National Geographic Society

National Geographic Society
National Geographic Society
The Problem Essay
Position Statement
The key managerial problem which John Fahey is facing is to decide as to whom the e–commerce
head should report, in the current organizational structure of NGS, so that the new position gives
him enough freedom to leverage the growth opportunities of the e–commerce platform efficiently.
How much span of control for the new head is required to cope with declining print media sales and
build the right balance between allocating investments and revenue allocations across different
product units of the organisation? He should also have enough exposure to build strong customer
relationships and brand loyalty by improving the membership program using e–commerce.
Diagnosis
Fahey is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He should also take care of allocating the cost of this content generation and their respective revenue
streams across divisions.
Decision Options and Analysis
Option 1: The new head should report to Tim Kelly, president and CEO of Global Media Group.
This will give him tight control over different media units like the NGM, the book publishing,
television etc. and help in building brand value by providing a meaningful and engaging experience
to customers which is aligned to the latest mission i.e. "to inspire people to care about the planet".
The downside of this option is he will have little exposure with researchers, writers and explorers.
Also the allocation of funds to expensive mission programs will still remain a problem as it requires
close coordination with Enterprise group.
Option 2: The new head reports to Linda Berkley, the head of Enterprise Group. Reporting to Linda
will help him better manage the funding of mission programs and also help him channel the revenue
to different product units in a way which will help the overall mission of the society. The downside
will be less coordination between the different media channels, poor decisions on topic selection as
each channel will try to maximize its profit diluting the brand as a whole. Customer experience will
continue to be dispersed resulting in failure to engage them and bring back the old membership
feeling in
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The Importance Of Geographic Literacy
Geography, it's not just maps and knowing about landforms. Geography is about a who, what,
where, why and how. It raises awareness of things around the world and provides information about
understanding conflicts and solving them. (Murray, Dr. Matthew) Dr. Edelson points out that,
"While the impacts of any particular far–reaching decision may be small, the cumulative impact of
the decisions made by millions of people are enormous." ("What is Geo–literacy?" 2012) Geography
is something all citizens should know about, everyone should be aware of what is happening around
them. The main focus of teaching students how to be geoliterate is so they will know the
consequences resulting from basic decisions. As the curriculum continues to change in schools
throughout the nation, geography has become nonexistent within the classroom. Besides the basic
geographical features, like landforms and oceans, most of this generation knows nothing about
geography. Even sometimes these simple concepts are unreachable for students and many young
adults making them geo–illiterate.
Geographic Literacy, as described by Dr. Daniel C. Edelson, has three key concepts; understanding
human and natural systems, geographic reasoning and systematic decision making. He describes a
geo–literate student as not only one who understands geography, but one who understands that the
Earth is interconnected and the decisions we make over our lifetime have long–lasting effects. They
should also able to comprehend that the relationship between human systems and their interactions
and the impact it puts on our environment. (2012) Another way to describe Geographic Literacy
would mean to be "better equipped to better understand the complexity of the world, how our
decisions affect others, and the interconnectedness of this rich, diverse, and not–so–large world." It
means that one should know what the effects are of the decisions we make daily. (Baskerville,
Brian) Regardless of if the decision is where to live or
Herring 2 how to prepare for natural disasters, everyone makes decisions throughout their lifetime
that requires geo–literacy. ("What is Geo–Literacy?") Whether these decisions are riding a bike or
driving a car, using plastic bags versus

The Geographic Diversity Of California
Diversity has been at the heart of from the beginning. Not only is it diverse among its people but
also its geography. California has the greatest variety of regional landscapes, climate zones, flora,
and fauna in all of North America. The geographical diversity of California is deeply tied the
geological theories of it scientific origins especially its sculpting through the movement of plate
tectonics. California consists of 11 diverse regions with diverse landscapes. Regional diversity was
greatly contributed by Europe. This was because European settlement in California began pretty
late. California's climate emerged about a few thousand years ago. It rose from the interaction of the
ocean currents and temperatures, air pressures, wind and storms patterns, and the location of
mountains and valleys. The climate differs from its geographical landscapes and locations of
neighboring states. This is largely because of its dominant maritime influence. Further climate
diversity is found in the semiarid climates in much of the San Joaquin valley. California has four of
the five major types of climate found around the world. California's geographic diversity would
begin to be matched by its human diversity. Earthquakes are another factor to why California is so
diverse. People are always migrating into California from all over the world. Diversity effects many
things in different kind of ways. Census Bureaus are always a good reference to see how much
California's

Information Systems And The Geographic Information System
Ms. Clare has 12 years of professional experience working in the Geographic Information System
(GIS) field. She is proficient in using Economic and Social Research Institute's (ESRI's) ArcGIS
software for spatial analysis and map creation. She uses ArcMap for analyzing sites, soils, hazards,
proposed developments, watersheds, wetland impacts, endangered species, and wildlife habitats.
She converts and projects Global Positioning Systems (GPS) data and AutoCAD data for GIS
analysis and uses current cartographic techniques in creating quality maps and graphics.
Ms. Clare also has several years of experience researching geographic data and historic cartographic
data both as a GIS Specialist and as a student. During her graduate studies, she worked as a teaching
assistant for a physical geography class, and instructed a freshman practical geography laboratory
class.
Significant Projects
GIS Specialist – PG&E Road Assessment Project – California
Mrs. Clare created road assessment maps and managed a large geodatabase containing road
condition, hazard, and facility route information. She worked directly with PG&E personnel to
configure the database and associated metadata to work seamlessly with PG&E's existing data
structure. (July 2012 to October 2014)
GIS Specialist – Hilgard Project – Union County, Oregon
Mrs. Clare performed channel bed analysis and created cross–section profiles using LiDAR and
bathymetry data. She made maps showing existing geomorphic conditions as well as

My Geography Interest Started With The National Geographic...
Personal Statement
Xi Yang
My Geography interest started with the National Geographic's classical documentaries. My father
liked to watch Geographical documentaries during my lunch time when I was young; Geographical
documentaries and magazines appeared everywhere and anywhere in my life. So it was easy for me
to get interested in geography. Nature's environment in the documentaries was attractive for me, a
city girl wasn't familiar with the environment in its natural state. As a result of the documentaries
and my curiosity, I started to eagerly look forward to long vacations like summer and winter break
so I could go outdoors in order to get closer to nature.
Every time, when I get into nature and felt my heart is opened, every trouble and worries are
disappeared. So I loved to travel. Before every trips, I need to plan ahead in order to ensure the
safety and don't get loose. I started to plan the trip since I was thirteen. I draw the rough maps with
the attractions marks and service information such as restaurant and restroom. Also the
transportation information is most important. I like to collect data such as bus stop, schedule, and
route from websites. By combine all the information together, I was clear to design my trips.
Unknowingly, this was my first introduction to GIS.
When I started to choose a college major, I thought that being a geography major would allow me to
learn more about nature. I was right; my strong desire to get closer to nature was satisfied

