Critique Of A Qualitative Journal Article

Critique Of A Qualitative Journal Article
Introduction Everyone possess critical thinking skills but when it comes to criticize a journal article
it can be difficult for the first time, one of the best ways to develop critical thinking and reading
skills is to use some strategies when reading and evaluating a research study (Wood & Haber,1998).
The following essay it is going to focus in a critique of a qualitative journal article by giving its
strengths and weakness, critical appraisal it is going to be done with support from different
references and frameworks relevant to a qualitative study. Title Crombie & Davies (1997) stated that
the article title gives an understanding of what the study is going to be about and the author
intentions of how the study will be done. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are not any gasps in the knowledge base and the author seems to be well informed about
communication in radiography, from first view the content of abstract is well organised with clear
rationale aims to perform a qualitative study (Bassett,2004). Introduction and Background In this
section the author provides the general problem of the study and main reasons for producing this
study are explained ,however (Booth,2007) recognise that the actual study form a part of ''wider
empirical study'' , in this case the author uses the results from previous study to generate a new
theory, the author didn't came in the study with an open–minded view (Davis, 1997). Although
Transactional Analysis is one of the most used methods to define human behaviour under some
communication circumstances for this study it is relevant as it gives a definition of radiographer
behaviour during its communication with patient, it can be used as phenomenon description
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Evaluation Of A Research Article From A Professional...
The purpose of this assignment is to critically review a research article extracted from a professional
journal using a critiquing framework. The essay will attempt to analyse and evaluate the validity and
rigour of the research study and will unitise the critiquing framework for quantitative research
papers devised by (Steen and Roberts, 2011, p56–57), while also taking time to reflect upon the
research study's value and influence on practice. The article 'Women's perception of the term
'obstetrician' (Kenyon, Hills, Winter, Draycott, Fox, & Siassakos, 2012) is a quantitative piece of
research which has interesting perfective which could be utilised to support the undertaking of
future research projects.
The aim of the research was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schneider, Whitehead, LoBiondo–Woo, & Haber (2012) propose that is it essential for midwives to
understand research including how it is conducted and what it means for practice, in order to
achieve evidence based practice (EBP). This is echoed in The Code (NMC 2008???) which outlines
that midwives have a duty to women they care for. Midwives need to care for them using the most
up–to–date evidence available the time.
Publication
A publication can be judged in a number of ways. A rigorous selection procedure for publication of
articles, a low approval rate for manuscripts and how often the journal is cited by published scholars
in other journals; (known as the impact factor). These are all influences that lead to what is seen to
be a more superior journal. Consequently this means greater belief in the data present in the
publication. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) uses statistics to calculate a journal's
'impact factor', which as stated is a suggestion of the influence an article exercises on other
researchers in a similar research field (Locke, Silverman, & Spirduso, 2010). Other areas that will
indicate the trustworthiness of a publication is the quality of the editorial board. A good board would
consist of researchers that belong to a university and who are experienced in the subject field of the
journal (Locke, Silverman, & Spirduso, 2010). Many research journals have a

Qualitative Research Journal Article
A500.6.4GA Qualitative Research Journal Article Leadership in Higher Education: A Qualitative
Study Article Bijur, Peter (2 Author Sathye, Milind 000). The Energy of Leadership. In William
Dauphinais, Grady Means & Colin Price Price (Eds.), Wisdom of the CEO (pp.167–174). New
York: Wiley. Dana Nancy; Dana, Thomas; Kelsay, Karla; Thomas, Deborah & Tippins, Deborah
(1992). Qualitative Interviewing and the Art of Questioning: Promises, Possibilities, Problems and
Pitfalls. Qualitative Interest Group Conference Proceedings, University of Georgia, College of
Education. Available at:
http://www.coe.uga.edu/quig/proceedings/Quig92_Proceedings/dana.92.html (accessed on 12 July
2002). This article reviews three leaders in a tertiary institution

Journal Article Research Critique
Journal Article Research Critique by C. O'Neal MBA 532 UA – Quantitative Business Analysis
Instructor:Dr. Ed Ohlson
Cheryl O'Neal 3/8/2008
Journal Article Research Critique by C. O'Neal
Introduction
Cancer patients experience a variety of symptoms that are associated with the disease process itself
and with the treatment regimens used to control or eradicate the disease. The authors (Bender,
Engberg, Donovan, Cohen, Houze, Rosenzweig, Mallory, Dunbar–Jacob, & Sereika, 2008) in their
study, Symptom clusters in adults with chronic health problems and cancer as a comorbidity, have
attempted to discover symptom clusters that have may have been nestled in the data retrieved in two
previous studies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This study did not identify the types of comorbid conditions that they concluded had influenced the
symptom clusters. With the support of the studies already completed, it would be a logical step to
look at retrospective studies including cohorts with and without cancer that also have other chronic
health problems.
The Comorbidity Questionnaire was the tool used to gather the original data. According to Bender et
al. (2008) this tool was modeled after the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). The detail of this
modified tool was not disclosed nor was this author able to retrieve a copy of the tool used.
However, it should be noted that the tool was approved for studies from National Institutes of
Health. The CCI on the other hand is a reliable and validated tool (Hall, Ramachandran, Narayan,
Jani, & Vijayakumar, 2004). Therefore, it is impossible for this author to evaluate the tool that was
used to collect the initial data but instead, inferences can be superimposed that would lead the reader
to assume that if the CCI is a valid and reliable tool, then the modified tool should also be valid and
reliable. However, it is never proper protocol to make that kind of assumption.
The statistical analysis was appropriate for a non–parametric study including the Kruskal–Wallis
test, Chi–square, and Fisher exact test (Bender et al., 2008, p.E3). The data was

