Real Textile And Domestic Wastewater Treatment By Novel...

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel
cell generates energy with the help of microbes that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported
through an electrode via an external circuit to the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of
–0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by
adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process
to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical
degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But
purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result
in high amounts of sludge [12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the
advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical
treatment is required. RTW also has greater color appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH, high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as
well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Using Oil And Its Byproducts
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the years mankind has been using oil and its byproducts as a means of propulsion. However, we live in a world of finite resources and
as oil is depleting it is necessary to find different resources. Using electricity as means of propulsion instead of internal combustion engines which is
the current trend in most mechanical applications such as those in cars, ships and airplanes is what the world has deemed to be a solution to the over
use of oil and its byproducts. Electricity is a resource which is significantly cleaner to the environment than that of oil, especially if generated by
"green" means such as solar power, wind energy, etc.
With this concept in mind, airplanes, which provide a means of transportation, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resources used were Google Scholar and journal web sites such as Science Direct and IEEE.
THE MORE ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT
The more electric aircraft (MEA) is a concept which describes the use of electronics in the existing airplane designs. As per (Kostakis, et al., 2014)
cabin pressurization, air–conditioning and anti–ice wing protection require pneumatic power, flight surface actuation, landing gear and breaking
require hydraulic power, and finally, engine fuel and oil pumps require mechanical power. Electrical power is limited to cabin lights, fans and
avionics. However, on a MEA electrical power is used to power some or all the above mentioned loads. Additionally, two new technological features
are incorporated on a MEA, the bleed–less engine and the electrical self–start of the engine. In a bleed–less engine, all of the air–intake is converted
into thrust, without it having to be bypassed away from the compressors, as it would in a conventional engine, to power pneumatic loads. Bleed air is
still required on the engine for operability reasons, but by reducing the amount of bleed–air required, this could allow the removal of some heavy
equipment such as fans and ducts, and provides potential improvements in engine reliability. This architectural shift has brought benefits such as
weight reduction, optimized performance and reduced life–cycle costs for the plane operator. Nonetheless, the increase in on–board electrical energy

How Do Fuel Cells Work
How fuel cells work A fuel cell is a device that produces an electrical current through a chemical reaction. All fuel cells contain a cathode and an anode,
which are positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The chemical reactions which produce electricity occur at the electrodes. Fuel cells also
contain an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles between the electrodes. A catalyst also aids to speed up the chemical reaction at the
electrodes. In fuel cells, an impurity must serve as the electrolyte; if one uses distilled water for this experiment, it could serve only as the control,
because purified water does not contain any substances that react at the electrodes. Some examples of impurities used as electrolytes in various types
of fuel cells include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of using hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to create electricity and end up with potable water. This method very useful aboard spacecrafts
allowing them to stay in space for a longer amount of time because they can create their own water. The next most common type is molten carbonate
the electrolyte in this is carbonate salts. However this type of fuel cell tends to be slightly less efficient due to the fact that they have to be melted
before they can be used. Having a liquid electrolyte can be difficult to handle and time consuming. It is however useful seeing as it refreshes the
electrolyte through every cycle.
The last form of fuel cells available is PEM (or Proton Exchange Membrane). The electrolyte for this is a very thin polymer sheet. Unfortunately, this
type can be extremely expensive because it is required to have a platinum catalyst. A temperature of eighty degrees celsius must also be reached. This
fuel cell still resembles the basic form. It requires hydrogen atoms which have been striped from their electrons, and the electrons pass through the
exterior circuit, which creates electricity. At the end, it meets with air to create

Electricity Is Generated From The Energy
HYDROFUEL CELLS
Abstract: Electricity is generated from the energy; we get, by the burning of fossil fuels, where the fuel can be stored and used when needed
according to the immediate energy requirements. Hence it is speaking to a concentrated and stable type of energy. On the opposite side, we have some
irregular types of energy, for example, wind, wave, tidal and sunlight based. These can 't be put away and must be utilized according to
accessibility; generally their energy possibilities are lost. For the usage of these energy sources, there is a need to convert this energy into suitable
forms for storage. For this Hydrofuel Cells are one of the best way to create and store energy as they possess many positive qualities such as
renewable, environment friendly, readily available elements for electricity generation etc. Here it is discussed about the working of Hydrofuel cells,
advantages and disadvantages and lots more. The paper also contributes the comparison of Hydrofuel cells with the batteries.
Index terms: Introduction, working, why only Hydrogen element, comparison with Batteries, cost analysis, advantages and disadvantages, applications,
problems faced in Hydrofuel cells, conclusion.
Introduction: Renewable energy advancements are required to play the main part in the inevitable energy era portfolio keeping in mind the end goal to
accomplish manageable energy era. The real requirements for expanding entrance of renewable energy sources are their accessibility and

Use Of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Is Better Than The Use Of...
A lot of people in our society have been questioning whether the use of hydrogen fuel cells is better than the use of fossil fuels. Each of the two
differs from the other massively. They are made in different ways, have different outcomes, advantages and disadvantages, so in order to consider
which of the two should be promoted all of the things mentioned should be first analysed.
Fossil fuels are defined as hydrocarbons primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, which is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. When
these fuels are burnt, the energy released can be harnessed to produce electricity. Fossil fuels are the most popular form of energy as they have very
low ignition temperature. All fossil fuels undergo through the process of combustion. Combustion necessarily requires oxygen. All the reactions are
exothermic in nature which therefore means they give out heat and sometimes light. The constituent hydrogen and oxygen react with each other
chemically and produce high amount of heat and energy. Different fossil fuels burn at different rates because the structures of the hydrocarbons are
different in each of these compounds. However, one common by–product of each of these fossil fuel is carbon dioxide.
The combustion of fossil fuels can be shown by an example of a simple combustion reaction for methane. The combustion of methane means that it is
possible to burn it. Chemically, this combustion process consists of a reaction between methane and oxygen in

The Ketogenic Diet For Bipolar Patients Essay
The Ketogenic Diet for Bipolar Patients
By E Fiske–Jorgensen | Submitted On July 30, 2013
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Expert Author E Fiske–Jorgensen
Ketone bodies are three different biochemicals that are produced as by–products when fatty acids broken down for energy.Two of the three are used as
a source of energy for the brain. Neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and dopamine) work by changing these membrane potentials in various ways.
Neurotransmitters can open ion channels, allowing sodium to enter the cell and causing a wave of electrical impulse that travels along the neuron. This
is the problem in bipolar patients, especially with the neurotransmitters of seratonin and dopamine. The synapse region does not allow a message from
one neuron to pass to another neuron correctly, making one react to a situation in an inappropriate manner, sometimes with little inhibition.
When a person is in a ketogenic state, the electrical impulses that pass from one neuron to another are opened up by the mediation of sodium. It allows
extracellular calcium to pour into the cell, which leads to the release of the neurotransmitters of seratonin and dopamine into the synapse

