Ethnographic Methods Utilized By Finkelstein In With No...

Ethnographic Methods Utilized By Finkelstein In With No...
With No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets is an ethnography which describes the lives of youths living on the streets of
New York City. The author attempts to conduct her own research in order to dispute the false impressions that many previous researches have formed
about the youths living on the street. The ethnographic method she uses aids her study of the "street kids" in acknowledging the facts behind their
choice of lifestyle and their experiences while on the street. Marni Finklestein received her PhD in Anthropology from the New School of Social
Research in New York City. She has also managed to organize many other studies based on drugs and substance abuse as well as sexual assaults in the
streets of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Malinowski and Finklestein used similar concepts in their field study to acknowledge the depth of their study rather than using the "armchair approach"
(12, 2014). Moreover the ethnographic methods used by Finklestein in approaching the youth of New York are also displayed in Kristina E. Gibson's'
Street Kids: Homeless Youth, Outreach, and Policing New York's Streets. Both being women researchers, their approaches were similar in wanting to
seek the emotional perspective on the youth's lives and experiences. Despite that both are women, Gibson uses a more feministic perspective in her
ethnographic approach and she spends a longer duration of time in her study than Finklestein (2011, Gibson). Marni Finklestein uses methods such as
interviewing and approaching the youth as a professional researcher, on the other hand, Kristina E. Gibson uses the methods of volunteering as a "street
outreach"(2011, Gibson) worker. Gibson created her analysis based on the human geography, whereas Finklestein based her study on the basis of
Anthropology. Although they both conducted their study by approaching the street kids of New York City, the concepts and the reasons for their
research are different. Finklestein wants to provide information, about how the youths got on the street and what their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Understanding Image and Visual Media Artifact Essay
Critically analyzing of visual media artifact investigates visual culture. An analysis entails image interpretation of image equally applicable to genres of
photographs as form of advertisement. In this paper, I will critically examine photographs. According to Barrett (2011) he suggested that critic starts
with description that involves developing a list of facts concerning the subject matter within the image. Description is a data gathering process of
photograph (p. 17). It's also establishing a typology of the photograph's content matter. Similarly Bathes' (1977) suggest that "all images are
polysemous" (p. 38) because of the subject matter, hence creation of complexity for visual reader in making decision what aspect to read, pay ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This represented the children that lived in close proximity to Cape Canaveral and NASA'S launc Oerations Center (Ryba, 2008, p.27) on Merritt
Island, Florida; and among the children.
Wunderkammer artifact speaks only of United States early space program. The 8"x10" black–and–white glossy photographs have a unique
characteristic in that they are the originals taken by NASA and U.S. air force photographers. These artifacts move specific image from ordinary and
become extraordinary from other American boys and girls who lived far from the rural Atlantic coast of east–central Florida. Other artifacts in this
particular image are not directly related to the space program, but were objects collected during this timeframe and represent childhood mementos,
such as the display case of pop culture trinkets known as Rat Finks, often traded among boys playing on the school yard or during our bus ride to and
from school. In above description of photographic content comply to the process of data gathering process which Barrett (2011) suggest for all visual
critiques and analyses.
Interpretation
The interpretation of the photographs communicates to the viewer or the reader on the elements, brought out in their own set of ideological
assumption and experiences in the base of personal experiences. The images are in the form of visual auto ethnography that dialectic the levels of
signification or connotation, (Ownby, 2011a, p. 138).
It

Ethnographic Research
topic of assignment: ethnography. submitted by Umair Ijaz.
(roll Number 1 BS English 4th semester) submitted to: Sir Waseem Akhtar. date of submission: 12
–06–2012.
OUTLINE
In this chapter, I shall define ethnography and describe its central characteristics and principles. I shall also look at the key research concepts of
reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography, and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I
shall highlight some of the 'central concerns of this topic by contrasting psychometry and ethnography, The chapter seeks to address the following
questions:
– What do we mean by ethnography?
– What are the key principles guiding ethnographic research?
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It fellows that if we want to find out about behaviour. we need to investigate it in the natural contexts in which it occurs, rather than in the
experimental laboratory. Arguments in favour of field research as opposed to laboratory research are supported by studies of particular phenomena
which come up with different findings according to whether the research is conducted in a laboratory or in the field. For example, Bellack, Hersen,
and Turner (1978) found that subjects performed in a role–play situation very differently from the way they performed in real–life social situations
where the same behaviours were observed. It has also been observed that parents and pupils respond differently to questions according to whether they
are posed in school or at home.
The dilemma, as we saw in Chapter 1, is that In dealing with the problem of generalisability (an issue of external validity)and placing the research in
the field, one increases the possibility of a threat to the internal validity of the research, because intervening variables may make it imoossible to ascribe
a causal relation between the variables under investigation. However, not all ethnography is out to ascribe such causal relationship and so the problems
which beset the quantitative researcher in a field setting become unimportant.
2. the qualitative–phenomenological hypothesis: The second hypothesis identified by Wilson is the ,qualitative

Deena Stewart-Hitzk
Room six, provided insight into ethnography and its role in qualitative research. Deena Stewart–Hitzke tackled this room for our group and provided an
excellent summary of ethnography, its characteristics, and a summation of how it was used to examine a cycle of poverty in Harlem as presented by
Newman (2011). The reading provided a sound description of the types of ethnographies including realist ethnography, and critical ethnography
(Creswell, 2013), and a model for conducting ethnographic case studies (Newman, 2011). On the surface, this method of research appears to be
straightforward approach to examining to taking on an anthropological study, however there are many challenges as well. It became apparent through
the reading and our team ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This room was assigned to Deon Logan, who provided an excellent summation of the assignment through the use of a PowerPoint presentation.
Deon's PowerPoint, provided a succinct summary of the research conducted by Wolcott (1983) as described in, Schools and Inadequate Education:
The life History of a Sneaky Kid, and the role that case studies and interviewing can play in research. McMillan (2012), describes a case study as an
"in depth analysis of a single experience or entity" (McMillan, 2012, p.279). Case studies represent a different form and approach than enthnographic,
phenomenological, grounded theory, or critical studies and yet each have a distinct role to play in conducting quantitative research, based upon their
intended purpose (McMillan, 2012). As I reflect on Blythe's (1999) approach, it becomes clear that he uses many of the techniques outline in our
reading including field work, observations, interviewing, and document analysis(McMillan, 2012). "When the point of one's work is to contribute to
their field, further the discussion of an idea, or influence other's in a positive way" (Hand, 2015, para.1) the researcher, their methodology, and the
presentation fo results must reliable and credible (McMillan,

