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Political Parties - Systems and Strategies
1.
Chapter 9Chapter 9 PoliticalPolitical PartiesParties
2.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHO GOVERNS?WHO GOVERNS? 1.1. How has America’s two-party systemHow has America’s two-party system changed, and how does it differ fromchanged, and how does it differ from the party systems of otherthe party systems of other representative democracies?representative democracies? 2.2. How much do parties affect howHow much do parties affect how Americans vote?Americans vote? TO WHAT ENDS?TO WHAT ENDS? 1.1. Did the Founding Fathers thinkDid the Founding Fathers think political parties were a good idea?political parties were a good idea? 2.2. How, if at all, should America’s two-How, if at all, should America’s two- party system be reformed?party system be reformed?
3.
Parties - Here
and AbroadParties - Here and Abroad Political Party –Political Party – A group that seeksA group that seeks to elect candidates to public office.to elect candidates to public office. A political party exists asA political party exists as • A labelA label • An organizationAn organization • A set of leadersA set of leaders The United States versus EuropeThe United States versus Europe Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
4.
Figure 9.1 Decline
in PartyFigure 9.1 Decline in Party Identification, 1952-2004Identification, 1952-2004 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: American National Election Studies, November 2005, table 2A.1.
5.
Election posters put
up in 2005 duringElection posters put up in 2005 during Iraq’s first free election in half a century.Iraq’s first free election in half a century. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Wisam Ahmad/Reuters/Corbis
6.
The Rise and
the Decline of theThe Rise and the Decline of the Political PartyPolitical Party The FoundingThe Founding The JacksoniansThe Jacksonians The Civil War and SectionalismThe Civil War and Sectionalism The Era of ReformThe Era of Reform Party RealignmentsParty Realignments Party DeclineParty Decline Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
7.
When Andrew JacksonWhen
Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1828,ran for president in 1828, over a million votes wereover a million votes were cast for the first time incast for the first time in American history. ThisAmerican history. This poster, from the 1832poster, from the 1832 election, was part of theelection, was part of the emergence of truly massemergence of truly mass political participation.political participation. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Tennessee Historical Society
8.
The Election of
1828. p. 198The Election of 1828. p. 198 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
9.
The Election of
1860. p. 199The Election of 1860. p. 199 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
10.
The Election of
1896. p. 199The Election of 1896. p. 199 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
11.
The Election of
1932. p. 199The Election of 1932. p. 199 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
12.
Figure 9.2 Split-Ticket
Voting forFigure 9.2 Split-Ticket Voting for President/House, 1952–2004President/House, 1952–2004 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: American National Election Studies, November 2005, table 9B.2.
13.
The National Party
StructureThe National Party Structure TodayToday National conventionNational convention National committeeNational committee CongressionalCongressional campaign committeecampaign committee National chairpersonNational chairperson Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
14.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage a American Independent party. b United We Stand American or Reform Party. Figure 9.3Figure 9.3 Cleavages andCleavages and Continuity in theContinuity in the Two-Party SystemTwo-Party System
15.
Figure 9.4 House
Challengers WhoFigure 9.4 House Challengers Who Raised $1 Million or More (2000–2006)Raised $1 Million or More (2000–2006) Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Campaign Finance Institute, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., October 19, 2006, figure 1, summarizing data from the Federal Election Commission
16.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage The Internet is the latestThe Internet is the latest means through which peoplemeans through which people are becoming politicallyare becoming politically informed and active. It hasinformed and active. It has also become an important wayalso become an important way to raise money for candidatesto raise money for candidates and parties. p. 205and parties. p. 205 Supporters of John McCainSupporters of John McCain and Sarah Palin celebrateand Sarah Palin celebrate at the 2008 Republicanat the 2008 Republican convention. p. 205convention. p. 205 Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images Democratic National Committee
17.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Sources: New York Times (August 29, 2004); CBSNEWS.COM, July 24, 2004; Boston Globe, August 31, 2004.
18.
State and Local
PartiesState and Local Parties The MachineThe Machine Ideological PartiesIdeological Parties Solidarity GroupsSolidarity Groups Sponsored PartiesSponsored Parties Personal FollowingPersonal Following Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Ex-Senator George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall explains machine politics from atop the bootblack stand in front of the New York County Courthouse around 1905, p. 207 By permission of the Houghton Library/Harvard University
19.
The personal following
of former President George Bush was passed on to hisThe personal following of former President George Bush was passed on to his sons, George W. (left) and Jeb (right), both of whom became governors of largesons, George W. (left) and Jeb (right), both of whom became governors of large states, and the former of whom became president. p. 209states, and the former of whom became president. p. 209 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Reuters/CORBIS
20.
