Cutaneous Larva Diagnosis

Cutaneous Larva Diagnosis
Diagnosis and management of cutaneous larva migrans By Dr. Liji Thomas, MD Cutaneous larva
migrans is caused by the epidermal migration of the filariform larvae of various hookworm and
occasionally, dog tapeworm, species. The most common type is due to the dog/cat hookworm
Ancylostoma braziliense. It manifests as a red or vesicular lesion at the site of entry of the larva,
usually between the toes of the bare foot. The skin around this papule is usually pruritic. Symptoms
of severe itching start immediately after infestation, and are associated with the appearance of an
advancing reddish, serpiginous rash. This lesion is usually benign, and lasts for weeks to months.
Eventually the larvae, having entered an accidental host, die because they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result they die within weeks or months, and the symptoms vanish. However, the severe itching
for several weeks or months may be intolerable. It can lead to scratching with the risk of secondary
skin infection. Also, there is a risk of complications, such as impetigo, hyper–eosinophilia and
allergic reactions to the presence of the larvae. Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans may be done
with 10 – 15% thiabendazole ointment or solution topically three times a day for 15 days. Within 48
hours the itching stops and the rash ceases to advance. The treatment is difficult if there are multiple
rashes or hookworm infestation of the skin follicles. Oral thiabendazole is less effective than oral
albendazole, having a cure rate of 68 – 84%. Albendazole 400 mg may be used as a single dose or
repeated for two days, and produces a cure in 46 – 100%. Another option is ivermectin, which is
used off–label for this purpose, a single oral dose of 12 mg being effective in 81 – 100%. Moreover,
the relapse rate is very low with this drug. Antibacterial or antibiotic ointments are used to treat
secondary infections of the inflamed
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Heartworms In Dogs: A Potential Deadly Disease
Heartworms Page Content Creation
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Heartworms In Dogs – A Potential Deadly Illness!
In many countries, many pet vets start checking their dogs for a possible exposure to heartworm
organisms that may have come to them during the previous mosquito season.
Heartworms are but a parasitic worm (Dirofilaria Immitis) which infests the heart of the pet such as
dogs & is spread by infected mosquitoes.
In the context of the issues caused by heartworms, it has become a menace of sorts for pet owners &
is well on its course to be positioned with fleas & ticks in terms of issues caused.
Some Warning Signs That Your Dog Has Heartworms
Heartworm symptoms may take even months to appear. However, there are still some common
signs that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other Vital Symptoms Are Possible Too
 Secondary Pneumonia
 Increased Blood Pressure
 Nosebleeds
 Excessive Sleeping
 Blindness
 Seizers
 Lameness
Causes Of Heartworm Disease In Dogs
The issue of heartworms is a serious disease which leads to serious lung disease, heart failure, other
organ damage, and death in pets majorly dogs. It is caused by a parasitic worm known as Dirofilaria
Immitis, spread through an infected mosquito's bite.
Strongheart – An Effective Medicine For Heartworm Prevention In Canines
If you have a dog suffering from Heartworms, you can give it Strongheart.
Yes, Strongheart (Ivermectin/Pyrantel Pamoate) is an oral medication which could be given to adult
dogs and puppies of at least 6 weeks of age to treat heartworms.
In certain circumstances, it may also be useful in treating hookworm, ascarids, toxocara canis &
toxascaris leonine.
Benefits Of Strongheart For Heartworms
Ingredients
Ivermectin
Pyrantel Pamoate

Benefits
Effective method to keep heartworms

Similarities In The Ewells And Cunninghams
The Ewells and Cunninghams are two families that are quite different. The most obvious difference
is their personalities. Burris Ewell is a boy who is rebellious and doesn't listen to the teacher. Burris
even says, "You ain't sendin' me home missus. I was on the verge of leavin' –I done done my time
for this year" (27). While on the other hand Walter Cunningham is polite, and tries very hard to be a
gentleman. When Miss Caroline tries to give Walter a quarter for lunch her replied in a polite
manner, "Nome thank you ma'am" (19). These two families are also different by their
appearance/hygiene. Burris Ewell came to school filthy. This is proved when it states "his neck was
dark grey, the backs of his hands were rusty, and his fingernails were

Reasons For The Adoption Of Korean Immigrants
Most believe that hundreds of Koreans went to the Angel Island Immigration Station at the port of
San Francisco. Of the 1,000 Koreans, about six hundred fifty of them arrived somewhere around
1910 and 1918. July 9, 1913, a Korean whose name was believed to be An Chang Da arrived at the
port of San Francisco. At age of 21, he arrived with five others asking for admission. An Chang Da
was a fake name, his real name was Edwin Bum Young. He left Korea because of the annexation of
Korea by the Japanese. He was later interviewed. The BSI at Angel Island gave a recommendation
to exclude the six Koreans. The reason for this choice was because he had a parasitic disease which
was called hookworm. This was a quite common disease between immigrants.

Similarities Between The Ewells And The Cunninghams In To...
The Ewells and the Cunninghams in To Kill a Mockingbird are utterly different families in the way
they act, their hygiene and the way they are labeled by the town of Maycomb. The first way the
families differ is in the way they act. The Ewells have little respect for others and don't let anyone
tell them what to do. For example, Miss Caroline politely asked Burris to sit back down but in an
impolite time he responded, "You try and make me, missus" (27). However, the cunninghams are
very respectful and they makes sure if they do something they can't pay back in money they pay it
back in other goods. Hygiene is a problem for both families, but one is more severe than the other.
When scout looks up she can see that Miss Caroline is scared of what's