Critical Evaluation Of Journal Article
Critical Evaluation of Journal Article: Peltokorpi, V. (2010) Intercultural communication in foreign
subsidiaries: The influence of expatriates' language and cultural competencies, Scandinavian Journal
of Management, 26, 176–188. Introduction This paper will critically evaluate the above journal
article in question and offer appropriate views and aspects that have been ignored by the author in
this study. Initially, a brief summary of the article will be outlined, followed by an analysis and
evaluation of the theoretical framework that the article is based upon. Afterward, this critique will
examine the methodology used and how it could be improved, and finally, the paper will consider
the implications of the article. Overview of Article The article's main focus is to improve the
understanding of intercultural communication between expatriates and local employees in overseas
subsidiaries. The article looks at Nordic firms based in Japan and the expatriates' Japanese language
and cultural competencies. The study builds on Du–Babcock and Babcock's (1996) three
communication zones theory by conducting 58 interviews on 46 Nordic male expatriates and 12
local male Japanese managers. The author then analyses his qualitative data and presents his
findings whilst relating them to the theory before concluding his article and exhibiting any
limitations to his work. Theory and Literature Peltokorpi (2010) draws upon numerous different
literatures in his work to support his views

Scholarly Journal Article Summary
This scholarly journal article was written by Denni Arli, a marketing professor at Griffith
University, Australia. Dr. Arli is highly qualified and experienced in conducting studies using
different methodologies like depth interviews, systematic reviews and surveys. The article examines
how features of social media impact on consumer attitudes towards social media and how this
affects people's loyalty to brands. The researcher found out that entertainment has the biggest impact
on the attitudes of the consumers towards social media activity of a brand. The findings of the study
also suggest that the informativeness and usefulness of social media positively affect attitudes of the
consumers. The author of the article demonstrated that the attitude

Analysis Of M. Nick Hajli 's ' M '
Alexis Safoyan
Professor Armstrong
ENG123 O
8 October 2015
Source Evaluation
1. Thesis– The author, M. Nick Hajli, succeeds in conveying to the reader the ways in which social
media provokes social interaction amongst society. Hajli specifically states that he strives to "
...show how social media facilitate(s) the social interaction of consumers, leading to increased trust
and intention to buy" ( Hajli, 387) . Furthermore, Hajli accomplishes his goal of displaying the
significance of trust on the consumers' intention to buy. Hajli accomplishes these goals by explicitly
stating his intentions for the entire paper in the abstract and at the beginning of each paragraph in his
research. Additionally, Hajli maintains a structured format in his paper that is supported by relevant
research for this topic.
2.Subject (5–8 sentences)– The subject of this journal is the impact of social media on consumers.
This subject particularly pertains to the business side of social media, however, the research can be
applied in multiple fields of study. The subject is broken down into a series of questions that need to
be answered. These questions include: Do social media and social networking sites affect user's trust
and does PU ( perceived usefulness) and trust affect the user's intention to buy? These questions,
among many more, are viably answered through support in multiple complex research projects and
tests. The research projects and tests are discussed in depth to support the

Scholarly Journal Article Analysis
An academic or scholarly journal article us written with the purpose of informing or educating an
intellectual audience. This type of article can be determined by its serious presentation. An academic
article is always at least ten pages long and includes charts and graphs. This type of journal will
always include a "works cited" and "bibliography". The author of these types of articles are
professionals in the field being discussed. Lastly when searching the internet, the site hosting these
journals end with "Edu" or "org" and these articles are only published annually, semi–annually, or
quarterly. A popular magazine article is written with the purpose of informing or selling to the
general public. This type of article can be determined

Journal Article Risk Assessment
Journal Article Summary Article Reference Mendes–Santos, L. C., Mograbi, D., Spenciere, B., &
Charchat–Fichman, H. (2015). Specific algorithm method of scoring the Clock Drawing Test
applied in cognitively normal elderly. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 9(2), 128–135.
doi:10.1590/1980–57642015DN92000007 Purpose of the study The purpose of the current study
was to evaluate the representation of each elderly individual on the CDT scale and also to analyze
the inter–rater dependability using the CDT scale which was scored based on using a unique and
particular algorithm method which was adapted by Sunderland (1989). Hypothesis This study
hypothesized that an algorithm which was used for scoring on the CDT scale. To prove whether
their hypothesis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were 6 independent examiners that took part in the scoring on the CDT scale, each took part
in scoring 30 participants to help evaluate the inter–rater reliability of each individual. Procedure
Utilized All participants were required to complete the same procedure of cognitive screening tests.
The tests were applied in a specific sequence that being: [1] the MMSE, [2] the Memory Test, [3]
the Verbal Fluency test, [4] the CDT, [5] and The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.
Aside from completing the cognitive and functional evaluations, each individual was required to
complete the Geriatric Depression Scale as well. Summary of Results The results of the current
study showed that no meaningful correlation was found among the school and CDT or the age and
the CDT, a Pearson's correlation was used to rate the relationship of each elderly individual which
included schooling, age and the MMSE also including the CDT scores. They found a significant
positive correlation among the MMSE and the CDT. The investigation, which included inter–rater
dependability of the CDT which was scored by using the criteria and were used based on
Sunderland (1989). This displayed that the mean was in the range of 5.06 and 5.96. Here there was a
significant positive correlation that was found together among the

Parallel Journal Article Summary
Parallel Journal Articles: By Möller
Möller (1999) has critically examined and analyzed the effectiveness, risk, and safety measures of
using benzodiazepine that is consistent with Batelaan, Van Balkom & Stein (2012) idea. Moller
(1999) argues that as much as benzodiazepine has many survival values, the drug is crammed with
notable side effects and risks that can jeopardize the health of the patient. The author presented
traceable basic pharmacotherapy of benzodiazepines that has played an imperative role in
accounting the side effects of it. In addition, the author has provided pharmacological properties of
benzodiazepines and linked the properties with side effects and potential risks. The author has
analyzed the clinical indications and