The Two-Party SystemThe
Two-Party System WHY HAS THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEMWHY HAS THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM PERSISTED IN THE UNITED STATES?PERSISTED IN THE UNITED STATES? Plurality SystemPlurality System Voter OpinionVoter Opinion State LawsState Laws Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
21.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Data from CNN exit polls for each year.
22.
Minor PartiesMinor Parties
IdeologicalIdeological One-issueOne-issue Economic-protestEconomic-protest FactionalFactional Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage The Socialist party and the ProgressiveThe Socialist party and the Progressive party were both minor parties, but theirparty were both minor parties, but their origins were different. The Socialist partyorigins were different. The Socialist party was an ideological party; the “Bullwas an ideological party; the “Bull Moose” Progressive party split off fromMoose” Progressive party split off from the Republicans to support Theodorethe Republicans to support Theodore Roosevelt. p. 214Roosevelt. p. 214 Library of Congress/LC-DIG pga-01130
23.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
24.
Nominating a PresidentNominating
a President Are the delegatesAre the delegates representative ofrepresentative of the voters?the voters? Who votes inWho votes in primaries?primaries? Who are the newWho are the new delegates?delegates? Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Ross Perot founded the independent Reform party in 1996, p. 215 Reed Saxon/APPhoto
25.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: New York Times/CBS News polls as reported in Katharine Q. Seeley and Marjorie Connelly, “The Conventioneers; Delegates Leaning to the Right of G.O.P. and the Nation,” New York Times, August 29, 2004.
26.
M E M
O R A N D U MM E M O R A N D U M To:To: Elizabeth Bunting, All for Life presidentElizabeth Bunting, All for Life president From:From: Ralph Marx, political consultantRalph Marx, political consultant Subject:Subject: Upcoming presidential electionUpcoming presidential election Without regard to your organization’s cause or issue,Without regard to your organization’s cause or issue, I have been hired to brief you on the pros and consI have been hired to brief you on the pros and cons of backing or beginning a third-party candidate in theof backing or beginning a third-party candidate in the presidential election.presidential election. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
27.
Arguments for:Arguments for: 1.
Independent and third-party candidates can garner votes for1. Independent and third-party candidates can garner votes for president or tip an election result. In 1992, Ross Perot wonpresident or tip an election result. In 1992, Ross Perot won nearly a fifth of the votes. In 2000, Green party candidatenearly a fifth of the votes. In 2000, Green party candidate Ralph Nader got only 3 percent, but that included 100,000Ralph Nader got only 3 percent, but that included 100,000 votes in Florida where Republican Bush was credited with onlyvotes in Florida where Republican Bush was credited with only 600 votes more than Democrat Gore.600 votes more than Democrat Gore. 2. Third-party candidates (Eugene Debs, Robert La Follette,2. Third-party candidates (Eugene Debs, Robert La Follette, George Wallace) can make a mark on American politics. ThirdGeorge Wallace) can make a mark on American politics. Third parties have advocated policies later championed by the twoparties have advocated policies later championed by the two main parties: abolishing slavery (Free-Soil party), women’smain parties: abolishing slavery (Free-Soil party), women’s right to vote (Woman’s party), direct election of U.S. senatorsright to vote (Woman’s party), direct election of U.S. senators (Progressive party), and many others.(Progressive party), and many others. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
28.
Arguments against:Arguments against: 1.
It is virtually impossible to win, thanks to the winner- take-all1. It is virtually impossible to win, thanks to the winner- take-all system of elections. Since the 1850s, over a hundred thirdsystem of elections. Since the 1850s, over a hundred third parties have come and gone. There will be a brief media frenzyparties have come and gone. There will be a brief media frenzy when you bolt; but, after that, you might be ignored. Better towhen you bolt; but, after that, you might be ignored. Better to grumble but be heard inside a major party than to shout butgrumble but be heard inside a major party than to shout but not be heard with a minor party.not be heard with a minor party. 2. Splitting off from a major party could weaken support for your2. Splitting off from a major party could weaken support for your issue and lead one or the other major party to “resolve” it in aissue and lead one or the other major party to “resolve” it in a watered-down way. In the 1930s, the Democrats pluckedwatered-down way. In the 1930s, the Democrats plucked Social Security from the Socialist party’s far-reaching plan. InSocial Security from the Socialist party’s far-reaching plan. In the 1980s, the Republicans’ position on taxes only faintlythe 1980s, the Republicans’ position on taxes only faintly echoed the Libertarian party’s.echoed the Libertarian party’s. Copyright ©Copyright © 2011 Cengage2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
29.
Your decision:Your decision: Back
or begin a third party?Back or begin a third party? Stay with the major party?Stay with the major party? Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
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