Causes Of Crohn's Disease
For instance, Crohn's disease(CD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs), which
affect the various areas of GI tract (from mouse to anus) and lead to abdominal cramps, weight loss,
diarrhea, fever and the other symptom. According to the survey, Crohn's disease was found to be
more common in developed industrialized countries than less developed tropical countries because
people who lived in developed areas have less chance of exposure to helminthes. Therefore,
although the cause of Crohn's disease is not fully understood, but it is consider to be related to
environmental, genetic factor and autoimmune reaction. Medically speaking, Crohn's disease is
classified as an autoimmune disorder. Usually, there are many harmless and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Allergic asthma is considered to be autoimmune disease because immune system attacks allergen
and releases immunoglobulin E (IgE) that induces inflammation and obstruction of the airway. In
2004, David Pritchard found that hookworm larvae infection can reduce airway responsiveness in
patients with allergic asthma. In 2006, during his second clinical trial, there are 15 participants
received a dose of10 hookworms, and the other15 participants received placebo. After six weeks,
the result shown that 15 worm recipients experienced a low inflammatory response. This indicates
that their immune system can be controlled and suppressed by

Essay Comparing A Part Of The Sky And Walter's Life
In the young adult novels, To Kill a Mockingbird and A Part of the Sky, the characters Walter
Cunningham and Robert Peck are very similar. Both Walter Cunningham and Robert Peck lived
during The Great Depression, came from poor farming families and struggled at home. They faced
many obstacles, but their greatest similarities, by far, were their attributes of responsibility,
endurance and integrity. Walter and Robert both shared traits of responsibility. Because Walter's
family was struggling with immense financial stability issues, Walter was unable to have basic
necessities such as shoes, clean clothing and even food. Despite his egregious quality of life, Walter
"never took anything(Lee77)" from anyone who offered him one of the indispensable needs he
lacked. Walter was mature and responsible enough to understand his family couldn't afford to pay
them back. In the same vein, Robert demonstrated his maturity in refusing a quite compelling offer.
While Robert was trying to negotiate paying taxes or keeping his house, a woman offered ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Walter and his family faced many hardships in life. They were dirt poor and couldn't afford food,
nevermind shoes. Because of this, Walter caught hookworms, a disease caused by walking through
hog wallows and barnyards barefooted. In spite of starving and the fact that "he had
hookworms(Lee76)" Walter went to school everyday and faced the pain and embarrassment that
came along with it. Just like Walter, Robert was able to face difficulty fearlessly. Robert's father
died, hence there was no one around to support his family. Predictably, Robert stepped up and got "a
regular job at the feedstore (Peck80)" rather than going to school like the rest of his peers. Robert
was able to sacrifice his childhood and put aside his grief to provide for his family. The two young
people's ability to ignore their losses to strive for prosperity proves they have notable

Immigrants In The 19th Century
Depression in Italy, pogroms in Europe, famine in China and drought in the Midwest were causes
that sent million of immigrants to New York, Chicago and San Francisco. "Between 1977 and 1890,
more than 6.3 million immigrants entered the United States"(609). Of the millions that came to the
USA, 75 percent went to New York City. In 1892, Ellis Island opened up. Immigrants would depart
here to begin the registration process. During the process, they had to undergo a physical which
checked for diseases such as the hookworm, and or if they were healthy or not. If they passed the
physical, they would be allowed to come into the city. Many of the people entering the city were
classified as "job seekers". The Irish would normally seek

How Roundworms Can Affect Women's Fertility
There are many factors that can effect women's fertility, such as health problems, weight and
generics. When a couple is trying to conceive many doctors and health care professionals will tell
their patients to continue trying for about a year. If the couple has tried for a year without any
positive results, they may need to consult their professional once more and see what their options
are.
For many years IVF, has been one of the only methods women can try to become pregnant. That is
no longer the case, researchers have found that different parasitic worms such as roundworms can
alter a woman's immune system. Increasing their chances of becoming pregnant. In a recent study
with 986 indigenous women in Bolivia it indicated a lifetime of roundworm

Almost 8 million people are infected with hookworm (Freary...
Almost 8 million people are infected with hookworm (Freary et al), in severe cases it can result in
death. On the contrary, epidemiological evidence suggests the hookworm may help with allergies
and asthma. Two different scientific tests were performed to see if hookworms could help with
symptoms of allergies and asthma. The first study was done to determine if hookworm infection
would help airway responsiveness in a person who has allergies. The second study tested "to see the
effects of experimental hookworm infection in asthma" (Freary et al). In comparison both the
studies were trying to use hookworms as a treatment for issues with people's immune systems.
Contrastingly, the first study (based on allergies) had to be conducted first in ... Show more content
The second experiment, dealing with asthma, used 32 people. Similarly to the first experiment it
was randomized and was done double–blinded to make the results as accurate as possible. Half the
participants received the placebo and the other half received the actual hookworm infection, just like
the allergy experiment. For both, each of the recipients of the placebo and hookworm infection was
watched closely for 16 weeks. The experiments had important requirements to the people to
participate. For the first experiment the participants had to be at least 18 years of age and not
pregnant or planning on being pregnant during the course of the study. The second experiment
participants had to be also at least 18 and not pregnant. They also had to have a "physician's
diagnosis of asthma treated with daily inhaled corticosteroids of up to 1000 mcg beclometasone"
(Freary et al). The experiment participants had follow–up visits and were required to fill out surveys
and journal about their experiences during the tests.
In the experiments the scientists for each stage of devolvement tracked the spreading through
different parts of the body. In the first experiment one of the items that the scientists were looking
for was maximum fall (the lowest fall in PD and AMP). For the airway responsiveness the placebo
group did not show much difference than the hookworm group. Although looking at the