Journal Article Crititque
Journal Article Critique Paper
Britnie Amedee, Kelsey Thompson, Angela Lipford
BSHS/435
January 19, 2015
Mrs. Heather Suggs
Journal Article Critique Paper
"Electronic games are now an everyday part of childhood and adolescence" (Olsen, 2010).
Considering children and adolescence are our future, parents need to consider and monitor how
these electronic games are affecting their child. There are more studies afloat that report the negative
affects of video games over the positive effects until recently. Children and adolescents become
addicted to video games easily so it is important to monitor what they are playing and how it is
affecting them and their character. A recent study on many boys and girls reported why they are ...
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The girls and boys are equally motivated by creativity and curiosity. Girls tended to learn more
towards playing games that allowed them to create worlds from their own imagination. This article
provided a substantial amount of description when discussing the statistics used to describe the data.
We believe the methods used to describe the data are appropriate and sufficient. The descriptions of
the statistics are developed from the survey conducted and given to the children. All of the data
collected is suggested from the survey subjects themselves, which can be constituted as reliable and
valid. I also think the researcher developed some very detailed, open–ended questions for the survey
subjects to answer, which provided the researcher with a sufficient amount of data to examine.
There is potential for limitations, especially when researching different sexes of the players. Things
that make video games fun and educational for boys may not have the same effect on girls. For
example, the flow of a game has to be consistent in order for the player to remain engaged in the
game play. A video game that develops visual–spatial skills, which is difficult to develop in girls,
may not flow for a girl like it would a boy. In order to excel at playing video games, the player has
to possess a wider range of skills and a higher tolerance for frustration. This could limit a player if
they did not display these characteristics. As far as ethical

Journal Article Evaluation And Critique
Morelia Rodriguez PSYCH 78A FALL 2015 Exercise #1 Journal Article Evaluation and Critique 1.
Armstrong, Elizabeth A. et al. (2014). "Good Girls": Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on
Campus. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(100), 100–122. Doi: 10.1177/0190272514521220. The
issue that the authors address is trying to find an explanation and understanding of why women
actively participate in slut shaming. 2. The theory that was tested was whether women participate in
slut stigma in order to maintain their different status in regards to social standing. The main
concepts of this was that women considered as low–class (women that "grew up in working, lower–
middle, or middle–class families") and women considered as high–class (women ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within these differing classes, there are differing personalities. Moreover, those in the low–class see
the high–class women as having very distinctive personalities and vice versa. To be more specific,
the low–class women see the high–class women as stuck–up, rich, and snobby. Although the high–
class women rarely pay attention to the low–class women, when they did notice the low–class
women they saw them as trashy and as if they were trying too hard. Within this study, there is a deep
presence of a social structure (low–class and high–class) and how between the different classes
result in different personalities. For example, from the perspective of the women in the low–class,
they see themselves as "nice...[and] laidback,'" whereas high–class women were seen as "bitchy,
stuck up, cliquey" (Armstrong et al., 2014, p. 114). In contrast, from the perspective of the women
in the high–class group, they saw themselves as "demure, polite, and preppy" (2014, p. 111).
However, since these women were unaware of those below them, they did not classify a personality
for those in the low–class group, instead they defined a different class group, "sluts," as being trashy
and "easy." This differentiation of the different social standings and personalities is drawn from the
social structure and personality social psychology perspective. The way that the social structure
affects the personality is by way of where one stands in the

Critical Analysis Of A Journal Article
A critical analysis of a journal article SIEGEL, D. S. (2014). RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP.
Academy Of Management Perspectives, 28(3), 221–223. This essay is about a critical analysis of
the article 'Responsible Leadership' in the journal Academy of Management Perspectives. In this
essay, readers will find analysis of the article. Also, a series of cohesive paragraphs that include in–
text citations of the article. Furthermore, a concluding paragraph. The author's central purpose of
writing this article is to discuss the role of responsible leadership involving executives and
companies toward social responsibility. Furthermore, the authors give evidence that the nowadays
approach to social responsibility should be reexamined. The authors use definition and quote many
scholars to prove his points. One of the author points is the increased awareness today on the issue
of social responsibility. The groups who are affected by social responsibility such as stakeholders
and other group related to the organization. In addition, the role of agencies regarding the situations
that created by social responsibilities. On the other hand, the author continues to discuss the lack of
investigation that eliminates the critical role of leader ambitions toward social

Interpretation Of A Journal Article By Brinohl
Interpretation The following journal article by Brinson and Stohl deals with media framing but
when examining the journal article closer, intercultural communication can be found. More
specifically, this journal article is portraying that Muslims are stereotyped as terrorists. Stereotypes
are general assumptions towards a group of people or things that are not accurate but seems like it is
accurate. In other words, stereotypes allows us to figure out the expectations from other people
(Martin & Nakayama, 2013). There is positive and negative stereotypes. Negative stereotypes come
from negative experiences (Martin & Nakayama, 2013). Usually, this is common because overall
stereotypes are bad. For this journal article, the negative stereotype

Journal Article Review Essay
Journal Article Review I Lauren Pedersen Liberty University Journal Article Review Summary
Spousal emotional abuse is ongoing, significant problem, impacting nearly 35% of women.
Emotional abuse by a spouse or romantic partner can often lead to negative psychological outcomes,
including depression, anxiety, low self–esteem, posttraumatic stress disorder, learned helplessness,
and resentment of the abuser that persists even when the abuse ends. There have not been designated
therapies designed to help these women. Gayle L. Reed and Robert D. Enright (2006) examine the
roles forgiveness therapy has on emotionally abused women in the article The Effects of
Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women ... Show more
The women completed an array of measures, including self–reports and tests. The scores based on
these pretests were compared to the posttests after the study was completed. Once they were paired
and randomly placed into either the forgiveness therapy group or the alternate group, the women
underwent weekly counseling sessions. The researchers conducted a matched–pair t tests and
compared the gain scores from the pretest and posttest for each group. They also compared the
pretest to the follow up appointment. The results of the study demonstrated that the participants in
the FT treatment group showed a significant difference in self–esteem, everyday decisions, moral
decisions, and in survivor status. This group also showed a significantly greater reduction in
depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (Gayle & Enright, 2006). The Effects
of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women After Spousal
Emotional Abuse demonstrates the importance finding a specific therapy that is designed to help the
women suffering from this abuse. The results from this study, conducted by Gayle & Enright
(2006) illustrates that forgiveness therapy can help improve a women's self–esteem and ameliorate
the negative effects of this abuse, including depression and anxiety. This study provides a concrete