Essay on Use of Geographic Data in Natural Disasters
Missing Figures The use of geographic data in the field of preventing and mitigating natural
disasters remains a pioneering activity. However the circulation of the technology is still hindered
by many issues such as the difficulty in obtaining the appropriate raw data, the lack of effective
graphical user interfaces, the intricacy of predictive models and the expense of digitisation (Carrara
et al., 1999). Natural disasters are becoming more frequent around the world, as seen in figure 1,
which shows that in 1975 there were approximately 50 disasters ... Show more content on
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(1999) state that 'Geo–Spatial Information Science is a comprehensive and integrated information
science and technology, which is used to acquire, measure, analysis, store, manage, display, diffuse
and apply the data related to earth and spatial distribution.' Furthermore, with the continuing effects
of human activity upon the environment becoming more apparent in the form of climate change, the
Geomatics industry is becoming more important in mapping temporal changes and spatial
distribution especially in the case of natural disasters, but is also significant due to globalisation, in
mapping social, economic or distribution aspects globally and locally. With the Earth's first satellites
being launched in the early 1970's, there have been fast advances within the industry since then and
whilst there have been many failures, these have mainly been due to the incorrect application of
remotely sensed data rather than based upon their intrinsic limitations, however despite the failures,
the Geomatics industry continues to be valuable in aiding and protecting countries against natural
disasters and with the monitoring of disasters (Carrara et al., 1999). Furthermore, the awareness of
geographical data processing is becoming more widespread among western countries along with
many developing nations, which enables faster response times to natural disasters through

The Geographic Impact of Egypt
The Geographic Impact of Egypt
When one thinks of Egypt, one immediately thinks of the Sphinx or the ancient pyramids sitting in
the desert lands. What people don't realize is that Egypt's geography is quite diverse. There is more
to Egypt than the monumental tourist attractions.There are many geographic features that have
impacted the development of Egypt. Some features that have dramatically affected Egypt are its
bodies of water, deserts and valleys.
One geographic feature that has affected Egypt are its bodies of water. Egypts most famous body of
water is the Nile River. The Nile River is known to be the longest river in the world at about 6650
kilometres ("Geography of Egypt"). The Nile River was a big part of the Egyptian people's lives.
The Nile River was the people of Egypt's main source of water. The river ensured that people had
water to bathe, cook and to water crops. When the Nile River flooded, the people of Egypt called it a
"gift of the Nile". The flooding of the Nile River was a good thing because it would play a big part
in keeping the soil fertile ("Gifts of the Nile – Ancient Egypt for Kids"). The Nile river is in the
middle of Egypt and on each side of the river are desert lands. People can take a cruise down the
Nile in present day and step back in time to see the lands that are fertile because of the "gift of the
Nile" ("HowStuffWorks "Geography of Egypt – Physical Geography"). Overall, the Nile River
dramatically

Geographic Selection Mosaics
In this study, scientists observed the interaction of bishop pine seeds and ectomycorrhizal fungi in
different environmental conditions to test whether or not geographic selection mosaics would occur.
They define geographic selection mosaics as "in which species exert different evolutionary impacts
on each other in different environments, may drive diversification in coevolving species." To carry
out this experiment they collected mycorrhizal fungus spores, bishop pine seeds, and field soil from
the bishop pines in the Mount Vision area in California. They also used Promix PGX (a
peat/vermiculite/limestone mixture) as the lab soil for the experiment. The seeds were placed in a
growth chamber for three months and after the germination was complete,

Essay on Geographic Technology in Real Estate
Geographic Technology in Real Estate:
A Technology Assessment Report
Introduction
Real estate is defined by the Barron's Dictionary of Real Estate Terms as the "land and everything
more or less attached to it. Ownership below to the center of the earth and above to the heavens."
This definition clearly conveys the geographically fixed nature of real estate and the inherent risk
associated with this characteristic that is not found in other financial assets such as stocks and
bonds. It is the identification and quantification of these risks that dominates the real estate decision.
Regardless of whether a large insurance company is determining if it will insure a "trophy" office
property in New York City or Starbucks debating the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lender is also concerned with the strength of the particular market where a prospective borrower
is located when underwriting a loan. Markets with declining economic health can lead to a situation
where the borrower is no longer capable of paying the monthly mortgage payment. Under this
scenario, a lender will likely acquire the property through foreclosure and subsequently sell it for an
amount that is hopefully equal to the outstanding loan balance. Should the sale price be less than the
outstanding loan balance due to weakening market fundamentals, the lender again suffers a loss.
The scenarios presented above suggest that commercial lending institutions have a need for GIS as a
risk management tool during the underwriting process as well as after a loan has been originated. An
analysis of ESRI and MapInfo GIS risk management products was conducted as these two vendors
have the most advanced GIS software geared toward the business community. Care has been taken
not to include substantial discussion of each vendor's market analysis software (which is used
extensively in the mortgage underwriting process) in the commercial lending section as this will be
the focus of the site selection component of the paper.
From a pure risk management perspective, MapInfo is more advanced than ESRI. Currently,
MapInfo has three products that focus on the analysis of risk from the perspective of property
insurance providers. Although

Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has had one of the biggest impacts on the discipline of
modern day geography. Roger Tomlinson coined the term GIS in the early 1960s in Canada.
Tomlinson defined GIS in its early days as a computer application designed to perform certain
specific functions (Coppock et al; 1991). GIS is interdisciplinary in nature, having a distinctive role
in geography. The application created for the Canada GIS department was designed to summarize
and tabulate land inventory for the country; it solved two issues: to measure irregular homogeneous
geographic areas and to overlay different themes. Other early systems were created for the Chicago
Area Transportation Study, the U.S. Census Bureau and Landscape ... Show more content on
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From this perspective, GIS on its own is meaningless; it gains meaning only by its goals, which
generally involve the application of knowledge by scientists, but not science itself (Table 1;
McCauley 1993; Moll 1993; Skelly 1993b). Discussants view it the same as remote sensing, it is a
tool. Some scientist would argue that GIS is a part of the engineering field more than it is in the
science field. Engineering is identified as a problem–solving activity and science is linked to
discovery and problem solving understandings. It is also felt that GIS is a tool used by geographers
to answer geographic questions, thus a tool only applied when going about the business of
geography, so it is geography.
Other theorists believe that the tool is inseparable from the science. When GIS advances, so does the
study of Geography and Cartography. Geographers are GIS toolmakers. They understand the
concepts, methods, models and theories that are behind the tool. They also understand how a
phenomenon is dispersed shown through the tool and knowledge of geographic concepts. This leads
to the thought that if you can do GIS, then you do geography so therefore if one is a science the
other must be a science as well.
The science debate over GIS is that it is a method and or a body of knowledge used to develop and
test spatial theories and hypothesis. Many believe that it is not

