain
size has more than tripled, and the Hobbits brain does not fit in the linear progression timescale.
Thirdly, the location indicates that no pre–modern human being could have traveled to the island
(Luar). However, some scholars argue that the remains belong to a human deformed by a disease.
The argument is weak since twelve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Considering supporting evidence, the stone tools were found next to the Hobbit's bones and
alongside charcoal and remnants of pygmy elephants (Luar). Archeological evidence indicates a
relationship between the items found and the rational thinking would assume that hominids created
the tools to hunt animals for consumption. Moreover, humans only started long–distance sailing 12
000 years ago, yet the stone tools date 750 000 years ago, thereby suggesting they were made on the
island (Luar). Lastly, the critics' counter–argument is that Hobbit's brain was excessively small to
make such tools. According to my beliefs, this assessment can be refuted on the basis that brain size
alone may not be an indication of intelligence. Hence, scientific evidence available strongly
supports the reasoning that Hobbits made tools and used them for

Recurrent Incidence Of Babesiosis Among Adults Essay
Recurrent incidence of babesiosis among apparently healthy bovines in Egypt, submits the needs for
suitably destined prevalence studies with rapid and accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment of
infected animals are required to control this disease. The routine epidemiological survey and
diagnosis usually based upon microscopical examination of Giemsa stained blood smears. This
technique is insufficient for accurate detection and identification of Babesia species during mixed
infections and not reliable for detecting the infection in carrier cases or subclinical infections with
low parasitemia. Combination of molecular and serological diagnostic tools for the infection
provides powerful tools for accurate diagnosis as well as for epidemiological investigations as
means of overcoming limitations of microscopical examination. The polymerase chain reaction will
be conducted using highly conserved and species specific genes for detecting the parasite DNA in
the blood of infected animals based on the B. bigemina rhoptry associated proteins, Apical
membrane protein 1 & Internal trancribed spacer and B. bovis Spherical body proteins 4. The
serological diagnostic tools, including the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the Indirect enzyme–
linked immunosorbent assay, a competitive ELISA will be conducted to detect Babesia antibodies in
serum of naturally infected cattle based on Babesia lysate, Cyanogen bromide–activated Sepharose
4B, affinity purified antigen and expressed,

Homo Habilis Essay
Homo Habilis
Hominids with a brain absolutely and relatively larger than that of the australopithecines appeared
about 2.3 million years ago. These hominids are classified in our own genus: Homo. The earliest
species to appear was the Homo Habilis. It was the first of our ancestors to show a significant
increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools. These characteristics
resulted in this species' placement into the human genus, Homo.
Discovery
The first fossil was found in 1960 when a team led by scientists Louis and Mary Leakey uncovered
the fossilized remains of a unique early human at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
Because this early human had a combination of features different from those seen in ... Show more
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Dental microwear studies suggest that the diet of H. habilis was flexible and versatile and that they
were capable of eating a broad range of foods, including some tougher foods like leaves, woody
plants, roots, berries and some animal tissues (birds and insects), but that they did not routinely
consume or specialize in eating hard foods like brittle nuts or seeds, dried meat, or very hard tubers.
They also were scroungers who even ate dead animals that they found left by other larger predators.
Surviving and Toolmaking
Homo is a Latin word meaning 'human' or 'man'. The word habilis is based on a Latin word meaning
'handy' or 'skilful'. This species is known as 'handy man' because stone tools were found near its
fossil remains and it is assumed this species had developed the ability to modify stone into tools.
Homo habilis is thought to have mastered the Lower Paleolithic Olduwan tool set which used stone
flakes. These stone flakes were more advanced than any tools previously used, and gave H. habilis
the edge it needed to prosper in hostile environments previously too formidable for primates.
By a method called direct percussion, a core stone called a biface was hit with a hammer stone to
produce flakes. The biface was made into choppers called the Oldawan pebble

A Research Study On Conservation Genetics
Introduction
Conservation genetics is actually a recent evolutionary theory and practise of genetics on species in
order to reduce their risk of extinction. Some relevant studies improve the role of conservation
genetics in specific type of species. There are so many long–lived species worldwide, either
amphibians or mammals which nowadays are limited and also distributed in certain areas. Most of
them can be found into small, fragmented isolated populations due to pollution, invasion of exotic
species, over–exploitation and most important due to habitat loss (Frankham et al 1999). Their
amazing long life span shows both advantages and disadvantages. More living diverse species
means more stable ecosystem and regular flow of the food ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Advanced genetic tools using mtDNA, microsatellite markers, protein and some other implements
related to genetics, results to significant information of which scientists interpret to conserve species
facing current threats.
Bears
The carnivorous Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos L.) is a North American subspecies of the brown bear
and is nowadays the most widely distributed ursid. Nielsen et al (2006), likens the Grizzly bears as
keystone species suitable for discovering conservation habitat modelling from a survival and
occupancy framework. During the past century their population have declined noticeably throughout
much of North America, mainly due to susceptibility from low density, high trophic level, low
reproductive rates and late maturation. Also, the increased illegal human access causes the mortality
of most of the grizzly bears. Their demographies has also been changed; the brown bear in the lower
48 states has been reduced to <1% of its original area. The estimated population size has fallen from
100,000 in the early 19th century to <1000 in 1986 (Waits et al 1998).
Trophy hunting is

Neanderthals Video Summary
According to the video, Neanderthals "were not the brutish and unintelligent ape–like creatures of
popular myth, but a strong, intelligence, and highly adaptive species who mastered their
environment" and survived for thousands of years. This is proven throughout the video through the
Neanderthals' development of weapons and tools, how they communicated and played a part in their
clan, and how they mastered their environment to survive for an incredibly long time. One of the
most common myths about Neanderthals is their curiosity of fire, and how they were amazed by it.
This however was proven false throughout the video. The Neanderthals seemed to have tamed fire,
using it to their advantages, like for warmth and for also cooking. The Neanderthals ... Show more
We originally believed that they only communicated with mere grunts and babbling of words, but
the video has shown that they had their own language to communicate with their clan, unique and
special to them. Nowhere in the video did I see or hear them talk to each other with only grunts, but
they had their own language and used hand gestures as well when they hunted. The video also
mentioned, that every member of the clan had to play a part. It said that at girl at the age of eleven,
had not been hunting for long. This tells the viewer that the Neanderthals recognized that everyone
will have to contribute to their clan to survive their environment. I also learned that from the Video,
is that the Neanderthals cared for each other. When a member of the clan, the leader, was killed, all
members of the clan contributed into a "ritual" for their killed leader. Archeologists have found that
a skeleton had animal bones surrounding it, as well as pollen, showing signs of a burial. This shows
me that the Neanderthals had their own form of communication and had a clan based on social
interaction, making them more intelligent and less brutish than what we believed them to