New World Hookworm
What is the "common name" of this worm? The common name of this worm is the New World
hookworm or the American killer. 3. What does your worm look like? What are some defining
characteristics? Are there differences between female and male? The worm looks like a small worm
with a slender cylindrical body that has a cuticle, and three outer layers of collagen. Some defining
and gender–based characteristics is that they experience gender dimorphism with the female worms
growing up between 9mm to 11mm while the male worms with 7mm to 9mm. 4. What is the life
cycle of your worm? Where are the eggs laid? If the larva migrates, where? Where does the adult
live? Cycle it back to laying the eggs. The worm's life cycle starts off with eggs of the worm are laid
in human feces, the larvae hatch in 1 to 2 days, then rhabditiform larva comes out of the egg, the
rhabditiform will molt twice in 10 days to form the filariform larva, it will then enter another body
of a living being through its skin in their foot, it will travel up to the lungs through the circulatory
system, the worm will travel to the intestine, in the intestines it molts into an adult worm, then it will
attach to the inner walls, mating occurs if another worm is present, and the eggs will pass through
the body in feces again. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type of climate does this worm live in? The climate in which the Necator Americanus lives in
is moist and warm, 23 to 30 degrees Celsius. 6. Which disease does this worm cause? The disease
Necator Americanus causes is Hookworm Disease. 7. In what area/region of the world is this
disease predominantly found? The worm is most predominantly found in the area/region of America
and Australia. 8. What are the symptoms of this disease? The symptoms of this disease are an itchy
rash where the worm entered, fever, coughing, wheezing, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and
diarrhea. 9. Who/What are hosts of your

Similarities Between Walter Cunningham And Robert Clark
In both stories, the protagonists Walter Cunningham and Robert Peck, had a lot in common. One
thing that they both had in common was that they were both poor. Walter Cunningham is a young
boy who can't afford a lot of things. He doesn't have nice clothes or nice shoes to wear. They also
described him as a boy who had hookworms on his face. One quote to support my idea is, "Walter
Cunningham's face told everybody in the first grade he had hookworms.His absence of shoes told us
how he got them. People caught hookworms going barefoot in barnyards and hog wallows. If Walter
had owned any shoes he would have worn them the first day of school and then discarded them until
mid–winter. He did have on a clean shirt and neatly mended overalls." This quotes shows that
Walter does not have enough money to pay for something as simple as food, which indicates that his
family suffers from poverty. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One quote to support my claim is, "Do you own your farm outright, or is there some sort of a lien or
mortgage on it?'It's mortgaged. But we've been paying it off pretty steady. Only four years to go and
it's all ours. Free and clear.'The lady made a note on our paper.'Your property will not be free and
clear if you haven't settled your annual tax. How do you propose to raise thirty–five dollars? Or do
you expect to become a burden to the

Hookworm Essay
Hookworms in humans is caused by a helminth infection caused by a nematode parasite Necator
americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Humans are exposed to the infection when their skin
comes in contact with larvae in the soil which was contaminated by human feces. The larvae
penetrates the skin and enters the bloodstream, lungs and mouth. Once the larvae enters the mouth it
is swallowed and ends up in the intestines. Once it reaches the intestines the larvae receives its
nutrients from the host blood. Feeding on human blood supply, hookworms inevitably end up
causing anemia in that individual. Other symptoms of the infection include a skin rash, weight loss,
wheezing and cough, fever, stomach pain, diarrhea, heart failure or even death if the infection is left
untreated. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately 10% experience anemia. It occurs mostly in poor undeveloped countries, commonly
in rural tropical and subtropical Asia, the sub–Saharan Africa and Latin America. To diagnose a
hookworm infection, a healthcare provider may perform a stool sample check for hookworm eggs as
well as obtain a blood sample to check for anemia. Medication used to treat hookworm include
albendazole or mebendazole which treat the parasitic infection, iron supplements or iron infusions
may be given to treat an individual's anemia. Preventative measures to avoid contracting hookworm
infection include wearing shoes in soiled areas which are high risk for contamination, use a barrier
when touching soil, sitting on the soil or gardening. Check children's sandboxes and keep them
covered, wear gloves when touching soil and disposing of feces in a sanitary manner. Educating the
public regarding the causes, signs and symptoms of the disease is also

Carlo Urbani
Carlo Urbani
Carlo Urbani was an exceptional biologist and epidemiologist that saved many lives through his
work. He was born on October, 19, 1956 in Castelplanio, Italy. He died March 29, 2003 in Bangkok,
Thailand from SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) (Savioli). He died at 46 and was survived
by a wife and three kids. His education laid the foundation for a successful career (Era).
Urbani's career with Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) all started with his education. He graduated from the University of Ancona
with degrees in medicine and in infectious diseases (Era). He later earned a postgraduate degree in
tropical parasitology at Istituto Superiore di Sanita in Rome, Italy (Oransky). His studies in college
lead into a career in the medical and biological fields.
Carlo Urbani's contribution to the medical field was truly one of a kind. Urbani was one of the early
volunteers of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) which is an organization that "focuses on delivering
emergency medical aid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he was doing research on SARS, basically the rest of the world was as well. At the beginning
of the epidemic nobody knew anything about this deadly new disease, it had never been seen before.
WHO, CDC (Center for Disease Control), MSF, and EOC (Emergency Operations Center) were a
few of the major international organizations involved in the epidemic (Remembering). They had
eleven main goals:define the disease, offer one–on–one patient consultations, provide guidelines on
managing patients, work on protection measures for health workers, determine the cause, create
diagnostic tests, provide guidelines on isolation and quarantine, track and analyze cases to define
risk and stop the spread, monitor travelers health at entry points to the U.S., communicate with the
public, and report any U.S. cases to WHO (WHO)