Journal Article Analysis Paper
Journal Article Analysis
Introduction
Management in healthcare institutions obtains presentations that pertain to workers' injuries and
illness costs. The figures acquire adequate support from the management provided that the data cites
credible and the right references. However, researchers lack adequate hard data and research
backing to defend direct and indirect cost ratios that they frequently utilize in relation to the safety–
related literature.
Purpose
The article provides a discussion regarding data reviews of selected sources on indirect and directs
costs of healthcare–related accidents. Indirect and direct ratios for various credible research studies
undergo computations so as to update them and allow for the estimation of the current ... Show more
It adequately reviews plausible studies from renowned authors and organizations, which improves
its validity as a review document. The author adopts viewpoints that consider different variables,
which express the thoroughness of this article. The author of this article is a significant contributor
to safety literature through his books on safety management, which improves the validity of this
article. The article insights from ASSE journals, Heinrich, Bird, the Stanford Report, OSHA and
NIOSH research project. However, the author evaluates their respective ratios to determine
discrepancies. The author further evaluates the items utilized in constituting direct and indirect
costs, including the purpose of the evaluated articles. It reflects a thorough review against literature
on safety, which improves the article's

Fluid Management Journal Article
Angela Trejo
Med Surg 1329 – 202
July 27, 2015
Journal Article : Fluid Management
Nearly 60% of the human body is water. The daily fluid intake required for an adult to consume
should be about 2600ml. A healthy person's average daily fluid output is anywhere between 2600 –
2900ml, balancing out the daily fluid intake. Our bodily fluids are consistently moving to help carry
nutrients to the cells as well as it carries wastes away from the cells. Not everyone is able to balance
the fluids in their body making them either retain more or lose more than the fluid required. When
suspecting any fluid imbalance or seeing any changes, the client should seek for any medical help to
their primary health care provider to evaluate the patient and begin any treatment initiation if
needed. When trying to manage fluid balance in patients that are hypovolemic, Intravenous therapy
(I.V) may be used to administer solutions and/or medications to help maintain fluid balance if
needed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the first symptom a patient will show when dehydrated is thirst. The patient is then encouraged
to increase their fluid intake. As fluid volume increases, the body then begins to lose fluid, primarily
through urination. Other components that contribute loss of fluid include bowel movement
elimination, exudation, and breathing. Fluid losses from sweat and the vapor from exhaled air are
referred to as insensible losses because they are unnoticeable and unmeasurable. (Timby, pg. 204)
However in certain situations if a patient is on a fluid restriction, or if the patient is NPO, meaning
they can't take anything my mouth, the patient may be put in an IV therapy called Total parental
nutrition (TPN), in which it allows them to meet their nutritional needs and replenish

Scientific Journal Article Summary
The scientific journal article "Association of Child Poverty, Brain Development, and Academic
Achievement" was written based on a study which had the objective to determine whether abnormal
patterns of structural brain development are a mediator for the relationships between household
poverty and poor academic performance. Authors and scientists Nicole Hair, Jamie Hanson, Barbara
Wolfe, and Seth Pollak did research to better understand the link between children that live in
poverty and their general poor performance in school, shown by lower standardized test scores and
lower educational fulfillment. Between the years of 2001 and 2007, the longitudinal study analyzed
multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 389 different developing ... Show more
I have always had a general understanding of the idea that children living in poverty are more likely
to show poor academic performance, but I never even thought about the fact that it could be
something related to the percentage of grey matter in the brain. Both articles were very helpful in
allowing me to develop a better understanding on why this may be the case. Pollak's idea that
children in poverty are not getting enough of the things that they need to develop the brain and too
much of things that don't allow the brain to develop normally really brought this study to light for
me. The idea that these children and their families cannot afford to purchase things that help to
stimulate their brains, such as games, books, or crayons and they live in areas that they can afford,
that impede on the brain's ability to develop properly, such as crowded environments, unstable
homes that disrupt sleep, or poor neighborhoods that lack nutritional food options which leads to
nutritional deficits. This idea that not everyone goes into the education system with an equal shot,
something referenced by the news article and Pollak, makes me wonder if now, that we have this
new information and have found a new association between children living in poverty and
academics, communities could work to achieve a truly equal education system in which everyone
has a fair shot. If these children that live in poverty are shown to have less

Journal Article On Ebscohost
I accessed this journal article on EBSCOhost. The authors in this study are Teri Todd, Greg Ried,
and Lynn Butler – Kisber. Teri Todd is with Adapted Physical Education Department at California
State University. Both Greg Reid and Lynn Butler – Kisber are with McGill University in Montreal,
Canada. Greg Reid is with the Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education and Lynn Butler
– Kisber is with the Department of Integrated Studies in Education. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the impact of an intervention program that included goal setting, self – monitoring, and
self – reinforcement on sustained physical activity. The participants in this study included three
students (Lisa, Mark, and Daniel) with autism spectrum disorder,

PNAS Journal Article Summary
This article, or rather, dissemination of research findings, appears via direct submission to the June
17, 2014 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Journal. The
research conducted in this experiment tracked, for a week, the Facebook correspondence and
emotional responses of almost 700,000 randomly selected participants. The goal of the expedient
was to prove that "emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading
people to experience the same emotions without realizing it," (Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., &
Hancock, J. T). This study is not only reputable because of the medium it appears in, but because of
the authors and conductors of this study. Adam D.I. Kramer is the main author of this article as he
was the one who performed the research and analyzed the data from it. He was very well qualified
to collect and analyze this date since he is part of the core data science team for Facebook, the social
network analyzed in this research. His main areas of study include "tracking what type of groups are
coming together and why certain groups are more active than others," (Chamberlin). In addition, his
greatest contribution to Facebook stemmed from this research and his creation of a "'Gross National
Happiness Graph,' which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Guillory was not without impact as she helped to design the research and then write its findings with
the other two authors. At the time of this study, Jaime E. Guillory was a graduate student at Cornell
University, and worked with her professor, Jeffery T. Hancock on this research. Guillory is now a
"postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education" in San Francisco.
Her research is focused on using "social media to understand how social support and social
influence processes can be used in developing smoking prevention and cessation interventions,"
(Jaime Guillory). This project likely helped to show her skills to her current