Similarities Between Homo Habilis, Homo Rudolfensis, And...
For a long time, it had been assumed that evolution happened in a systematic manner and that no
two or more species of human ancestors existed at the same time. Because of such an assumption, it
has become very hard to determine the exact ancestors when two populations dated to the same
geographical location and time. In this essay, I will discuss the difference between the Homo
Habilis, Homo Rudolfensis, and the Paranthropus Boisei in order to show why I believe the Homo
habilis is our direct ancestor despite the three populations having existed within the same region and
time span.
The fossils of Home habilis species were discovered by Dr Louis Leakey in Tanzania. Among the
distinguishing characteristics include the increased cranial size as compared to its ancestor, the
africanus. The fossil also indicated an increased grip hand size due to size and type of hand bones.
The other feature is that the fossil indicated a reduced size of the teeth. The evidence showed that
the ancestor had molars longer instead of wider. As a result of the increased grip, it was concluded
that this human ancestor used tools for survival. Homo habilis means the handy man because the
scientists thought the species to be the first to make tools (Denis, 2008).
Due to the features of their teeth type, these species are thought to have been consumers of softer
food and than their ancestors. According to the gathered evidence, scientists have been able to link
the evidence to the consumption of meat

Human Supremacy: Nowhere Near Reality
Human Supremacy: Nowhere Near Reality
Human beings have advanced to a point where survival from the outside world is almost incredibly
easy. They have created cures and inventions that could enhance their everyday lifestyles. They are
also the only species to modify the planet in any way they can imagine. Does that make human
beings the dominant species? Because most people presume they have the right to control other
animals, they presume they're the superior species. People's lifestyles suggest that they are doing
fine. However, people often seem to forget that they are animals too. People are not superior to
animals, they are just different.
The belief of human superiority, also known as anthropocentrism, is vague and a biased ... Show
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However, how fast humans are able to learn can be disposed by a few animals, such as dolphins
(Toothman). Dolphins can quickly generalize basic words to objects that have the same
characteristics. Dolphins can comprehend pointing as well. This is demonstrated by their self–
awareness using mirrors to inspect marks on their bodies.
Human beings and other animals are very similar to each other. Visually, most animals look different
from one another. However, each animal has attributes that is found in most, if not all, animals. For
example, every animal depends on nature and the planet for survival. The same way, nature treats
humans just like every other animal on the planet. Humans have no immunity to natural disasters,
such as earthquakes and twisters, as well as animal attacks. The action of animals magically being
paralyzed if they were going to attack humans is non–existent. Attributes that people have has also
been found in other animals. Such examples are building, farming, and memory (Mulcahy). It has
even been thought that humans are the only animals in the animal kingdom that have emotions. Of
course, this is incorrect as many examples of gratitude, loneliness, embarrassment, or grief can be
shown from every animal (Lujin). People have been saying that humans have been separated from
animals because of the ability of creation for tools. However, that belief was disbanded when they
observed animals such as birds, fish,

Australopithecus Afarensis
In recent years, anthropologists have made incredible work in discovering all the different kinds of
human species. The discovery of a certain human species, the Australopithecus Afarensis, was
mostly credited to the finding of a single individual, AL 288–1, or "Lucy." She has helped
anthropologists to understand the diet, anatomy, environment, sexual dimorphism, the technology or
tools used during their time, and bipedalism of this early hominin. The evolution of humans is
interesting due to the questions we are trying to find and the answers we might never find. While
investigating the mysteries behind Australopithecus Afarensis, it may shine some light on how
closely related to this ancestor species. Humans created a theory that millions ... Show more content
This earlier hominin was between a mixture of human–like traits and ape–like traits. Sexual
dimorphism plays a role in ape–like features such as pointed canines that were longer than the rest
of the teeth and a diastema for their canines that are not seen in modern today humans. Their enamel
in their teeth is thick indicating that they feed on rough objects like plants, nuts, and seeds. It is
believed with the little evidence of Australopithecus Afarensis, that the skeletal size was affected by
sexual dimorphism as well. Body size and body mass change in inter–male competition (Kimbel &
Delezene, 2009). A couple of human–like traits is the position of the foramen magnum that moved
under the bottom of the skull. Their pelvis is another human–like feature that is in length and height.
The pelvis is short and broad, but it does not possess the modifications that allowed them to move in
an average stride. Their pelvis is another human–like feature that is in length and height. Ape–like
traits insist of fore limbs that are longer than their hind limbs with shoulder blade sockets that were
positioned upward because their closest relative were brachiators. Australopithecus Afarensis'
cognitive abilities fall unexplained but some evidence has shown they were able to take hold of
rough stone tools (Szpak, 2007). Their rib cage was shaped like a cone because it gave more space
for a larger stomach. The size of their brain was small relatively like a chimpanzee's and a low
forehead with projecting brow ridges. Also, obtaining a small hyoid that supported the tongue and
voice box resulting with a voice like a chimpanzee. Ape–like cusps in the premolar teeth and one big
cusp in the front premolar. Furthermore, this gave Australopithecus Afarensis the ability to climb
trees due to these ape–like characteristics. In addition to human–like traits, the size and pattern of
the back–molar teeth which the size