Essay about The Alternative Energy Source to Oil
The Alternative Energy Source to Oil
Introduction
1.0 "Renewable Energy" is the term used to describe those energy flows that occur naturally and repeatedly in the environment, e.g. from the sun,
wind and the oceans, and from plants and the fall of water. It also refers to the energy available from wastes and to the emerging clean technology of
fuel cells.
There are wide ranges of renewable energy sources/technologies, varying in technical and commercial viability. These include:
Solar Power (Photovoltaic)
Hydro – electric Power
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Geothermal
Wind Power
Nuclear Power
1.1 The modern drive to harness renewable energy began in the 1970's. It was promoted by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied by solar power.
2.1 The first practical solar cell was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1954. With the advent of the space program, Photovoltaic cells made from
semi–conductor grade silicon quickly became the power source of choice for use on satellites. The systems were very reliable, and cost was of little
concern. In the early 1970s, the disruption of oil supplies to the industrialized world led to serious consideration of Photovoltaic as a terrestrial power
source. This application focused research attention on improving performance, lowering costs and increasing reliability.
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and
a storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and

heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non–constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of
radiation will be received. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the
productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is added, too,

Using Glucose Fuel Battery Of Artificial Pacemakers With...
Using glucose fuel battery in artificial pacemakers with longer battery life
Abstract Battery life is an important performance of artificial pacemakers. Longer even infinity battery life provides much more conveniences and
avoid unnecessary risks for pacemaker users. Glucose fuel battery, a new recent research, may possibly replace current lithium battery in pacemakers.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art of glucose fuel battery in artificial pacemakers and its performance and compatibility
in human body. Introduction
Artificial pacemaker has become more and more familiar in our lives. In fact, pacemaker is a quite well–developed technology and it is widely used to
treat heart issues, typically Cardiac arrhythmia which means a heart rate is too fast or too slow. In North America and Europe, Cardiac arrhythmia
affects over 3% of the population [1]. 15% of total global death is caused by sudden cardiac death, and 80% of sudden cardiac death is caused by
Cardiac arrhythmia [2]. Therefore, artificial pacemaker is crucial to solve this global health problem. Currently, there are over a thousand patients
planted pacemaker in a million population. However, battery life has always been a problem since pacemakers were invented.
In early twentieth century, pacemakers were using external powers which is extremely unwieldy. Afterwards, mercury batteries were added to
pacemaker. In 1970s, by the development of electricity, lithium

Electric Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
Abstraction
The energy storage technology is quite important for electric hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles due to requirement of more power and more
efficient with minor compromise on weight and volume. The challenge for developing more advanced energy storage system is capacity or energy
density and specific power cannot be achieved at the same time. More specific power means less energy density, and vice versa. The supercapacitor
Li–ion hybrid energy storage system has both advantages of these two kinds of energy storage technology. It has high energy density as well as high
specific power. The paper will introduce about this hybrid energy storage system, discuss about its advantages and drawbacks, and compare this system
with other kinds of energy storage systems.
Keywords: Supercapacitor, Lithium–ion battery, hybrid energy storage system 1. Introduction
Currently, electric hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles attract more and more people's attention. The benefits of electric hybrid vehicles and
pure electric vehicles are less fuel cost, less emissions, less maintenance etc. But there are still many drawbacks such as higher price, less space in
electric hybrid vehicles, require recharging everyday on plug–in hybrids and pure electric vehicles, limited mileage per recharging in pure electric
vehicles etc. There are many engineering challenges along with these drawbacks. One of them is energy storage technology. In recent electrified
automotive markets,

Energy Pollution
Introduction Increasing carbon emissions are becoming a large problem when considering global warming. The high energy intensity transportation
sector contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and primary energy consumption, with emissions and energy use
steadily increasing as the population grows (IEA 2013; Pollet et al. 2012; World Energy Council 2007). More than half of these vehicles are
personal vehicles (EPA 2014; Li & Shimamoto 2011) with a substantial percentage (> 90%) of transport energy coming from fossil fuels, which is
inherently coupled with GHG emissions and air pollutants (Avci et al. 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2007). Environmental damage, stricter emissions
regulations and depleting oil resources causing economic issues have all motivated research on energy transition away from fossil fuels seeing many
automotive manufacturers adopting new technologies (Chiara & Canova 2013; Dings, T&E 2011; US EPA 2013). Therefore, a revolution in the
automotive and fuel industries will prevail in years to come. It is essential to alter society's current reliance on fossil fuel based transportation to
decrease the large carbon footprint of the transportation sector, therefore the development of alternative sustainable fuels is imperative not only for the
protection of the environment, but for the maintenance of energy security. Environmental and economic issues can be addressed by substituting current
fossil fuel based transportation with low–carbon,

Different Types of Transport Mechanisms Occuring in AEMs
Main role of an Anion ion membrane is to conduct hydroxyl ions at very high rates from the cathode to the anode where reduction and oxidation of O2
and H2 occur. The AEM and its integration with the electrodes form the heart of the alkaline fuel cell. If the transport through the AEM is not
sufficiently high and highly selective, the corresponding fuel cell will not find any practical application. Different types of transport mechanisms
occurring in AEMs, is taken from the large amount of literature available on proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Proton transport mechanisms
include combinations of the Grotthuss mechanism, masse diffusion, migration, surface site hopping along sulfonic acid side chains, and convective
processes. However, it has been experimentally observed that the proton conductivity also depends on environmental conditions, such as temperature,
relative humidity and pressure. Although anion conductivities are several times smaller than proton conductivities in Nafion, similar dependency on
relative humidity and temperature has been observed. Based on these similarities, researchers initially assumed that hydroxide transport mechanisms in
the AEM could be analogous to that of the transport of protons in proton exchange membranes fig presents a schematic representation of the different
transport mechanisms that may be observed in an AEM The Grotthuss mechanism, diffusion, migration, and convection are considered to be the
dominant transport mechanisms for