Postgraduate Medical Journal
With healthcare being such a rapidly developing field, it is essential that we, as aspiring medical
professionals, understand what is progressing in our profession. Within the blink of an eye health
care changes; doctors, professors, researchers, are all developing new theories, journals and studies
daily. It is our responsibility as current students in this field to do our best to further understand
these journals, studies, researches and the writing that is involved in our field. Why you may ask?
There is arguably an infinite amount of perspectives in the medical field ranging from a vast amount
of topics–– understanding how to read and write professional writing based on medicine is
imperative for our future careers and their advancement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First off, the purpose. The purpose is similar to that of The Postgraduate Medical Journal; this
journal is compacted full of 14 articles relating to surgical procedures, public health, pediatrics and
therapy. Again, majority of the articles found within the journal contain sophisticated titles that
display their specificity in that certain field: "Case 3–2017: A 62–Year–Old Man with Cardiac
Sarcoidosis and New Diplopia and Weakness" and "Bezlotoxumab –– A New Agent for Clostridium
difficile

Journal Article Critique Essay
Journal Article Critique
PRESENTED TO THE
DEPARMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AND RECREATION STUDIES
MOUNT ROYAL UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for Course PHED # 1007 Section # 001
Lynne Lafave
By Luis Bravo
Vocabulary
* Anthropometric Parameters: Different methods established to measure the proportions of the body.
* Epigallocatechin Gallate: Powerful antioxidant found in green tea. * Atherosclerosis: Is the
accumulation of fatty material in the inner walls of the arteries. * Immuneradimetric assay: A
method used to measure plasma proteins using specific antibodies. * Nephelometry: A method used
to identify certain proteins in different fluids of the body. * Spectrophotometry: A method used to ...
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This capsule contained 379mg of GTE. | | Control group | This group received a placebo consisted
of pure microcrystalline cellulose. | Data collection | | | Methods of collection | Focus group | |
Dependent Variables | Units | Level of Measurement | | 1. Age | 30 to 60 years | Nominal | | 2. BMI
(Body mass index) | Equal or greater than 30kg/m2 | Interval | | 3. Stable body weight | < 3kg
self–reported change during the previous 3 months | Interval | | 4. Well controlled arterial
hypertension | Systolic blood pressure less than 160 mmHg and/or Diastolic blood pressure less than
100mmHg | Interval |
Research Concepts * The experimental group was composed of 13 men and 15 women, they were
given one capsule of Green tea extract (GTE), that contained 379 mg of GTE (including 208 mg of
EGCG). The control group was composed of 15 men and 13 women, they were given a placebo
consisted of pure microcrystalline cellulose. Both groups were told to maintain an isocaloric diet
and to continue normal eating habits and exercise pattern throughout the study.
Data Collection * Among 183 registered patients with hypertension, researches picked 56 of them,
equal number of males and females. There were four inclusion factors; patients had to be between
the ages of 30 to 60 years, body mass index had to be equal or greater than 30 kg/m2, stable

An Article For The American Journal Of Bioethics
There are individuals in our societies, though, who believe that the dignity of life and human nature
are not important in the debate of bioethics and enhancements. Fabrice Jotterand, who wrote an
article for the American Journal of Bioethics, discussed in his article that bioenhancements do not
corrupt the rational and moral structure of human personhood using the definition of dignity of
German philosopher Immanuel Kant, which is that "persons have [an] 'intrinsic worth' or dignity
derived from the rational and moral structure of human personhood" (qtd. in Jotterand 46). If
anything, Jotterand states, enhancements would improve the rational mind instead of dehumanizing
it; augmenting human dignity and respecting life because enhancements are meant to transcend our
"biological nature" beyond its human limits and capabilities (46, 48). However, a flaw in Jotterand's
argument is that it entails both the respect for human life and the equality of humans, which should
guide biotechnology together (46). The Church declares that in attempting to transcend life, one
would break the bonds of our human nature and biology, thus interrupting in the communion of life
shared among horizontal, human relationships and the vertical relationship between humanity and
God. Contrary to Jotterand's beliefs, this communion of life would be set apart instead of equal, with
discrimination of those with or without enhancements due to finances, location, or other factors. If
society cannot end

Example Of A Journal Article Summary
Journal Article and Summary
The article I choose was The Division of Labor in Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual New Adoptive
Parents written by Goldberg, A.E., Smith, J.Z, & Perry. The article explains the benefits of same–
sex marriage becoming adoptive parents. There actually a better result for the kids in this setting.
The kids will grow with a different idea of gender roles growing up and have better profitable
future. The author concludes that parents with same–sex can share the housework and child care
than relating to sexual orientation. We also found that lesbian and gay male couples had paid labor
patterns, in which expected gender differences did not come too. For heterosexual couples, women
were more common to become the primary caregivers and in charge of the house work. Sexual
orientation and gender roles can work without the need of a man in charge the family. That he brings
the money to the household and that's his work is finish.
Strengths ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By spending so many years pursuing parenthood. It means that adoptive parents should share child
care equally, regardless of sexual orientation. Parents work so hard to have a child they don't waste
time in enjoying spending every moment with them. Those who have kids easy don't appreciate
actually taking care of kids. Another strength in the article is that heterosexual couples reported
more divisions of child care than same–sex couples. Parents who our same–sex share different
gender roles with their kids. There both spend time with their kids and don't necessary look for a
dad figure when all of their needs are met. The kids our not raise confused or gay because of their
parents. They have the love and attention of both parents which is all any kid

Example Of A Journal Article Summary
A Journal Article Critique The journal article, "Sleep Disturbance and Depressive Symptoms in
Adolescence: The Role of Catastrophic Worry," discussed a potential cognitive vulnerability in
adolescent development (Hankin, Abramson, Miller, & Haeffel, 2004). The researchers investigated
the stress factor of sleep disturbance during adolescence and its impact on emotional and cognitive
health (Danielsson, Harvey, MacDonald, Jansson–Frojmark, & Linton, 2012). The article was
focused on research concerning the likelihood of correlation and causality between sleep
disturbance and the onset of depression, and between catastrophic worry and the onset of
depression. These researchers hoped that their findings would assist in identifying risk factors