How Intarsia Is The Woodworking Technique That Uses Varied...
Introduction
Intarsia is the woodworking technique that uses varied shapes, sizes and different species of wood
that are fitted together to create a 3–dimensional, mosaic–like picture. Intarsia is created through the
selection of different types of wood, using their natural grain pattern and color to create variations in
the pattern. The different species and colors of the wood contrasting lights and values. Similarly,
grain gives the art amazing texture and makes it very realistic. After selecting the specific woods to
be used within the pattern, each piece of wood is then individually cut, shaped, and sanded.
The ancient art of intarsia, the making of decorative and pictorial mosaics, inspired both marquetry
and inlay. Through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
History
The Mediterranean world in the Middle Ages was covered in vast woodlands that composed a
mixture of hard and softwood trees. The forests of Italy were abundant and diverse. Wood was a
main source of fuel for most of Europe for generating heat during the harsh winters. This heat was
also important for cooking, firing bricks, ceramics and glass. It was also used in casting and forging
a number of different metals. The building and mining industries relied mainly on the local forests
for beams for bridges, cranes, rafters, ceilings, and doors. A large amount of tree species could not
be used for lumber or heat. These species were used in luxury woodworking. Some examples were
sculpture, furniture, and intarsia decorations.
The word intarsia comes from the Italian word tarsia and intarsiare which means to inlay. It is
defined as "a mosaic usually of small pieces of wood which are inserted and glued into hollows of a
wooden support that was popular in the 15th century Italy for decoration featuring especially scrolls,
arabesques, architectural scenes, and flowers (Gibbo)." The palette of different of intarsia artist were
gathered from timber merchants or from the customer. These artists could use up to 25 different
species of wood for one intarsia decoration. The reason for the different species is the grain, color
and texture of each one is different. The colors have a broad range from light

Antibiotic Resistance Lab Report
INTRODUCTION
An antibiotic is a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms, including
bacteria (Microbiology Society, 2018). Antibiotics work by many different mechanisms, but most
commonly inhibit enzymes that are critical for cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis,
transcription, DNA replication, or synthesis of metabolites. They also can interfere with the integrity
and permeability of the bacterial cell membrane.
Antibiotic resistance occurs due to the strong selection pressure that antibiotics impose on a
bacterium community. Most bacteria are affected by the antibiotic and are killed, but at times, a
mutation occurs in an individual that leads to a resistant bacterium. This resistant strain can then
spread rapidly due to the lack of competing bacteria (Yurchenko, 2018). This resistance is more
likely to occur from the overuse of antibiotics; therefore, it has been a point of emphasis to use
antibiotics only when necessary and not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for
understanding biological data such as genetic codes. Using the various software available, one can
study the gene function and gene origin by comparing genetic sequences to a large database of know
sequences. There are two known Colistin resistance genes, MCR–1 and MCR–2, which are both
classified as phosphoethanolamine transferases. These genes are thought to alter the
lipopolysaccharides where the Colistin can no longer act upon them (Yurchenko, 2018). In order to
better understand how the Colistin resistance genes are spreading through bacteria, we wanted to
identify the Colistin resistance gene in bacterial species and analyze their relation on a phylogenic
tree using bioinformatics. This would allow us to answer the question whether the Colistin
resistance gene is spreading by lateral transfer or

The Discovery Of The Fossil Species Essay
Is there a subspecies of Homo sapiens that lived complete opposite lives as us? Did we cause them
to go extinct or did we live and interbreed with them? I will be discussing aspects of the species
Homo neanderthalensis who lived alongside Homo sapiens and may have even interbred with them.
I will be focusing specifically on the discovery of the fossil species, where the species is in the
human ancestral tree, anatomical similarities and differences with Homo sapiens, and the lifestyle
and extinction of the Neanderthals.
The "first" fossil found, named Neanderthal 1, was found in 1856 in Germany. The name Homo
neanderthalensis was suggested by Geologist William King, because the fossil was found in the
Feldhofer Cave of the Neander Valley in Germany and tal– (a modern version of thal) means
"valley" in German. (Smithsonian) Some people refer to the species as Neandertal, with no h, to
reflect modern German spelling. Several years after Neanderthal 1 was found, scientists realized that
earlier discoveries in Engis, Belgium (1829) and Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar (1848) were also
Neanderthals, putting the actual discovery date at 1829. Other key specimens are Le Moustier,
France (of a 45,000 year old skull which had Neanderthal features in an adolescent individual
proving these characteristics were genetic and not developed during their life), Lagar Velho in
Abrigo do Lagar Velho, central western Portugal (a 24,000 year old skeleton described as a
Neanderthal–Homo sapien hybrid),

Different Types Of Art Is Used Within The Pattern Of The Wood
Intarsia is the woodworking technique that uses varied shapes, sizes and different species of wood
that are fitted together to create a 3–dimensional, mosaic–like picture. This type of art is created
through the selection of different types of wood, using their natural grain pattern and color to create
variations in the pattern. The different species and colors of the wood contrasts lights and values.
Similarly, grain gives the art amazing texture and makes it very realistic. Wanting to make an
intarsia project, of an object or animal, you make a pattern of outlines and places you want to shape
to look realistic. After selecting the specific woods to be used within the pattern, each piece of wood
is then individually cut, shaped, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mediterranean world in the Middle Ages was covered in vast woodlands that composed a
mixture of hard and softwood trees. The forests of Italy were abundant and diverse. Wood was a
main source of fuel for most of Europe for generating heat during the harsh winters. This heat was
also important for cooking, firing bricks, ceramics and glass. It was also used in casting and forging
a number of different metals. The building and mining industries relied mainly on the local forests
for beams for bridges, cranes, rafters, ceilings, and doors. A large amount of tree species could not
be used for lumber or heat. These species were used in luxury woodworking. Some examples were
sculpture, furniture, and intarsia decorations.
The word intarsia comes from the Italian word tarsia and intarsiare which means to inlay. It is
defined as "a mosaic usually of small pieces of wood which are inserted and glued into hollows of a
wooden support that was popular in the 15th century Italy for decoration featuring especially scrolls,
arabesques, architectural scenes, and flowers (Wilmering)." The palette of different of intarsia artist
were gathered from timber merchants or from the customer. These artists could use up to 25
different species of wood for one intarsia decoration. The reason for the different species is the
grain, color and texture of each one is different. The