Essay on Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline
Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline: Who's Down With HFC?
ABSTRACT:
The world's oil supply is a diminishing nonrenewable resource. Soon, a new fuel for automobiles will be needed. Hydrogen fuel cells may very well
become the chief replacement for gasoline in our society.
INTRODUCTION:
In our busy world today, we often find ourselves surrounded by vehicles. But how often do we ponder about by which means these vehicles are
running? Vehicles are fueled by gasoline, a gradually diminishing resource. As a replacement for this fuel, scientists have been experimenting with a
new technology called hydrogen fuel cells.
Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich SchГ¶nbein developed the principle behind the fuel cell in 1838. Then in 1932, the ... Show more content on
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alone. But with a new fuel comes the need for a new type of refilling station, which would cost a lot of money. The gaseous hydrogen cannot be
contained in the same manner as the liquid gasoline because it is much less dense and requires
HFC 3 stronger storage facilities to compress. The facilities must be able to retain adequate amounts, which is difficult due to hydrogen's immensely
small structure and ability to diffuse through most barriers.
The transportation of hydrogen is also difficult because strong storage tanks are also needed to compress and protect the volatile substance. However,
hydrogen and oxygen are easily accessible. The oxygen portion of the fuel cell cycle is obtained through the air around us.
Hydrogen can be obtained through processes such as biological water splitting, photoelectrochemical water splitting, and biomass reformation.
Biological water splitting is the process of obtaining hydrogen through photosynthetic microorganisms whose metabolic activities produce hydrogen
from water. Photoelectrochemical water splitting involves the use of light gathering systems that use absorbed light to generate enough energy to split
water into hydrogen and oxygen. Through pyrolysis, biomass resources, such as plastic and waste grease, can be reformed into a liquid called bio–oil
that contains many useful components. Then bio–oil can be broken down into its components, which include hydrogen (Hydrogen

Alternative Fuels and Technology for Electricity Production
For the past 200 years, human society has had a ravenous appetite for fossil fuels. The huge increase in human population and also the industrial
revolution were the major sources of fossil fuel consumption. However it is becoming obvious that our dependence on fossil fuels is causing many
problems that we are going to have to address. We now consume ~ 13 terawatts (TW) of energy worldwide but an additional 10 TW of energy will be
required to maintain present lifestyles by 2050 (Chae et al. 2009). Therefore, our greatest challenge is to find means to reduce the extraction and
combustion of fossil fuels. Fortunately, we have the potential to reduce the CO2 emission from fossil fuels combustion by converting them into
renewable, carbon–neutral energy sources that provide the energy services now obtained from fossil fuels (Rittmann 2008). Biomass is one of most
preferred renewable resources for chemicals and fuel production as it already contains renewable energy stored in its chemical bonds. Recently, many
conversion technologies are being developed or have already been developed for chemicals and fuel extraction from relatively concentrated biomass,
such as agricultural byproducts and wood (Hatti–Kaul et al. 2007; Kamm and Kamm 2004). However, only few conversion technologies currently exist
for fuel and chemicals production from relatively diluted aqueous biomass, such as domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewaters. Still, wastewater
represents a large potential

Module Quizzes Essay
Module 1: Syllabus How long do you have to take an E–test? 2 hours Which of the following is curved? E–tests and the E–final Final Grades have?
Pluses and minuses If a positive feedback signals reaches the comparator, what occurs? Comparator will turn on the controlled Where should you go to
find updates on the course? Announcements in Bioespresso Where should you go to access your readings and assignments? www.bioespresso.com
Where do you submit your extra credit paper? Dr. Pozo's office A student athlete presents Dr. Pozos with documentation that he had an
school–sponsored athletic event and was unable to complete the module. Dr. Pozos opens the emodule for the student and the student forgets to take
the emodule a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You need more data. A subject on one is not enough to give you any kind of solid data. No two humans are identical This statement is true Peer review
of data refers to which of the following? Persons who have expertise in a specific area will review the material Which of the following is an example
of DEDUCTIVE reasoning? 1) All triangles have 180 degrees (premise). 2) A right triangle is a form of a triangle. 3) Therefore, a right triangle has
180 degrees. Biology can be studied in a non–scientific method. This involves which of the following: Using many subjects but having no controls In
the diagram below, which of the following is the controller? $250 K/Yr For Research A cannibal shoots and kills a visiting professor of
anthropology. His tribe abhors visitors and are well known for being vicious and cannibals. This act occurred in the jungles of New Guinea. This act
in the eyes of his culture is considered to be? Legal, ethical and honorable Which of the following is not part of the scientific method? Presentation– No
matter the outcome of the research it MUST be presented. Which of the following is an example of INDUCTIVE reasoning? 1) Priscilla likes men
(premise) 2) Julius Caesar is a man 3) Therefore, Priscilla likes Julius Caesar. An athlete takes human growth hormone that enhances his ability to have
the best time of any olympic marathon runner in history. She is tested for the growth hormone and is found to have a large

Research of Electric Car Batteries Satisfaction Rate
The 21st Century Electric Car
By Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning Tesla Motors
The electric car, once the "zero–emissions" darling of environmentalists, is sometimes maligned as an "emissions–elsewhere" vehicle, since the
electricity to charge its batteries must be generated in electrical generation plants that produce emissions. This is a reasonable point, but we must then
ask how much pollution an electric car produces per mile – accounting for all emissions, starting from the gas or oil well where the source fuel is
extracted, all the way to the final consumption of electricity by the car's motor. When we work through the numbers, we find that the electric car is
significantly more efficient
and pollutes less than all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The famous Toyota Prius is EPA–rated to get 55 mpg in combined city–highway driving, for an energy efficiency of 0.56 km/MJ.7
Electric Cars
Even with tires and gearing optimized for performance (rather that absolute efficiency), the Tesla Roadster only consumes about 110 watt–hours (0.40
mega–joules) of electricity from the battery to drive a kilometer, or 2.53 km/MJ. 8
The energy cycle (charging and then discharging) of the lithium–ion batteries in the Tesla Roadster is about 86% efficient. This means that for every
100 mega–joules of electricity used to charge such a battery, only 86 mega–joules of electricity are available from the battery to power the car's motor.
Thus, the "electrical–outlet–to–wheel" energy efficiency of the Tesla Roadster is 2.53 km/MJ x 86% = 2.18 km/MJ.
The most efficient way to produce electricity is with a "combined cycle" natural gas–fired electric generator. (A combined cycle generator combusts the
gas in a high–efficiency gas turbine, and uses the waste heat of this turbine to make steam, which turns a second turbine – both turbines turning electric
generators.) The best of these generators today is the General Electric "H–System" generator, which is 60% efficient,9 which means that 40% of the
energy content of the natural gas is wasted in

