Anisotropic Compressive Response Of Stone Thrower Wales...

Anisotropic Compressive Response Of Stone Thrower Wales...
Anisotropic compressive response of Stone–Thrower–Wales defects in graphene: A molecular dynamics
study
G. Rajasekaran and Avinash Parashar
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
ABSTRACT:
The mechanical properties of graphene sheet can be tailored with the help of topological defects. In this
research article, the effects of Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) defects on the mechanical properties of
graphene sheet was investigated with the help of molecular dynamics (MD) based simulations. Authors has
made an attempt to analyse the stress field developed in and around the vicinity of defect due to bond
reorientation and further systematic evaluation has been carried out to study the effect of these stress fields
against the applied axial compressive load. The results obtained with the pristine graphene were made to
compare with the available open literature and the results were reported to be in good agreement with
theoretical and experimental data. It was predicted that graphene with STW defect cannot able to bear
compressive strength in zigzag direction, whereas on the other hand it was predicted that graphene sheet
containing STW defect can bear higher compressive load in armchair direction, which shows an anisotropic
response of STW defects in graphene. From the obtained results it can be observed that orientation of STW
defects and the loading direction plays an important role to alter the strength of
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The Design Of Cross Sections
.1.8.1.1.3. Stress–strain curves for normal and lightweight concrete for the design of cross–sections in Euro
code:
From the design concrete curve, it can be defined by multiplying the compressive strength with a
coefficient factor σcc and dividing the strength by a material safety factor of γc = 1.5. The coefficient σcc is
the effect of long term behavior on the compressive strength. It is, however, arguable that the reason for the
using this factor is more related to the idealization of the shape of the stress–strain curve as used for flexure
than the nature of loading. σcc is 0.85 of cylinder compressive strength and 0.67 for cube compressive
strength. For the design of cross–sections, the following stress–strain relationship may be used figure
(2.12), table (2.5) and Eq. (2.2), Eq. (2.3): fcd= (αcc.fck)/γc (2.2) σc = fcd [1–(1– ԑc/ԑc2)n] 0 ≤ ԑc ≤ ԑc2
(2.2) σc = fcd ԑc2 ≤ ԑc ≤ ԑcu2 (2.3) Figure (2.12): Parabola–rectangle diagram for concrete under
compression (EN 1992–1–1:2004).
Table (2.5): Strength classes for LWC (EN 1992–1–1:2004)
2.1.8.1.1.4. General stress–strain curves for lightweight

Use Of Nanomaterials On Civil Engineering- A Review
USE OF NANOMATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING– A REVIEW
Abstract
Recently, the use of nanomaterials is increasing day by day in the various fields such as biomedicine,
automobile, electronics, robotics, construction industry etc. This is mainly because of unique mechanical,
chemical, electronic and optical properties of nanomaterials. Particularly, construction industry may
possibly be one of the chief beneficiaries of these materials, because the properties of concrete, steel, glass
and other building materials will improve with the applications of nanomaterials. Therefore, the potential
use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, Cu nanoparticles, Ag nanoparticles, TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3,
ZrO2, and Fe2O3 nano–oxides for enhancing the mechanical strengths and durability of concrete have been
explored in the current study. It has been observed that the addition of nanomaterials would improve the
corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength etc. of
cementitious composites. However, the exact mechanism responsible for improvement in the characteristics
of nano based cementitious materials is not clear so far. Thus, more researches and investigations are
required in order to use the nanomaterials in civil engineering and construction sector effectively.
Key words: nanomaterials, construction industry, concrete, mechanical strengths, durability
I. Introduction
Nanotechnology was first introduced by physicist Richard P.

Compressive Strength and Griffith Criterion
The University of Hong Kong
Department of Civil Engineering
CIVL2002 M – Geology & Rock
Laboratory Report
Brazilian Test
A. Introduction As shown by the Griffith criterion, tensile strength of brittle materials is theoretical 1/8 of
the compressive strength. Typically, tensile strength of rock materials is about 1/10 to 1/8 of the
compressive strength. Hence, rock fails easily under tension. In design, rock should be subjected to
minimum tensile stress. Several methods are commonly used to test the tensile strength of rocks: 1. Direct
tensile test: Metal caps are cemented to the end–surfaces of the samples so that tensile load can be applied
to the samples until failure. 2. Brazilian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Griffith theory of failure, the critical point ought to be the centre where the ratio of
compression to tension (in terms of magnitude) is 3. With a principal stress ratio of 3, failure ought to result
from the application of the tensile stress alone, without any complication from the simultaneous
compression parallel to the eventual rupture plane.
There are 2 possible modes of failure of the splitting tension specimen: 1. Axial splitting along vertical
diameter 2. Shear and crushing failure at loading (occurs when the width of the contact area between the
jaws and the disc is large)
Theoretically, the rock specimen should fail at the centre of specimen (largest induced tensile stress), yet
the experimental results shown that the failure occurs along the vertical diameter as the induced tensile
stresses are more or less the same except for points next to the loading jaws. In other words, the rupture of
the specimen in the Brazil test usually occurs along a single tensile–type fracture across the diameter
aligned with the axis of loading.

St. George Island Bridge
Two piers of St. George Island Bridge which are different in the characteristics of the structure,
substructure, and in the classification of soil layers, are selected to simulate the barge–pier collision in LS–
DYNA. Figure 2(a) shows the elevation view of the St. George Island Bridge in which the location of piers
1 and 3 in the south side of the navigation channel, water level, and the sea bed elevation are presented.
Also, Figures 2(b) and (c) demonstrate the dimensions and the elevation of the impact zone, water level, sea
bed (mud–line) level, and the soil layers related to piers 1 and 3, respectively. The water level in the
location of the Pier–1 is 2.74m above the piles' cap surface level and the sea bed level is at the same level
of