Crohn's Disease Analysis
Immune cells in the respiratory system require contact with potentially dangerous organisms in
order to differentiate between benign and lethal antigens. Without contact with these organisms, the
immune system will not be able to fully develop. Stated in "Dear Earthtalk Gale", "One theory is
that better hygiene in developed countries means that Westerners have less exposure to bacteria,
viruses and parasites, altering our immune response with the result being increased risk for allergic
diseases like asthma. Indeed, Western asthma rates are 50 times higher than in rural Africa" (1).
Those that have a lot of contact with pathogens, such as people living in developing countries, are
easily able to protect themselves from asthma, unlike those ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, "Crohn's disease was more common in subjects whose first houses had a hot–water tap
(odds ratio 5.0, 95% CI 1.4–17.3) and separate bathroom... " (Gent, A. E. and M. D. Hellier. 766).
Just as hygiene relates to having easily accessible water and a separate bathroom, cleaner
environments are highly associated with Crohn's disease in contrast to underdeveloped
environments. Ultimately, the risk of developing Crohn's disease is related to the degree of exposure
to pathogens during the early years of maturation of the immune

Feliia Monologue
Watch out, here I am in Felicia! I'm the one and only, Waldo the hookworm. I enter through a
mouth. Then I go straight to the small intestine. So here I am in Felicia small intestine, it's dark but
moist. There are anti–bodies trying to attack me but there not strong enough and even if they were,
it would be too late anyway. I'll start form the beginning, I was originally in a lake when Felicia
stupidly jumped in because of a dare. I took advantage of the situation and jumped on her, when she
took her breath I went in. It was difficult getting through the esophagus and stomach without being
found and eliminated by the immune system, I had to sneak behind the muscles in the esophagus
and had to swim in the dangerous, acidic stomach acid without being digested and or dissolved. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the five years we've been here we had a large family, invited friends over and live in a large
community and get this we started the community. Six days later.....Everything is going down hill,
inside Felicia war broke out between us parasites, the bacteria, the viruses and the fungi. What's
more because of all of the creatures feeding off of Felicia, she's starting to die. The war started
because of space when some of the parasites and viruses started saying that they don't have enough
space because not all the parasites and viruses are unicellular. The bacteria and fungi disagreed and

Compare And Contrast Burris Ewell And Walter Cunningham
In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Scout attends a school and meets Burris Ewell and Walter
Cunningham, two very different people. Walter Cunningham is from a poor farming family, Burris
Ewell is also from a poor family. Walter Cunningham wears clean and neat clothes when he attends
school and meals. "He did have on a clean shirt and neatly mended overalls"(19).Walter has
hookworms. "Walter Cunningham's face told everybody in the first grade he had hookworms"(19).
This quote shows that Walter has hookworms. Burris Ewell has weird hair and looks grumpy. "He
was the filthiest human I have ever seen"(35). This quote shows that Scout learns that he is a filthy
person. Burris also looks like he thinks he is the boss. Walter Cunningham is

Tetanus Essay
All around the world there has been some forum of slavery, but nothing has been more devastating
than how the slaves were treated in North America. Majority of the slave cruelty of slaves happened
in the southern areas. "Nothing that has happened to men in modern times has been more significant
than the buying and selling of human beings out of Africa into America from 1441 to 1870." W.E.B.
Du Bois. Yes, the slave buying and selling was immoral but how these people were forced to live
day by day was inhumane. They were forced to live in small dirt floor cabins, and on top of the
cabins being small they had to share the small cabins with other families. The slaves were also
forced to work long and laborious days, they bare had time to rest especially ... Show more content
This illness was a significant disease founded in slaves it was called tuberculosis also known as TB.
TB is a bacterial infection that spreads throughout the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ it
chooses in your body but it most often affects the lungs. Most slaves who were exposed to TB never
have the symptoms, because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. If the immune
system weakens, such as in people with other illnesses or older people then the TB bacteria may
become active. In the active state the TB bacteria cause the tissue to die in the organs it infects.
Active TB can be deadly if left untreated, because the bacteria that cause TB is air–born so the
disease is very contagious. Infection is most likely to occur if a person is exposed to someone else
with TB on a daily basis. Like living and working in close proximity with others who has the active
disease. With a great number of slaves living under one roof can you imagine if one person has
active TB, if not caught it could potentially wipe out the whole cabin. This was the main issue with
why TB was spreading like wildfire. According to Seale Harris M.D records "The negro death rate
from tuberculosis is more than three times that of the whites from the same disease." Well it is pretty
obvious why whites had lower TB rates. White people were not forced to live in small, tight, and
cramped cabins. What

An Epidemic Of Absence Chapter Summary
The book "An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune
Diseases" by Moises Velasquez–Manoff is about the relationship between parasites and diseases.
The author of the book suffers from alopecia, an autoimmune disease, where he is left with no hair
anywhere on his body. The book centers around the author's claim: parasites can lessen and
sometimes get rid of allergic and autoimmune disease symptoms. The most interesting part of the
book was when the author, Manoff, talked about his self–experiment. Manoff travelled to Mexico
where he willingly injected himself with hookworms, a parasite, to find out what would happen to
his allergies and alopecia. He talks about this in the first chapter, only explaining how he decided to
do it and how he injected himself, but not the results. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I'll give an example: Chapter 8 "The Disappearing Microbiota" is all about a certain bacteria found
in your stomach and intestines H. pylori. If you think reading over 20 pages about a BACTERIA
would be entertaining, you, my friend, are wrong. On top of that it took the author fourteen pages to
relate H. pylori to his claim...so I was forced to read fourteen pages of useless information about a
bacteria. Feel bad for me. When Manoff finally gets around to his point he says "If you're exposed
to a variety of H. pylori strains, you may harbor a more diverse helicobacter ecosystem . . . Yet
another possibility, however, is simpler yet: a decline in worm prevalence", again after FOURTEEN
pages of useless nonsense (158). To paint a picture of how annoyed I was, I wrote a sticky note that
said "Took him 14 pages to get to his point?!?