Analysis Of A Professional Journal Article
Analysis of a Professional Journal Article Wörner, D., & von Bomhard, T. (2014, September). When
your sensor earns money: exchanging data for cash with Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM
International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication (pp.
295–298). ACM. I read "When your sensor earns money: exchanging data for cash with Bitcoin"
authored by Wörner and Von Bomhard.This article was published in the proceedings of ACM
journal. The purpose of studying this article was to learn how blockchain technology is used by IoT
sensors for inter–device communication autonomously. Title The title of the article aptly justifies the
content with in it. Title covers all the required keywords needed to explain the gist of the article.
From title of the article it can be easily understood that this article deals with communication
between sensors using bitcoin technology. Moreover, author simplified the title without using any
technical terms to make the content easily understandable. Basically this article is intended for the
audience with basic knowledge in the domain. Abstract By reading this abstract, we can get
complete organization of the article. Here, initially author explains inception of bitcoins and their
usage as alternate money. This abstract expresses the overall idea behind the article. Later on, author
explains the "prototypical implementation of the process of exchanging data for electronic cash
between a sensor and a requester by

Journal Article Hyperactive Ingredients
In the introduction of the journal article "Hyperactive Ingredients?," Julia Barrett addresses the
question of whether food additives influence hyperactivity. She explains that this question has been
a constant debate over the past three decades. Barretts objective of her journal article was to
highlight how research studies, such as the Lancet study, currently suggest that there is in fact a link
between the two. In the Lancet study, Jim Stevenson, along with other researchers, further
investigated a study conducted in June 2004. In this study, Archives of Disease in Childhood,
children who were placed on a diet that was free of artificial dyes and benzoate preservatives. When
these children were given a drink that contained a mixture of artificial

Scholarly Journal Article Summary
In the paper titled: "a A graduate student's guide to publishing scholarly journal articles", Donna Lee
Van Cott (2005) addresses the detailed process of publishing scholar papers for graduate students. In
this text, the summary of this paper including these steps and the main guidelines of publishing
papers are presented.
The author starts by elaborating the importance of publishing papers for graduate students as it can
help them finding their future job in either companies or universities. She emphasizes that all
graduate students are now required to publish papers before they graduate from any university.
Then, the author explores the three main steps to publish a paper. The first step is to carefully
choose the topic of the paper such that it is relevant in the student's field of study. Also, she
encourages all graduate students to take feedbacks from their advisors, other professors, and their
colleagues regarding their idea or topic which can be useful also in building relationships with
others. Then, in the next step, she advises the students to prepare themselves early enough to publish
their work in a conference. If the paper is accepted in a conference, the author emphasizes that
students must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She advises the students to wait enough time after submitting their paper for the review process. She
adopts a margin of 3 months after which a student can try to contact the editors to know the status of
their paper. Otherwise, the author encourages the students to submit their paper in another journals
if it is taking too long. In this case, the author stresses that students must withdraw their papers first
before applying to another journal. After the review process, the students should expect to do some
modifications on their paper. She also strongly encourages the students to benefit from the reviewers
and to avoid being disappointed if the received review is

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
1. Peer reviewed journal is a process of submitting an author's research, idea, etc. by experts for
review. It makes sure that the work has enough quality before published as a journal. A peer
reviewed research should have title, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion and
references. The tile is a summary of what the author wants to talk about. Abstract is a summary of
contents of the article. Next, introduction is the first paragraph of an article introducing the
background information. Methods part describes step by step what have been used to complete the
study. After that, we will get the results; and the results are the reports that shows what we collected.
Discussion or conclusion will be the final answer whether we agree with the problem or not.
References section is the list of sources that we used for the article.
2. Testing–effect is the act of testing one's memory. It helps to increase the memory which is the
long term memory and helps to retrieve better. Testing–effect helps me memorize and recall
knowledge better on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on what I know about succeeding in college, the three specific points of advice I would offer
to a new college freshman are time management, self–awareness and diligence. As you know, going
to school is not the only thing we have to do in student's life; we also have to go work part time to
support our family and earn more experience. Therefore, time management is really important
because it teaches us to take full advantage of every minute wisely to stay productive in both work
and school. Self–awareness is very necessary for college students; it improves our strong areas as
well as weak areas; also helping us to get the work done on time because self–awareness is the first
step of goal setting. College is the last step that determines how your future looks like because
diligence shows how much effort, earnest and energy we put in; helping us accomplish all the
assigned tasks so we make a big move toward our

Journal Article Summary
Journal Article Summary
Article reference
Ambron, E., Lingnau, A., Lunardelli, A., Pesavento, V., & Rumiati, R. I. (2015). The effect of goals
and vision on movements: A case study of optic ataxia and limb apraxia. Brain & Cognition, 9577–
89 13p. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.006
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential outcomes of spatial and temporal features
of reaching and grasping movements in a patient whom suffered from a ischemic stroke, and
showcases the following the two neuropsychological symptoms: optic ataxia and limb apraxia.
Hypothesis (es)
The authors of this study made a hypothesis with the specification of what each symptom entails for
a patient's performance. The general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In regards to the spatial criterion of the movement, there was a statistical difference solely for the
vertical end–point of the movement, which was moved in the direction of the body when the last
goal was to utilize the object (M = 171.5 mm), as opposed to moving it in (M = 179.2 mm) a
separate area. The change was additionally adjusted by the viewing condition and the hemispace of
the movement. Altogether, when carrying out the movement in the direction of the right hemispace
followed by the left hemispace, patient's end–point of moving was nearer in distance to the body.
Additionally when it came to performance from controls in both spatial and temporal criterions,
there was a varying effect between the two. On the other hand, it was found that the patient did just
as a satisfactory job in central viewing in grasping to move and grasping to