Grizzly Bear Geographic Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an essential communication tool for all disciplines world
wide. Being able to communicate through imagery allows for a visual of data or information that
otherwise is just words or numbers on a page. In regards to grizzly bear habitat it is important to
understand the relationship of the species to the land. Making sure grizzly bears have access to food,
water, hibernation habitat, and space to roam is critical to there success as a species. Grizzly bear
populations, like many other animals, have had there territory greatly reduced and separated due to
human activity. The remaining grizzly bears will need more access to each other or they could
inbred themselves into extinction. Mapping the the different populations allows for visual
understanding of how these populations can be connected. One of the biggest issues with grizzly
bear populations is that they are separated by roads and highways. Land bridges and tunnels have
been constructed in a few places like Banff National Forest in Canada, but this is ... Show more
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This is important to making sure a road is where the data says it is. Using UTM coordinates and
projections while having the datum in WGS 1984 means that all of the data is in unicine. Another
way of understanding this is if you were measuring things in meters your want to keep everything in
meters and not in feet. This is the difference in feet and meters in construction is just as important
when creating maps. After all the data is in the same "language", it is up to the cartographer to create
a map with the certain criteria. This is what was done in this project, we have our data and now we
have to use the data to communicate possible grizzly bear habitat. Using different tools in GIS
mapping, extract by attribute, reclassify, raster polygon, intersect, buffer, dissolve, erase, clip etc.,
we were able to determine suitable habitat in Colorado for grizzly

Description Of The Geographic Information System
The geographic information system is also used in finding clusters. This is done using multiple
algorithms to come with a group of unrelated regions that match the theme of interest. The cluster
contains points that meet the criterion required for the theme. For instance, members of a cluster
could be points where the distance between them is less than a particular threshold or points whose
population density is above a particular range. The process requires many levels of iteration before
the choice of the correct algorithm can be identified. Cluster identification has been used in different
organizations to group oil deposits depending on their size based on the population surrounding
them. There are several techniques and models used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pipelines need to cover the shortest distance possible while at the same ensuring safety and
minimum interference with the environment. Determination of what is an area involves looking at
the type of vegetation and soils are in a zone.
Apart from the oil industry, the geographical information systems have also gained much use in
other critical application in Saudi Arabia. For instance, the system is used in both telecom and
network services. Its relevance as a planning and a decision–making tool in the telecom industry
cannot be overemphasized. The so–called GDi GISDATA enables the telecommunication companies
to integrate geographical data in their network planning, design and maintenance activities. The
technology allows the companies to enhance their location–based services, develop engineering/
geographical applications and customer relationship. Geographic information system also enables
the authorities and insurance companies do both accident and hot spot analysis. As such, the
technology helps in the reduction of accidents in the roads through the optimization of road
networks and facilitating the improvement of roads through proper traffic in management (Khormi,
Kumar, & Elzahrany, 2011). The technology helps identify the locations and map them by their
population and traffic details. In addition, the geographic information system is convenient to use in
rerouting design. The system has also gained much prominence in urban planning is Saudi

Crime Mapping : Using Gis And Geographic Information...
CRIME MAPPING IN KENYA: USING GIS TO EXAMINE CRIME SITUATION IN ELDORET
METROPOLIS
By
CAROLINE JEPKEMBOI CHEPLONG
A RESEARCH CONCEPT NOTE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFIMENT OF THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS OF
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
JULY, 2015
ABSTRACT
Technological advancements such as Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) and the Internet have
made it easier and affordable to share information, which enables complex and time sensitive
decisions to be made with higher confidence. Further, advancements in information technology have
dramatically increased the ability to store, manage, integrate, and correlate larger amounts of data to
improve operational efficiency. The studies have shows that crime is on the rise and that the police
are handicapped in managing it because of the obsolete methods and resources at their disposal.
Therefore, crime maps are becoming significant tools in crime and justice. Advances in the areas of
information technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have opened new opportunities
for the use of digital mapping in crime control and prevention programs. Crime maps are also
valuable for the study of the ecology and the locational aspects of crime. Maps enable areas of
unusually high or low concentration of crime to be visually identified. Maps are however only
pictorial representations of the results of more or less complex spatial data analyses. Therefore, the
study therefore seeks to

Geographic Information Systems (Gis)
The term Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a term used to refer to a system installed in a
computer capable of manipulating, assembling, displaying and storing information that has been
geographically referenced. Large volumes of data are mapped, analyzed and modeled using a single
database depending on their locations. In short, the software gives one power to create maps.
Information such latitudes, longitudes, elevations and ZIP codes are fed into the system and the
results can be used to determine whether and climate patterns of different regions (Global
Geographic Information Systems, 2007). Different organizations use GIS generated data to seek
information regarding specific areas of interest they are interested in. ... Show more content on
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For instance, marketers may use the tool to map demographic information by displaying and
analyzing data. The system is often used for market analysis tool and it is best beneficial to
companies and organizations that cover a large geographical area and have many workers. GIS is
used for general statistical analyses and its geo–coding component is also an important aspect. The
GIS is designed to improve application for all users and its reliability is an attractive component.
Establishing a GIS Model As attractive as the benefits of GIS may look to an organization, there are
a variety of factors that need to be considered before this is done. Before the system is made, the
number of users, GIS data base and application should be considered. The other key factor that
comes in handy is the size of the geographical area. To add on this, the degree and frequency of use
for each system also varies with its integration into the system. Before setting up a GIS system, one
has to consider its functionality. If a system can run efficiently and effectively without this system,
then it might be of no use incorporating this system (Somers 1998). The other point to note is the
complexity of the GIS in use. The more complex a system is the more resources it handles at a time.
Complex structures are often associated with complex and large organizations that require a lot of
data feeding and have a lot of resources. For one to ascertain how they want their system to