Essay On Cast In Situ Concrete
This technique is usually done after the earthquake or any disaster has affect the building so to
strengthening the structure this technique is fallowed. In this techniques commonly steel and cement are
used.
Conventional cast–in–situ concrete
The conventional cast in–suit concrete is done usually repair and strengthing works in the cases where due
to the change in volume or shrinkage of the convection cement based concrete, causing unsatisfactory
results. The change in volume results in loss of good contact between the new concrete and the old element
preventing sound transfer of stress at the contact surface. In order to improve bond characteristics and
minimize the shrinkage, it is recommended to use higher strength concrete with low ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This method can be applied vertically, inclined, and over head surfaces with minimum or without
formwork. Generally the materials used in this method are same as conventional mortar, and reinforcement
are welded fabric and deformed bars tacked onto surface.
Shotcrete process is carried out either by these two processes: a) Wet process b) Dry process
a) Wet process: In the wet process mixture of cement and aggregate premixed with water and the pump
pushes the mixture through the hose and nozzle. Compressed air is introduced at nozzle to increase the
velocity of application.
b) Dry process: In dry mix process, compressed air propels premixed mortar and damp aggregate and at the
nozzle end water is added through a separate hose. The dry mix and water through the second hose are
projected on to a prepared surface.
Surface preparation before shotcreting involves a thorough cleaning and removing all loose aggregate and
roughening the existing concreting surface for improved bond. Shotcrete frequently has high shrinkage
characteristics and measures to prevent cracks using adequate reinforcement and proper curing is always
necessary. The shotcrete surface can be lift as sprayed which is somewhat rough. If a smoother surface is
required, a thin layer can be sprayed on the hardened shotcrete and then reworked and finished to the
required texture or plaster can be applied.
The

Lab Report On Concrete Of Concrete
Concrete
SAMPLING: The first step is to take a test sample from the large batch of concrete. This should be done as
soon as discharge of the concrete commences. The sample should be representative of the concrete
supplied. The sample is taken in one of two ways:
1. For purposes of accepting or rejecting the load: Sampling after 0.2 m3 of the load has been poured.
2. For routine quality checks: Sampling from three places in the load.
Concrete Slump Test: This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. The slump
test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable. The measured slump must be within a set range, or
tolerance, from the target slump.
Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If this also fails the remainder of the batch should be rejected.
The Compression Test
The compression test shows the compressive strength of hardened concrete. The compression test shows
the best possible strength concrete can reach in perfect conditions. The compression test measures concrete
strength in the hardened state. Testing should always be done carefully. Wrong test results can be costly.
The testing is done in a laboratory off–site. The only work done on–site is to make a concrete cylinder for
the compression test. The strength is measured in Megapascals (MPa) and is commonly specified as a
characteristic strength of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing. The compressive strength is a measure
of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to crush it.
Procedure for compression test of concrete
1. Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside lightly with form oil, then place on a clean, level and firm
surface, ie the steel plate. Collect a sample.
2. Fill 1/2 the volume of the mould with concrete then compact by rodding 25 times. Cylinders may also be
compacted by vibrating using a vibrating table.
3. Fill the cone to overflowing and rod 25 times into the top of the first layer, then top up the mould till
overflowing.
4. Level off the top with the steel float and clean any concrete from around the mould.
5. Cap,

pet bottle construction Essay
INVESTIGATING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PLASTIC BOTTLES
AS MASONRY
KALUMIRE KUSIMWIRAGI
A report submitted in part requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Environmental Design with Honours
Faculty of the Built Environment
Uganda Martyrs University
June, 2011
Investigating the Compressive Strength of Plastic Bottles as Masonry
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled, "Investigating the Compressive Strength of plastic bottles as
masonry" is the product of my own work except as cited in the references.
Signature :______________________________
Supervisor: Prof. Paul Thomas
Signature :______________________________
Date : 6 June 2011 i Investigating the Compressive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
...................................18
2.4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks: A review ..................22
2.4.1 Advantages and limitations........................................23
2.4.2 Material for SCEB ....................................................25
2.4.2.1 Soil type...............................................................25
2.4.2.2 Stabilisation.........................................................26
2.4.2.3 Cure.....................................................................27
2.4.4 Properties of SCEB ..................................................28
2.4.4.1 Density and thermal property .............................29
2.4.4.2 Moisture Mouvement .........................................29
2.4.4.3 Compressive strength .........................................29

3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK .....................................................31
3.1 Method and methodology .................................................. 31
3.2 Materials for PETE bottles prisms........................................33
3.2.1 Soil ...........................................................................42
3.2.2 PETE bottles ............................................................43
3.2.3 Nylon Rope...............................................................46
3.2.4 Water

Concrete Cube Compressive Strength
Experiment No : 5 Title : Concrete Cube Compressive Strength (7 days) Introduction : To determine the
strength, maximum load can be applied and workability of concrete mixture.
Theory :
Hard concrete test were conducted at the age of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after curing(but we tested it for 7
days only). The concrete strength increases according to the age,the mixture of its concrete design and the
strength increment will continue for sometimes. Nevertheless, for most of the work, the concrete strength
on the 28 days is set as standard even though it might be determined at a much earlier or longer period. The
increment rate of the concrete strength will depend on the temperature and moisture during hardening
process.
Objective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another reason why cube test is carried out is to measure the workability of concrete. The workability of
the fresh concrete shall be judged by its suitability for the condition of handling and placing so that after
compaction, it surround all, reinforcement, tendons and ducts and completely fills the formwork. Our cube
strength can withstand the maximum load only at 319.78 kN(cube sample no. 3) this is because in our
mixture of concrete, volume of water is higher so that our strength of concrete is lower. To get higher
strength of concrete, volume of water must reduced. Problem of concrete we need to face is segregation and
bleeding. Another problem is shrinkage, expansion, cracking, tension cracking and so on.
Reference
1)http://www.ahm531.com/lab–reports/concrete–lab/reports/1/Concrete%20strength.pdf
2) http://theconstructor.org/concrete/compressive–strength–of–concrete–cubes/1561/
Appendix
Concrete Cube Compressive Strength Test
Maximum load applied causing the concrete cube to

External Confinement And Non Circular Sectional Shape
When the FRP–confined concrete columns are subjected to axial compressive loads, the concrete core starts
to expand laterally and this expansion is resisted by a confining stress provided by the FRP jacket. The
value of such lateral confining pressure is a function of the strength and amount of FRP wrap and the
column's cross–sectional dimension. For example, when confining concrete in a circular shape, the FRP
jacket provides a uniform pressure around the perimeter resulting a great improvement in strength. On the
other hand, concrete in a jacket of non circular sectional shape is confined by non–uniformly pressure and
concentrated around the corners of such concrete members. In other words, the external confinement by
FRP is more effective for a circular section that for a rectangular section at same amount of FRP. The
maximum value is obtained when the strain in the FRP wrap reaches its ultimate strain. In order to study
and quantify the behavior of rectangular concrete columns confined by FRP wrap, a number of models have
been proposed for determining the amount of confining pressure by using a ratio known as the confinement
ratio and is denoted by CR (i.e. ), which is defined as the lateral confining pressure provided by the CFRP
(fl) divided by the unconfined concrete compressive strength ( ). This confining pressure can be calculated
by the following well known expression (ACI 440.2R–08 2008):
In fact, the transverse reinforcement significantly influences the