Ethnography
Lyly Ho
3/30/15
Music 3600
Ethnography
How Musical is Man?
The ethnography I chose to read and write about is "How Musical is Man?" by John Blacking. John Blacking is a famous British anthropologist but he
later got trained to be an ethnomusicologist and was a major influential musical figure in history. He often thought that music was "humanly organized
sound" and that "no musical style has its own terms but more of the terms of its society and culture. Throughout the book, Blacking made many great
points and teaches us in a nonbiased way. In this book, John Blacking discusses the nature of musicality, the role of music in society, learning, and the
musical discourse. "How Musical is Man?" is an ethnography on the music of the Venda people of South Africa and how each society views and
experiences it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He states that music's essential processes may be found in the human body and in the patterns of interactions are among the human bodies in society.
Therefore, music is structurally as well as functionally related between the associated between people. I thought this book was an excellent read and
one quote that I really like from this book is "the value of music is, I believe, to be found in the terms of the human experiences involved in its
creation. There is a difference between music that enhances human consciousness or music that is occasional and music that is simply for having, and
music that is for being. I submit that the former may be good craftsmanship, but that the latter is art, no matter how simple or complex it sounds, and
no matter under what circumstances it is produced." (1) This is a very good quote and it sums up what Blacking is trying to convey. People like to
put things into their perspective and what Blacking is trying to say is that no matter where music came from, it is still very

The Three Egraphies Of Ethnography
This paper will critically discuss and compare three ethnographies that were published in different times. Ethnography has became the essential field
research strategy in humanities. Ethnography has turned into a made segment of the collection of examination systems. It was produced in humanities,
however in late decades its utilization has spread broadly in the social sciences and the humanities. The discriminating assessment of ethnographic
information is not yet overall created. Fitting utilization of this kind of material accordingly obliges an understanding of its unique qualities and
shortcomings. These infer not just from the destinations that underlie ethnographic work, both cognizant and oblivious, additionally from the social
foundation of the specialists, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ethnographer assembles information on the regular group life by watching while really taking part in it. The work generally stretches out over no
less than one full year, and is led in the vernacular dialect. Perception is supplemented by exchange with nearby sources. The centre of anthropological
preparing for ethnographic examination comprises essential in the relative investigation of ethnographic reports from different parts of the world. This
study finishes ordinarily in a first ethnographic experience, regularly enduring to the extent that two years, which is seriously individual in both
passionate and more general mental terms, and sometimes traumatic. A considerable lot of the ethnographic monographs in the book index underneath,
and the greater part of the theses, infer from such an experience. For a few this was the main such encounter, and if fruitful (from the expert
perspective) the field notes may be dug for information to backing different hypothetical contentions all through the resulting proficient

John Marshall's An Argument About A Marriage
1) To what does the term 'event sequence film' refer, and where and why was this developed? In your response provide at least two examples of this
filmmaking practice. The term event sequence film refers to a work of cinema which is centered around a single discrete event from beginning to
end, as opposed to focusing on abstract concepts or impressions (MacDougall 126). This style of film was developed initially at the Harvard Film
School by Timothy Asch and John Marshall to represent the daily lives of its subjects, which in turn, attempts to exhibit the ethnography of a place or
culture. A pioneering event sequence film is Marshall's an Argument About a Marriage (1969). Although the film presents a single verbal fight about
infidelity between a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is a common practice, it is not the only way to construct an ethnographic film. In Night Cries:a Rural Tragedy, creator Tracey Moffatt
departs from traditional ethnographic realism by adding elements of fantasy and exaggerated representation to her production. The film itself is not a
live–shot documentary, but attempts to represent a different form of truth through piece of fiction with a script and set. Despite its lack of placement in
legitimate history, Night Cries still represents an ethnography. Similarly, Leviathan (2012) does not attempt to showcase a cultural story. Using
unconventional camera shots and sci–fi like effects, it exhibits an ethnography in a nonlinear way which exaggerates its violent and haunting qualities.
The producers of these films may have diverged from ethnographic realism because traditional tendencies tend to depict ethnography as though it were
stagnant and exotic. By using contemporary and non–objective forms of filmmaking, they aimed to represent a genuine ethnographic experience, even
if the "genuine experience" never actually occurred within the culture's

A Research Study On Anthropology And Sociology
Ethnography is a strategy of analysis coming from anthropology and sociology where the researcher studies the common forms of a person's
actions,vocabulary, and movements of a complete social cluster in an ordinary location over a lengthy period of time. Documents gathering often
includes clarifications and dialogues(Creswell, 2014).A qualitative researcher uses ordinary locations, they are the main mechanism, collects numerous
origin of evidence, uses inductive and deductive statistics study, put emphasis on contributors' significance, has a developing strategy, reflexivity, and
develop a complete explanation. The researcher's role in qualitative research is to gather information in the arena at the location where contributors
practice the matter or difficult under revision. They do not bring persons into a laboratory with (an unnatural condition), nor do they characteristically
refer out devices for persons to complete (Creswell, 2014). This up close evidence collected by actually speaking straight to individuals and seeing them
conduct them self and performance inside their situation is a chief representative of qualitative research. In the normal location, the researchers have
direct communication, frequently over a period.
Qualitative researchers are the main mechanism of the research. They gather information themselves over investigative brochures, detecting
performance, or questioning contributors. They might use a procedure for gathering

Marni Finkelstein in With No Direction Home
The ethnography With No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets by Marni Finkelstein, describes the life of street youth in
New York City. The ethnography attempts to debunk myths that prior studies have formed of these street youths. The author, Marni Finkelstein is an
Anthropologist renowned for her work on urban populations at risk. She graduated from the New School of Social Research in New York City with
her PhD in Anthropology. Finkelstein has also conducted studies on substance abuse, sexual assaults and drug use of youths in New York City.
Finkelstein achieves her goals, by using a scientific approach when observing the street youths. A few methods she utilizes are similar to that have been
previous used but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to obtain accurate results, Finkelstein interviews 50 street youths from East Village of New York City. Furthermore, the number of males and
females interviewed were almost proportionally equal, as there were 26 males and 24 females. She then also records the age these youths left home, in
order to decide if there are any correlations between the age the youth left home and the number of youths that left home (2005, 15). The author applies
cultural and moral relativism throughout her entire case study. She states that she did not prepare a fixed set of questions; rather she allowed the
youths to generate the questions based on their interaction with her (2005,11). Finkelstein demonstrates her prowess by interchanging when she
conducts interviews and when she solely observes the behavior of the youths. The ethnographic methods used by Finkelstein are similar to those
employed by Marcelo Diversi, the author of Street Kids in Nikes: In Search of Humanization through the Culture of Consumption. Diversi's
ethnography focuses on street youths in Brazil and the impact that American pop culture has on them (Diversi, 2006). Even though, both Finkelstein's
and Diversi's ethnographies focus on two separate issues, the means of their research contain glaring similarities. Both Diversi and Finkelstein utilize
participant observation and they interview the street youths. Moreover they both choose to not live amongst the street youths;