Ib Bio Hl Chap 1 Cell
1. Which of the following will contribute to the cell theory? I. II. III. A. B. C. D. I only II only I and III only I, II and III [1] Living organisms are
composed of cells. All cells come from pre–existing cells by mitosis. Cells are the smallest units of life. 1. C 2. A red blood cell is 8 Ојm in diameter. If
drawn 100 times larger than its actual size, what diameter will the drawing be in mm? A. B. C. D. 0.08 mm 0.8 mm 8 mm 80 mm [1] 2. B 3. A cell
has cytoplasm, a cell wall, naked DNA and ribosomes. Based on this information, what type of cell could this be? A. B. C. D. A cell from a pine tree A
grasshopper cell A human red blood cell A bacterium [1] 3. D 4. What do diffusion and osmosis have
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(e) 2 max The sites close to Iceland, at a latitude of 60–65В°, had very varied allele frequencies, with both PanIA and PanIB occurring. The water at
these sample sites was highly stratified, with much warmer water at the surface and much colder water below. Suggest reasons for both PanIA
and PanIB alleles occurring at these sites. higher frequency of PanIA/PanIA PanIA (cod) in warm (surface) water; higher frequency of PanIB/PanIB
PanIB (cod) in colder (deeper) water; interbreeding results in PanIA PanIB cod/heterozygous cod; (e) 2 max (f) (f) Using the data in this question,
predict the effects of global warming on cod fish populations. PanIA PanIA (cod) may spread further north / PanIB PanIB (cod) may move/retreat
further north; numbers of PanIA PanIA (cod) may increase / frequency of PanIA allele may increase; PanIB PanIB (cod) may become extinct
/ frequency of PanIB allele may decrease; 2 max [11] IB BANK BIO VERSION 3 MUHD INAAMULHASAN BIN SATHAR MOHD 2012–2014 11.
(a) Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers. Escherichia coli is a unicellular organism, so each cell must carry
out all of the processes required for life. Outline the functions of each of the structures in the cells of Escherichia coli. (a) cell wall protects the cell
from damage; cell wall prevents the cell from bursting; plasma membrane pumps substances/carries

Alternative Fuels And Its Impact On The Global Economy Essay
Alternative Fuels & Vehicle Krutarth Arora | kva002 | 903902329 PREFACE The vehicle of the future will be significantly different than what we
have seen since the advent of motorized vehicles; technology shrinking the size of components, increased power requirements, improved fuel
economy, lower carbon emissions, exploring alternate forms of fuel, improving convenience and importantly keeping the cost of transportation low. A
lot of effort is being pumped into developing practical options for alternate fuels which in our utopian world would reach ideal properties that we
desire. In this report, we will discuss some of these options for fuels, issues associated with them and their impact on the global economy. CONTENT
Preface1 Content2 Trends, Opportunities and Issues3 Gadgets3 Sensors3 Automation6 Paints and Coatings9 Keys9 Lights12 Fuels14 Materials in
future cars19 Body Design22 Globalization and the future of vehicles 24 Summary27 References 29 CHOICES FOR ALTERNATE FUELS Gasoline
dominates in today's industry and has a significant impact on the face of the earth in terms of climate change and economy. Some of the important and
practical alternatives to current option – fossil fuels–primarily gasoline and diesel, and the Issues related to them are discussed in the following text.
Biodiesel Concept: Continued use of

Social Impact Analysis (Hydrogen Fuel)
The search for a renewable energy source has been a top priority to us a human race in the past decade. Many ideas have come in the form of wind,
solar, and nuclear power, all having their own drawbacks. But, the one that will be focused upon in this analysis is hydrogen as a source of fuel, and
the technology leading the way to making it a reality. This technology would affect everyone in one way or another if correctly used. So we must ask
if this technology is beneficial to us, how it might hurt us, and whether it is worth pursuing from an ethical stance. Background: Hydrogen has already
been under the micro scope for many years as an alternative fuel source to us because of its abundance and power. We have simply been lacking the...
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Honda has already produced a hydrogen fuel cell concept car they claim is "overall 64% energy efficient". To put this into perspective in the average
gasoline combustion engine "only about 20 percent of the thermal–energy content of the gasoline is converted into mechanical work", making it 20%
energy efficient [5]. This new line of cars could bring about jobs in the automotive industry and all industries that branch from it. As of right now
the commercial market for hydrogen gas produced from the use of fossil fuels is at about $100 billion. A majority of this hydrogen goes into
producing fertilizers and petrochemicals [1]. All it would take is an inexpensive source of green hydrogen, such as the one recently discovered, to
completely change this industry.Overall hydrogen has the ability to bring about jobs and continued advancements in every market and industry
touched by it. This could be just about every industry when considering how important transportation and shipping are to the economy; hydrogen
would give them an inexpensive fuel for transport. Hydrogen fuel could do this all the while solving our most important problem of finding a
renewable energy source. Potential Drawbacks: Even though hydrogen as a fuel seems to answer every problem we want it to; it also has setbacks.
Although we have the technology now to bring us an endless supply of hydrogen fuel we do not have the storage or infrastructure capabilities for it.
"Hydrogen

Pollution And Pollution
Have you ever wondered how pollution, or more specifically how fossil fuels add to the effects of global warming? Fossil fuels are organic
hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead animals and plants which have decayed for millions of years, there are three main types coal, oil
and natural gas. While oil is the most biggest form of energy source today, coal was discovered first and has been use since 1,000 BC and it was in
the 1800s that it replaced biomass as the primary source of energy while massive consumption of fuel didn't start until early 1900s. Despite being a
natural source these fossil fuels have greatly impacted the environment negatively, adding to the greenhouse gases, inhibiting heat to be released into
the solar system and as a result is causing rising sea eels and irregular weather patterns.
Coal is a solid fossil fuel which are made of layers of dead trees and plants which have decomposed for years and have been compressed and heated, the
pressure of all of all the layers of mud, rock, sand on top of this extracts all the water and oxygen from the carbon substance to form the solid carbon
enriched substance which is known as coal, depending on the amount of time they are buried the coal gets richer in carbon the longer it's buried. By
combusting coal with oxygen the byproducts produced are nitrogen gas and sulfur gas these byproducts and carbon dioxide released into the air are
harmful as it is the cause of climate change. While oil is a

Essay about Microbial Desalination Cells
Microbial Desalination Cells
Desalination is the removal of salt from seawater to provide freshwater especially in developing countries. Currently, MFCs (Microbial Fuel Cells)
have generated electricity from biomass using bacteria. These microbes cause an electric current where electrons flow from the anode to the cathode
where the reduction of oxygen occurs. A revolutionary new method called MDCs (Microbial Desalination Cells) could potentially desalinate water
and produce energy depending on the design or set up of the cell. This process is similar to water electrodialysis but uses bacteria as the source of
energy rather than an external source. If the set up of the MDC is altered to desalinate water, then the highest amount ... Show more content on
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Consequently, sodium chloride salt (NaCI) in the middle chamber will be removed desalinating the water.
Set Up
First, I will use sandpaper to roughen the end caps of PVC pipes. I will then use the sandpaper to roughen the two opposing sides of three plastic
containers by roughening two 1–inch by 1–inch patches across each other. Using permanent markers, a mark will be made in the center of the
roughened side of one of the plastic containers. I will use a ruler to measure the location of the mark and then make a mark at exactly the same
location on one of the roughened sides of each of the other two plastic containers. The ruler will be used to measure the outer diameter of the
aquarium pump tubing. I will then drill a hole 2 millimeters (mm) in diameter on top of three of the plastic container lids. In one of the lids, I will
dill another hole the same diameter as the plastic tubing of the aquarium air pump next to the first hole. A hole will be drilled on the permanent marker
marks on the sides of the plastic containers using a 3/4 –inch spade drill bits.
I will then squeeze acrylic cement around two of the 3/4 –inch spade drill bit holes. Then, acrylic cement will be squeezed around the flat part of one
compression fitting end cap. The end cap will be centered over the hole on one of the plastic containers that the cement will just have been squeezed
around. The two pieces will be
fit together and repeated for the other PVC pipe. I will let the