Geographic and Environmental Factors
Themes in U.S. & World History;
Geographic and Environmental Factors
An example of physical geographic factors that contributed to the development and expansion of the
United States are the Appalachian Mountains and the discovery of the Cumberland Gap. The second
geographical factor that significantly contributed to the development and expansion of the United
States is the major rivers of the Midwest regions such as, "The Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois,
and other rivers knit together the American nation over the course of a century" (River Towns, River
Networks, 2012).
The early colonists had trouble passing over the Appalachian Mountains due to the extremely
difficult environmental conditions that these mountains posed. The ... Show more content on
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In fact, the Mesopotamian civilization is responsible for establishing, developing, and implementing
such things as higher social thinking, original agricultural technological methods, and development.
This society is responsible and known as the birthplace of civilization; the original place for such
things as religion, art, literature, science judicial order, agriculture and so much more. The most
significant environmental and physical geographic factors that contributed to the development of the
civilization of Mesopotamia were the Tigris–Euphrates river system. Because of its proximity and
placement near these rivers, the society developed and grew primarily into a thriving agricultural
society. As the muddy Tigris–Euphrates river system flooded and receded, their silt built a plain with
rich soil, ideal for agriculture in which this society of Mesopotamia flourished and capitalized on.
"Agriculture, thanks to the construction of irrigation ditches, became the primary method of
subsistence (for Mesopotamia). Farming was further simplified by the introduction of the plow"
(Kreis, 2006). Because the rivers provided the environment ideal for agriculture, the Mesopotamia
society developed into a rich, prosperous, and influential civilization that passed these developments
on to other society's and groups of

Geographic Regions Of Peru
This country is divided into three principal geographic regions which are the Costa (the "coast",
mountainous arid coastline), the Sierra ("mountain range", which are cold and rugged Andean
highlands), and the Selva ("jungle", which are rain forests). The topography of this country as well
as being prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, recurrent floods and droughts, do not allow
Peru's agricultural sector to grow, and only 7.4% of the gross domestic product (GDP) comes from
agriculture.
In Peru, about 5.2 million people are in a state of high or very high vulnerability to food insecurity ,
one of the major cause of malnutrition. This along with poverty, international commodity market
fluctuations, limited purchasing power and issues

Geographic Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction is the person's right to exercise their authority over a territory, subject matter or person.
Jurisdiction over a person relates to the authority to try him or her as a defendant. There are two
primary categories of jurisdiction; the "geographic jurisdiction" and the "subject–matter
jurisdiction." Jurisdiction over a subject matter relates to authority derived from the country's
constitution or laws to consider a particular case. For example, Tony files a tort case against Steve in
a state trial court. There is no law which gives any court exclusive jurisdiction to hear this type of
case. Therefore, the state trial court has subject–matter jurisdiction over this case. The Geographic
jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear a case based on where the case is located in the system.
For example, if Peter commits a crime in Queens, New York, the Queens police have the power to
investigate, and the District Attorney for Queens has the authority to bring criminal charges and
prosecute the case. The criminal case would then be heard in the state court in Queens.
The FBI is the primary investigative agency for all federal crimes. Other federal agencies
concentrate on crimes specific to their missions, i.e. the Secret Service handles financial crimes and
threats to the treasury. The boundary of FBI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though, because of little manpower or facilities the local city police or county sheriffs cannot
investigate major felonies in small town or in some states. They may turn in the investigation to the
stare police or state bureau of investigation.
Only one level of law enforcement agency can have jurisdiction once a crime has been committed
for example, the FBI or DEA both would argue over who has jurisdiction of the crime. Once they
cannot resolve the issue they would talk directly to the chief of police or

Geographic Luck Essay
Geographic Luck Why is it that Europeans ended up conquering so much of the world? According
to UCLA biologist Jared Diamond, some countries grew faster than others because of geographic
luck. It sounds like a simple theory, but there is a lot more to it. The lucky countries, like Spain,
were lucky enough to have natural resources, indigenous plants, and animals that could be
domesticated. With all of this at their fingertips, they were able to stop hunting and gathering and
start farming. Farming didn't require as much people as hunting and gathering; so people who were
not out farming started developing new technologies. These people, also known as specialists,
created the path for guns and steel to be created. These two weapons ... Show more content on
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This was the birth of civilization. With better places to live and extra food available, people with
extra time on their hands stared experimenting with metal. They gathered up some food, cut up
some wool from there domesticated animals, and traveled around Europe to sell people their
produce. These farmers provide the food for the specialists that created so many great technologies.
One of the most important was steel. Steel is almost all European. It was made possible by early
specialists that experimented with fire and minerals. These experiments, ironically, were conducted
in the Fertile Crescent. Since the Fertile Crescent had a pretty dry climate, fire pits could be lit long
enough to transform limestone into plaster. Then this strategy was applied to copper, iron, and
eventually steel. It didn't just require the right conditions though; these specialists needed the right
materials. Once again, Europe struck lucky and had all the right materials for the job. When
Europeans started mastering the art of making steel, they created armor and swords. The Americas
didn't have a powerful technology like steel, but they did have things of more value like copper and
gold. These valuable resources were the Spanish Conquistador's main motivation to conquer the
Americas. Since gold was so common to the land of the Incas, it was of no value to the Inca Empire.
Since these Indians were only protected by lower quality armor and weapons, the Inca Empire,
along with their

Geographic Information Systems
It is mentioned in the paper that "the future of utility and grounds asset management involved
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)". Discuss this statement.
GIS is not only more cost–effective but also utilitarian and helps institutions that cover vast tracts of
ground deliver their public services better and more rapidly to their users. For instance, by using
GIS the management at the Physical Plant at Western Michigan University can better spread
communication amongst its staff of engineers, technicians, skilled tradespersons and others in a
manner that minimizes disruption of the research, instructional and public service missions of
WMU. The GIS would help them in terms of utility simply expending and making the most of their
resources.
The GIS would also help them in terms of ground asset management in that institutions (such as the
WMU in this case) would better know the conditions and locations of their geographical and ground
assets. This would not only organize their operation but would also help them in terms of receiving
funding. Assets include features such as water bodies, roads, sidewalks, parking lots and building
footprints. All is digitized and coded so that institutions know their precise locations and their
existence. This helps them not only receive a full review of each of their assets but also helps them
forge a more interlocked, strong communication system.
As shown from the case, reliance on the GIS not only improves business practices in many