Examples Of Imperialism In The Movie Avatar
The following review will be about a movie named Avatar. Avatar dates back to 2009 and was directed by James Cameron. The greediness of those
in power will always results in the suffering of those lacks power. This statement refers to the greediness that was depicted in the movie by the
Resources Development Administrators (RDA), which led to a forceful relocation of the Na'Vi people. The following essay will include the
discussion of three anthropological themes that were displayed. The first theme is the power of knowledge. Here I will discuss how knowledge was
used against the NA'Vi people. The second theme is the notion of imperialism. The colonization of the Pandora will be discussed under imperialism.
The third theme is the notion of ethics. Under ethics I will discuss the three main ethical principles that should be followed by every ethnographer.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEMES ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Avatar displays a solid anti–imperialism message. Imperialism occurs when a particular country utilises their political and military powers to gain
control over other areas of the world. According to Alcock and Young, 1974 there are five categories of imperialism which are economic, cultural,
political, military, and communication. However, the movie Avatar exhibits two kinds of imperialism which is military and economic imperialism.
The Na'Vi people are considered to be poor indigenous people, while the RDA are technologically literate and rich. The RDA forcefully took over
the Pandora because they wanted to build a Unobtanium. A Unobtanium is a room temperature for energy. The evidence of imperialism from the
movie is displayed when the military force took down the tree of voices. It is also displayed at the end of the movie where the battle between the
people of Omaticaya and other tribes and the military force occurred. This is when the home tree was also taken down which forced the people of
Omaticaya to

The Inside Perspective Of An Outsider
The Inside Perspective Of An Outsider
I read everything I could find. I spoke with natives who were visiting the United States. I studied the language diligently. I scrutinized pictures, noting
each detail. Nothing prepared me for that first long walk along a Beijing street. I smelled for the first time, the smells that were to become a familiar
component of my three–month stay in The People's Republic of China. I made eye contact with people who had formerly just been captured still–lifes
on a reference book's glossy page. I attempted to speak my broken Chinese with people who did not care that my book at home had taught me the
words for "ambassador" and "diplomat." I took my first tentative step towards cultural understanding. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The popular modern idea of culture was an abstract system – an evolving thing in and of itself. With the advent of postmodernity, anthropologists are
forced to admit no absolute cultural reality. Culture, consequently, is composed of constructed narratives and symbolic dialogue (Bodley, 1997, p.10).
The excitement of this postmodern twist lies in the resulting malleability and dynamic fluid energy of culture.
Both Spradley (1979) and Bodley (1997) note three explicit components of this ever–changing culture: the words or thoughts of people, the actions of
people, and the artifacts used or material products produced by the people (p.8, p.10).
Doing ethnography, again, means describing a culture. The ethnographer seeks to understand another way of life from the native point of view.
Spradley (1979) rightfully places emphasis on learning from people rather than studying about people (p.3). A successful ethnographer not only
collects data about a certain people, but seeks first and foremost to be taught by the people. Spradley and McCurdy (1972) note that "ethnography
seeks to describe a culture using those criteria that his informants employ as they observe, interpret, and describe their own experiences during the
course of life" (p.18).
The core of ethnography then, is to understand the meaning of actions and events the way the natives understand their meaning. Spradley (1979)
eloquently outlines the

Institutional Ethnography
Bibliography
Prodinger B, Shaw L & Laliberte Rudman D. (2013). Institutional ethnography: Studying the situated nature of occupation. Journal of Occupational
Science, 22(1), 71–81.
This article explores the role of institutional ethnographers in their study of people's engagement in their everyday occupations from the individual
level to the social level. It suggests institutional ethnography as a method that seeks to understand how occupations are coordinated to social
relationships. The article is important, because it portrays how occupations are set within social, political, and historical contexts.
Holmes JD, Lutz S, Ravenek M, Laliberte–Rudman D & Johnson AM. (2013). Enhancing client–centredness in Parkinson's disease care: Attending to
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article is important because it shows the importance of how client–centeredness can lead to better awareness of a client's occupations and QOL's.
Laliberte Rudman D. (2015). Situating occupation in social relations of power: Occupational possibilities, ageism and the retirement choice. South
African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(1), 27–33.
This study looks at the relation between age and occupations, and what occupations are supported sociopolitical conditions. In their findings, they
concluded that ageism determines how and when people retire, what their occupational possibilities were, and how the sociopolitical view supported
their occupational possibilities. This article is useful to our project because it focuses on Rudman's main area of research, and it is one of the first
articles that was written on the relation between occupations and ageism.
Laliberte Rudman D. (2016). "Activated, but Stuck": Applying a Critical Occupational Lens to Examine the Negotiation of Long–Term Unemployment
in Contemporary Socio–Political Contexts. Societies, Volume 6, Issue

Critical Analysis : Critical Ethnography
It takes caution, dedication, and morality, among many other traits, to be a good ethnographer. Adding to this, one requires a passion for justice and
just change in the world to be a good critical ethnographer. Critical ethnography makes its name as a subfield in its participants' need to alter what they
view as less than acceptable conditions within a community. It extends beyond the mere study of cultures and ethnic groups and their historic
problems, into territory that explores ways in which people are attempting to solve and can solve those problems. The ethnographer must engage their
subjects in manners that other fields do not; whereas reporters and documentarians might perform interviews, probably centered on one central topic,
and leave once they have enough information to pen a good summary, ethnographers go further. Their jobs entail looking at the one central topic, but
then connecting it to another element of life for their subjects, and then another, and so on. Ethnographers experience firsthand what their subjects
live out on a daily basis, so that they may add their own perspectives and realize their own biases as far as certain aspects and issues go. Whereas
people in other fields disperse and find their way back home after one round of discussions with locals, ethnographers stay even longer, subjecting
themselves to the natives' living conditions, engaging in more discussions and discovering more facts and, more importantly, stories. It is the duty of the

Kung Life: An Ethnography by Majorie Shostak
The many ethnographies produced from the fieldwork of anthropologist, account for much of our knowledge of cultures we may consider foreign of
our own. Ethnographies are often written to provide an understanding of the practices of the studied culture, thus bridging the gap between separate
ways of life. Majorie Shostak is one of the well known anthropologist who attempts to do just this in her writings. During her stay in the Dobe regions
of Botswana, she studied the life of !Kung women to find out if they share similar ideas to women of her own culture. She begun her research by
emerging herself in anyway possible. She learns the language, lived among them in grass huts, and ate the foods they ate. She still remained unsatisfied
and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of her knowledge comes from her mother's account. An example of this is illustrated in her reflection about the process of being weaned,
from her mother, in preparation for the nursing of her brother. She tries to explain how she felt at that moment but her young age would have
prevented her from remembering those exact details. It is possible she uses what she observes on a daily basis with other young children to fill in
the blanks of her own memories. Shostack herself says repeatedly that Nisa is a great storyteller and like many !Kung she often exaggerates. At last
Nisa's, experiences with previous anthropologist like Richard and Nancy may have provided her with an advantage. She might have told a few
exaggerated stories because she felt that's what Majorie wanted to hear, so she could receive her payment. If this is the case, some of her stories might
not have happen the way they she claimed but it is not so far–fetched it couldn't have happened. Shostack interpreted her finding in an humanistic way
but she could have adapted a materialistic view. For instance, the topics of male dominance and polgamy could have been further explored. From a
materialistic viewpoint they could have been explained as males are better able to promote the growth of the hunter gather family rather than woman
who experience menopause. The need to keep populating can also be used to explain why

How Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba...
In the present essay, we have seen how linguistic ethnographers Blommaert and
Borba conceptualize ethnographic research in their two works, what function language had in the observed, situated interactions and how it was
approached to further investigate larger frameworks.
Besides the more technical aspects, we have seen that in both accounts, language plays a crucial role in the reproduction of inequality and some
sociologic and ethnographic concepts, when applied to observation of linguistic forms, can help to grasp the larger structures regimenting institutional
practices.
2 Source : http://www.Colorado.EDU/English/ENGL2012Klages/1997foucault.html
Student number: 1568114
14
Overall, the two accounts are not incompatible, even if they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Student number: 1568114
15
REFERENCES
Androutsopoulos, J. (2014) Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin–Boston:
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Bauman, R. & Briggs, C. (1990) Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology (19)
59–88
Blommaert, J. (2015) Pierre Bourdieu and language in society. Tilburg Papers in
Culture Studies #126. At www.tilburguniversity.edu
Blommaert, J. (2005) Bourdieu the Ethnographer – The ethnographic Grounding of
Habitus and Voice. The Translator # 11 (2) 219
–236. At www.academia.edu
Borba, R. (2015) How an individual becomes a subject. Discourse, interaction & subjectification at a Brazilian gender identity clinic. Working Papers
in Urban
Language & Literacies #163. At www.kcl.ac.uk/ldc
Bourdieu, P. (1972) Esquisse d'une thГ©orie de la pratique prГ©cedГ© de Trois Г©tudes d'Г©thnologie kabile. Paris: Seuil
Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste.
Massachussets: Harvard University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1990a) The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press
Bourdieu, P. (2000) Making the Economic Habitus: Algerian Workers Revisited.

The Pros And Cons Of Ethnography
Ethnography is the systematic study of people and their cultures. It refers both to the process that is used to study people as well as the outcome of
this process. The term "ethnography" comes from the Greek words "ethnos" (which means "people" or "nation) and "grapho" (which means "I write").
Ethnography has been around for several decades, although it became highly popular in the late 19th century. There have been several approaches to
this study; Franz Boas, for example, preferred using documents and informants to learn more about other cultures. However, many ethnographers
nowadays follow the approach of Bronislaw Malinowski, who believed that researchers should immerse themselves in the life of the people they
were studying. Malinowski embodied this belief by going to Trobriand Island, living there for several years while he did his fieldwork, and even
learning the language of the local people.
At first glance, ethnography offers a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before he could begin studying a certain group of people, the ethnographer has to build rapport with his subjects and make them comfortable around
him. Of course, he has to spend months or even years observing how they live on a daily basis and understanding their culture, norms, and traditions.
3. It depends on the ethnographer's relationship with his subjects.
Unlike most quantitative studies that can be done even with an impersonal relationship, ethnography requires researchers to be in close contact with his
subjects and have a good one–on–one relationship with them. Building this relationship can be easy, but there are cases when the ethnographer would
have a difficult time creating rapport with his subjects. This is particularly true for tribes that have not been in frequent contact with outsiders as well
as groups of people don't take kindly to foreigners living in their lands.
4. It depends on people's openness and

The Culture Of British Life
Having only studied the culture of British life for the one term that I have been living in London I have been able to capture a vivid depiction of
what it means to be British over a short period of time. Furthermore, as a junior level ethnographer, I understand that in a universal realm the study of
accounts for general human life can be applied worldwide. Though being able to scope out the lifestyles, cultural differences, and fundamental basis
for living has allowed for me to understand the multitude of accounts of British life and what it may truly mean to be British. With the blueprint of
what I have learned so far as an ethnographer, and secondly as a temporary British citizen, I believe that ethnography absolutely produces adequate
accounts of British Life.
After exploring the loads of questions that I came across following the prompt. I then had to ask myself "What does it mean to be an ethnographer?".
In order to successfully explain the importance of the role, one needs to know the duties and the purpose for the position of an ethnographer. An
ethnographer is in many ways an expansion of an Anthropologist, though from a more theoretical interpretation of studies. The role of an ethnographer
has been explained as, "one who uses both a qualitative research process or method and product, whose aim is cultural interpretation"(Brian A. Hoey).
In understanding the mission of an ethnographer I have been able to focus on the three mainstages of human life in order to get

Socio Cultural Aspects Of Therapeutic Relations
RESEARCH METHOD
As mentioned in the literature review, no studies have focused on socio cultural aspects of Therapeutic relation ship in Indian outpatient physiotherapy
department. Therefore, the intention of this study is to seek an in–depth understanding of socio cultural factors that associates with therapeutic
relationship in outpatient physiotherapy settings in India by using a focused ethnographic design. This study will be conduct through two phases. The
first phase of this study will be focused on participant observation and on the basis of the findings from the first phase of the study, the second stage
will be conducted by using semi structured interviews.
Phase 1: Ethnographic: Study will be performed as an observation, which involves systematically watching the physiotherapist or student therapist and
patients to find out their interactions and behaviours in outpatient physiotherapy in India.
Aims:
To under stand the therapeutic relationship in an Indian outpatient physiotherapy settings.
To identify intangible underpinning socio cultural elements that associate with therapeutic relationship in an Indian outpatient physiotherapy settings
Phase 2: Ethnographic semi–structured interview
On the basis of the findings obtained from the first phase of this study will be used to conduct an in–depth semi–structured interview after 6 months of
the observation qualitative interviews of physiotherapist (currently practicing in the musculoskeletal settings

Things They Carried Ethnography
"In any war story, but especially a true one, it's difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen."
– Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried It is not only war stories that create confusion, both for their writers, and their readers, about the nature of the
truth they tell. Is the truth in a "true" story what the writer experienced, or the truth of what "really" happened? If the story is about other people, is the
truth what the writer sees them do, or what they think they are doing? If the writer does not know the whole truth, does the story become false?
All these questions become even more pertinent if posed about ethnographies. An ethnography is, by nature, meant to be a description of a people (the
dictionary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethnography has undergone a process of drastic evolution (or, some might say, oscillation) in the century or so that it has existed as an anthropological
tool. Many aspects of ethnography have changed between two extremes that I will term "traditional" ethnography and "postmodern" ethnography.
Everything from the declared goal of the anthropologist to the approach to possible objectivity or subjectivity of the anthropologist's writing, from
views on the concept of culture to the ethnography's intended audience, even to choice of topic to explore, has changed. I will explore these
differences using Coming of Age in Samoa by Margaret Mead as an example of traditional ethnography, and Poetics of Military Occupation by Smadar
Lavie as an example of postmodern ethnography. Veiled Sentiments by Lila Abu
–Lughod will serve as something of a mix, poised between the two
extremes. I must first, however, explain my choice of "postmodern" as a label for the kind of ethnography that Smadar Lavie produced in 1990 (based
on fieldwork done throughout the 70's). The aspect of postmodernism that I embrace in characterizing Poetics of Military Occupation as postmodern is
postmodernism's abandonment of the concept of an absolute truth. The definition of postmodernism offered by Josh McDowell and Bob Hostetler as
"a worldview characterized by the belief that truth doesn't exist in any objective sense but is created rather than discovered" serves well to illustrate the
ways