Essay on Electric Cars, Past and Present
One of the main components of an electric vehicle (EV) is the controller. The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to the motor.
To do this the accelerator pedal is hooked up to a pair of potentiometers, which provide the signal which tells the controller how much power it needs
to deliver. For safety there are two potentiometers, the controller reads both potentiometers to make sure that their signal are the same, if the signals
are not equal then the controller will not operate. For a car with a 300V battery the controller takes that DC voltage from the battery and converts it
into a maximum of 240 volts AC to sent to the motor. This is done by using large transistors to quickly turn the batteries voltage on and off... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the DC controller, in an AC controller the polarity of the voltage must be reversed 60 times a second. For each phase there must be one set of
transistors to pulse the voltage and another to reverse the polarity. So there must be six sets of transistors in an AC controller, instead of just one as in
a DC controller.
A controller pulses the power more that 15,000 times per second so human cannot hear it. The pulsed current caused the motor housing to vibrate at
that frequency, so by pulsing more than 15,000 times a second the controller and motor are "silent" to human ears.
The electric motor is also vastly more efficient than the internal combustion engine. The process of converting fuel into rotary motion at the vehicle's
flywheel generates a massive amount of heat – caused by the combustion process and internal engine friction.
Around two thirds of the total energy produced in the process is wasted into the atmosphere as heat, leaving the remaining third as power to propel the
vehicle. Typical electric motors used in EVs have efficiencies of around 90%. That means very little of the energy consumed in the process of
converting stored electricity in the batteries, to forward vehicle motion, is wasted.
MOTOR TYPES
There are numerous motor types available but the most common types seen in EVs are AC (alternating

Hydrogen Fuel Of The Future
With nations like Costa Rica, Albania, Paraguay, and Iceland all currently running on 100% renewable electricity, the notion of clean Audi e
–fuels rule
and sustainable energy is becoming a more realistic and feasible option in the minds of many.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of time. Hydrogen is the smallest element in the
universe, hydrogen consists as a diatomic, gaseous molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure form on
the planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural gas, and even oil (Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of
sources, hydrogen is the perfect power source for fuel cells.
What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the future? Hydrogen fuel cells are a mechanical device that convert the
electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and water (Hoffmann 6). In all
fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable of moving ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73).
During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen
molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an

Alternative Fuels Essay
Alternative Fuels
Demand for gasoline has been the driving force in utilization and depletion of crude petroleum, which is a non–renewable resource. In recent years,
tendencies have just begun to, at times, favor alternative fuels to power autos. Many possible alternative fuels exist, certainly not without their
drawbacks. These alternatives include, but are not limited to, alcohols, gasohols, and both liquefied and gaseous natural gas, as well as hydrogen. As
mentioned above, drawbacks do exist; the chief drawbacks being cost of adaption implementation, engineering, and cost of the fuels themselves. As
stated by many a chairman of petroleum companies, alternative fuels have limited applications and too many economic disadvantages, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U.K. government has been urged to double the real price of petrol, triple the use of public transport, and halve the size of its current 19 billion
roads program by 2005. The findings have raised interest in possible alternative fuels," (Cavenagh, 15).
These alternatives involve modified internal combustion engines, ICE's, modified fuel delivery systems, as well as advancements in the field of
electrical storage capacities. This paper will attempt to discuss the many advancements in the field of automobile alternative fuels, reduced and zero
emission vehicles, and fuel delivery and ICE modifications producing reduced emissions. Positive and negative aspects to implementation will be
discussed as well as an analysis made on whether the alternative approach is feasible on a mass production scale.
There have been many advancements in reducing emissions of gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. Every month we hear of another vehicle
running on petroleum fuels, reducing emissions, and increasing efficiency. "Direct diesel injection into ICE cylinders increases mileage by 20%,"
(DiChristina, 43), for example. Also, ozone precursor release in the 1960's was on average 324 lb/Yr., whereas now it is 21 lb/Yr. In 2001 it is
expected to be 12 lb/Yr., a 96% improvement (Derr, 30). But this paper is examining non–petrol fuels. There are also many advancements

Cellular Respiration : Energy From Food Sources
Cellular respiration is how we extract energy from food sources, especially food sources such as glucose as most of the food we eat ends up as
glucose in the body. The chemical formula for one molecule of glucose is C6H12O6. In order to turn this glucose into energy, oxygen is needed. This
is done through cellular respiration where the glucose and oxygen is turned into 6 molecules of CO2, 6 molecules of water and some energy. Before
we can use that energy our body has just produced we have to turn it into a specific form of stored energy called ATP oradenosine triphosphate. In order
for our body to use the energy we make our cells need the energy to be transferred into ATP, adenosine triphosphate to be able to let our body do
anything. Adenosine triphosphate is made up of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups attached to it. The three phosphate groups are very
uncomfortable being next to each other, so ATP splits them up shifts one of the phosphate groups off the end creating Adenosine diphosphate. In this
reaction energy is released. Through cellular respiration one molecule of glucose can yield a bit of heat energy and 38 molecules of ATP at its best, a
normal range would be between 29–30 molecules of ATP. Cellular respiration isnt something that happens all at once. Glucose is is transformed into
ATP's over 3 separate stages; Glycolysis, the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is just the breaking up of the glucose 6 carbon
rings into two

Airport Air Pollution
E. Testa, C. Giammusso, M. Bruno and P. Maggiore, "Analysis of environmental benefits resulting from use of hydrogen," Clean Technologies and
Environmental Policy, vol. 16, pp. 875–890, 2013.
This article is from the 'Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy' and the authors of the article are from the Polytechnic University of Turin,
Italy. The intended audience of this article are the airport planners and policymakers, who can use this study to define a feasible environmental
policy. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of hydrogen as a fuel in the airport GSE vehicles in order to reduce the airport air
pollution. The methodology developed for this study compares the direct emissions and indirect emissions for both diesel and hydrogen technologies.
The direct emissions are produced by combustion fuel and the indirect emissions are related to the production of fuel. In case of hydrogen technology,
proton exchange membrane fuel cells are used to power the GSE vehicles. The study also includes the investigation of 'Steam methane reforming' and '
Electrolysis' technologies for the production of gaseous hydrogen at the airport. The various pollutants that are investigated in this study include carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides etc. The major inputs used in the study are a number of air transport movements, the aircraft
fleet mix, the turnaround time for handling operations and the ratio of GSE vehicles converted to hydrogen. The