What is Human Evolution?
Human Evolution What is human evolution? Human evolution refers to a process in which human
beings developed both physically and emotionally throughout centuries, evolution is mainly
influenced by environmental factors, and sometimes people's diet would also interrupt the way
human beings evolve. Normally, human evolves for survivals, in order to get used to the climate, it
is necessary for human beings to advance. Throughout millions of years, human beings have
developed from the earliest hominids discovered in South Africa to what nowadays called modern
human ("Introduction to Human Evolution").
According to "Darwin's Theory of Evolution", all the living animals are related; complex organisms,
like human beings, have evolved from a simple creature through a process which is called "natural
selection". This selection makes genetic developments for animals to be adapted to its environment,
which is also known as the "survival of the fittest". Darwin advocates that evolutions happen very
slowly, it takes thousands of generations to clearly observe the physical difference, millions of years
to go through the entire process; what's more, even now human beings are still evolving ("Theory of
Evolution").
Fossils is what speak out the history of human, it is like a document which records the existence of
previous species. Fossils are the remains of organism from earlier geological periods preserved in
rocks or hard surfaces. It normally keeps the shape of that specific plant or

The Global Catch Of Shrimp Species
1. Introduction
Penaeid shrimps (Family Penaeidae: Rafinesque, 1815) are the most economically important
crustaceans in the world as a primitive group of decapod (Abele, 1991; Chan, 1998; Dall et al.,
1990). The family has a world–wide distribution in shallow, inshore tropical and subtropical waters.
The highest diversity of the family members occurs in the Indo–West Pacific region with about 205
species grouped into 26 genera (Farfante and Kensley, 1997; Martin and Davis, 2001; McLaughlin
et al., 2005; Nizinski, 2003). The global catch of shrimp species is about 3.4 million tons/year. More
than half of which are caught from the Western and Northwest Central Pacific fisheries, besides the
contribution of other essential fisheries in the Indian and in the Western Atlantic Oceans (FAO,
2014).
Shrimps remain to be the largest single product in value terms accounting about 15 % of the
internationally traded fisheries products in 2012. Moreover, shrimps are primarily produced in
developing countries, and much of this production progressively expands in the international trade.
As the economic conditions develop in these countries, growing demand leads to high domestic
consumption leading to fewer exports. Such high demand and the subsequent overexploitation are
negatively impacting the standing stocks of shrimp which fall below the healthy standard levels.
This requires regular monitoring, assessment and management of each species to keep tracking of
the effects of such

A Study Of Microbial Theory
Traditionally, the study of microbial model systems in ecology has been limited, although the advent
of molecular tools such as next generation sequencing has advanced the understanding of microbial
community patterns and processes. This has resulted in a growing focus on studying fundamental
ecological processes such as assembly and stability on microbial communities (Fierer, Ferrenberg,
Flores, et al., 2012). Because of their simplicity, microbial model systems are in contrast with the
complexity of the macro–ecological communities, allowing researchers to establish and test
fundamental ecological mechanisms relevant to macro–ecological processes (Jessup, Kassen, Forde,
et al., 2004). However, the current focus of microbial ecology is on characterizing simple
community properties such as alpha & beta diversity, relative abundance, and phylogenetic or
taxonomic overlap (Baberan, Casamayor & Fierer, 2011). Here, we aim to move past species
inventories and abundance data towards understanding species interactions using a network
approach, allowing us to characterize the ubiquitous building blocks of pharynx community
common to all subjects of our study. Like macro–communities, fundamental ecological processes
such as niche selection, dispersal or drift, play part in the formation and stability of the human
microbiome. By using microbial communities as model systems, characterizing their ecological
properties, assembly mechanisms and community dynamics, we can gain deeper

Extent Primate Analysis
1. Introduction:
Extent Primates provide great insight as analogies into facilitating an understanding of how tool use,
culture and cognition developed in the early hominid lineage. Archaeologists interpret primate
behaviors and social structures as a means of investigating the evolution of hominin technology.
This process will be briefly outlined as well as a number of the benefits and disadvantages presented
when using extant primates as analogies in this way.
An analogy creates a comparison between two subjects through likening and contrasting aspects
about them. Thus looking into extant primate tool usage, one can gain insight into possible early
hominin tool usage. This, as they can provide, to a certain extent, a living interpretation ... Show
Chimps for example, have similar hands to humans, however, when using a hammer stone, they
frequently use a power grip where all fingers are used to control nut–cracking (Wong, 2004). Here,
their finger proportions inhibit easy coordination between the index finger and thumb (Wong, 2004).
This is significantly different to that of hominids who have hands and thumbs which are very
effective and allow for precise knapping and control over hammer stones. This illustrates that their
differences in physical characteristics lead to distinctly different behaviors that cannot be considered
the

The Invasive Catfish Population
The Maryland rivers and bays have seen a rise in the invasive catfish population, more specifically
the blue and flathead species. They are native to the Midwest, making up up 75% of fish in the
Virginia and Maryland tributaries. These fish are damaging the local ecosystems because of their
size and no natural predators. State and local governments have been researching possible solutions
to resolve the issues but the populations of these fish spread very quickly. Though it is sorely needed
some of the solutions are experimental and could possibly hurt the native species in the process.
There is a growing problem regarding the blue and flathead catfish in the Maryland rivers and bays.
"These catfish are native ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Establishing and maintaining Freshwater Protected Areas (FPAs) is a great tool that is used by many
fisheries. "They should be used in High–Risk, High–Value locations so that it may make the biggest
ecological impact" (Garman et al. 2013). Another way to mitigate the issue, although it is still in the
experimental phase, would be Electrofishing. This technique electrocutes fish in a stretch of water
using and electrical field, it has not been widely used because of its chances of killing non target fish
in the areas. "Experimental electrofishing for commercial applications would require a significant
financial investment (20K per vessel) and strict oversight by agencies but might be fundable through
fishery resources grant (FRG) or similar programs" (Garmin et al. 2003). Local awareness of the
issue is another way to mitigate the problem. The Maryland Department of Natural Resources
launched a statewide campaign to educate its citizen about the invasive fish and its impact on native
species and what anglers can do to help. For instance, it started the DNR program which stands for
"Do Not Release". This asks anglers to remove and kill any blue or flathead catfish that are caught.
It also implemented a fine on anyone who is caught transporting these fish to different bodies of
water, which can be between $1000 to $2500. There is also a group called the Sustainable Fisheries
Goal Implementation Team (SFGIT) that is made up of jurisdictional managers and fishery
stakeholders who are trying to put policies into place to help reduce the problem