The Perils And Privileges Of Auto Ethnography
Reading Response Week 4: The Perils and Privileges of Auto–Ethnography
Although not mentioned in this week's Marshall/Rossman chapter, feminism and autoethnography has popped up before in prior readings, so there is
some familiarity with both concepts. Now comes what their synthesis looks like in practice. In this light the readings forced me to re–examine
positionality, especially in the framework of auto–ethnography. At first I thought this was too obvious but in light of the titular question Stacey asks –
"Can There Be a Feminist Ethnography?" – the feminist researcher's proximity to the data and interpretation positionality becomes the fraught answer
to consider, Her awkwardness (if that's the right word) in balancing the tightrope as an ethical researcher between product and personal integrity feels
unexpected yet palpable. The dilemma she faces "forced my recognition that conflicts of interest and emotion between the ethnographer as authentic,
related person (i.e. participant), and as exploiting researcher (i.e. observer)" (23). I feel as if she as a feminist researcher was startled by the dilemma
she faced and wonder if her surprise was compounded by not anticipating it . How much an epiphany is it to learn that participants come with their own
agendas? Therefore participants come with their own inherent powers which threaten to usurp the researcher and her own objectives. In the wake of
this surprise she asks the provocative introspective question

The Pastoral Clinic: A Comparative Analysis
Julie Livingston and Angela Garcia both provide ethnographies centered around the theme of illumination. In the case of Julie Livingston, Improvising
Medicine works to illuminate the growing cancer epidemic in Africa as well as the unique way cancer is handled in situations of improvisation. Angela
Garcia also works to illuminate via her ethnographic work, The Pastoral Clinic, by emphasizing the importance of dispossession in treating heroin
addiction in the EspaГ±ola Valley and also working to counter common beliefs regarding heroin addiction. In defending these respective arguments,
both authors use similar tone and voice; however, the structure of each ethnography is markedly different. Even with some weaknesses being relatively
apparent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Livingston gives her readers mini anecdotes which provide an insight to improvised cancer treatment in Botswana. As such, many of the images she
works to conjure with her language are shocking such as the description of humanizing a woman who had recently died by cleaning her body. Even the
extensive description of necrotic wounds, the way they look and smell sought to shock the reader into comprehending the rise of cancer in Africa. In
class students expressed discontent with the passivity of this work which pointed out the horrors of late stage untreated cancer without providing policy
to improve treatment within the region. This demonstrates that Livingston effectively used a shocking tone to help illuminate the growing problem of
cancer development

The Saints And The Roughnecks
Social scientists look at the world. They look at their surroundings, asking why things happen, how everything came to be, and what we can understand
further about our existence. To do all of these things, social scientists must follow different methodologies depending on what they are trying to find
out about. One example of a study can be found in William Chambliss' article "The Saints and the Roughnecks." To gather the data for this study,
Chambliss examined the ethnography of Hanibal High School and two of its prominent gangs. His two years of direct behavioral research allowed him
to thoroughly scrutinize the effects of class on the Saints and the Roughnecks. The conclusions that he drew, stemming from the unequal treatment of
the gangs, were sound because his ethnographical work was more than just casual observation and subsequently provided him with ample evidence to
analyze.
It is first important to define what ethnography is because it is a prominent method that social scientists use in their research (Roy, lecture 4). Professor
Roy defines ethnography as looking at culture – a methodological skill of observation in a natural setting. Chambliss was able to do this with his
qualitative research at Hanibal. Qualitative research, compared to quantitative, is often characterized by a depth of information from a limited number
of cases (Ragin & Amoroso 28). This type of study relies on the human component of interaction in the real world. Chambliss actively engaged with

Summary & Critique About Article the Science of Desire Essays
Summary
The article The Science of Desire presents ethnography and its proponents play an important role in modern business world. Author Ante began with an
example, the satellite–radio war, to show how ethnography worked in business.
In satellite–radio war, Sirius Satellite Ratio made a team of social scientists, designers, and ethnographers. Through studying customers' habit of
listening to music, watching TV and reading magazines, the team concluded several facts that can defeat competitors. Then, depending on the research,
Sirius launched its new product, the Sirius S50. Later, as the company's wish, the S50 became one of the hottest sellers in that season. How does
ethnography work in business? Many examples show brainstorms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, GE shares prototypes with customers. Furthermore, instead of currying favor with executives, it works closely with engineers to solve
technical problems.
Third, ethnography transforms a culture. From 1990s, Intel, a big corporation that does not market directly to consumers, brought in ethnographers at
the highest levels of management in order to focus on consumer products more. In past years, Intel developed its wireless Centrino mobile technology
by studying Alaska's fishers; Intel began to develop medical technology for the wave of retiring boomers by studying the elderly; Intel developed $500
Community India PC by studying rural Indian condition. In order to do better in ethnography research, Intel created a network of "platform–definition
centers" in Bangalore, Cairo, SГЈo Paulo, and Shanghai. Although some ones in the company still does not believe ethnography, with anthropologists'
help, indeed engineers and other had better get used to it. Critique Generally, I agree with the principles of this article. At first, let's look at what is
ethnography. According to the definition in the website Wikipedia:
Ethnography (Greek бј”ОёОЅОїП‚ ethnos = people and ОіПЃО¬П†ОµО№ОЅ graphein = writing) is a genre of writing that uses fieldwork to provide
a descriptive study of human societies. Ethnography presents the results of a holistic research method founded on the idea that a

Media Consumption : An Ethnographic Account Of Women And...
On Media consumption: An ethnographic account of women and their relationship with television program.
Abstract:
The field–based research is an attempt to understand how popular televised program impact the everyday life of woman in India. It is an inquiry into
how woman organize their everyday life around these popular television serials and what meanings can be understood from such kind of popular
viewership. It is significant to mention here about the substantive number of viewership these serials have and hence there is need for in depth
sociological analysis of these programs from the point of view of its audiences. It can not only help us understand the forms of popular media
consumption but it will also generate insights into the media–economy that underlies behind such patterns of viewership. The ethnographic account of
the women here is an attempt to understand what is that makes these serials and televised programs popular among women and also what are the
cultural meanings that are imbued within such forms of media consumption.
Key words: Television,Ethnography, Gender identity and Communication, Media consumption.
Title: On Media consumption: An ethnographic account of women and their relationship with television program.
Introduction:
Television occupies a central place within Indian social space. Whether it is discussion related to family gossip or serious political debates, television
remains an inescapable source of information in gossips, in opinion

Comparing The Writing Styles Of Different Ethnographic...
This paper seeks to compare and contrast the writing styles of four different ethnographic resources in order to determine the most effective ways of
communicating qualitative research findings for my own research paper. I have determined that a captivating and clear style of writing will be most
effective in presenting my own research findings on how participants give meaning to farmers markets as a physical space, facilitating social
interaction. I will draw on the following four ethnographies: Skinner's "The 'PB' and the Aestheticization of Violence in Northern Ireland" (2008),
Titchkosky's "'To Pee or Not to Pee?' Ordinary Talk About Extraordinary Exclusions in a University Environment" (2008), Woodward's "Hanging Out
and Hanging About: Insider/Outsider Research in the Sport of Boxing" (2008) and Zaman's "Native Among the Natives: Physician Anthropologist
Doing Hospital Ethnography at Home" (2008) to reveal effective writing styles. In some of these writings, what may seem like weaknesses could in
actuality be conscious decisions to focus on what are more important aspects of their paper, which provides me with lessons for my own research paper.
First, as Glesne mentions "the very choice of the language you use ... tells a story in addition to what you mean to say" (2011, pp. 243), suggesting that
ethnographic writers have the ability to direct their writing to certain audiences and evoke certain reactions. For example, Skinner's (2008) ethnography
establishes a