The Effect Of Using A High Temperature Fuel Cell With...
Abstract. Future energy systems should include distributed power generation with combined heat and power. A study is conducted to evaluate the
economic competitiveness of using a high temperature fuel cell with combined heat and power as a distributed power generation system against the
conventional grid supplied power system at a sewage treatment facility. This report evaluates the economic benefits of using natural gas or biogas from
the sewage treatment plant at the Flint–Biogas Complex to power a 1.4MW direct fuel cell which operates at a temperature of 400 oC. The waste
recovery heat will be used for heating the sludge and the facility. Bottoming cycle options are proposed. The waste heat will be used to warm the
sludge, heat up the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reduces the number of equipment in the balance of plant. This principle finds a wide application in distributed power set ups with the obvious
advantages of high efficiency, elimination of a network of complex power grid and the losses associated with it, which results in cost reduction [1].
The recovered heat finds a wide application in heating swimming pools, greenhouses, space heating and hot water systems in high rise buildings. The
goal of this work is to use methane or bio–fuel from the waste treatment plant in Flint for fueling the fuel cell and the recovered heat for cogeneration.
The gas separation and processing units will be powered by a high temperature fuel cell based on Molten Carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and the heat will
be used in the facilities in the waste treatment plant. This principle is energy efficient.
2.Literature Review
Bio–gas is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic wastes such as municipal waste, sewage, farm manure, domestic organic products, etc. A typical
composition of biogas from a waste treatment plant or landfill are methane: (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25–50%), Nitrogen (0–10), hydrogen sulfide
(0–3%) and hydrogen (0–1%. /2/. There are trace elements of the other gases in the landfill gases' composition and that includes particulate matter. But
the raw fuel

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microgrids
Microgrids (MGs) are defined as an integration of distributed energy resources (DER) units, energy storage systems (ESS), and a group of controllable
and non– controllable loads, which is capable to be used by connecting to a grid or islanded modes. The MG plays a key role in moderation of power
balance of supply and demand by connection to a grid, which sells power to the grid or buys power from the grid. In separated mode, the MG is
apart from the grid, in which the customers purchase a reliable power from MG, considering DG bids [1, 2]. Considering a MG integrated with DER,
combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and energy storage technologies, an environmental friendly, low cost, and reliable energy could be attained.
CHP systems play a key role on reducing the cost of thermal energy generation by recovering the heat wasted during generation of electrical energy
[3]. CHP economic dispatch (CHPED) aims to minimize the cost of generation of heat and power, in which mutual dependency of heat and power and
heat–power capacity of the cogeneration units should be taken into account [4]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The investigated grid–connected MG in this reference consist of WT, PV, micro turbine, fuel cell, and energy storage devices. For minimizing the
operation cost of fuel cell power plant, particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed in [17], in which various tariffs for electrical energy
purchase and sell in each hour of day are taken into account. Providing the optimal solution of a PEM fuel cell power plant (FCPP) which is
connected to a small–scale MG is proposed in [18], utilizing evolutionary programming (EP) optimization procedure. The capability of purchasing and
selling electricity from the local grid and considering thermal output from the fuel cell and the required thermal energy from the grid are remarked in
the proposed model in this

Hydrogen as an Option for Fuel
With gas prices escalating and fossil fuels becoming limited, scientists have been researching an alternative fuel source that will be more abundant
and cost efficient. Issues with our current fuel source include the pollution that is emitted in our air and water sources and the fact that fossil fuels
are becoming scarce. One alternative to gasoline is the use of hydrogen as a fuel source. With hydrogen as a fuel source pollution will be in decline,
it has become increasingly more abundant than fossil fuels through extracting hydrogen from various sources, and is domestically produced. There
are many pros to using hydrogen as an alternative fuel source; namely, its abundance, its low pollution, and the fact that it is being researched and
extracted domestically. Hydrogen is one of the most abundant elements on earth and can be found in water, hydrocarbons and other organic matter.
Because of hydrogen being so abundant scientists are able to extract it from a variety of sources, therefore, the problem with hydrogen as a fuel
source is how to exactly make hydrogen an efficient fuel source. Currently hydrogen is extracted from natural gas, but this releases the greenhouse gas
CO2 and uses up a limited resource. This does not relieve our current issues with using up fossil fuels, just displaces them. Recent research has
suggested a means of how to resolve both of these problems. Zhang, a research scientist from Virginia Tech, and his team have altered an enzyme that
can

Approach to Reduce Cathodic Voltage Losses
Another approach to reduce the cathodic voltage losses is to replace metal based electrocatalyst with semi–conductor aided by a renewable energy
source, such as solar energy. This resulted in the development of photo–electrocatalysts for MFC applications, which significantly improved the
cathodic ORR 30,32. In this innovative application, there are robust synergies between the anode respiration and photo–electrocatalysis of ORR in the
cathode (Figure 7). In this new design which known as solar microbial photo–electrochemical cell (MPC), the electron–hole pairs are liberated upon
illumination of semi–conductor electrocatalyst. After that, the generated charges (holes and electrons pairs) are moved into the catalytically active
site for electrocatalytic reactions, meanwhile electrons are delivered from the anode to combine with holes or directly participate in cathodic
reactions. Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of a solar MPC, and (b) The corresponding energy diagram (source: Qian et al. 2010). Thus, to enable such
synergies, the photoelectrocatalyst should possess the following three properties. (1) The material should be conductive and active for the
electrocatalytic reactions. (2) It should be able to absorb light (ideally visible light) and transport the photo–excited electrons. These two properties
don't have to be provided by the same material. That means, a photoelectrocatalyst may consist either of an absorber that is catalytically active by itself
or of a structure

Negative Effects Of Acid Rain
Another consequence of using Acid rain is rain that contains high levels of nitric and sulphuric acids, which are the result of burning fossil fuels
because when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air as byproducts of burning fossil fuels, the SO2 and NO react with water,
oxygen and other chemicals to form sulphuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground. This rain
can be harmful to plant and animal life. For example The harmful effects of acid rain can be seen in marine life, such as streams, lakes, and marshes
where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife, because as the rain flows through the soil, the acidic rainwater can separate aluminium from soil
clay particles and then causes it to flow into streams and lakes, And as more acid is introduced to the ecosystem, the more aluminium is released.
Some types of plants and animals are able to tolerate acidic waters and moderate amounts of aluminium. Others, however, are acid–sensitive and will
die as the pH declines. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas affected by acid rain. Acid rain removes aluminium from the soil which
may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow, making it unsuitable
for plant growth. Pure water has a pH of 7 while normal rainwater has a pH of 5.6. Acid rain, however, has a pH between 4.2 and 4.4; this is due to the
gases