Savanna Species
Of these 14 species, 57.2% are classified as savanna species (appendix A), 21.4% are native to
Wisconsin but not species commonly found in Oak Savannas and 21.4% are species considered
exotic in Wisconsin (Figure 7A). When analyzing their frequencies, 90.6% of the species found in
the area of study are considered savanna species, 3.4% Wisconsin natives, 5.1% were not identified
and 0.9% exotic (Figure 7B). Figure 7. A. Species classification for the 14 different species found in
the area of study. B. Percentage based on the relative frequencies of each class in the area of study.
These 14 species are distributed differently across the area of study, with some species dominating
specific areas while others are distributed scattered around the site (Figure 8). ... Show more content
Species distribution across the area of study. One hundred and fifty two of the trees surveyed were
dead (7.1%), with 81 of those (53.29%) situated in the Green Prairie management unit (Figure 9).
Sixty seven out of this 152 trees (44%) were unable to identified and classified as Unknown. Of the
percentage that could be identified, Black/Red Oak and Black Cherry presented the bigger
frequencies (50 and 16, respectively). Figure 9. Dead trees found in the area of study. 4.2 Percentage
of canopy density Sixty five measurements were made for the Southwestern Grady Oak Savanna
area and part of the Green Prairie, by sampling 7 of the transects based on the UW Arboretum grid.
The first two transects were sampled every 10 meters but the 5 remainings were sampled every 50
meters, due to time concerns (Figure 10). Figure 10. Points sampled for percentage of canopy cover.
Based on the data obtained and using the Kriging tool in ArcGIS I created a percentage of canopy
density map for the area (Figure 11). This map shows the different percentage of canopy density for
the units, diving it into 6 classes ranging from 25.6% to

Early Civilization Research Paper
Human beings came along far before culture and civilization. The first humans are presumed to have
emerged at least four million years ago. These early humans developed stone tools and began to
evolve the human species into what we are today. The Neolithic Age was a huge turning point. The
early hunter– gatherers became farmers and herders, and new tools and technologies helped early
civilizations form. Among the many civilizations was Mesopotamia. This early civilization became
a key factor in the evolution process of tools, language, religion and the human species. This
civilization became a foundation for later people and became groundwork for western humanities.
Hunter–gatherers roamed the lands in search of game and wildlife. They ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From approximately 2334–539 BCE several empires had rule over the civilization. The three major
empires being the Sumerians, Babylonians, and the Assyrians. The Sumerians began making
weapons and tools that were more durable. They were able to do this by using metals, such as
bronze, thus beginning the Bronze Age. They are credited for the development of several major
inventions as well. Some of these being the wheel, irrigation system and the earliest known writing
system, cuneiform. After the fall of the Sumerians, the Babylonian's gained control and unified the
independent city–state under the rule of King Hammurabi. He established a form of democracy and
centralized government. His laws fell under the code of Hammurabi, which is known to be the
earliest set of written laws in history(). The Assyrians were the next to gain control. They made huge
developments in astronomy and literature, but they were best known for the first military defense.
The gained control and expanded the empire farther than any previous ruler. Unfortunately, just like
the previous domains the Assyrians rule ended. These great empires made huge advances in science,
literature, and government. They helped morph our society into what it has become

Genus Homo
The genus Homo should comprise of species who share a most recent common ancestor and should
be more closely related to one another than to species of another genus. Many characteristics can be
used to define the genus Homo, such as morphology, cognitive ability and genetics, however some
are more suitable than others. When using morphology to determine the species included in the
genus Homo, characteristics such as the bony labyrinth and limb proportions can be considered,
which can be a strong indicator of the species posture and main mode of locomotion. The bony
labyrinth may be an appropriate structure to study because data is obtained from the crania which is
more definitively assigned to species than isolated limb bones. However, evidence ... Show more
This is because the cranial capacity is fairly easy to measure with an absolute brain size of 600cc
being used as a defining feature of the genus Homo. However, some early Homo species had
smaller brains than Australopiths (Morton, 2016), suggesting it may not be appropriate to consider
cranial capacity alone, particularly as cranial fossil remains can be problematic when often found
damaged. Endocranial casts can also be used to infer whether a species had developed spoken
language, a feature used to distinguish Homo species. However, definitive evidence for the
development of spoken language is poor and can't be reliably interpreted from the appearance of
endocranial casts (Wood & Collard, 1999). Tool use may also be connected with an increased
cognitive ability and can be used to determine species within the genus Homo. However, stone tool
deposits dating 2.6–2.3 million years old have been found in East Africa (Wood & Collard, 1999),
linking them to later species of Australopiths, suggesting this may be an unreliable characteristic to
use. Examining dental evidence can be an appropriate method in defining the genus Homo because
teeth are commonly preserved and an individuals diet can be inferred. It is suggested that members
of the genus Homo should have smaller posterior teeth compared to Australopithecus (Antón &
Snodgrass, 2012). In addition to this, research suggests that early Homo had a more generalised diet
than Australopithecus due to evidence of more complex microwear (Antón & Snodgrass, 2012).
However, dental evidence may not be the most appropriate, since microscopic damage to tooth
enamel may be confused with damage from chewing

Humanity In Ender's Game
Humanity is remarkable. We function as a unit, working with one another towards a certain goal.
And yet while we work under one another, we are all free to do what we want to do. At least, that is
what society wants you to believe. In the book "Ender's Game" by Orson Scott Card, General Graff
states "Human beings are free except when humanity needs them... Individual human beings are all
tools that the others use to help us all survive" (Card 35). Those words may as well have been
spoken through a wise man's chapped lips prophesizing from whatever gods or god we worship. In
context, Graff said these words to justify using Ender as a tool necessary for survival. Human beings
are tools used by humanity and are expected to cede some form of their individual freedom for the
sake of society's survival. The philosophy behind Graff's statement upholds the Theory of the Social
Contract. Dissected by the philosopher John Rawls, the social contract is the belief that individuals
in a society must eschew their individual liberties in order for the state to provide social benefits
such as security. For example, the right to life in the book ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Using one person for the sake of a whole species overwhelmingly overrules any other approach,
long term, and short term. From a pragmatic point of view, the decision the International Fleet made
had close to zero negative outcomes. Even though Ender did suffer bitter psychological impacts,
nothing thrown at him threatened to take his life. As a matter of fact, the post traumatic effects lead
him to discover his raison d'étre, and build an empathetic character from his first–hand experiences
with bullying, isolation, and manipulation. Not only did Ender go on to govern a new settlement
after the war, he became the founder of a prominent religion and set off to find the buggers a new
home. Ender was a tool used by the IF. Nonetheless, he was a tool that found a meaning in