Compressive Strength, Strength And Bond Strength Of...
This research work focus on Compressive strength, flexural strength and Bond strength of Conventional
Concrete (CC) and Class C fly ash blended concrete incorporation with Natural Admixture. Broiler hen egg
was used as Natural admixture (NAD) to study the effect of NAD on strength properties. The Class C fly
ash was replaced to cement at various levels and NAD was replaced to liquid and identified the optimum
replacement level of Class C fly ash and optimum dosage of NAD by maintaining the constant liquid
contant 0.55 to achived M20 grade concrete. The compressive strength, flexural strength and bond strength
of concrete for both CC and FA concrete. The studies reval that the optimum replacement of Class C fly ash
is 25% and optimum dosage of NAD is 0.25% based on strength results.
Keywords: Natural admixture; Class C fly ash; compressive strength; Flexural strength and bond strength.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of constructional activities lead to increse in cement usage. The major problem in
usage of cement in bulk quanity, that leads to leberation of green house gas (CO2). The CO2 causes to
global warming and continues mining and extraction of lime strone leads to unnecessary problems to
environment. Therefore researches are concentrates on sustainable materials. In this senariou chemical and
mineral admixtures were introduced.
Before invenstion of cheminal and mineral admixtures our ancients were use some more natural products
like surkhi, burnt coconut

The Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand
A methodology has been developed for making low compressive strength cores that will be used to
experimentally examine the Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) process occurring in
unconsolidated oil reservoirs. The main objective is to experimentally model wormhole (high permeability
channel) development during CHOPS and investigate the effect of various flow parameters such as core
permeability and porosity, compressive strength, oil/water viscosity contrast, confining pressure and
injection rate. Modeling the wormhole development and propagation will enable us be able to developing
approximate Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves.
Sands blends have been developed by varying the ratios of aggregate, cementing material and water to
prepare synthetic cores of compressive strength, permeability and porosity ranging from 500 – 1500 psi, 0.5
– 1.5 Darcy and 20 – 30% respectively. Experimental setup is developed to simulate wormhole propagation
during CHOPS process. In this process water is injected at varying range of 0.1 to 10 ml/min using a
syringe pump into floating piston accumulator to drive the oil ahead of piston to 2"x 4"synthetic core in
core holder at a confining pressure of 500 – 1500 psi. The differential pressure across the core is monitored
throughout the process. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, instrument control, measurement analysis
and data presentation.
Compressive strength test, Air Permeability Test and Porosity Test conducted on

Essay On Industrial By-Product Materials
Usage of industrial by–product materials in construction
Preliminary study on strength and durability properties of pH–adjusted fluorogypsum–cement–fly ash
blends
A preliminary investigation of strength and durability properties of a low–cost concrete–like system made
of pH–adjusted fluorogypsum (FG), class C fly ash (FA), and type II Portland cement (PC). A series of
compressive strength tests and volumetric expansion measurements were conducted on specimens after 28
days of curing. The experimental results were used to develop response surface models (RSMs). These
RSMs can be used to predict accurately compressive strength and volumetric expansion as functions of the
relative content, in dry weight, of different components. The RSMs ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The long–term compressive strength of the FG–based blend was investigated under prolonged immersion
in seawater, demonstrating that the material strength does not degrade below its 28–day value after one year
of immersion and exposure to field environmental actions. The compressive strength under field conditions
was compared to the material kept under laboratory conditions. This comparison indicated a moderate
reduction (27%) in compressive strength after one year. A visual examination of the immersed specimens
showed that aquatic organisms covered most of the FG–based samples' surface, which indicated that these
organisms are attracted to the proposed material. A small artificial reef structure made of a FG–based blend
was built and placed underwater at a site in Grand Isle, LA and investigated for stability and settlement for
nine months. Monitoring of the structure over the immersion period indicated that settlement due to the
structure was stable. A preliminary cost analysis was performed to compare the cost of artificial reefs
constructed with the FG–based blend, crushed limestone, or crushed recycled concrete. The results of this
study suggest that the proposed FG–based blend is a promising environment–friendly material for artificial
reef construction, which can provide significant economic advantages when compared to other materials
commonly used in coastal development projects.
Use of slurry fluorogypsum (FG) with controlled pH–adjustment in FG–based

Post And Lintel Research Paper
The development of both architecture and pictures both have several creative forms that are associated with
them. The development of Post and Lintel, arches, intaglio/etching and planographic process are a few that
have interesting backgrounds. Post and Lintel is a system in which two members, also referred to as posts,
hold up a third member called the lintel. What's interesting about Post and Lintel is that all structural
openings that have been development from the basic idea of post and lintel. The lintel must hold a majority
of the weight that rests on it, as well as, its own load without serious structural damage occurring. The type
of material used is another important factor when deciding how large the structure will be. For example, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, prints or printmaking is an interesting technique that can lead to creating unique designs. The
intaglio process, which has been around since the 1400s, and is still used today, is a perfect example. This
technique is one that's not talked about much and has a rather interesting process. Intaglio can be used with
a variety of different materials such as glass, wood, and stone, but zinc seems to be the favorite. Intaglio is
used in a variety of different methods such as etching, drypoint, line engraving and aquatint. The process
may seem a little lengthy, but it's well worth the effort. A gooey black waxy material is spread all over the
material used. When it is dries, the designer scratches into it and then placed in an acid bath. The ink is then
applied and ran through a press where duplicates can be made. There are a variety of hard grounds that can
be used such as aquatint, sugar lift and spit bit. Intaglio pictures are so unique and interesting due to the
simple fact of how unique the process is. The pieces are elegant, beautiful and permanent. Intaglio is an art
that only certain people can master due to the technicality associated with it. It requires concentration and
muscle control to effectively apply even pressure through each