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Essay
An alternative form of energy source is using a fuel cell. A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction by converting
chemical energy stored in hydrogen fuel into electricity. A PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) cell uses hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as fuel. The
products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat (Hydrogen + Oxygen = Electricity + Water Vapour) The advantages of using
hydrogen fuel cells is that one, the amounts of pollution being produced will significantly drop as there are no harmful by–products being released,
which means this type of fuel would contribute to global warming as it does not release any greenhouse gases. Secondly, hydrogen fuel cells are
renewable sources, therefore it can be constantly reused unlike fossil fuels and thirdly since it requires hydrogen, which is extracted from water
there will be no shortage. Also, it's far more efficient than other sources of energy as Hydrogen is an efficient energy type since it has the ability to
convey a lot of energy for every pound of fuel. This means that an automobile that utilizes hydrogen energy will travel more miles than one with an
equal amount of gasoline. However the disadvantages are Hydrogen energy is expensive as a result, it is not heavily used by people around the world
and currently today, hydrogen energy is only used to power most hybrid vehicles. Another disadvantage is that hydrogen gas is highly flammable
making it very dangerous and not a

Yeast Invertebrate Scientific Report
UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY A REPORT
ON RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES
COMPILED & PRESENTED BY
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012/2013 SESSION
COURSE: FSB201 (CELL BIOLOGY)
COURSE LECTURER: DR. NOUTCHA
DATE : 7TH MARCH, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Respiration is one of the characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS. In the simplest terms, "respiration" simply means "breathing". But more formally,
the term depends on what type of respiration been referred to. Essentially, "respiration" refers to gaseous exchange of unwanted carbon dioxide and
much–needed oxygen for the body's use. In direct terms, oxygen is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (
adenosine triphosphate), by substrate–level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2
Simplified reaction: C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) в†’ 6CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat
О”G = –2880 kJ per mole of C6H12O6
The negative О”G indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.
The reducing potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron
acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobiccellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the
consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive
ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized
glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However,
this maximum yield is never quite reached due to losses (leaky membranes) as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondria's

matrix and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Cellular Respiration is split into 4 distinct aspects that occur at different parts of
the cell. These are glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, Kreb's Cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation.
GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is a metabolic

Proton- Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Essay
A H2/O2 protonв€’exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a clean, sustainable energy source and suitable for the operation of small electronic
device [1]. Among many problems that still exist for PEMFC, the sluggish reactions at the cathode electrode and poor mass transport of protons and
electron decrease the fuel cell performance by increasing the activation overvoltage, or activation loss [2]. This problem can, however, be solved by
raising the fuel–cell operating temperature [3], but only up to a certain temperature before the deformation or degradatation of polymeric components
occurs. Thus, the reduction in the activation overvoltage for low–temperature fuel cell operation is still necessary when the PEMFC components are
made of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epichlorohydrin is suitable to be used as a crosslinking agent for crosslinking chitosan as it only reacts with the hydroxyl groups of chitosan, leaving
the primary amine groups free to bind with protons or water molecules (both of which contribute to the proton mitigation). However, many questions
have not been answered in the previous report [7]. The current study thus focuses on the effects of the operating temperature and relative humidity
(RH) on performances of H2/O2 PEM fuel cells, which are assembled with Pt/C which have previously been treated by using various epichlorohydrin
amounts. In addition, the thermal stability, morphology, and stability of the treated Pt/C are examined and compared with the untreated Pt/C under the
same test conditions. 2. Experimental 2.1. Materials Platinum, HiSPEC 4000, nominally 40% on carbon black, was acquired from Alfa Aesar.
Chitosan (Mn ~ 20k, 85% deacetylation, PDI ~ 4) was from Ta Ming Enterprises Co., Ltd., Thailand. Epichlorohydrin (Acros Organics), acetic acid
(Sigma–Aldrich), and sodium hydroxide (MERCK) were used as received. Gas diffusion layers (GDL Sigracet GDL 10BB, 420 Вµm) were purchased
from SGL Carbon Group, whereas the 5 wt.% Nafion solution and NR–212 Nafion membrane were from Aldrich and Ion Power, respectively. All other
chemicals of analytical grade were used as supplied. 2.2. Entrapment of Pt/C in covalently crosslinked chitosan The procedure was slightly adapted
from literature

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Essay
The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine
Two main types of engines powering everyday machinery are diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines. Both vary on efficiency levels, but are
still effective. Diesel engines have high efficiency levels, such as producing great amount of torque at very low rpms. They are also known for their
fuel–efficient behavior and capability to produce low emissions.
Their capability to produce power at an efficient rate with little wear on the engine, this makes these engines ideal for hybrid integration. Hybrid
integration takes a typical engine and combines it with an electric generator and motor, with the application of other electrical systems applied.
Allowing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tests represent the percentage of green house gases that the engine will produce over its lifetime. The results are as follows: the gasoline
combustion engine is 88%, the diesel–hybrid engine is 56% (Weiss 29).
The MIT testing and research went into much more detail besides fuel efficiency and emission release. These areas are still are very important in the
mind of the everyday consumer.
Current Developments:
The diesel–hybrid idea is now being applied to several different applications. It ranges from road, to water, and railroad. In each scenario the
applications are the similar but the designs are different.
In Vancouver, Canada, RailPower Technologies has designed a hybrid locomotive, the Green Goat, which utilizes diesel fuel and electric motors.
The basic design started with removing all the original engine parts and replacing them with a 6.0L Daewoo diesel engine and 20 volt lead acid
batteries (Siuru 1). This design uses the diesel engine, which acts as a generator to charge the batteries. The batteries are then used to power the
locomotive. Batteries propel the locomotive leaving more empty space under the hood. The result of all this is: ability to create a smaller hood
increasing overall visibility for locomotive engineers, fuel economy improvement of 35%, and a 90% reduction of overall emissions (Siuru 1).
In 2001, New York City