Fecal Intervention Journal
This week in my clinic I learned about what to check for when looking at a fecal sample under the
microscope. After being given the sample, I put together a fecal exam for a direct smear and a fecal
floatation. My mentor then showed me how to work the microscope and what to look for in a
sample through an example chart. She then made me look at the sample and tell her what I saw.
With this particular patient I was able to see Roundworms/Hookworms eggs on the fecal exam.
Roundworm eggs are in a round shape with a lighter outer membrane whereas Hookworm eggs are
oval with cluster of round eggs in the middle. This was an exciting moment for me due to the fact
that I have never had the chance to try and search for fecal worms on my own. Most of the time if
one of the nurses saw something ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When looking for the number, if I don't remember, I can find it in our Avimark computer system.
After finding the number, I call there automatic service and press the number for a new prescription
as well as the number for a non–controlled prescription. There are more options during this call, but
for this particular patient's prescription these were what they needed. I then get a person who asks
me questions like what is the clinics name, who is the patient, and what is the prescription
information. This was a really new experience for me and was really easy to figure out due to all the
options. The skills that I learned this week were how to prepare a drape and gown for sterilization.
This included how to properly fold and wrap a drape vs a gown as well as how they are sterilized. I
thought folding and wrapping drapes and gown were so much easier than wrapping a regular pack.
Drapes seemed the simplest due to the fact that all you have to know is how to fold in an accordion
style. The last skill I learned was how to identify and describe the proper use of various surgical

How Parasitology Is A Very Important Area Of The...
Parasitology is a very important area of the microbiology clinical laboratory of NYU Langone
Medical Center. Medical technologists perform many different types of assays and observe
countless samples under the microscope in order to detect the presence of any parasites causing
infections. Parasitology is the study of parasitic organisms that cause disease within humans.
Parasites are defined as organisms that live in or on another organism and uses its resources. The
major groups of parasitic organisms studied and observed in the clinical laboratory are helminths,
protozoa, and arthropods. Helminths are worm parasites and this group contains the parasitic
subgroups nematodes, cestodes and trematodes. Nematodes are roundworms, cestodes are
tapeworms, and trematodes are flukes. There are thousands of different species of helminths.
Protozoa contains organelles within their cell. There are more than 50,000 species and are very
common throughout the world. Arthropods are organisms with a chitin cytoskeleton, such as fleas,
ticks, spiders, and insects. Although parasitic infections are most often associated with tropical areas
they can also occur in subtropical and more temperate areas, even places such as New York City.
Billions of people all over the world have fallen prey to parasitic infections. People who live, work,
visit, or immigrate from more remote and underdeveloped parts of the world are at a higher risk of
acquiring parasitic infections. The level of symptoms

Animal Testing Essay
Testing on animals for pharmaceutical products is happening all over the world with not much talk
about it. "For drugs and biologics, the focus of animal testing is on the drug's nature, chemistry, and
effects (pharmacology) and on its potential damage to the body (toxicology)" (FDA, " Why Are
Animals . . ."). A lot of people read on the label time and time again "Product Tested on Animals"
not knowing just how cruel some of these testing methods actually are. "Vaccine testing in particular
consumes an estimated 2.5 million animals every year because vaccines are often produced by
weakening, inactivating, or detoxifying a virulent microorganism or toxin. Each batch of the
finished product is then tested on animals, causing them pain, suffering,

Placebo: Medical Therapy
A placebo is a way of testing a medical therapy where one group receives a real treatment and the
other group receives a sham. It's like two patients having the same sickness but they only give one
of them the real treatment. This is why I am against placebos. My first main point is someone
employing the same blind procedures on dogs when testing K–9 medication. The use of two groups
study all dogs with epilepsy, giving one group medication and the other a placebo. It turns out the
placebo phenomenon went upon the dog continuum because the placebo group reacted really well to
the drugs. This was a good example but something bad could have happened. My second main point
is someone tricking themselves into being intoxicated. They do

United States Public Health And Marine Hospital Service
In 1899, after the Spanish– American war, Bailey K. Ashford found a parasite in the New World that
was widespread among the rural inhabitants of Puerto Rico. Intrigued, he conducted several studies
of the anemia caused by hookworm, which was responsible for many deaths in the area, and set up a
treatment plan to cure the infected. Ashford set up dispensaries for the Puerto Rican population.
Between 1904 and 1910, American officials treated 287,568 hookworm cases, nearly 1/3 of the
population (Sledge 129). Meanwhile, in the United States, Charles Wardell Stiles of the United
States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service was informed by Ashford of the hookworm
outbreak. Interested in the information, Stiles took a preliminary survey ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Stiles spent seven years trying to get his voice heard, until he finally convinced the John D.
Rockefeller philanthropy to contribute to the cause. Rockefeller donated one million dollars to fight
hookworms in the south. However, the south became outraged with the donation. Warren Chandler
even said, "it is our hope that our people will not be taken in by Mr. Rockefeller's fund and
hookworm commission". The south did not want help with anything, especially if it was coming
from up north. Regardless, the creation of the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication
of Hookworms began. The commission had several strategies in order to not only treat people but to
also inform them. Surveys went out in certain states as well as newspapers and public notices. If one
had hookworms they would be diagnosed at the dispensary then given thymol to be taken at home.
The commission also built sanitary privies and tried to improve existing living spaces. However,
there was a flaw, only 50% had access to sanitary privies and most people do not have shoes or
toilets. The commission was getting rid of the worms inside but neglecting to get rid of them
outside. One million dollars were not spent and they came nowhere near to getting rid of the
hookworms. The commission did however change the involvement in the federal role in public
health. By 1917, the south not only had hookworms but they now had malaria