Compressive Strength and Griffith Criterion
The University of Hong Kong Department of Civil Engineering CIVL2002 M – Geology & Rock
Laboratory Report Brazilian Test A. Introduction As shown by the Griffith criterion, tensile strength of
brittle materials is theoretical 1/8 of the compressive strength. Typically, tensile strength of rock materials is
about 1/10 to 1/8 of the compressive strength. Hence, rock fails easily under tension. In design, rock should
be subjected to minimum tensile stress. Several methods are commonly used to test the tensile strength of
rocks: 1. Direct tensile test: Metal caps are cemented to the end–surfaces of the samples so that tensile load
can be applied to the samples until failure. 2. Brazilian test: Compressive ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2. The test specimens were wrapped around its periphery with one layer of the masking tape. 3. The
diameter and thickness of were measured 3 times, once at every 120 for each specimen. 4. The test
specimens were numbered (1–8), and a line across the diameter was marked on each specimen. 5. The test
specimen (no. 1) was mounted into the loading jaws such that the curved platens load the specimen
diametrically with the axes of rotation for specimen and apparatus coincident. The assembly was then
mounted into the loading machine. 6. The test specimen was loaded continuously at a constant rate such
that failure in the weakest rocks occurs within 15–30s. A loading rate of 200N/s was recommended. 7. The
failure compressive load was recorded for each specimen, and the corresponding tensile strength was
calculated. 8. Steps 5–7 were repeated for the remaining 7 specimens. F. Results and Calculation Lithologic
Description of Rock Figure 6: Features of Rock Specimen 8 rock specimens have

The Use Of Deere 's Rqd For Estimating On Situ Deformation...
In the 1960's several attempts were made to use Deere's RQD for estimating in–situ deformation modulus,
but this approach is seldom used today (Deere 1988). Some theoretical expressions have been derived for
simple joint geometries derived a mathematical procedure to calculate the deformation modulus of an
equivalent continuum for a randomly jointed rock mass. However, these simple expressions are inadequate
as they assume the discontinuities are dispersed in a regular manner that is not realistic for practical
purposes.
The deformation of the rock mass can be quantified by using the following equations evaluated by Deere
and Miller (1966) as indicated in the table below. For RMR > 50 (Bieniawski, 1978),
Ed = 2RMR – 100
For RMRB60 Very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The extensive quantity of tests allowed a thorough analysis of the accuracy and reliability of the 'simple
means ' field tests for estimating the intact rock strength. Figure 6 . Estimated intact rock strength vs.
strength values determined by UCS tests. (The dashed lines in A and C indicate the relation if estimated
strength equal UCS strength.) after Robert and Marco.
In Fig. 6(c) the averages of estimated and UCS values are shown per unit. In Fig. 4.1 no differentiation is
made for the direction of the measurements. Fig. 6(a) shows that the scatter is wide and consequently only
low or no correlation can be seen. In Fig. 6(b) is clearly visible that the differences between UCS and
estimated values do not show a normal distribution for lower strength values. The distribution is skewed to
higher values, e.g. the UCS values are higher than the estimated values. For high strength values the
distribution of the differences is more normal but the average values of the UCS tests per estimated strength
class are lower than the averages of the estimated values. A quite good correlation is found for the averages
per unit (Fig. 6(c)).
The standard deviation of the UCS values per unit is for most units considerably higher than the standard
deviation for the estimated strength value per unit (Fig. 5(d)). It is assumed that a unit has a characteristic
strength distribution with a characteristic mean strength value, which is very likely for the

The Experimental Results And Test Parameters
The experimental results depend on a combination of test parameters, structural parameters and materials
parameters. For the complete stress–strain curve, the test parameters are difficult to be separated from the
material and structural parameters. The softening behavior of concrete, as found in laboratory tests, depends
strongly on structural aspects such as specimen dimensions, boundary conditions and feed–back signal.
And it also depends on test parameters such as testing machine characteristics, friction restraint between
loading plates, allowable rotations of loading plates before and during the test and loading rates as well as
on the concrete composition. Uniaxial compression tests on cubes and cylinders, with different heights,
have shown that a stress–strain curve of concrete is not a material property but a mix of structural and
material behavior.
4.2.5. Tensile splitting strength and modulus of rupture:
The test is carried out for three foam balls lightweight concrete cubes specimens of size 150 x150 x 150
mm for tensile splitting strength. The Universal testing machine is used for the test. This test refers to the
split cube test, indirectly measures the concrete tensile strength. It is done by applied a compression the
cube through a line load along its length. Tensile strength is considered one of the important basic
properties of the concrete. Concrete is not usually expected to desinged resisting the direct tension. That is
because of its brittle nature and

Concrete Dating Research Paper
Concrete driveways, basements, and other hardscape surfaces like patios, decks, pool walkways, and
retaining walls can be a smart and visually pleasing financial investment. Of course, if your concrete needs
resurfacing that may not be the case. As the trusted name in all things concrete, Piedmont Concrete
Finishing Co. has been servicing the High Point, North Carolina area for more than 25 years.
As a well–known name in concrete installation, Piedmont Concrete Finishing Co. has been installing
stunning concrete flooring for the interior of homes as well as the exterior. They handle both residential and
commercial properties, installing every concrete surface to create a beautiful and functional style option for
any need and budget. In addition, they also handle concrete resurfacing for those who may be in need. ...
As experts in concrete resurfacing, the professional team at Piedmont Concrete Finishing wants you to
understand what it is so you know if it's time to have your concrete

Undrained Triaxial Test
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION
FACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Geotechnical Engineering 1
LEVEL: 5 MODULE: CE2045
Quick Un–Drained Triaxial Test
Report Author: Keith
GROUP MEMBERS: Ahmed Ahmed K1034749 Villamar Rodriguez K0916719
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 4 February 2013
* Table of Contents Page *
1 Introduction and Objectives 2
2 Experimental Results 7 2.1 Raw Results 7 2.2 Graph 8 2.3 Final Results 9
3 Analysis and Discussion 10 3.1 Meaning of Results 10
4 Conclusion 11
5 References 12
6 Appendices 13
Introduction & objectives
The Tri–Axial test is a widely practiced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Graph 1 shows the failure peak points of the samples. It is important to note that the specimens tested at
100 kN/m2 and 200 kN/m2 reacted similarly, showing similarly shaped graphs to their peak and then
descending gradually till they tail off. However, the 3rd specimen showed a steep ascend to it's failure point
and then descends steeply afterward as compared to the first two samples. The constant changes within the
first ascending parts of the graph for all samples may be indication of the soil samples settling to the
pressure or filling in the