Asi A Geographic Identity
Asia represents much more then a geographic identity. The idea of Asia has always been portrayal
by a stereotyped eye. Asia and everything within it seems to be backwards and problematic to the
west, but the truth about Asia is far from it.
Asia is not simply a geographic identity, nor a cultural one. In face, there is no geographic or
cultural absolute. It is merely a cultural myth; dating back to the Ancient Greeks and later the
Medieval Europeans, Islamic and Christians used the team Asia Simply to identify the three
continents (Asia, Europe and Libya) apart and interpreting into its own believes. The diversity of the
religion, history, tradition, language and much more within Asia, makes it relativity hard to
categorise the notion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although with the support of many western developed countries foreign aid supplies, many still tune
to prostitution and other illegal trade to survive. In the case of Thailand, Poverty and lack of
education has forced poor girls from upcountry Thailand into a life of prostitution, the countrys
economic wealthier are dependent on the sex industry or sex tourism. This flows by the problem of
HIV infection rates in Asia, more then a hundred thousand are infected each year, due to poverty and
lack of sex education. One problems lead to another, the need to industrialise, leads to
environmental (greenhouse gas emissions one of largest contributors in the world) and health risk,
due to the pollution which it creates into the atmosphere. The undeveloped or the developing nations
within Asia are the ones who are suffering the most from this global impact.
The problems within Asia seem to be endless to the west, on the contrary, which nation are with out
problems of its own? Nevertheless, the stereotype notion of Asia continues, but in the meantime,
Asia needs to over come this era of globalisation, modernisation, westernisation, nationalisation
expansions and many more sub–problems that follows. Which in time, enables to change or delete
this categorized notion of Asia, among some large portion of western

A Geographic Location Of Afghanistan
Geographic Location: Afghanistan is bordered on the north by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and
Tajikistan. China lies on the Northeast, Iran by the west and Pakistan on the south and east.
The country's area is 653,000 sq. km. The Settled population in 2003–2004 according to CSO
Estimated Population of Afghanistan Gazetteer amounted almost (20,691,400).
The administrative division of Afghanistan according to Ministry of Interior consists of 34
Provinces and 397 Districts (National Atlas, 1986).
Physical – geographical features: Mountains dominate about three–fourths of the country in the
central and eastern part. The Hindukush mountain system stretches from the northeast to the
southwest . Smaller mountain ranges adjacent to Hindukush is surrounded by a belt of deserts.
Deserts cover the southern and western parts of the country. Sloping towards the north is a loess
plateau . It borders the out area of the Kara Kum desert where the lowest point of the country is
situated (National Atlas, 1986).
Government and Relevant Historical facts
Exiled Afghan leaders signed the Bonn Agreement in December 2001 . The agreement formed an
temporary government with an administration under the Pashtun moderate Hamid Karzai. Karzai
was elected president to the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan in 2001. His counsel included
diverse leaders of the anti–Taliban Northern Alliance. In 2004, a ratification of a new constitution
was implemented. It was written by Loya

Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )
Since the dawn of time, humanity has always been interested in discovering, locating and
delineating the whereabouts of the world in which it lives. This is why man decided to create the
map. For centuries, maps were created by hand to depict various known locations locally or
globally. Now, with the advent of new technology, maps can easily be generated by a computer,
especially through using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software.
I have always been fascinated by maps, geography, and understanding how everything is arranged in
the world. Since GIS allows for the creation of maps depicting the arrangements of an area in the
world using geographic data, there is nothing else in this world I could be more passionate about.
Geographic Information Systems pose many benefits to mankind. For instance, it has helped farms
adequately provide the food we need for nourishment. GIS helps farmers make informed decisions
on the best locations to farm and what benefits the lands can provide them, hence increasing their
food production. The GIS software can be used to map land digitally while collecting important
information needed to grow crops such as the topography or lay of the land combined with other
statistical data allowing for easier analysis of the soil. In turn, this makes it easier for farmers to not
only decide what and where to plant but also how to improve their methods of crop production so
that they can earn more and better feed the world.
GIS can also be

The Geographic Information System ( Gis ) Essay
Today's society relies heavily on the use of computers and computerised information, so much so
that we rarely notice when an activity or action involves the use of technology. Over the past 30
years, technology has continued to develop into extremely complex systems capable of processing
large amounts of data. It is now possible to represent not only numbers and letters, but also images,
sounds and maps (Bernhardsen, 2002, p. 1). A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer
system or application designed to perform a variety of operations based on geographic information.
GIS is a tool used by many organisations, businesses, schools, governments and individuals
searching for innovative ways to solve problems (Evans, 2014). Geographic Information Systems
allow users to map, model, analyse and query data all within a single database according to their
location (Evans, 2014). Information about the world is stored as a collection of layers; these layers
can be linked together by a common locational component such as zip codes, latitude and longitude
or road name. These geographic references allow individuals to locate features for analysis of trends
and patterns (Evans, 2014). Dozens of layers can be added and organised to display a wide array of
information on many subjects.
Computer based GIS systems have knowingly been used since the late 1960's (Coppock & Rhind,
1997). However, the history of GIS is relatively unrecorded, it is a field in which history is little

Geographic Information Science And Systems
Joseph Crain
GPHY 384 Term Paper
04/19/2016
Geographic information science and systems can be an extremely powerful tool when properly
applied to real world situations. GIS is commonly thought of as map making because it deals with
spatial analysis, but data can be managed and manipulated to create a vast array of different outputs
including charts and graphs. There are several software programs capable of dealing with GIS
synthesis and analysis. The focus of this paper applies to use of ArcMap 10.1 GIS software for data
management and output creation. GIS can provide several key benefits: cost savings from better
efficiency, better decision making, improved communication, better record keeping, and
understanding changes in geographic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Providing updated geographic or spatial information is a primary responsibility of many government
organization. GIS provides the structure for maintaining, updating, and organizing all of these
records. ROI on Montana 's GIS–based statewide cadastral system is more than $9 million annually.
GIS is becoming essential to understanding what is happening and what will happen in geographic
space. Once we understand, we can prescribe action. http://www.esri.com/what–is–gis The general
area of focus for this assignment is in the field of geology. My specific interests in this field include
mineral exploration (locating) and exploitation (recovery). My career goal is to work for an
exploration company location potential resources. GIS is essential for success in both of these
processes. GIS programs are used to map geologic formations, provide topological information,
display watersheds, and show vital spatial relationships between outcrops in the field. Knowing the
location of specific formations will help in finding potential payload sources. Topographical
information can be used to provide planning information for roads and other forms of access to the
payload. Cost analysis can be modeled in a $ per distance format by knowing the type of terrain
being crossed. Cadastral data can be used to display parcel ownership information. This can be very
useful when beginning to negotiate for mineral rights. Water is the main method of