The Science Of Desire : Ethnography And Its Proponents Play
Summary The article The Science of Desire presents ethnography and its proponents play an important role in modern business world. Author Ante
began with an example, the satellite–radio war, to show how ethnography worked in business. In satellite–radio war, Sirius Satellite Ratio made a team
of social scientists, designers, and ethnographers. Through studying customers' habit of listening to music, watching TV and reading magazines, the
team concluded several facts that can defeat competitors. Then, depending on the research, Sirius launched its new product, the Sirius S50. Later, as
the company's wish, the S50 became one of the hottest sellers in that season. First, as author Ante (2006) said, "ethnographers' findings often do not
lead to a product or service, only a generalized sense of what people want" (p. 100). Even if ethnographers find something, it also needs designers and
engineers to make products or services to fit it. This process is not easy, even the findings cannot transmit into products and service. Second,
ethnographers' research usually takes a long time, and the result from using the findings needs long time to come out. Therefore, how to use ethnography
right is very important. The author gave five advises to do ethnography right. First, "Think Big Thoughts". Companies should used ethnography in big
and broad questions, not in small and detailed ones. Second, "Due Diligence". Companies should use the right consultants for their projects. Third,
"Start

Anthropology, Ethnography, And Ethnology
An Anthropologist follows two unique approaches when studying culture, ethnography, and ethnology. Ethnography and Ethnology may share a zeal
for culture, they possess distinctive methodology and unique goals. Life on the field does not lack its myriad of challenges which the anthropologist
must work through daily. Through the studies of ethnography and ethnology, we are able to educate ourselves on the lives and rich variegated cultures
with whom we share our world. We see the fruitful work of ethnology and ethnography all around us. Ethnology provides us with scientific data,
analytical and fact–culling. The work of biologist Vojtech Novotny in Papua New Guinea shows us how ethnology and quantitative data can be used to
collect specimens ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Sterk 's case, she worked with sex workers, asking why the women are sex workers, drug usage etc.(Sterk 2000:)
Ethnography is immersive research honed on a single culture.Ethnographers offer us information about cultures and what they do. Utilizing a
descriptive approach, an ethnographer is inside of a cultural environment. Their goal pushes the mind to think beyond why a culture may engage in
certain rituals. An ethnographer questions the vast intricacies of the culture as a whole. Detailed questions fuel the process for the ethnologist, What is
the meaning of this ritual to you? What is your kinship?(Miller 2/6/2017). Remaining immersed in a culture yet still an objective observer is integral to
ethnography, both from an ethical view and to conduct the most non–biased research possible.
Various methods are used to collect the information and reach the goals of studying a culture. Interviews are an integral part of garnering cultural data.
Simply making conversation with another human in their language opens up many doors. Interviews can be an opportunity to gain an insider 's
perspective on culture. During Chagnon 's research with the Yanomamo, he was collecting data on their complex genealogy.Not knowing a taboo exists
in Yanomamo

Ethnography Essay
Ethnography
Works Cited Missing
Reflexivity is a qualitative method of research that takes an ethnography one step further, displaying the personal thoughts and reflections of the
anthropologist on his informants. Ethnographies generally take an outside or foreign perspective of a culture, like reading a text, and reflexivity
introduces a new component of inside description. Here, the anthropologist may describe personal interactions and experiences with natives and use
this inside information to make additional conclusions about the people being studied. The ethnographer may also reflect on his ethnic connections
with his informants, or his acceptance into the society, explaining that it provides valuable, inside knowledge of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Kondo writes, " As a Japanese–American young woman doing fieldwork in Japan, the Other was not totally Other for me" (75). This ethnic
connection played a primary role in her acceptance by a Japanese family and eventually by Japanese society. She describes that, "later in the
summer, the wife confided to me that she would never have allowed a 'true American' to live with them." Living with the Japanese family taught
Kondo the proper etiquette of a Japanese female and the longer she stayed in Japan the more she transformed. She gained an insider perspective
because she gained cultural acceptance, although she was still viewed by many as an other. Kondo began to develop relationships and soon after
natives began to ask her to teach them English, and to attend several social gatherings. As more people asked her favors she became irritated, but after
a conversation with her landlady she realized that the, "Japanese don't treat themselves as important, they spend time doing things for the sake of
maintaining good social relationships, regardless of their inner feelings" (81). This realization had a strong impact on Kondo. Her reflections displayed
so much about the Japanese culture in addition to her ethnography. It led her to shift her research from kinship and economics, " to an even more basic
cultural assumption: the nature of the person, and his/her

Essay on The Pros and Cons of Ethnographic Reflexivity
The Advantages and Limits of Ethnographic Reflexivity
Awareness of writing choices generates an appreciation of the reflexivity of ethnographic research. Reflexivity involves the recognition that an account
of reality does not simply mirror reality but rather creates or constitutes as real in the first place whatever it describes. Thus 'the notion of reflexivity
recognizes that texts do not simply and transparently report an independent order of reality. Rather, the texts themselves are implicated in the work of
reality–construction (Emerson et. al., 1995:213).
According to Robert M. Emerson and colleagues, reflexivity is a method in which the ethnographer is aware that his/her writing choices are shaped to
acknowledge the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In her ethnography she writes how she had to reconstruct her "self" in order to fit in to Japanese society. She looked Japanese but she did not act the
way a native Japanese would act. Her informants than taught her how to act like a native and in this process she began to understand aspects of the
Japanese culture. She mentions:
These factors perhaps gave me a certain kind of participatory understanding of certain aspects of Japanese society. It also meant that, once I became
an active participant in various groups (family, factory, etc.) my knowledge was circumscribed. For example, therefore did not have free access to
certain people, and I could not ask certain questions that a foreigner less aware of indelicacy could have posed with impunity (84).
In forming a self in Japanese society she notes that one is more accessible to gaining further understanding about the culture being studied. Thus, she
critiques the traditional ethnographic methods because she finds that older text make objective assumptions that are not necessary the reality of a
culture. The assumptions than are seen as the true reality and full understanding of a culture. On the contrary, reflexivity "implies that ethnographic
knowledge is intrinsically incomplete and relative" (84). Thus she suggest, that the best path to studying cultures is to acknowledge our bias,
assumptions and that of our informants to trace the "parameters, the