Hookworm Research Paper
19 Hookworm (Anclostoma Duodenale and Necator Americanus). Hookworm is another very
important intestinal helminth that infects over seven hundred million people worldwide (CDC,
2016). The adult worms, like ascaris live in the intestine and shed their eggs in the faeces of infected
person. Faecal contamination of the soil or the use of human excreta as fertilizer increases the
chance of hook worm eggs to be deposited in the soil. The eggs when released into the soil hatch
into the larvae. Hookworm infection occurs when the infective larvae penetrate the human skin.
This infection is likely possible when people walk barefoot on soil contaminated with hookworm
eggs (Cappello, 2004). Infections with hookworm are usually asymptomatic

Are Veterinary Products Necessary For Oral Administration?
Introduction
Drenches are veterinary products which contain liquid formulation for oral administration that is
used to kill internal and external parasites in most of the livestock especially in sheep. It serves
mainly as a deworming purpose and is used in the worm control on any farms. Drenches is also
known as anthelmintics as they contain active ingredients that kill the helminths in the stomach of
the livestock. Basically, there are three major types of drenches which are the suspensions, solutions
and emulsions. (P.Junquera, 2015) Drenches can become a broad spectrum when they treat an
extensive range of internal parasites or a narrow spectrum when they treat only a restricted range of
internal parasites. (Sheep Worms: Signs, Management Plan, Control, & Drenching, 2015) There are
several chemical groups in drenches and each of them have a specific mode of action on the worm.
Drench test can be carried out regularly to ensure the effectiveness of certain drenches to a
particular parasitic worm. Several steps have to be taken carefully as well when drenching as
inappropriate drenching may cause the drench resistance. Combinations of various drenches are
implemented in order to prevent the occurrence of drench resistance whereby the worms are
resistant to a certain type of drenches. (Drenches, n.d.) Thus, it is very important to preserve several
effective drenches to cope with this problem.
CONTENT
Major Types of Drenches
(a) Suspensions
The active ingredient is a

The Shortcomings Of The Vertical Health Care Program
Nylander 1
Mason Nylander
Professor Robert McNeill
BIO9034
June 4, 2016
The Inadequacies of the Vertical Health Care Program
Considering all the health concerns that public health physicians must be cognizant of,
why does a vertical public health program seem so attractive and interesting? A vertical public
health program directs most of its expertise and resources from health organizations and
concentrates it on a single health issue, typically eliminating a particular disease. The usual
strengths of vertical programming include the clearness and sustainability of its goals and thus
progress is measurable without difficulty. A common and perhaps major weakness to the vertical
health approach is that it deters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The latrine was the core representation of increased hygienic conditions for the campaign,
and therefore was a major element of hookworm elimination success. However, for the local
populace, constructing them was time–consuming and expensive, which were never considered
in the public health initiative plans. In fact, most of the local Java population refused to build the
latrines because eventually they would flood during the monsoon season (Stein 550). This proves

that vertical programming fails to alter suitable interferences and interventions to the population
of interest and puts the organization's (in this case the Rockefeller foundation) priorities over the
local populace. The vertical programming method enforces the health organization's ambitions
on the population of interest and demands that they embrace their practices. Vertical
programming frequently suffers from a lack of participation, community input, buy–in, and
commitment. Even after three decades, the hookworm infection rates declined only slightly
(Stein 551). Though the strength of vertical programming is that it diverts time and resources to
high–priority health concerns, it might also be considered a weakness because the health concern
deemed high priority by the public health initiative is not always the same as that within the
targeted community (in this case the Java populace). Therefore, public health physicians should

Case Summary: The Case Of Mrs. Jones
Mrs Jones has a four year old male domestic long hair cat, Ruben, a neutered 5.2kg cat with a long
coat. The client finds it difficult to administer any treatment to her cat orally; he lives indoors only
and will not tolerate any flea and worming treatments by mouth. 3 questions to be asked in order to
collect relevant patient history in order to assess suitability: 1. How much does your cat weigh? 2.
What parasite treatments have you given previously?

Vy Tra Monologue
A young internist Dr. Vy Tran felt sick and his temperature it was 103, but the next morning he felt
better and every night the sickness came. One night he had hives all over his feet: another he was
doubled over with pain and pressure in his liver. And there was always fever. A doctor gave him
antibiotics without effect. The blood cell count, show only slightly elevated. The Malaria test was
negative but white cells were positive to eosinophils. Eosinophils attack anything foreign that gets
into the body, like pollen grains and cat dander. They move into the tissues, stick to the foreign
substance if this happens in the airways, the patient get red runny eyes and starts sneezing and
wheezing. But Hand Le had a highest count of white cells ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The author describes the first time that her was familiar with eosinophils when she was eight years
old in the shores of Lake Erie. In college, she was want to work in laboratory research. At nineteen,
she received a grant to study hibernation in Maltese snails. After she continued make different
research, in medical school her had taken an interest in infectious disease mostly with animals. And
now twenty years, later, one of these was likely causing the fevers, hives, and liver pain in her
Vietnamese patient the man with a worm in his flesh. A man who visited Vietnam is struck by a
strange illness, and the doctor must use her detective skills to discover the cause and the doctor must
use her detective skills to discover the cause. The Doctor treat Hanh's worm, it just disappeared with
albendazole, after several months Hanh's eosinophil count gradually returned to normal, and he has
been well ever since. Doctors and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found the cause of
the disease was when Hanh ate the raw cobra in a trip on the Nah Trang coast in is a coastal resort
city in southern

How Does Hurston Use Literary Devices In Seraph On The...
In Seraph on the Suwanee, by Zora Neale Hurston, she creates an image of the town using
descriptive language and literary devices like simile, and allegory. Using unique organization to
order her description of the town Hurston is able to create vivid images for the reader. And with the
use of repetition in her writing structure, we begin to see her characterize the town and give its
members personality.
In the beginning Hurston sets up the passage by beginning with descriptive writing on the
geography and placement of Sawley and it's surrounding location. As Hurston sets the reader in the
forest she characterizes it as "primitive,", "scratchy", and describes the plants as "scanty flowers."
On lines 5 through 17 the text says, "Waters, running