The Evolution Of Human Species Essay
In recent years, anthropologists have made great progress in discovering all of the different kinds of
human species. The discovery of a certain early human species, Australopithecus afarensis was
initially credited to the finding of a single individual, AL 288–1, or "Lucy." She has helped
anthropologists to understand the diet, anatomy, environment, sexual dimorphism, the technology or
tools used during their time, and bipedalism of this early hominin species. The evolution of humans
is interesting due to the questions we are trying to find and the answers we might never find. With
the finding of Australopithecus Afarensis and Lucy, we can understand what our early hominin
ancestors were like and the significant changes that were made from them to us today.
Humans created a theory that millions of years ago humans walked the earth, but it was not until
recently that theory became a fact. In 1974, a partial skeleton was uncovered in Hadar, Ethiopia, by
American paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson. This skeleton was named 'AL 288–1 and later
given the nickname, 'Lucy.' She received the name Lucy from a popular song at the time of her
discovery, 'Lucy in the sky with diamonds', by The Beatles. After a series of tests, the age of Lucy
was soon determined to be an estimated 3.2 million–years–old (Dorey & Blaxland, 2015). Her sex
was established by using one of the pelvic bones and sacrum that was discovered at the Hadar dig
site. The weight and height of Lucy have been

Capuchin Research Paper
I. Introduction Capuchin monkeys are belong to the genus Cebus of the family Cabidae and can be
found in the tropical area of central and South America. And there are nine known species of
capuchin, those nine species, known by their scientific name as Cebus albifrons (white–fronted
capuchin), Cebus paella (tufted capuchin), Cebus capucinus (white–faced capuchin), Cebus kaapori
(Kaapori capuchin), Cebus libidinosus (black–striped capuchin), Cebus nigritus (black capuchin),
Cebus olivaceus (wedge–capped capuchin), Cebus queirozi (blond capuchin) and the Cebus
xanthosternos (golden–bellied capuchin) (National Primate Research Center). The capuchin
monkeys all have some trademark similar features, with slight variation within each species. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humans are known through time to have solved problems and overcome hardships. We have
advanced belong belief with how easy we are making things for us to survive, and is one of the main
reasons humans are on top. Capuchin monkeys are doing what our ancestors would do in the past
before any of these inventions. They are problem solving and connecting in there head how to make
survival easier. They use 'stone tools', and 'stone hammers' to break open nuts, and will even use
leaves as a way to get, transport and store water. As water is essential for survival, this is something
humans in the past did as well, although not in the same exact ways. It is also a learned behavior, not
something that they know how to do when they are born. Just like human culture they learn by
observation, and watching the older ones. Thus coming to the conclusion that capuchins tool use
mirror human cutler in the aspects that it is that they began were we did, and it affects how they live
in there every day lives just as the tools and inventions we use do for us. And that this behavior is
learned and not programed in their

English Ivy : An Effect On The Growth Of Moss On Trees
Our sample data supports our alternative hypothesis that English Ivy does have an effect on the
growth of moss on trees. Our p–value shows that our data is statistically significant demonstrating
that moss growth may be inhibited by the presence of ivy. Assuming our null hypothesis, that ivy
has no effect on moss growth, our p–value states the probability of getting a sample as extreme or
more extreme than our sample with a t–test of –2.33 is 2.18%. With this p–value, we can reject our
null hypothesis.
Our alternative hypothesis would suggest that moss and ivy have a competitive relationship. The
Competitive Exclusion Principle states that no two species can coexist if they share the same niche.
In our study, both ivy and moss grew at eye level on Big Leaf Maples, Spruces, Red Cedars, Alders,
and Hemlocks. Although their shared location is only part of moss's and ivy's niches, moss's growth
is still restricted by ivy presence. Our alternative hypothesis suggests that ivy is a superior
competitor. Because ivy grows faster than moss (Richards 2008) (Stenøien 2008), the ivy can more
rapidly cover the circumference of trees, depriving the moss of sunlight and bark nutrients. Ivy
could also have preemptive relationship towards moss. In preemption, ivy establishes its space on
the trees and prevents other organisms like moss from using the space. Both of these competitive
relationships shows that ivy impedes the moss from growing on the trees. The Although we have
suggested

Charles Siebert 's An Elephant Crackup?
Over the past few decades, relations between animals and humans have been modified drastically.
From domesticated species' to wildlife, it seems as though human interaction has taken a dramatic
toll on the way animals' function in the 21st century. Particularly, an account that focuses on this
dramatic toll is that of Charles Siebert's, an essayist whose observations bring a fascinating
perspective to the correlation between wildlife habitat disruption and uninhibited human nature.
Siebert's essay for The New York Times Magazine, entitled, "An Elephant Crackup?" has raised
many eyebrows over the past few years with regard to the destruction of a species that might suffer
from something more than meets the eye. The author of this essay is aware of his audience, so
respectively, the tone of his essay diverges into a new plane, a plane that is dreary and drab, yet in
the same way, remains thought provoking and systematically contingent. Siebert doesn't waste a
second pushing his account across the table. New information is provided within each paragraph,
which proves his use of systematic contingency. Charles Siebert, who is also responsible for writing
"Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral" (1999), a tale that revolves around the surroundings and
observations of Siebert, understands what it means to tie in environmental awareness with solution,
and his solution is hidden within the text. Extinction is a topic that is commonly discussed when
issues like this are brought up, however, a

Synthetic Biology Debate
A Global Debate: Can Synthetic Biology help mitigate Biodiversity Loss?
Biodiversity loss is pervasive, and conservationists shoulder the responsibilities to halt the decline.
Synthetic biologists also want to help, but both sides must first hash out how "engineered" solutions
may impact the wild. Read more...
In early December 2016, people from nearly every nation flocked to Cancun. This wasn't a jovial
vacation or a holiday break. It was the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – a meeting
for governments, conservationists, scientific experts, and citizens discussing biodiversity loss' global
impact.
Meetings akin to the CBD, especially on local or organizational levels, occur multiple times a year.
Sometimes, scientists and governments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Sumatran orangutans are critically endangered due to deforestation for palm oil
production and are often deliberately (and illegally) killed when the animals raid palm plantations
for sustenance. Some synthetic biologists suggest producing industrial–scale GM palm oil from
other plants that don't have such deleterious impacts on Sumatran tropical rainforests (4).
"In the last three or four years, I've noticed overall interest in synthetic biology has increased," said
Gernot Segelbacher, a research scientist at the University of Freiburg and chairman of the
Conservation Genetics Specialist Group of the IUCN. "Conservation biology conferences host more
talks on the use of genetic methods for both human and environmental health, but we definitely need
to consider taking more action as