Analysis Of The Article ' Journal Of Combustion '
Palafox 1 Diesel Engines with EGR In the article "Journal of Combustion" the authors argues how
EGR system help meet the regulations of the exhaust gas from diesel engines !or the indi"iduals
who are new to dieselengines# and wondering what is an EGR system $et this be an opportunity
to further educated# and help determined a future choice of the EGR system Exhaust gas
recirculation %EGR& can be found on light duty diesel engines and hea"y duty diesel engines as
well " 'he mechanism of EGR system reducing ()x emissions is introducing parts of the exhaust
gas into the combustionchamber to increase the heat capacity of gases# lower the temperature of
burning gases# and thus reduce the ()x emission
."
%De*ing# +ei pg ,& 'he reduction of ()x# %(itrogen )xide&# is themost common reason for
applying the EGR emissions system to the commercial diesel engines#this emission system does
ha"e a few other purposes as well !or instance# it will reduce the needfor high load fuel
enrichment# aids "apori–ation of li*uid fuels# and impro"es the ignition system 'he harmful
exhaust gas has become a problem with today.s atmosphere# due to the fact of the high thermal
efficiency in the diesel engine causing a mass pollution of exhaust gas 'his is where the EGR has
an important role in the elimination of exhaust gas# since there is a high preference of direct
in/ection engines for commercial "ehicles In order to determine the effecti"eness of the EGR
emission system# there had to be

Research Article 1
Roberts, T. (2003). Effects of Alphabet–Letter Instruction on Young Children's Word Recognition
[Electronic Version]. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95 (1), 41–51.
Title
The title of the article gave a fair representation of the topic as it was clear and concise in the
wording. The title encompassed the idea that alphabet letter instruction on young children's word
recognition would be explored through experiments and analysis. Reading on through the article it
was evident that the effects of alphabet letter instruction on you children's word recognition were
addressed.
Introduction
Experimental studies have been undertaken throughout the years in relation to alphabet letter
instruction. The first of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children who received letter name instruction named significantly more letters at the end of the
intervention than comprehension group children. The children in the comprehension treatment
group scored significantly better than the letter–name group on the vocabulary test at the end of the
intervention. This result showed that the comprehension treatment produced better performance for
children on a comprehension related variable, and thus children in this group participated in an
effective alternative treatment. In the word recognition category children in the letter–name group
had significantly greater percentage of correct recognitions for words with phonetic spellings.
Discussion
Children in the letter–name and comprehension–instruction groups began with comparable low
levels of letter naming ability. The letter–name treatment engendered a significant and large
advantage on letter naming for children receiving letter–name instruction. Fifty–eight percent of
letter–rhyme children at least 13 of the 16 taught levels which is equivalent to 81 percent in
performance.
The majority of the participants were beginning learners of English. They were also from very low
socio economic families. These children learned letter names through instruction. Findings from this
study encourage holding high expectations that preschool English learners can acquire and use letter
names as a result of explicit instruction.
There are important

Examples Of A Journal Article Critique
Journal Article Critique Paper Britnie Amedee, Kelsey Thompson, Angela Lipford BSHS/435
January 19, 2015 Mrs. Heather Suggs Journal Article Critique Paper "Electronic games are now an
everyday part of childhood and adolescence" (Olsen, 2010). Considering children and adolescence
are our future, parents need to consider and monitor how these electronic games are affecting their
child. There are more studies afloat that report the negative affects of video games over the positive
effects until recently. Children and adolescents become addicted to video games easily so it is
important to monitor what they are playing and how it is affecting them and their character. A recent
study on many boys and girls reported why they are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More research needed to be completed on the other side of the spectrum, how video games can
positively affect a child life. Next, Cheryl Olsen goes on to give the reasons why 1,254 boys and
girls enjoy playing video games. Following these reasons she acknowledges the benefits the boys
and girls receive from these video games. The reasons why they are benefitting from the video is
broken into different sections such as; The Joy of Completion, The Opportunity to Lead, Youth
Teaching Each Other, and Expressing Creativity. Just the few reasons previously stated are great
enough to persuade the reader to continue reading. The journal article discusses the method the
research study used to collect data from the sample. The research study utilized a survey that
consisted of 17 questions related to motivation for playing video games. The survey was distributed
to boys and girls in grades 7 and 8. A total of 1,254 surveys were completed between Pennsylvania
and South Carolina. The children had four options for each statement: strongly disagree, somewhat
disagree, somewhat agree, and strongly agree. The top three statements were: "it's just fun", "it's
exciting", and "something to do when bored." The remaining 14 statements were all written in a
positive context related to learning, emotional maintenance, and social aspects. The article provided
complete and clear information related to how the

Suffragist Journal Article Analysis
The article titled "The Woman Citizen A Study of How News Narratives Adapt to a Changing Social
Environment" by Sheila Webb (2012) in the American Journalism Historians Associations is a
credible primary source related to the author and content in relations to social change. Sheila Webb
(2012) is an associate professor in the Department of Journalism at Western Washington. The
article's content is an analysed publishcation from 1917 to 1927 from the suffragist journal "The
Women Citizen." The content is studies on ramifications of suffrage that comprise some 6,300
articles. It fits into the conflict and changes of the 1920s through the ramification to suffrage with
social change in the 1920s. The most important conflict is establishment ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Resource titled "The Women Citizen A Study of How News Narratives Adapt to a Changing Social
Environment" by Sheila Webb (2012) gives an audience a first hand account in reference to the
1920s movement regarding reform. The resource validates women's involvement to their new role
with violence, rights to vote, career, new technologies, and new laws. The resource analysis
women's direction that motivated and inspired society, politics, and housekeeping verse effort for
social change. Women Citizen encouraged social change by featuring women with awards, merit,
and accomplishments like Women of the Week, Women of Month, and Women in the News. A
example of a feature in the Women's Citizen by Article The Women Citizen A Study of How News
Narratives Adapt to a Changing Social Environment by Sheila Webb (2012) is Thea Rasche who is
the only women Germany licensed pilot in September 4, 1927 that would like to complete a flight
across the Atlantic. The resource has great personal entries about financial education to develop
women's personal security as in the textbook The American Story discussions buying credit in the
1920s as systematic savings and buying securities began. The is organized around the theme of
Women's new role as a citizen in the developing United States versus old traditions which included