National Geographic Society ( Ngs )
National Geographic Society (NGS) was founded in 1888, and remains one of the largest non–profit
educational and scientific institutions in the world. In its 128 years, the organization has evolved
considerably, adapting to an expanding customer base, unpredictable economic environments, and
inevitable digital convergence. In order to remain aligned with its financial goals, the organizational
structure and mission statement of NGS have changed, and continue to do so, considering the
creation of a new position: VP of e–commerce. Examining the current structure of NGS through the
lens of Michael Goold and Andrew Campbell's "Do You Have a Well–Designed Organization," it
can be determined if NGS's current structure is aligned with its mission ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
NGS's structure also passes the Parenting Advantage Test (2) in some scenarios. The senior
management does a good job of communicating the firm's strategy on a regular basis, creates task
forces comprising of leaders from all groups and facilitates input from the entire organization
through employee attitude surveys.
Although NGS's unique content and sound leadership have led to its previous success, new
developments in the digital space have surfaced cultural and structural deficiencies. One of the main
weaknesses is a lack of coordination. This weakness is the Achilles' heel of the organization, and
proves its detriment when applying the Market Advantage, Parenting Advantage, People, Difficult–
Links, and Flexibility Tests (1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 respectively). Looking at the Market Advantage Test, it
appears that there is sufficient management in place to oversee each of the market segments that
NGS competes in; however, there is poor communication across the groups, making it difficult to
collaborate and maximize the profitability of each. Similarly, when administering the Parenting
Advantage and Difficult–Links Tests, it is clear that Link and Leverage Propositions are not used by
NGS. The current organization fails to coordinate the efforts of each unit, and therefore cannot
leverage the strengths of each, without potentially diminishing the efforts of the others. According to
the case, "Low awareness of initiatives and projects led to overlaps, brand

Gis : An Abbreviation For Geographic Information Systems...
Introduction GIS is an abbreviation for Geographic Information Systems. GIS is a perfect blend of
geography and technology. People can accumulate various forms of location data (both tangible and
intangible) and produce living, breathing maps. By utilizing the power of Geographic Information
Systems, users can create powerful applications. These applications can range in size from being
small (surveying a single farm) to large (displaying real time voting across the country in a
presidential election). The paper will begin with a literature review on the sources used for research
including conference papers, lectures, and trade magazines. Immediately following the literature
review, there will be the discussion which entails a thorough explanation of the fundamental
concepts that contribute to the foundation of Geographic Information Systems. After the explanation
of concepts, there will be a brief introduction regarding the company that pioneered the way for
GIS. This paper will then discuss the current trends and major industries that are utilizing GIS. In
the end, there will be a conclusion that will include a future analysis on GIS. Literature Review
Discussion Geographic Information Systems is a basic input/output mechanism. The user collects
geo location data such streets, buildings, or rivers and non–geo information including populations,
compensations, or other meta data. After careful research, the user can compile the data and enter it
into the system. With the

Information On Geographic Information Science
Geographic Information Science:
It is the general term for mapping technologies which was used by different sectors and it was the
foundation for Geographic Information Systems. It spatial data in the form of
 Digital Maps
 Digital Aerial Photos
 Remotely sensed Imagery
 Global positioning system Coordinates.
These helps assess, plan and control many facets of society.
Some Important characteristics Geographic Information.
1. It is often relatively static.
Natural features and many human features of human's origin don't change rapidly.
Only static data can be displayed on a static paper map.
2. It is Voluminous.
Large amount of data (terabyte) is sent from a single satellite.
To describe US Street network gigabyte of data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To use map overlays for examining various regions of Canada, Roger Tomlinson of Canada's
Department of Forestry and Rural Development developed geographic information system called
CGIS and its first true operation was appeared in Ottawa, Ontario in 1962.The modern version GIS
using today is developed in 1980 by CARIS (Computer Aided Resource Information System) and
ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) which they used the methods of CGIS and newer
second generation techniques. For good Information tool and efficient mapping it undergone a many
technological updates till now.
GIS is no way related to other traditional graphics system in many aspects.
First the coordinates of a particular forecasting system is georeferenced by using it data. So, it can
correct the positions of features of Earth's surface and maintain spatial relations hips between
mapped characteristics. So that common data which are reference to each other can be overlaid and
differentiate to distinguish relation between data elements.
For E.g. Soils and wet land of a particular area can be differentiate and overlaid to determine the
similarity between hydric soils and wetlands.
Second, for particular spatial features the GIS technology use the relational data base technologies
allocate a series of aspects.
E.g. To find the attributes of a particular polygon, a series of data base

The Pros And Cons Of Geographic Profiling
"For any crime to occur, there must have been an intersection in both time and place between the
offender and victim" (Rossmo, 2012). The traditional investigative methods employed to solve serial
crimes is on the basis of the theoretical principle of psychology; by analyzing the cognitive
processes of the offender and the role of the target rather than the nature of the situation. However,
this reactive approach disregards the extent to which environmental factors are able to manipulate
the offender's behavior leading up to the criminal act. This may include factors such as the shape,
size, and distribution between one crime scene to another. A developing technique recently
incorporated into policing, primarily to address the limitations of ... Show more content on
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In a fact–based article, published by Esri (an international supplier of Geographic Information
Systems) Geospatial scientist, Steven Di Naso, successfully demonstrated the fruitfulness of
geographic profiling in concluding cold cases (2014). Di Naso discusses the geographical strategies
and analysis (e.g., field surveys, news articles, mapping, satellite networks) conducted in his
investigation to locate the burial of victims of the Herrin Massacre that occurred in Herrin, Illinois
in 1922. Di Naso's team of investigators suggested the case be conducted from a geographical
approach by remapping the historical context of the massacre. He argued that locating the bodies
could not be achieved by simply mapping the probable location of the bodies, due to the nature of
the cemetery, but instead by discovering what is beneath the surface (i.e., environmental