Houston Concrete Repair Research Paper
A Houston concrete repair is your one stop destination for all concrete repair requirements. Homes made
from concrete are known for their low cost and high durability. And, concrete is being used as an essential
building material for more than a century. Concrete has a long life and is not likely to erode or decay like
any other building material. However, it is susceptible to cracking and finding a reliable concrete repair in
Houston is a mountainous task as you need to hire the best available service. Additionally, before hiring the
service you need to thoroughly know about concrete being used. It is extremely essential that the damage is
repaired appropriately to avoid the recurrence of the same problem.
Concrete is an amalgamation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore the repair of the cracks requires the intelligence and skills of an expert professional in this field.
Filling the cracks should always be based on the climate because many a times it is witnessed that concrete
reacts differently to climatic changes. The month of August is considered as the warmest in Houston and
concrete develops cracks in high temperature area. The climate is classified as humid subtropical, which
increase the chances of needing a concrete repair in Houston as the deterioration rate will increase at a
faster rate. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere spoils the cracks developed.
Concrete used for constructing commercial and industrial buildings needs immediate supervision, therefore,
finding the right Houston concrete repair service is essential to repair the damaged area. The problem of
repairing is extensive as commercial buildings have to bear more load than the normal buildings.
While searching for concrete repair in Houston, ensure that you carry out a thorough research. You need to
look for a concrete repair in Houston which can give effective results without hampering the

Mgt 311 Week 4 Dead Load Analysis
Week 4 Dead load refers to the load of the structure itself while live load refers to the maximum load that
can be applied to the bridge before it stops being static. When taking in to account the information gained
in week 3 regarding the distance between applied forces and their reaction it is made apparent that taking
the live load of a structure into account becomes more complex. For example a group of hikers walking
across a bridge spaced out from each other will cause a significantly different reaction when compared to
the same group of hikers gathering together on a single section of the bridge to take a photo. Week 6 If a
structure is in static equilibrium, then any portion or segment of it must also be in static equilibrium. With
this

Types Of Cross Sectional Aspect Ratio
Specimens characterization:
The test specimens were divided into three series (R1.5, R2.0 and R2.5) on the basis of cross–sectional
aspect ratio, and complete details of the test columns are summarized in the table 1 and Fig. 1. The
specimen identification convention, which are utilized in Table 1, is in accordance with the first letter R
defining the rectangular column. In addition, the following numbers 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 refer to different sets
of cross–sectional aspect ratios. The following letter and number refer to the volumetric ratio of hoop (H)
reinforcement with 0 denoting plain concrete, 1, and 2 denoting transverse reinforcement of 0.3 and 0.6%
volumetric ratio, respectively. The third last symbol L and number following it refer to the number of layers
of CFRP wrap. The final symbol in the specimen identification of M or C refers to monotonic uniaxial
loading and complete unloading/reloading of cyclic axial loading patterns. In this paper, complete
unloading/reloading refers to unloading from the envelope curve to zero stress followed by reloading to the
envelope curve. For further clarification, R2.5H2CL4, for example, had aspect ratio 2.5 and hoop steel
reinforcement ratio 0.6% .As well, before it was tested under cyclic axial compression loading, this
specimen was externally confined with four layers of CFRP material.
Specimens fabrication and material properties:
So that a reliable model for the design of CFRP– confined rectangular concrete columns subjected

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Steel
CHAPTER–5 MATERIALS USED
5.1 STEEL:
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Strength of steel is approximately ten times that of concrete. Due to its large strength to weight ratio, steel
structures tend to be more economical than concrete structures for tall buildings and large span buildings
and bridges.
Steel structures can be constructed very fast.
Steel structures are ductile and robust. Steel structures can be easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher
loads.
Steel is also a very eco–friendly material.
Since steel is produced in the factory under better quality control, steel structures have higher reliability and
safety.
DISATVANTAGES OF STEEL:
Steel structures when placed in exposed conditions leads to corrosion. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
6.2.5.1 of IS 456)
Shrinkage of concrete
Shrinkage is the time dependent deformation, generally compressive in nature. The constituents of
concrete, size of the member and environmental conditions are the factors on which the total shrinkage of
concrete depends. However, the total shrinkage of concrete is most influenced by the total amount of water
present in the concrete at the time of mixing for a given humidity and temperature. The cement content,
however, influences the total shrinkage of concrete to a lesser extent. The approximate value of the total
shrinkage strain for design is taken as 0.0003 in the absence of test data (cl. 6.2.4.1).
Thermal expansion of concrete: The knowledge of thermal expansion of concrete is very important as it is
prepared and remains in service at a wide range of temperature in different countries having very hot or
cold climates. Moreover, concrete will be having its effect of high temperature during fire. The coefficient
of thermal expansion depends on the nature of cement, aggregate, cement content, relative humidity and
size of the section. IS 456 stipulates (cl. 6.2.6) the values of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete /
oC for different types of

Sample Resume : Concrete Materials Essay
Contents
Introduction
Aim
Background
Equipment
Results...................................................................................................................................................................
Discussion for fresh concrete............................................................................................................................
Testing for harden concrete..............................................................................................................................
Discussion for harden concrete.....................................................................................................................
Graph for harden concrete strength................................................................................................................
Graph of 28 hard concrete VS acual w/c ratio................................................................................................
Disscusion for harden concrete.........................................................................................................................
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Mixture of water, cement and aggregates forms concrete which can be further moulded in the different
shapes according to the requirements.
Aim
To observe the strength of the concrete when kept under different conditions and work on to make the
concrete better as according to standard of New Zealand.
Background
Concrete samples are considered over different time period for example the fresh concrete,7 days as well as
28 days and tested after keeping those specimens under different weather conditions. In lab, samples were
kept under different conditions as follows:–
Outside room
In oven and heated
In freezer at very low temperature
Inside room in plastic bag
Equipment

Ash Lawn-Highland Routine Maintenance Case Study
The basement also features several areas where maintenance is required to prevent the deterioration of the
structure. The area that is in danger of declining are the walls in the storage room of the basement. Pictured
in Figure, this portion of the basement wall features the weathering of paint and brick including a spot
where a whole section of brick has broken off. If not treated and left in a state of disrepair, the bricks in the
basement wall will continue to crumble and have the potential, if exposed to moisture, to mold. While the
deteriorated area of the wall can be repaired by sandblasting, which is a commonly used practice, is not
advisable. Since sandblasting is done at high pressure, it can cause the condition of the bricks to worsen ...
While the structure itself does not have a document, the National Park Service suggests that a checklist or
schedule is created to record maintenance and work completed on the structure. Documentation of repairs
to interior and exterior walls, the brick foundation, interior floorboards, and other parts of structure helps
keep track of areas that have received maintenance during a particular time. Executive coordinators and
surveyors working for the William and Mary Foundation at Ash Lawn–Highland could maintain a record of
the inspections conducted in the past few months or years. Regular inspections can be performed on Ash
Lawn–Highland to identify areas that are in danger of deteriorating. Photo taking is another technique that
is helpful in performing repetitive inspections on maintaining the condition of a building and its materials.
Current photos of Ash Lawn–Highland help document the physical appearance of a building over time and
allow officials compare the changes that have taken place to the building since it's last maintenance
inspection. Other methods that Ash Lawn–Highland could consider when planning maintenance and
structure reports are detailed records of previous work and repairs conducted in the past. Documentation of
previous repairs and paint samples applied to the structure during maintenance inspections