Understanding Vertical Programming: An Analysis of...
Introduction
Given all the health issues public health practitioners must be aware of, why does a vertical public
health program seem so appealing? A vertical public health program is one in which the majority of
resources and expertise accumulated by health organization(s) are concentrated on one health issue,
usually eradicating a particular disease. Strengths of vertical programming are the goals are
straightforward and progress is easily measurable. A major weakness of this approach is it diverts
attention and resources away from health organizations and initiatives aimed at treating all illnesses.
We will look at how vertical programming was applied in the hookworm initiative carried out by the
Rockefeller foundation during the early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The latrine was the symbol of heightened sanitary conditions for the campaign, and thus was a main
component of hookworm eradication success. However, for the locals, building them was time–
consuming and costly, which were never factored into the public health organizations plans. Most of
the Java population, in fact, did not want to construct latrines because they would wash away during
monsoon season (Stein, 550). Therefore, this shows that vertical programming fails to tailor
appropriate interventions to the population of interest and puts the organizations prioritizes over the
populations. This approach imposes health organization's ambitions on the population of interest and
forces them to embrace their practices. Vertical programming often lacks community input,
participation, commitment, and buy–in. Even after 30 years, the hookworm infection rates only
slightly declined (Stein, 551). Though the strength of vertical programming is that it concentrates
resources to high priority health issues, it is also a weakness because the health issue deemed high
priority by the public health organization is not always the same as that with the targeted
community. Thus, public health practitioners should always take into account the social, political,
and economic situation of a community or

Pet Care Research Paper
Pets are more than just animals; they are a member of your family. If you are like most pet owners
in the Scottsdale, Arizona area, you are invested in achieving complete wellness for animals in your
family. VIP Pet Care is committed to helping pets and their people enjoy healthy, happy lives
together.
Vet services
Finding good vet clinics makes it infinitely easier to keep your dog, cat, or other animal healthy and
active. Over the last 19 years, VIP Pet Care has increased the availability of reasonably priced pet
care across the country. There are currently many community based vet services in the Scottsdale
area such as the mobile vet clinic and walk–in shot clinics that make it easy for you to care for your
pet on your schedule.
Affordable pet vaccinations and other services
Annual check–ups and vaccinations can help your pet avoid many potentially fatal illnesses. Basic
pet vaccinations available through VIP Pet Care shot clinics include Rabies, Bordetella,
DA2P+Parvovirus, and Lyme for dogs and Rabies, Feline Leukemia, and FVRCP for cats. You can
also have your pet screened for a variety of worms such as hookworm, roundworm, and heart worm.
Don't forget to pick up your annual supply of heart worm preventative during your visit! Most VIP
Pet Care providers also offer micro chipping services for your pet to help them get home safe if they
are ever separated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dog flu includes two strains of a highly contagious and potentially serious respiratory infection.
There have been documented cases in Arizona, making it especially important for Scottsdale pet
owners to know the signs of dog flu. Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, discharge from the
nose and eyes, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Luckily, VIP Pet Care offers vaccines for both strains
of the virus. Don't skip this important measure of prevention, especially if you frequent the dog

The Great Depression By Harper Lee
Across the globe children are presented with many hardships due to poverty that impact the physical
and mental well–being. Harper Lee's novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, took place during the Great
Depression and expressed how people lived during that time. During the Depression the country
revolved around money and the lack of money, which made it hard for people to live a normal and
have a health structure. In the novel, there are issues presented by the South in the 1930s that can be
related to today's society. During this time and now, some families lack the necessary income
needed for the basic necessities a child requires. Children living in poverty are at a risk of
developing mental, social and physical health conditions. Being successful and being able to
achieve their greatest potential is a factor to being unhealthy. The novel shows how poverty affects a
person in every way.
This novel proves that there are health issues connected with living in poverty. Families similar to
the Ewell's and Cunningham's are considered part of the lower class of their community. Scout, one
of the main characters, is just a little girl but she is smart enough to know who in Maycomb is well
off. The first time we are introduced to the Cunningham's is when Scout starts going to school. A
little boy does not have a lunch or the money to pay the quarter back to Miss Caroline, the teacher,
for lunch (16). With Walter Cunningham not having the nutrition throughout the day, it can make his
body

Na-Aspartic Protease-1 Summary
SUMMARY
Researchers at George Washington University have been working on a vaccine to prevent infection
from the hookworm parasite for years and sought out volunteers that would let these parasitic
worms burrow into their skin. In order to effectively study the hookworm, the researchers needed to
find healthy volunteers that would allow the hookworm parasites to infiltrate their bodies and live in
there for several months and also diseased participants to compare the data that they would collect.
However, people weren't interested in doing the clinical trial when they found out they would have
parasites sucking on their blood through their intestines. After searching for months, the GW team
found a small group of volunteers to take on the task ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In children, chronic hookworm disease affects physical growth retardation and has been seen to
have a correlation between hookworm burden and reduction in intelligence quotient (Loukas et. al
2006). The development of a hookworm vaccine would benefit the future generations in places
where the hookworm infection thrives. I do find it disturbing that people would volunteer to have
hookworm parasites burrow into their skin (some of which have other reasons besides furthering
medicine) but it is assisting this clinical study in order to benefit people (especially children)
exposed to the hookworm environment. Although they are no longer taking in volunteers, I probably
would not want to volunteer for this study because of the possible side effects the parasites could
cause. Overall, this is a great study that will benefit the people of tropical and subtropical locations
by designing the low–cost hookworm