Ap Biology Chapter 4 Study Guide
Chapter 4
Microscopes
Two important factors in microscopy are:
1) Magnification: an increase in the object's apparent size compared with its actual size.
2) Resolving Power: the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects are separate.
Three types of microscopes:
1) Light Microscope (LM) M: 1000x RP 0,2 micrometer (small bacterial cell)
2) Electron Microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons to resolve electrons, better resolving powers than light microscope M:100,000x RP 0,2
nanometer
A) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Surface
B) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Internal Structure
Preparing specimen for electron microscope hard, light microscope still very useful as a window on living cells.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How DNA Directs Protein Production
1) DNA programs protein production in the cytoplasm by transferring its coded information to a molecule called RNA (mRNA). The RNA then carries
the order to build this type of protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
2) The mRNA exits through the pores in the nuclear envelope and travels to the cytoplasm, where it then binds to ribosomes.
3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products
Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell is partitioned by organelle membranes. Organelles together form the endomembrane system.
This system includes:
1) The Nuclear Envelope
2) The Endoplasmic Reticulum
3) The Golgi Apparatus
4) Lysosomes
5) Vacuoles
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
One of the main manufacturing facilities within a cell. Consists of rough ER and smooth ER, they are physically connected but differ in structure.
Consist of membrane–enclosed tubes and sacs within the cytoplasm. Rough ER, named for the ribosomes attached to its surface, make membrane and
secretory proteins. One function of rough ER is to produce new membrane. Some products by rough ER are dispatched to other locations by transport
vesicles.
Functions of smooth ER include lipid synthesis and detoxification. Big diversity of enzymes. As liver cells are exposed to a drug amount of

The Deregulation Of Generation Facilities Essay
INTRODUCTION . Centralization of generation facilities give way to smaller, more distributed generation partially due to loss of traditional
economies of scale.Penetration of distributed generation across U.S has not yet reached significant levels. However that situation is changing rapidly,
requires attention to issues related to high penetration of distributed generation within the distribution system.Distributed generation encompasses wide
range of prime mover technologies, such as IC engines, gas turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic, F.C(fuel cell), wind–power. Most emerging
technologies such as micro–turbines, photovoltaic, F.C's, gas internal combustion engines with permanent magnet generator require an inverter to
interface with electrical distribution system, These emerging technologies have lower emissions, potential to have lower cost negating traditional
economies of scale.All applications include power support at substations, deferral of T&D upgrades, onsite generating. Indiscriminant application of
individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. better way to realize emerging potential of distributed generation is to
take system approach which views generation, associated loads as subsystem or "microgrid". This approach allows for local control of distributed
generation thereby reducing or eliminating need for central dispatch. During disturbances, generation, corresponding loads can separate from
distribution system to isolate

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Essay
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell could revolutionize the world. This ingenious technology, which creates electricity from the chemical reactions of hydrogen
and oxygen has, in its 150–year history, passed many of the critical tests along the path from invention to innovation. Recent developments in fuel cell
technology and concurrent developments within the energy and automotive industries have brought the world to brink of the fuel cell age and the
hydrogen economy.
The future is, however, inherently murky. Fuel cells still face significant technological, political and economic hurdles before they can realize their
truly awesome potential. An examination of these hurdles, set to the backdrop of an explanation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A fuel cell is, in principle, a very simple electrochemical device. The chemical reaction that powers hydrogen fuel cells is the same as that which
occurs when hydrogen burns. The chemical equation for this reaction is: 2H2 + O2 ( 2H2O + energy. "Normally hydrogen burns, reacting with
oxygen from the air, producing water, heat and light. ... In the fuel cell the chemical reaction is exactly the same, but instead of producing light and
heat energy, electrical energy is produced."2 All fuel cells consist of an electrolyte (a substance that allows only the passage of ions) sandwiched
between two electrodes. When a fuel containing hydrogen is passed over the negative electrode, otherwise known as an anode, it is ionized. Ionization
of the fuel, often accomplished with the assistance of a catalyst, removes electrons from the hydrogen creating positively charged hydrogen ions and
negatively charged free electrons. Since only the ions can pass through the electrolyte situated between the electrodes, the electrons must find another
route to the positive electrode or cathode, where they will be reunited with the hydrogen ions and combined with oxygen atoms to form water. The
electrons passing around the electrolyte constitute an electric current, and thus can be used to provide power during their journey from anode to
cathode.3

Avantieme and the Transit of Tomorrow
Avantieme is an island off the coast of Australia where the ocean scintillates and the national parks bask in the shade. Three main parks take refuge in
Avantieme, housing about 58 species of endangered animals. Although the parks limit the living space of Avantieme, they are far too rare and
meaningful to be destroyed. Centuries ago, we drove cars contaminated with pollution, but now Avantieme has pioneered the way to a cleaner and
more dynamic way of transporting the commuter with the innovative Herron. There are several solutions to digress from the modern polluting ways of
the car, but one of the easiest and most efficient is the usage of hydrogen to power the insurgent Hare pods. The Hares uses a polymer exchange
membrane fuel cell... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One pound of hydrogen produces 52,000 BTU (British Thermal Unit), three times that in a pound of gasoline. The hydrogen powered Hare is a
computer automated vehicle, that uses frequencies and a geographic mapping system to guide it. The Hare has two antennas on the top, the former
sending out frequencies and the latter acting as a backup. The frequencies will detect the cars around them and any unrecognized objects. It also uses
the RGMS, or Repetitive Geographic Mapping System, to give pinpoint accuracy to the computer. The RGMS are cars that parole Avantiemie every
day, taking pictures of the roads and pathways as they go. They then, take the data they retrieved to the main building. This building collects and stores
the data in their database and constantly sends them out to the Hares' GPS. They keep an updated picture of roads as guide and safety backup to the
antennas. Avantieme citizens craved a manual driving feature, but with a much more advanced computer system driving the car, traffic is limited and
virtually no collisions occur. After some compelling arguments, transportation engineers eventually decided against the manual overdrive. Before
vetoing the idea, transportation engineers had a test run with the VTS (Variegation Track System) manual overdrive option. At first, it was a very
enticing option, but as the tests continued, the manual overdrive proved too dangerous for commercial use. The VTS had some

Who Is Cardiovascular System For Steady State Exercise (...
he cardiovascular system responses to steady state exercise (P4 and M2)
–Heart rate is the number of times a person 's heart beats per minute. When you are preforming a type of exercise that will increase your heart rate,
then your heart will pump blood all around your body faster and especially to muscles that are working the most because they require the most oxygen
because of the intensity they are working at. It is vital to take your resting heart rate and the normal heart rate is 60–100bpm. For example, our
cardiovascular exercise was cycling on a stationary bike for 20 minutes at a reasonable pace and this will depend on whether your heart rate will
increase at a slow, fast or steady rate. However, the first 5 minutes we cycled at a very fast pace in order for your heart to pump moreblood all around
the body and to the required muscles in order for them to work harder. But the response is that the heart rate levels off, which means that it becomes
steady so that after beginning the exercise and you're like 5 minutes into it then your heart rate will stay the same or increase by little bits unless you
change the intensity all the time which is not required when doing cardiovascular exercises.
–Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle and this is measured in mL/beats. The average resting stroke volume is 70 mL
/beat and this is best measured when you wake up because you are at you're at full rest meaning you have done nothing to increase your

Real Textile And Domestic Wastewater Treatment By Novel...

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