Development And Application Of Geographic Information System
Development and Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Marine Fishery Realm
During a long period of time, realm of marine fishery has always been focusing more on subjects
like morphology, taxonomy, ethology, physiology, cytology and breeding science, instead of on the
distribution of marine species and the interaction between fish and marine environmental conditions
(Kracker, 1999), until Geographic Information System (GIS) was widely used by different
disciplines as an effective tool of tackling spatial problems. As a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data, GIS was firstly
used in marine fishery realm in 1980s (Kapetsky & et al, 1987), and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Besides distribution map, GIS was also used by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) to draw a series of maps (Populus & Lantieri, 1991) that reflected land use types of
intertidal zones and seabed, coastal lines and the depth contour lines.
Till the early 1990s, the connection between GIS and marine fishery became much closer; GIS
began to be applied for electronic atlas. Skagex electronic atlas was completed by Ostrowski (1994),
embracing physic physical, chemical, biological and hydrological parameters of the territorial seas
of 7 Baltic states. Also in this phase, The British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC,
Ramster,1993) implemented the UK Digital Marine Atlas (UKDMAP), which integrated the marine
information of geology, geomorphology, meteorology, hydrology, especially the fishery areas,
conservation areas, islands and breeding ground of British territorial seas. These atlases have already
possessed the fundamental functions of GIS such as superimposition data searching, distance
calculation.
In the mid and late 1990s, the application of GIS in marine fishery realm was further improved.
Pollitt (1994) built a Fishery Protection Information System (FPIS) by the comprehensive utilization
of GIS, expert systems and database systems, providing service for the Irish fishery patrol according
to the local laws, information of ships and geological features. Meaden and his group (2000)

The Expansion Of Geographic Islam
Throughout time religion has been a common theme forever expanding empires and crusades.
Countless societies flourished through campaigns forged in the name of religion. Examples of
empires are the Hapsburg, Roman, and of course the Ottoman. The Ottoman Empire is particularly
unique because it was the last great empire to fall. The Ottoman Empire is also special because
through its military and geographical conquests it also introduced and spread Islam throughout the
world. At one point the Ottoman Empire held territories from the Balkans to Indonesia rivaling the
amount of land conquered and controlled by Alexander the Great. It is without doubt that the growth
and impact of the Ottoman Empire changed our world in such a form that we ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore this highlights even in its earliest days the more ground these tribes were able to
command provided them the framework to expand Islam to its newly conquered people. "Their
migration in to Anatolia was a momentous event" (Finkel 3). This too highlights something quite
interesting. These Turkic tribes expanded from Central Asia to Anatolia and with that they already
gained military prowess and power in the region. It also should go without saying they promoted the
faith along the way as well thus expanding the Islamic faith from Central Asia into Anatolia. This
geographic movement is interesting because it's not only highlights the success of battles between
Turkic and local tribes but, it provides the catalyst for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and
Islam in Europe.
Another important siege in the early days of the empire was in 1331 when Iznik surrendered to the
Ottoman attack. The significance of this meant that the Ottoman Empire despite not fully embracing
gunpowder yet, did have the capabilities to potentially set its eyes on Constantinople. "The loss of
Iznik brought it home for Emperor Andronicus that he would not necessarily be able to ensure the
survival of what remained of his empire and most critically of Constantinople"(Finkel 14). It is at
this point the Ottoman Empire begins developing a new and more strategic form of using their
military. Prior to this time the Ottomans had had success gaining

Geographic Information Systems
A Geographic Information System (GIS) stores and links non–graphic attributes of geographically
referenced data with graphic map features allowing for a wide range of information processing and
display operations, as well as map production, analysis, and modeling. A working GIS is composed
of hardware, software, data, people, and a set of methods. Using these components a GIS is capable
of storing, manipulating, and managing data, then subsequently analyzing, visualizing, and
modeling the data. GIS origins lie in thematic cartography which was used 100 years earlier than the
earliest computer based GIS systems. GIS store and link non–spatial information with the data's
geographic location. Currently estimated as a $2 billion per year industry, GIS serves as an
invaluable tool in the natural, social, medical, and engineering sciences, as well as in business and
planning. Despite its prolific use among an extremely wide range of different sectors, GIS is a
relatively new science having only developed into a multibillion dollar industry within the last 60
years. Several stages of development compose the history of GIS including the first "pioneering"
phase, followed by the second, third, and fourth phases. The first phase extended from the early
1960s to about 1975 (Coppock and Rhind 1991). This phase of GIS development is called the
"research frontier" period due to several individuals making great advances simultaneously yet
separately (Coppock and Rhind 1991). Large

Geographic Luck Is Not True
I think that the theory of Geographic luck is not valid. It is true if you live in a certain country that
its population is low than the wealth could be a lot lower or higher depending on the population. If
the Geographic luck is not true then it would be just based off of luck it would just be the way that
the countries are. Therefore I think that the geographic luck is not valid and that it is true. One
reason why I think that the geographic luck is true and that its not valid, is because geographic luck
isn't based off of race.( If people thought the geographic luck was valid then it would be based off of
race.) One example is that when I did the race activity(in google classroom with the matching of the
race.) it showed me that he countries

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Geographic Information System
Geographic information system (GIS): Geographic Information System organizes huge volumes of
data choosing into a map frame for easy inclusion. It divides the data selection into layers so it can
yield you a fuller apprehension of the whole universe. Likewise, we can benefit from GIS in the
depth psychology of spatial data in a complex environment, Ability to integrate different databases
into one environment, Ability to display and manage spatial information in a spatial context, Rapid
production of specialized maps and graphic products and Performs complex spatial analysis. A GIS
is system work in collection, storage, and analysis of objects and phenomena where geographic
location is an important characteristic or critical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of integrating and manipulating the flow of information between all the departments of
the governing body (which includes merchandising, sales, finance, manufacturing, etc.) And seeing
to it that the entire supply chain arrangement is going smoothly. SCM provides a clear discernment
of the entire manufacturing process and also aids in planning and automating certain stages in the
supply chain to develop and deliver the merchandise faster and with efficiency to the right
consumer. Development and maintenance of SCM involve high complexity and costs. Due to its
complex nature, often many crucial functionalities are oversized and companies face chances of
mistakes in their responses. This strategy SCM will help when we enforce the implementation phase
because its provide a clear apprehension of the fabrication process. Enterprise recourse planning