Edwin Lee: Immigrants In The US
Hundreds of Koreans arrived in the U.S through Angel Island Immigration Station in San Francisco.
Edwin Lee's parents were two of those Koreans. Edwin's father, Lee Bum Young used an alias, or a
fake name. His False name was An Chang Da. He had to leave Korea because of the annexation of
Korea in 1910. Edwin's father and 5 other Koreans traveled on the same ship. An Chang Da traveled
in the middle expensive class. They were still detained because they did not carry passports. They
were not able to convince authorities that they were real students. All six Koreans would be
excluded because of a disease called hookworm. The disease was prevalent among any immigrants
from the rural parts of Asian countries. The people with hookworm, they would

Summary: The Benefits Of Vaccinations
Being a parent is a tough job. Balancing and figuring out healthy food options to baby proofing your
house to keep chemicals and other hazardous things away is tough enough as it is. What every
parent wants is to have their child grow up happy, healthy, and strong. One way a person is told to
keep their child healthy, is to vaccinate whenever possible. But are all vaccinations safe and
necessary? This year, CNN posted an article about vaccines being safe. Children should be
vaccinated without questions. Vaccines do have caused very few adverse effects but it was only for a
tiny fraction of the population. Even though vaccines aren't 100% risk free, experts are still saying
the positive out ways the negative. Thanks to vaccines, most diseases that plagued children for
centuries have all but been eliminated. Dr. Carrie Byington states "There were good reasons that
these diseases were targeted for vaccine development since they are so life–threatening." (Jen
Christensen and Nadia Kounang, CNN) Thanks to vaccines, millions of people are now living
longer. In the United States, life expectancy has increased by more than 30 years. Not only that, but
infant mortality has decreased from 100 deaths per 1000 to 7 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Vaccinations may protect the body from one strain of infectious disease, but for future strains it
weakens the immune system. Proper immune system function requires reduced exposure to
synthetic chemicals and non–natural substances. Proteins that are used in vaccinations are possible
allergens that may produce anaphylactic shock. Many diseases were already on the decline when
vaccinations were first introduced. Polio lessened 50% from 1923 to 1953. Like in Europe, polio
continued to lessen without vaccines. Measles was another that declined over 95% in 43 years
before vaccinations were used. In fact, it's also to be believed measles, mumps, and rubella could
help develop and strengthen a person's normal immune

Monster Inside Of Me Monologue
Monster Inside of Me Vish's version I'm a cute small skinny little worm with a yellow back, black
belly, and my arrow tail "No"! Don't let looks deceive you, I am a vicious cold blooded killer. I start
off inside of a rat's intestines and through one bite I start to spread like a wildfire to my next victim.
We multiply like mad, it's probably because we don't need a mate to reproduce. I also have a few
family members, ever heard of the round and hookworm. Now let me tell you a story that will make
you wish you'd never heard of my kind. The First Bite A small baby worm that was born inside of a
big New York rat's small intestine with 50 of his brothers and sisters, and his name was Noah. Noah
was the most successful worm in the rat's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zach was in his bed , called for his mom and explain the pain he felt, "it was like a slimy needle
went into my arm" he said. Zach's mom notice something on his arm, it was a big, red, throbbing,
oozy bump. His mom just thought it was a mosquito bite and told Zach "it will be all right just ... get
some rest." Three days have past, Zach woke up from his everyday nap at 2:30 and got a major erg
to go to the bathroom, Noah somehow got into Zach's large intestines and gave him diarrhea. After
the potty incident, Zach stood on the scale "it appears I lost 10 pounds" that's how he talks to
himself. Zach had to do something, he quickly told his parents. Dad took he to a doctor Zach cut the
cheese in the car and vomit a little in his mouth but manage to keep inside of his body. When they
arrived the doctor immediately saw how Zach's was and rushed him a room. Treatment Failure The
doctor wanted to know what happened to Zach's arm so he told the doctor everything when it
happened, how it happened, and he described the pain he felt. The doctor said "are you aware of
hookworm" "Y–yes" Zach stuttered "Well you don't have it" said the doctor nice and

What Are the Social Determinants of Health
What are social determinants of health? How do social determinants of health contribute to the
development of illness?
What is a communicable disease chain?
Are there steps that a nurse can take to break a link within the communicable disease chain? Give a
specific example.
Readings within your text covering international/global health and the following websites will assist
you in answering these questions: 1. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Global
Health website: http://www.cdc.gov/cogh/index.htm 2. U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services (HHS) Global Health website: http://www.globalhealth.gov/index.html 3. Families USA –
Why Global Health Matters–Here and Abroad website: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A communicable disease chain is the mechanism by which an infective agent or pathogen is
transmitted. The chain requires an infective agent, a source of infection, a mode of transmission and
a host. An example of an infective agent could be bacteria, a virus, fungus, protozoan or helminth.
The source of infective agents can be transmission from host to host, an infected human or animal,
insects, soil or livestock. The mode of transmission is how the infective agent is carried from host to
host. Transmission can be by air, ingestion or physical contact. To complete a life cycle or to
replicate, the infective agent requires a host.
Social determinants such as poverty or location can make a population susceptible to transmission
of diseases. In the earlier part of the twentieth century the rural American South was plagued with
hookworms. The worms, which live in the bowel, were passed by feces into poorly managed waste
systems. They were transmitted to the host, usually children through bare feet. In summer month's
poorer children were bare foot. The transmission was stopped not by putting shoes on the children
but by building better sanitary "privies" or outhouses (Dinsmore, 1912). By containing fecal matter
the hookworms were contained. In rural areas containment of fecal matter also controls typhoid
fever and amebic dysentery.
Nurses can break the communicable disease chain through education and action.
Many diseases, devastating

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