Mechanical Behavior Of Geopolymers After Exposing
The Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymers after exposing to High Temperatures
Name
University
Supervisor
Due Date:
Executive Summary This paper reviews the mechanical behavior of geopolymers after exposing to high
temperatures. The review begins with a brief overview of geopolymers and examines the extant literature
on the mechanical behavior of geopolymers after exposing to high temperatures by artificial intelligent
techniques. The final and compressive strength of geopolymers is also discussed. Finally, this review
examines studies on genetic programming as a technique of modeling the performance of materials and in
particular, geopolymers. This paper focuses on the general and specific aspects of genetic programming on
geopolymers, and summarizes its importance. Further, this review features genetic programming as
applicable to geopolymers as a method of predicting the effect of temperature on their mechanical behavior.
From the review, it emerges that geopolymers that resist the action of loads that tend to reduce their sizes,
exhibit high compressive strength.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ii
Chapter One: Introduction to Geopolymers v
Chapter Two: Review of Literature vi
 Summary vi
 Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymers after exposing to High Temperatures by Artificial Intelligent
Techniques vi
 Final Strength of Geopolymers after exposure to High Temperatures ix
 Compressive Strength xi
 Genetic Programming (General) xv
 Genetic

Amazing Strength Characteristics Of Stone Thrower Wales...
Astonishing Strength Characteristics of Stone–Thrower–Wales Defects in Graphene under Compressive
Load
G. Rajasekaran Rajesh Kumar and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
ABSTRACT: One atom–thick sheet of carbon discovered this century is flaunted not just for its electrical
properties but also for its physical strength and flexibility. The bonds between carbon atoms are well known
as the strongest in nature, so a perfect sheet of graphene should withstand just about anything, but to use it
in real–time applications, we have to understand the useful strength of graphene. So for, researchers have
looked extensively at graphene's electronic properties and tensile strength, nobody, had taken
comprehensive measurements of its ability to withstand a compressive load. We find that, counter to
standard reasoning, graphene sheets with Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) defects are able to bear high
compressive stress as compared to pristine graphene. We show that this trend can be understood by
considering the critical bonds in the seven and five–membered carbon rings which bears the maximum
compressive stress. Graphene with STW defects is stronger in compressive strength point of view because
they are able to better accommodate these strained rings. Our results provide guidelines for designing
graphene with STW defects to obtain maximum compressive strength, so that we can get the benefit of this

The Production of Sludge
Sludge could be produce in many ways, it can be from waste settlement to the dry process. Brick is one of
the flexible product that gain attention from researcher to be incorporated with different type of sludge
material such as waste water sludge, water treatment sludge, marble sludge, effluent treatment plants
(textile industry) sludge and arsenic contaminated sludge.
2.1 Textile sludge
Jahagirdar et al (2013) discussed the reuse of textile mill sludge in burnt clay bricks. Textile mill sludge
was mixed together with different proportion (5% to 35%) as the raw material in this study. The brick was
fired at 600 to 800ºC and for 8, 16 and 24hours. Base on the result textile sludge can be added up to 15% as
it gives compressive strength above 3.5N/mm2 and the water absorption ratio is less than 20%.
According to (Herek et al, 2012) investigated on incorporated the textile laundry sludge into a brick showed
that sludge can be incorporate until a concentration of 20% in terms of the mechanical properties. The
compressive strength for the brick was 3.73Mpa for the control brick and 4.62Mpa for the sludge brick. For
the water absorption result had shown that 15.73% and 10.10% for control brick and sludge brick
respectively. Besides, the produces brick are safe according to applied leaching and not exceed to the
standard limits. (Baskar et al, 2006) discussed about characterization and reuse of textile effluent treatment
plant waste sludge in clay bricks. In this study the

Concertainer
In this experiment, I will be learning about the ballistic penetration properties of different soils. My
hypothesis is: If I shoot a container of sand, then that container will have the least amount of penetrative
impact. I thought that this outcome would be likely, because sand is dense and coarse, making the bullet
halt. While thinking of experiment ideas with my dad, he mentioned this project. I thought this would be a
fun project to do, because I have always liked thinking of how you could make something with more local
products.Throughout the course of this paper, I will be explaining the properties of the concertainer,
HESCO, and some bullet resistant materials relevant to my experiment. The Concertainer is a square, steel–
mesh cage–like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HESCO's Concertainers are made out of steel mesh, non woven geotextile material, and locally available
resources such as rocks, rubble, sand, and dirt. The bastion is a very sturdy and pliable wall used to make
things from defensive walls to forts. The objects contain large amounts of ground materials such as dirt,
sand, and rock bits which I will be using in my experiment. Kevlar vests, a widely used bullet proof armor
for public safety officers, contains ceramic plates in the centre. Ceramic is baked clay, and I will be using
clay in my experiment. Ceramic is used in kevlar armor because it shatters instead of separating for the
bullet to pass through. From this information, I will not change my hypothesis because the ceramic is baked
clay, not clay in its soil form. Through my research I have learned that boxes filled with earthen material
are used, making my experiment relevant in real world situations as I saw from HESCO. However, I still
believe that sand will have the least amount of penetrative impact. I believe this because I think the
gardening soil particles will be so fine the bullet slips through, the clay is to smooth, so the bullet will also
slide through. I have not changed my hypothesis, and through my research I have a much better
understanding of my

A Day Concrete Test : Introduction And Objective
I4 Day Concrete Test
Introduction and Objective
In civil engineering construction, one of the most determining factors for the stability of a structure is the
maximum strength attained by concrete after 14 and 28 days. As such, it is often critical for an engineer to
test a particular test concrete cylinder mix for the ultimate compressive strength and then compare it with
the design strength before allowing the concrete mix to be replicated in large quantities. The factors that
affect the ultimate compressive strength of concrete include the amount of aggregates and the ratio of water
to cement.
This experiment was therefore aimed at determining the ultimate compressive strength of different concrete
samples after 14 days. Additionally, other properties of the concrete such as modulus of elasticity and
Poisson ratio were also determined.
Engineering Team Members
1.
2.
Procedure for the Experiment
The procedure of the experiment consisted of two main parts. However, before the experiment was started,
the concrete cylinders which had already been cured for 14 days were removed from a curing tank and
dried using a towel. Thereafter, the length and diameter of the specimen were measured twice and the
average value for each dimension noted. The compressive strength experiment was done in accordance with
ASTMC39 standards in which the test concrete cylinder was placed under a compressive testing machine
with neoprene caps and then the switch turned on so as to commence the