Intelligence Is The Most Intelligent Of The Primates
Homo sapiens have always been seen as the most intelligent species, but what makes them so
intelligent? Some believe that intelligence is the ability to communicate through a language.
However, it is much more complex. Intelligence is more so the ability to learn, reason and
understand, as well as understanding truths, relationships, facts, and meanings. Through much
research, scientists have discovered that there are other species with great knowledge. Species such
as dolphins, primates, elephants, pigs, and birds have had their brilliance put to the test, supporting
the idea that intelligence is more than having a language. Primates, our closest living relatives, are
among the smartest of the animal kingdom. Two in particular, Orangutans and Chimpanzees, are
considered the most intelligent of the primates. Both species have been taught to use and have been
observed using tools necessary for their survival. What makes this action qualify as intelligence, is
that they understand why they are performing those actions and how to go about doing them. A
captive orangutan was once taught how to build a protective structure using tools in the wild. When
the orangutan was released, it was seen building the same protective structure to provide shelter
from the rain. Chimpanzees, however, have been found to learn, have family bonds, adopt orphans,
perform cognitive and creative tasks, and have a better memory than any other animal. They have
learned how to use sign language to

Genetic Modification Pros And Cons Essay
Name:
Criteria Information Required Mark
Introduction (P1) Discussed what the issue and technique is
Discussed how future generations are affected including some of the following:
– Removal of phenotypes
– Improved diet to humans
– More variety of phenotypes
Genotype consequences including some of the following key aspects:
– Reduction in alleles of disorders/disease
– Increase in alleles favoured
– Reduction in genetic diversity /1
/2
/2
Community benefit (P2) Why we conduct Genetic Modification including some of the following:
– Improve health of species
– Suit climatic conditions
– Improve diversity
– Improve nutrition
– Stop species going extinct
How the technology has changed:
– Selective breeding to now ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
/2
/2
/1
Evolutionary Links (P4) Links between genetic screening and technological advancements
including:
– Creation of stone tools to enhance survival rates
– Creation of computers using tools, which allows faster transmission of information and more
automated processes

– Genome sequencing – allows us to understand and be able to read the genes in organisms
Links between structural advancements and genetic screening including:
– Bipedal motion: allowing for hands free to manipulate items to improve survival and technology
– Opposable thumbs: allow for grasping tools to build computers and take DNA samples
– Larger brain capacity: improves problem solving and creation of the new concepts, theories and
technologies.
Links between cultural advancements and genetic screening including:
– Speech to enable faster transmission of information
– Education systems as a traditional way to improve understanding and be taught new concepts.
/2

Crime Scene Investigation Essay
At a crime scene, insects can provide important pieces of information to criminal investigators,
including estimating the post–mortem interval (PMI) and determining where the crime took place.
This is only possible, however, if the local insect fauna is known, thereby facilitating the need for
local insect population surveys at both the morphological and gene levels. Although flies (order
Diptera) are one of the first and most prevalent necrophagic insect species found associated with a
corpse, beetles (order Coleoptera) are also a forensically relevant insect that can play a significant
role in crime scene investigations.
In this study, the objective was to survey the Coleoptera population in Lyon County, Kansas during
the early spring. Insects were collected using light traps during the evening hours and DNA was
isolated from each collected specimen followed by amplification of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI)
gene. The cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene is known to be as a standard barcode gene. (CBOL,
2010) This barcode gene is a 648 base pair mostly found in all animals including flies, ... Show
DNA Isolation was done using ZR Tissue & Insect DNA Miniprep™ kit (Zymo Reseach, Irvine,
CA). The instruction manual provided by Zymo Research, titled as ZR Tissue and Insect DNA Mini
Prep ™, Catalog No. D6016 was used in order to perform the DNA isolation. (Zymo, 1913) ZR
Tissue and Insect DNA Mini Prep ™, Catalog No. D6016, provides a detailed procedure including
what materials to use, centrifugation timing, extraction, and in between others. (Zymo, 1913) This
can be found in room 44 and on the Zymo Research website. Afterward DNA extraction, the
concentration and purity of each DNA sample was measured in a Implen Nano–photometer, Serial
No: 6293. The specimens needed to have a concentration equal or bigger than 4 ng/μl in order to be
used in to the next

Hominin Naledi Essay
5 facts about the new Hominin Naledi
South Africa – An international team of scientist led by Professor Lee R. Berger, announced on
Thursday the discovery of a new hominin species named Homo Naledi from the fossils found in the
Rising Star cave in South Africa. This adds a new branch to the human species family tree.
Modern humans, who belong to a specie named Homo sapiens, continue to be until today the only
living species in our genus. But 20,000 years ago there were other species of the genus Homo that
are now referred as "hominins". The discovering of Lee R. Berger, an American paleoanthropologist
who is a professor of human evolution studies at the University of the Witwatersrand in
Johannesburg, describe an unusual collection of hominins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The creature, which evidently walked upright, represents a mix of traits. The hands and feet look
like Homo, but the shoulders and the small brain recall Homo's more ape–like ancestors, the
researchers said.
"It's brain was no larger than a baseball, its shoulders and torso primitive, its fingers long and
curved, allowing H. naledi to climb and swing from the trees. [...] Its long legs and feet, nearly
indistinguishable from those of modern man, allowed it not only to walk upright but also to travel
for many miles at a time" reported from The Washington Post Amy Ellis Nutt.
Scientists also believe that Homo naledi buried their dead. The number of bodies, their location, and
the hard–access characteristic of the cave makes scientists believe that Naledi species left
deliberately bodies in caves as a way of burying them. This has been considered as a behavior
limited to modern humans and never seen before in such a primitive human, reported The New York
Times. This could have big implications for understanding the origins of modern human behavior.
They may have used tools. The hands suggest tool–using capabilities as they had extremely curved
fingers. More curved that almost any other species at such early state of hominin, suggesting they
had climbing