The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Real Estate...
The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Real Estate Appraisal Abstract Appraisers need to
show the reasoning behind their value opinions by discussing important spatial relationships and
their likely effect on value. Geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to analyze these
relationships and to show why a client should select an appraiser who has this level of information.
Gilbert Castle has noted that real estate is essentially a game of information arbitrage. The likely
winner of the game is the person that takes advantage of computerized analyses. Castle explains that
GIS is an attention–getting way of showing what you know.(n1) Of course, larger data sets are used
for GIS analysis, not just the minimum "three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once this is done, sales data can be downloaded from a time–sharing data service. The data
retrieved can be imported into a GIS system and then mapped to show the range in prices. One
common method is to search within a one–mile radius of the subject property, but an appraiser using
this method would retrieve data from the high–income area. Another method is to search by zip
codes, in this case 92404. The heavy blue line on the map in Figure 2 shows the resultant boundary.
As we can see, searching by zip code also results in too broad of a search. Searching by block
groups would provide much more detail, but this type of search is not available using data from
typical real estate data services. Searching by census tract provides the best results. Census tracts are
indicated by the heavier black boundaries. Zip code and block group boundary files typically have to
be purchased separately. Updated, high–resolution zip code boundary files for California cost
approximately $500. It costs only a few dollars to export the data, but you have to pay an annual fee
to use the system. Basic GIS mapping systems for PCs typically cost more than $1,000, but newer,
more limited products cost much less. You can display the data with the less expensive GIS
programs, but you won't be able to do the analyses shown later in this article. A tremendous amount
of other data can also be mapped. Some is available for free via the Internet; other data sets

Environmental and Geographic Features
A) Significant environmental/physical geographic factor that contributed to the development of
Egypt. Egypt has become one of the most populated countries in the Middle East. But, how did all
of these people get there and why did they choose Egypt to settle? Early Egypt can thank it's main
river source, The Nile, for early human civilization. Without "The Gift of the Nile," Egypt would not
have been a desirable place for people to settle. Being that mostly hot, dry deserts surround Egypt,
the Nile River provided a sufficient amount of water for irrigation of crops and transportation.
According to Louis L. Orlin in the book, Life and Thought in the Ancient near East, the Nile River
"is the main avenue of every habitable community" in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many cultures still use tea for medicinal and therapeutic uses. Every country has it's own way of
enjoying tea and brewing it. No matter how an individual enjoys their cup, "tea is the universal drink
of countless millions," all thanks to Ancient China (Saberi, 2010).
C) Two significant environmental/geographic factors that contributed to the development/expansion
of the United States. One significant geographic factor that contributed to the development and
expansion of the United States was the California Gold Rush in 1849. The two fundamental
geographic features that aided in the encounter of the California Gold Rush were the large quantities
of gold California produced on its grounds and the area's very fertile land. In 1848, President James
K. Polk confirmed that the abundance of gold being found in California was indeed true. As a result
of the discovery of this large quantity of gold, population soared and major developments were
made not only in California, but also all throughout the United States. Over 300,000, from all over
the United States and other countries came to California in hopes to become rich from the gold.
Gold mining became very desirable during this time. Being that gold was so easily within reach,
California and the United States began to develop rapidly. In the book written by Stewart L. Udall
and David Emmons, Rethinking the History of the Old West, it is stated that in an 1852 census, "
California's

Geographic Information Systems Used For Urban Master...
It is a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) widely used for urban master planning for brown
field. It is a spatial attribute of world co–ordinate system. GIS is kind of software in which you can
see the entire world spatial map. It is a master plan for re–development of Jamshedpur. GIS is a
geographic information system working with maps. It is used for creating maps and compiling
geographic data and analyzing mapped information. This geographic information using maps and
managing the geographic information in a database. It includes spatial information and attribute
information. Spatial information is connection between the location, people and activities. The
information can graphically what is happening, where, how and why it is happening show the
insight and impact of the past, present and the future. This spatial data is to define the location
Attribute information is to specify the exact location. This map is using a connection between the
wards, villages, plots in a particular Jamshedpur town. If you take a closer look you can see where
separate wards, villages and plots. In this we come across two types:
Creation of unified geodatabase
Web based GIS application
Creation of unified geo database – This demonstrates how to create a file geodatabase in ArcGIS10.
This is to how we import existing data into the geodatabase, and how to create the relationship
classes in geodatabase.
Web based GIS application – Web based GIS application is to create the application

History Of Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )
The History of Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a way
that information can embedded into and retrieved from maps, today this is done using computers,
because of the complexity of the information that can be used, but was once done manually. GIS has
become common place in the modern world that we live in, they are useful for simple things such
basic maps to much more complex tasks including research and statistics, city planning, as well as
many more. One of the first uses of a GIS was in the fight against cholera, first Charles Picquet
produced a map of 48 districts in Paris that displayed the number of deaths from cholera per 1000
inhabitants using a colour gradient (Bagais, 2012). Then in 1854 John Snow, an English doctor,
created a GIS map of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London. His map used points to show where each
case of cholera had occurred, through the use of this technique he was able to determine that the
cause of the cholera outbreak was a water pump located on Broad Street, of which he removed the
handle and ended the epidemic (Johnson, 2006). The development of GIS was very slow in these
early years, and it was not until the early 20th century that any real advancement in GIS was seen,
this was because of the increasing development of photozincography (Cook, 2002).
Photozincography allowed the development of layers, these are a key component of any GIS, and
each layer was drawn by hand onto individual glass plates.

A Rhetorical Analysis Example Of A National Geographic...
Rhetorical Analysis Example If you have ever seen a magazine cover framed in yellow, you were
looking at a National Geographic magazine. The magazine, created by the National Geographical
Society, has been in publication since 1888, and features stunning photography and articles about
history, geography, and cultures from around the world. Not only is this magazine printed and
translated all around the world, but it has also expanded to include a version for kids. National
Geographic Kids is a fun and educational magazine that teaches children about world cultures,
animals, science, and nature. This product interests parents and family members who value
education and learning for their children. One advertisement for this product is a

Geographic Information Systems and Evapotranspiration
Introduction
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a primary component of determining crop water requirement and
ultimately irrigation requirement. ET consists of transpiration of water from plants and evaporation
of water from the soil surface. 65% of the precipitation is lost into the atmosphere through
evaporation and transpiration (Kite, 2000).Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a representation of
the evapotranspiration rate of a short green crop (grass/alfalfa), completely shading the ground, of
uniform height and with adequate water status in the soil profile. Analysis of potential
evapotranspiration (PET) is essential in irrigation water management and planning.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been used in the analysis of PET in agricultural fields
such as soybean and corn fields; and mapping of the extent of irrigation throughout the growing
period of such crops.
In order to investigate the extent to which GIS capability has been applied in mapping of PET and
Irrigated fields, the following papers were reviewed: "Zhao C. et al. 2003GIS–assisted spatially
distributed modeling of the potential evapotranspiration in semi–arid climate of the Chinese Loess
Plateau"; "Ray, .S.S. et al. 2000 Application of Remote Sensing and geographic Information systems
in irrigation management of Mahi command Area in Gujarat, India.";
"Zhao C. et al. 2003. GIS–assisted spatially distributed modeling of the potential evapotranspiration
in

National Geographic Society

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