Ethnographers Relevance in Aiding the Understanding of...
Introduction Ethnography is the study that facilitates the understanding of social interactions, behaviors and perceptions of individuals that are social,
economic, and cultural in nature. Ethnographers study various aspects that present social connotations within diverse groups of people, teams,
institutions, and societies. Its aim is to foster effective provision of credible information and insights pertaining to people's views actions including
nature (Kuper, 2006, p. 1). This paper gives credible information about ethnographer's relevance in aiding the understanding of diverse social issues
that confront most people in the societies presently. The social issue captured is based on a selected community in the US where social issues... Show
However, some people oppose the policy citing that it is the right of the citizens to ensure adequate protection. They hold that the policy should not
apply as it is bound to infringe of the citizens basic rights (Totten & Pedersen, 2012, p. 468). In my perspective and attitude, I think the introduction
of gun control policy is a good idea whose time has come. This is evident since it will facilitate the prevalence of sanity in the nation that operates
under strong democratic ideals. Gun control should be encouraged at all cost as it holds the capacity of eliminating social insanity. The existing
similarities with the group to be put under study is that we are all US citizens who believe in respect to humanity, life, and rights, however, we differ
on the moral aspect and the extent to which the use of guns should be allowed. I do not support the imposition of strict gun control policy although the
group thinks that the policy should not be applied. I am not a native anthropologist, however, I like interacting with people of diverse background to
understand the major issues that affects them including social matters. My aim of understanding the underlying issues is to contribute by influencing
individuals viewpoints especially on issues that require critical thinking (Kuper, 2006, p. 1). For instance, I would use the information and knowledge
gun control matters I have in offering credible insights to the critics of

The Importance Of Globalization And Transnational Literatures
Globalization and transnational interconnections between nations' economies, the flow of people, goods, and ideas have sparked a wake of scholarship
and ethnographies that seek to record these rapid changes. Globalization is transforming previously isolated communities into transnational
communities; these interconnections gain the attention of scholars that concentrate on studying the materialist impact of globalization or immigration in
relation to the binary between developed and developing nations. However, these scholars tend to lose sight of the people caught up in these rapid
changes and due to the lack of non–hegemonic narratives the experiences of multiple communities are disregarded (Chavez 2013 ). For example,
researchers tend to be greatly interested in the economic roles that migrants play in these transnational exchanges, when this is important, it is a
misfortune that researchers neglect to raise awareness on the sociocultural aspects of these communities like their complex and dynamic identity
journeys and identity formations (Simich 2009). Addressing this lack of concentration on more social aspects of historically underrepresented
communities, authors from these communities use transnational literature as a tool to communicate their experiences while seeking to generate
political consciousness in their audience (Dirlik 2002:355 & 217).
Furthermore, the historian Arif Dirlik merges into conversation the usage of literature to represent transnational

Ethnography And Its Difference From Other Research Methods
Ethnography is a complex process it 's not just simply viewing children in their environment.Ethnography allow research to examine children in ways
other research cannot because ethnography allows the researcher to see and be a part of a children 's peer culture.Ethnography involves prolonged
fieldwork where researchers study a group to understand their mundane practices of life. the observation allows them to see "their physical and
institutional settings, their daily routines,their beliefs and values,their linguistic and other semiotic system that mediates all these contexts and
activities."(Corsaro 2014 p) In this paper I will provide understanding on ethnography and its difference from other research methods. I will describe the
This is a holistic approach or as corsaro explains it as "thick description"(Geertz) which is a view that research actively participate so they can get a
view of children that is ingrained and is closely linked to children 's views rather than a bird 's eye view which is a adults perspective of what they
see. A good example of this is in corsaro's work where he through observation found that children are protective of their play routine and they don 't
allow peers to enter the play routine this is a thin description because this is the adults view , however Corsaro argued through holistic ethnography
that children don 't reject peers into play spaces but they are aware that their play spaces can be disrupted and so they are protective of sustaining
play routine the children did however, allow children who observed and understood the rules of play routine to engage in it. The two views described
shows the views children have and what children are doing in this situation compared to the view adults hold
Flexible and self correction this allows research to change their views due to inquiry.
Through the three features of ethnography it 's evident that other research methods don 't allow the same approach as ethnography. Ethnography is
different from other research methods for the reasons explained above thus it is desirable for studying children however it does have some challenges
that make research think twice before engaging with ethnography.
Challenges of

Ethnographic Research Essay
Ethnographic research is the scientific description of specific human cultures, foreign to the ethnographer. Each ethnographer has his or her own
way of conducting research and all of these different ideas can be transmitted and understood in a number of different ways. Because there is no
one set idea of how an ethnographer should go about his or her research, conflicts arise. In Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco, Paul Rabinow uses
a story like process to discuss his experiences during his research in Morocco. This makes it easier for the reader to understand his ideas then just
having a technical book about the many different aspects of Moroccan life that he may have discovered. In Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of...
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Once I had become comfortable with myself and the language I would pick a part of the society that I would like to focus on. Similar to what Paul
Willis's study, which Marcus described in his paper, of a group of twelve boys in a working class school, I would first go straight to the primary
source. In Rabinow's book he takes the opposite approach and goes from place to place not focusing on one certain aspect of culture but a broad
range of different ideas of society. I think that this approach may be more difficult because there os so much more that has to be looked at and
understood. For instance, Rabinow must learn two different languages, French and Arabic just to understand the people around him. Then travel all
around Morocco and obtain information on a numerous amount of different cultures. Though this practice of fieldwork has its benefits, describing
one aspect of a society goes more in depth. Focusing on one aspect of a culture, I would want to obtain an exact understanding of what these people
were doing and how they felt they fit into society. After obtaining as much information as I could from my informants, I would go back to my notes
and try to make some sense of them without trying to distort their views of themselves in any way. I would then go to another source of information, in
Willis's example this would be the teachers. By getting more then one perspective of a certain

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethnography: Anthropology...
Ethnography is one of the sciences that comes from anthropology and sociology. In involves the research of human societies and culture. Humans are
the creatures that are hard to understand. In ethnographic research project the ethnographer has to go to a community where he/she have to live in
order to do his/her study so that he/she can gets through the understanding of the society culture and the people. This is what exactly called Ethnography
. There are some advantages while doing ethnographic field work such as using holistic and contrast & comparison methods. But besides there is
some disadvantages that the researcher have to go through such as interviewer effect and invasion of privacy. Holistic is one of the advantages that is
used during ethnographic research where the researcher tries to develop a person in different levels– physically, emotionally and mentally. Using
holistic approach a researcher can find out that a human being is he/she who creates their own complexity and who creates their own world were they
are responsible for what they do in that process. They have their own inner and outer resources. Their inner resources re–presents their emotions,
insight, intellection and their imagination and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So an ethnographer has to make some sacrifices in order to achieve his/her goal. They will have some advantages and disadvantages. For example,
Mitchell Duneier (2001) has received an award for his first ethnography, 'Slim's Table', and also numerous critical acclaims for 'Sidewalk'. One can
avoid some disadvantages he/she might face while working on the field and also if he/she is made aware of the risk of encountering the community.
If the researcher is aware of the risk and he/she get himself/ herself prepared to face it than it might be one of his advantages to avoid losses. And
also if he maintain proper timing may be he might be able to finish his field

Persuasive Essay On Online Bullying
In today's progressive world, I believe it is better to consider online bullying in an immersed online ethnographic research method, in order to fully
understand how bullying is enacted in an online world. It's also important to take this approach in order to understand what's misunderstood about
online bullying as a whole. Boyd (2010) states that if we are to know if online platforms act as a tool for teenagers to perpetuate violence in the
"real world", we must look at what they are doing online. Boyd finds that bullying does not dramatically go up or down when social media is
introduced (Boyd 2015, 152). Digital spaces that are important in the lives of youth need to be understand both locally, and in global contexts. Mallan,
Ashford and Singh's (2010) article discusses "iscapes" as a way for todays youth to hang out or communicate. The authors seek to answer the question,
"how do interactions across iscapes affect the identity work carried out by today's youth."( Mallan et al. 2010, 265).
Decheneaut et al. (2010) looks at an immersive ethnography in several online digital worlds. Bonilla and Rosa state boldly that by using social media as
their platform, subscribers can demand public attention, and garner the attention from anthropologists by using "hashtags" (Bonilla et al. 2015, 5).
Technology changes how bullying is acted out, furthermore we consider online ethnographic fieldwork in relationship to bullying as a real and viable
part of anthropological studies.