Human Genome Lab Report
Abstract: As I read more about the theory of macroevolution, I wanted to investigate the similarities
between genomes of different species. The blast lab's program allowed me to compare specific
human proteins' genome libraries in the Blast tool and figure out which species of animals were
close to humans on the chart. I used the human keratin, Pax1, and myosin proteins' genome and
studied them using the Blast tool. As I compared the results with the human proteins, all three genes
were almost identical to those of primates. Only 1% of the genome library, more or less, was
different between the two species. These results coincided with the theory that humans and primates
must have shared a common ancestor according to macroevolution.
Introduction: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both species of chimpanzees and bonobos proved to be the closest to human with numbers as low as
1% difference between human and primate genes such as myosin. Using the macroevolution based
results from the BLAST tool, I was able to make theoretical inferences regarding the theory itself.
Due to the similarity in the respective proteins of both humans and primates, there are various views
of the dynamics of macroevolution that could argue for the theory of humans and primates sharing a
common ancestor. This type of macroevolution, either through gradualism or punctuated
equilibrium, could have resulted in the distinct genomes of both humans and primates, but also show
the similarity of both sequences. As I analyzed the BLAST lab and its results, I was able to
understand more behind the theory of macroevolution and test for myself some of the evidence that
is used to back it up. I am still interested in comparing more genomes and have future questions on
the similarity or difference between distinct species such as fish and

Characteristics Of Decoding Neanderthal
According to "Decoding Neanderthals' they were consider primitive; without language and art or a
high level of thinking. These species hunted by brute force with a simple stone tool. Also, that their
intellect cannot be associated or compared with modern humans because their behavior was too way
primitive. They began to disappear 40,000 years ago as modern humans came on the scene, stated
by "Decoding Neanderthals" documentary movie. However, according to the genetic evidence
shows a mysterious presence related with the modern humans genes. Neanderthal's psychical
features demonstrate some facts that these Homo species possessed intelligence. For example, big
noses, bulky physiques–adaptation to cold, shorter than Homo sapiens, but bones were thicker,
oblique forehead and heavy eyebrows. Also, often Neanderthal's craniums are larger than modern
humans. They had larger ankle joint, elbow joint and shorter forearm, broader ribcage and lower
cranium. They were the most advanced group of primates, except modern humans. Neanderthals
weren't fewer intelligent than modern people; they had clothes and had some kind of language.
Neanderthal living space showed complex use of the instrument, abstract thoughts and speech,
burial of their dead and manufactured primitive art objects. Some stereotypes against these species
are that they had limited stone tools and no art or personal ornaments; therefore they seemed less
advanced than modern humans. Also, stereotyping their intelligence

Human Evolution: Homo Habilis And Neanderthals
Human Evolution Process
The evolutionary of human living has taken place over millions of years of geological time. It has
evolved millions of generations, and billions of individuals. The human evolution is not
understandable completely yet. Evolutionary change within a population can take place at different
time and different rates, which yield different consequences. This process still taking place in the
natural selection and human evolution. One species may be merged to the new species or developed
to the next stage of the same species. Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Heidelbergensis, and
Neanderthals were the close ancestors of modern human, which developed from Australopithecus
afarensis.
First, Homo Habilis was considered as the earliest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were found in Africa 600–200kya, Asia 200–130kya, and European 800–200kya. They had big
cranial capacity. They were using Acheulean tools. They led to the development of Neanderthal, the
closed ancestor of modern human. They occupied the continents from 130–30kya. There fossils
were excavated in Neander Valley, Germany in 1856 by C. Fuhlrott. Their cranial and postcranial
features were close to the modern human. They had thin cranial bone, which the capacity was about
1500cc; barrel–chested; and short distal limb segment. Neanderthal climate had changed
significantly to cold weather. According to Bergmann's and Allen's rule, populations living in cold
climates tend to have larger body (trunk) sizes and shorter extremities than those living in warm
regions ("Human Biological Adaptability: Adapting to Climate Extremes"). Neanderthals developed
Mousterian Tool Industry with greater variety of more standardized tool type. The high quality raw
material was occasionally used. They used tools for cutting plant material, meat, scraping hides, and
sharping tools. Sometimes, shaped bone was used as raw material. Those tools were stable over time
and space. There are some new evidences that the Neanderthal had showed the artistic expression.
At more than 39,000 years old, the etchings rival in age the oldest cave art in Europe – and they are
the first to be unquestionably done by a Neanderthal (Rodríguez–Vidal, J. et

Can Researchers Identify Sea Turtles Through Photo...
Article 1– Investigating the viability of photo–identification as an objective tool to study endangered
sea turtle populations
1. The question that the researchers are trying to answer is whether photo–identification is a sensible
practice to research endangered sea turtles. Their hypothesis was that people would be able to
accurately, reliably, easily be able to distinguish individual sea turtles using natural markings. The
researchers' prediction is that if people use photo–identification then they will be able to determine
individual sea turtles by matching the markings in the picture to the sea turtle.
2. For the experiment, first, an expert observer is tested on her matching abilities of the photos to
tagged turtles with and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. I feel like photo–identification of sea turtles could completely change how sea turtles are studied
now. From the results of the expert observer, after naïve observers are trained turtles can be
accurately and easily identified. It would also avoid the problems of broken tags or harming the
turtle but still be able to observe the turtles. This experiment will help science because photo–
identification will be a stable tool to study turtle population, ecology, behavior, and conservation
data.
Article 2– Recent changes in the diet composition of common minke whales (Balaenoptera
acutorostrata) in Icelandic waters. – Consequence of climate change?
1. The question that the researchers are trying to answer is why the diets of minke whales changed.
Their hypothesis is higher sea temperatures caused minke whales diets to change. They predict that
rising water temperatures caused the preferred food source of minke whales to decrease therefore
causing the minke whale's diet to change.
2. The basic experimental design was that over 5 years researchers caught minkle whales and within
3 hours of death, analyzed the diet of the whale. They found the volume and weight of fore–
stomach, verified what species the whale had eaten, and determined how frequent a species was
eaten. The responding variable is the species found in the whale's diet that year

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