Rebound Hammer Report
1.0 OBJECTIVE
This experiment deals with determination of rock strength when a certain load implied on the rocks.
Students should be able conducted the experiment, understanding the theory and recognize the rock
strength on different types of rocks in Malaysia.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) To determine a rock strength on different types of rock formation in
Malaysia. b) To evaluate the physical properties of rocks for civil engineering application. c) To understand
the theory rock test.
3.0 THEORY
Rebound hammer test is undertaken using Schmidt's hammer L–type (N–type for concrete material). Test
procedure is simple and equipment is portable and easy to operate. Test can be undertaken on site and the
number of test is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. The moisture condition of the block or specimen is recorded. 4. The surface of all specimens is test,
either in the laboratory or in the field, should be smooth to the touch and free of joints, fractures, or other
obvious localized discontinuities to a depth of at least 6 cm. In situ rock shall be flat and free of surface grit
over the area covered by the plunger. If the surface of the test area is heavily textured, grind it smooth with
the abrasive stone. 5.3 PROCEDURE 1. The steel base is placed on a flat, level surface that provides firm,
rigid support, such as a concrete floor. 2. Clamp rock core specimens are securely in a steel cradle with a
semi cylindrical machined slot of the same radius as the core, or firmly seat into a steel V–shaped block.
Clamp blocks specimens are securely to the rigid steel base in such a manner as to prevent vibration and
movement of the specimen during the test. 3. For tests conducted on specimens in the laboratory, the
instrument is orient within 5° of vertical with the bottom of the piston at right angles to and in firm contact
with the surface of the test specimen. A guide may be used to ensure the rebound hammer is positioned for
optimum performance. Position the hammer not less than one diameter from the edge of the specimen. 4.
For tests conducted in situ on a rock mass, the rebound hammer can be used at any desired orientation
provided the plunger strikes perpendicular to the surface

Taking a Look at Bricks
Introduction
Bricks are mass of clay and water hardened by drying and firing (Kaushik 2007). They are the oldest and
most durable building materials for mankind. The clay materials used are compounds of alumina, silica
mixed with small amounts of lime, magnesium or potash (Demir 2008).
Extrusion rates of twenty thousand bricks per hour are what modern brick manufacturers work with. Solid
bricks used are of the size 215mm x 102.5mm x 65 mm and weighs 3 kg.
Brick manufacturing process
Harvesting of clay is by bulldozers, scrapers or mechanical shovels. Stockpiles are put to enable the
blending of the various types of clay. The clay piles are fed to the primary crushers to reduce the size
particle to 3mm or less (Kaushik 2007). Conveyors carry the clay for secondary crushing in the pan mill
whose base is perforated the crushed material to pass through (Lingling 2005). Clay particles fall between
high–speed rollers for grinding. Wet clay is moulded into bricks.
Overall Dimensions and Tolerances
For this study the standard size of the manufactured brick is 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm with a mass 3kg.
This is according to the BS EN772 and the BS PAS 70 standard methods of testing.
Masonry unit Strength
Bricks compressive strength varies according to the different qualities of clay material used and the firing
method. Compressive strengths of bricks range between 3.5MPa to over 50MPa (Demir 2008). The
durability of the bricks cannot be fully determined by compressive strength.

Common Forms Of Low Rise Construction Used For Domestic...
P1 Understand common forms of low rise construction used for domestic and commercial properties
Steel frame:
Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When
weight is added it bends without cracking. Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility,
meaning that when force is added it won't crack however it will lose shape therefore giving warning for
people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire. Studies
have shown that it can loose up– to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it imperative to
cover the steel with boards or spray on.
Steel construction is used in
High rise building because of its strength, light weight and the speed in which it can be constructed.
Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a low cost
Temporary structure as its quick to set up and remove.
Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together
to create the final building. This is generally labor intensive however it can reduce time.
Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop then
bolted into place on site. This tends to be the preferred methods as it saves time and money as well having
the right working conditions.
Advantages of steel structures
Very

Structural Possible Via Secondary Reinforcement Techniques
CHAPTER–1
INTRODUCTION
1.1General:
Concrete, as a result of its many desirable properties makes and moulds itself to a variety of innovative
designs. It can be cast in diverse shapes and with its several advantages such as high compressive strength,
low thermal and electrical conductivity low combustibility and toxicity is considered to be a very attractive
building material.
However some deficiencies of the conventional cement concrete such as brittleness, poor tensile strength;
poor impact strength etc. resulting cracks and hence becoming unsuitable for certain applications. Major
research in this field identified crack–free concrete structural possible via secondary reinforcement
techniques.
Deficiencies encountered with conventional concrete can be overcome by the addition of fibres to cement
concrete, which improves the crack resistance, fracture toughness, resistance to impact and shock etc.
The micro cracks and interfacial discontinuities are the causes of unstable crack propagation and low
tensile strength of conventional concrete. The addition of fibres to concrete would alter the crack
propagation and makes it more controlled and slow, which leads to reduction crack propagation and
improved tensile strength.
Mostly researchers have used galvanized iron as fibre to study the effect of fibre on compressive strength
and other properties of fibre reinforced concrete. Galvanized iron has high density; and this increases
density of concrete as well as dead load of

Computational Model : Compressive Strength Of Concrete...
Chapter 4
Mathematical Model to Predict Compressive Strength of Concrete Composites
4.1 Introduction
Compressive strength is defined as the measured maximum resistance of a concrete to axial loading.
Compressive strength of concrete is one of the main structural requirement to ensure that the structure will
be able to carry the designed load. Compressive strength is also used as a measure of quality, such as
durability and resistance to weathering. The properties of the concrete develop as a result of hydration: the
exothermic reactions between water and cement and the interaction with the pozzoloniccementitious
components in the mixture (Nawy, 2001). Also the properties of the concrete depend on the mix proportions
and the placing and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a strong correlation between the compressive strength and other mechanical properties of concrete
(Neville, 1996, Mehta and Monterio, 2005). Compressive strength is used as an index of flexural strength,
tensile strength and shear strength of concrete. The flexure strength or modulus of rupture of normal
concrete is approximately 7.5 to 10 times the square root of the compressive strength. Similarly, the tensile
strength is about 8 to 12% of the compressive strength and is often estimated as 5 to 7.5 times the square
root of the compressive strength. The shear strength of concrete is about 20% of the compressive strength
(PCA, 1988). These correlations between compressive strength and flexure, tensile and shear strength
varies with concrete ingredients and environment. Initially, the mixture proportioning was not based on the
scientific or logistical calculations, but were rather based on the hit and trial method because of the limited
knowledge aboutthe variables affecting the strength of the concrete and their inter dependence on each
other. Abrams (1925) took the first step in establishing the relationship between the compressive strength
and the water cement ratio. Subsequently Powers (1968) formulated a more comprehensive theory that
explained the importance of other factors affecting the compressive strength

Environmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Natural...
At present, the number of construction waste has accounted for 30% to 40% of the total municipal solid
waste. The vast majority of construction waste without any treatment, it was using open dumps or landfill
processing manner, causing serious environmental pollution. According to Wang (2014) mixed waste
Concrete as the most important part of the construction waste, by estimating the amount of waste in 2003,
China has reached 180 million tons of concrete. It has caused a great negative environment impact. At the
same time, concrete production requires a lot of sand and gravel aggregate, as natural Gravel continuous
exploitation of natural aggregate resources will also become exhausted, in addition, the exploitation cost
astonishing transportation fees and power , it will also cause ecological environment experienced a serious
damage. However, Make full use of recycled aggregate concrete, not only can effectively reduce the
amount of construction waste, but also reducing the damage of construction waste pollution to the natural
environment, while taking advantage of waste aggregate manufacturing recycled aggregate concrete can
reduce the exploitation of natural aggregate, reaching the aim of sustainable environment development.
However, due to there are some technical limitation, the implementation of using recycled concrete cannot
be popularized into the civil engineering. For example, on the performance of durability, frost–resistance,
and water absorption existed

Essential Materials And Establishing The Compressive Strength
Introduction
Concrete is a vital construction material and establishing the compressive strength is key as the ability to
maximise the compressive strength will enhance a structures lifespan. Mortar is formed through the mixing
of cement and water before being cast to harden. When the cement and water is mixed the process of
hydration occurs forming a paste which then hardens. Once concrete is cast and dries the presence of curing
time is important. Not all chemical reactions occur quickly, therefore by curing concrete in water for
several days it allows all reactions to complete. Therefore allowing concrete to cure for up to 28 days
should ensure that the compressive strength is maximised and it should meet industry standards. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Methodology
In preparation for the laboratory concrete specimens should be prepared in line with the Civil Engineering
technicians' standard mix. 4 concrete cube samples with no plasticiser should be produced and another 4
Specimens should also be produced in line with this standard mix but with the addition of plasticiser as
well. The 8 specimens should then be left to cure in water for specified time periods: 0, 7, 14, 28 days.
In the laboratory the dimensions of each concrete cube was measured using callipers. It was ensured that
before each reading the calliper was zeroed to minimise any errors. The length, width and then depth was
measured before proceeding to the next sample. 2 members measured the samples whilst 2 recorded the
results. After all dimensions were recorded the mass of each cube was obtained using an analytical balance
weighing the samples cured from 0 days up to 28 days.
Next the cubes underwent the compression test. The cubes were tested in order of curing time so 0 days no
plasticiser, 0 days plasticiser, 7 days no plasticiser and so forth. The cube was placed on the support in the
cube crusher and adjustments were made so the force would be applied evenly on the cube's surface. The
force was then increased slowly, compressing the block. The force at which the concrete cube failed was
recorded. The concrete cube was then

Sample Resume : New Zealand Diploma Essay
New Zealand Diploma in Engineering (Civil)
Materials SCDE4201
MARKING SHEET
1. Presentation
Cover .......................................................................... /2
Neatness / spelling.................................................... /4
Layout / Typing.......................................................... /4 Subtotal /10
2. Content
Abstract....................................................................... /5
Design calculation...................................................... /5
Actual procedure....................................................... /10
Test results................................................................. /5
Discussion / Comment.............................................. /25
Subtotal /50
Total marks: 60
Student's Declaration
I have not copied any part of this report/practical from ant other person's work, except for the sharing of
group test results. The subsequent discussion/comments are all my own work.
Collaboration: No other person has written any part of this report for me.
Student Name: Samir Chaulagain
Student declaration of the above: (signature)
Date 05 / 11 / 2014
CONTENT
Concrete...................................................................................5

Concrete Mix Design...............................................................5
Goals of Concrete Mix design................................................5
Procedure and Discussion in brief........................................6
Design Calculation..................................................................7
– Mixed Design

Essay On Tyre Derived Aggregate
The use of tyre– derived aggregate (TDA) was also tested as an aggregate for light rail ballast tracks in the
sub ballast layer due to its absorption of impact properties compared to soil. A study proved results revealed
that TDA efficiency in terms of vibration reduction was in the range of 17–46 dB when the impact was
applied to the ballast and it was in the ranges of 6–32 dB and 6–47 dB while impact locations were on the
sleeper and rail, respectively. Overall, it was proven that TDA with the particle size of 5–50mm and
thickness of 200mm reduced by 6–47 dB in vertical vibrations with the dominant frequency range of 32–63
Hz. Australian transport at the moment is years behind the development of other countries, therefore the
government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was concluded that the 500mm thick TDA proved the best results and with an increase in thickness the
decrease in frequency. Towers (2010) also conducted a field test in Denver. In his study on average, the
TDA underlayment at Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD) provided ground–borne vibration
reduction of about 3 dB between 25 and 31.5 Hz and 8–14 dB between 40 and 160 Hz. First we needed to
test the optimal size for the TDA, with the use of Terzaghis equation (B) Ballast (SB) Subballast The TDA
used in the construction section was of Type A (coarse TDA with the maximum size of 50mm for TDA
layers with less than 1m thickness). For the proceeding experiments a 20mm thickness was used, as shown
below Figure 4 is broken into 2 sections, one using a 20cm layer of TDA and the other without it. One of
the most common methods for determining the dynamic features of structures is the IR test. In this test,
structures are usually actuated by a hammer in one or more selected locations, and the response time history
(displacement, velocity or acceleration) is recorded in many other defined positions. Point receivers would
be placed at 2m, 4m, 6m and 8m from the centre of the track while impact would be directly to the track an
footing at multiple points. According to the obtained results at all receiver points in the vicinity of the test
track with sections A and B, it is obvious that

Anisotropic Compressive Response Of Stone Thrower Wales...

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