My Personal Social Identity Project
In preparation for doing ethnographic research, it is crucial that one understands not only what ethnography is and how it relates to its audience, but
also how one's own identities influence the research taking place. For these reasons, this Digital Culture Project will focus on, among other things, what
ethnography is and its relationship to various media as well as self–ethnography and realizing its importance when conducting ethnographic research.
Additionally, my personal social identity will be examined and reflected upon. First and foremost, an understanding must be had of what ethnography
is. To define 'ethnography,' I will defer to Ellen Isaacs, a corporate ethnographer for Xerox PARC, who gave a presentation on ethnography at... Show
Ruth Behar, in her book, The Vulnerable Observer, humorously claims that "nothing is stranger than this business of humans observing other humans
in order to write about them," so naturally, presenting the information gathered through such observations can be seen as something of a challenge for
ethnographers (Behar, 5). While many ethnographers have continued using literal media to present their research, others have taken to digital media in
new and effective ways. Fortunately, with the growing presence and accessibility of computer technology, ethnography and the digital media have
become increasingly intertwined in their use. Arguably, the most effective ethnographic research incorporates new media and technologies into how its
narratives are portrayed. According to Underberg and Zorn, "ethnography that uses a diverse set of media such as videos, photographs, or digital media
to communicate multisensory experience[s] and knowledge" is known as "multisensory ethnography" (Underberg and Zorn, 18–19). In using various
media to present research, not only are ethnographers able to have more control over how their audience perceives their findings, but they also make
those findings more accessible to audiences of all ages. For example, a two hundred page book documenting a year spent in the villages of
sub–Saharan Africa is largely appealing only to those in academia, but an interactive exhibit

Ethnographic Writing and Relationships with Research Subjects
Anthropologists conduct research in order to answer specific questions about a particular group of people and their culture. Most anthropologists use
fieldwork to collect their data, which is then interpreted within their ethnographic writing. When collecting their data, anthropologists use many
different approaches such as developing relationships with their informants, but do not illustrate these relationships in their actual writing.
Anthropologists Claire E. Sterk and Philippe Bourgois are two of the anthropologists that emphasize their relationships and the importance of gaining
trust of their informants in their perspective articles studied. In Bourgois' article "Crack in Spanish Harlem" and Sterk's article "Tricking and Tripping:...
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She found this method though tedious and painful an accurate and non–biased way of understanding the true essence of prostitution and what the
women have to go through. She stresses the importance of trust in these relationships, because it would ultimately provide the specific information
needed for her ethnography. Keith Bletzer calls Sterk a 'field instrument' and says that the anthropologist, "strives toward ethnography where self is
the field instruments to learn about 'the other'" (Bletzer 2003: 261) She explains one particular way she was able to gain the women's trust, "Being
supportive and providing practical assistance were the most visible and direct ways for me as the researcher to develop a relationship" (Sterk 2003:
6). She then continues to say, "Gradually, my role allowed me to become a part of these women's lives and to build rapport with many of them"
(Sterk 2003: 6). Being supportive towards the women and interacting in their daily lives opened doors to closer observation to discover the difficulties
they went through, which essentially was the purpose of her studies (Sterk: 2003: 17). Bletzer writes:
"Sterk's description of the field provides a contrast to cross–cultural fieldwork as an initiatory means to gain membership in the guild of anthropology;
she describes entree and how data were gathered..." (Bletzer 2001: 261).
This method though good, gave Sterk some difficulty, because of her personal relationship and

The Importance Of Visual Ethnography
The Importance of Visual Ethnography Reading an ethnographic research paper can allow us to imagine and perceive cultures in a certain
perspective that is the author's point of view. Ethnography is a process of representing knowledge of human lives by collecting data to experience,
interpret and represent human cultures according to the researcher's view. However, this representation of data is predetermined by the author and is
therefore subjective in a way, as people's emotions are analyzed according to the author's perspective. Moreover, there are certain aspects of their
living style that cannot be expressed in words such as their cultural ceremonies, describing sounds and arousing certain feelings. There are ways to
overcome this limitation of expression that is to include the use of photography, audio recordings, filmography and performing a play. This visual
representation of data allows us to feel emotionally connected to the culture as we interpret it from our own perspective, but this depends on the way the
data is recorded. Humans consume the world visually, and photography is a visual representation of the world. Photographs allow the informant to
observe and analyze the photo in their own perception. Visual images are not just the means of data collection or illustration of text but "as a medium
through which new knowledge and critiques may be created" (Chaplin qtd. in Pink, 13). Sometimes it is difficult to describe certain objects or the
surrounding in

Analysis Of Tell My Horse By Zora Neale Hurston
In Zora Neale Hurtson's ethnography, Tell My Horse (1938), she uses her research and field notes from her year in the Caribbean islands to study how
the political atmosphere and culture tie into the religion of Vodoun. Being one of the first in her field to study this religion, Hurston hoped to expand
research upon the subtle nuances within the African diaspora and increase the people of Caribbean's acceptance of their African identity. In doing so,
Hurtson found her research discouraged the idea of Pancaribbeanism and diminished stereotypes of Vodoun being a religion based upon only evil
possession and pagan sacrifice. As an up and coming African American author in the Harlem Renaissance, Hurston accomplished major feats against the
Her racial disposition as an African American also made many of the participants more comfortable discussing religious and social topics with her.
Throughout her research, Hurston studied two main aspects of the Vodounculture, those rituals and rites surrounding death, and those surrounding the
idea of marriage. This stark contrast relates back to her main focus of her research and hopes of smashing the stereotype of Vodoun being an evil,
pagan religion. One intriguing aspect that was present in a majority of her research was the basis of the culture and religion around orature. In orally
passing traditions and rites through the generations, it ensures that with each family, generation, and especially island, that there are differences in how
certain ceremonies are held. For example, during her observation of a family's funeral rites, Hurston asked many different family members how they
spotted and trapped any stray duppies, or spirits, that may be around. To Hurston's surprise, each family member had a slightly different answer to both
question, with some saying the way to spot a duppy was through suspicious, sneaking movements without eye contact, to as grotesque as foaming at the
mouth. (59–61). This was furthered proven when every answer was different in how to trap a

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