Informative Journal Article
Given these points, this was a very informative journal article. The authors effectively catered to the
appropriate audience and education was provided with the different models. Moreover, the authors
proved their hypothesis, discuss the methods in great detail, and provided missing discriminatory
analysis. The authors also allowed the reader to see a clear picture into the emotions and discourse
experience with Mixed Orientation couples. As a matter of fact, the authors also gave advice on
ways for the therapist to explore issues experienced by the couple. The article did not pose any
negative assumption for me and it answered all of my questions. Besides, the only question would
be a sample from the questionnaire, during the survey in person

Summary Of A Journal Article Critique
Student's Name
Institution Affiliation
Journal Article Critique A journal article critique refers to the process through which a journal
article is examined, explored, and objectively reviewed to establish its strengths and weaknesses as
well as highlight how it can be applied to practice (Yeong, 2014). Regardless of the profession that
one pursues, the dynamic nature of the modern world means that it is imperative for professionals
everywhere to be able to recognize current practice, and the ability and competency to assess and
utilize published research is critical to the attainment of this goal. The purpose of this paper is to
provide a comprehensive critique of Chen and Li's (2013) article Assessing the spiritual leadership
effectiveness: The contribution of follower's self–concept and preliminary tests for moderation of
culture and managerial position.
Theoretical concepts and constructs A theoretical concept refers to an abstract idea that represents
the basic features of a given phenomenon and they usually arise as generalizations based on existing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data analysis is the process through which such vast amounts of information are reduced and
organized so that they can be appropriately explained and interpreted. In the article, the researchers
use both descriptive statistics and statistical analysis software to analyze the data. Standard
deviations, correlation coefficients, and reliabilities were computed to analyze construct validation
in the Chinese culture and test for the spiritual leadership motivational model. In addition, a second–
tier factor analysis for spiritual leadership was conducted to analyze the spiritual leadership.
Furthermore, a structural equation model was constructed to analyze motivation as a mediating
factor in structural

reflection of a journal article
Introduction 'The origin of mixed methods lies in two major research paradigms' (Terrell, 2012,
257), namely qualitative and quantitative paradigms. The former exhibits many features of natural
science approach such as dependency on numerical forms of data, whereas the latter focuses on
exploration of social in–depth interpretations in the form of narrative words (Bryman, 1988).
However, there has been a debate on the compatibility within qualitative approach and quantitative
approach adopted in one enquiry. Advocators for the "incompatibility thesis" (Robson, 2011:162)
maintain that 'the two paradigms cannot be combined since they do not study the same phenomena'
(Sale, Lohfeld & Brazil, 2002, p. 43). I am not in favor of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Murphy et al.'s adoption of mixed research design should be driven by their research questions and
their research aims/purposes that are leading their research (Robson, 2011). Their research intends
to explore responses to three questions, which are how children perceive science and its assessment,
to what extent KS2 assessment affects children's interest in science, and how children reflect on
science SATs abolition (Murphy et al. 2013). Given Greener's suggestion that open questions
beginning with 'how' and 'what' incline to qualitative research with purpose for exploring deep
understandings (Greener, 2012 p. 10), a qualitative research design alone could address Murphy et
al.'s research questions. Nevertheless, it can be seen from the journal article that exploring in–depth
understandings of how children perceive science and science assessment is, though, one of Murphy
et al.'s intentions, the primary aim of the funded research is to enhance the generalization of its
findings to a much larger population so as to cope with the nationwide lack of information on
English and Welsh pupils' view of testing and assessment (Murphy et al., 2013). Whilst quantitative
approach is able to facilitate generalizable findings, it could undermine the depth of the
understanding of the phenomena studied (Patton, 2002). Thereby

Journal Article Summary And Analysis
Journal Article Summary and Analysis:
Ji Su Chae, Nam–Su Heo et al. A biocompatible implant electrode capable of operating in body
fluids for energy storage devices. Nano Energy, 34 (2017) 86–92.
Q1)
The authors propose a new form of energy storage in implantable electronic medical devices
(IEMDs). Chae et. al. solution involves "using [the] body fluids as unpackaged electrolytes" in a
superconductor with a shared solar cell for energy storage and recharge capabilities. This
proposition provides numerous benefits over current passivation encapsulation methods such as its
biocompatible and natural approach with an extended longevity. The solution suggests a suitable
composite material and a means to power an IEMD in vivo. This article ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The positive electrode is a composite of MnO2 nanoparticles inside multi–walled carbon nanotubes.
This aims to reduce toxicity and minimise capacitance loss with power transmitted by stable and
reversible Faradaic reaction.
Q4)
Various characterisation techniques are used throughout the article to identify and quantify materials
and processes to further understand what is occurring. One such method used is transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). TEM uses electrons to form an image at a significantly higher
resolution and magnification than optical microscopes due to the smaller wavelength and stronger
interaction. Furthermore, TEM's are versatile as diffraction patterns are also obtainable within the
same tool.
A TEM instrument is designed with an electron gun positioned at the top of the device as the source
of electron generation. These electrons are then accelerated to high voltage values to minimise
divergence and then are focused into a continuous electron beam with magnetic lenses and
apertures. The chamber is in vacuum to protect the beam from scattering along with maintaining a
clean working environment. This tool requires very small and thin specimens for analysis such that
electrons are able to penetrate through the material lattice without scattering at an angle. These
transmitted electrons that go through the sample can form an image at the

Journal Article Critique Essay
Research Article 1
Roberts, T. (2003). Effects of Alphabet–Letter Instruction on Young Children's Word Recognition
[Electronic Version]. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95 (1), 41–51.
Title
The title of the article gave a fair representation of the topic as it was clear and concise in the
wording. The title encompassed the idea that alphabet letter instruction on young children's word
recognition would be explored through experiments and analysis. Reading on through the article it
was evident that the effects of alphabet letter instruction on you children's word recognition were
addressed.
Introduction
Experimental studies have been undertaken throughout the years in relation to alphabet letter
instruction. The first of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants included 3 three year old children and 30 four year old children. The participants
were enrolled in a state funded, half day pre school program which served children from rather low
socio economic status families and backgrounds. The mean English oral proficiency score 0f 1.86
indicated that the children were on average classified as non English speaking.
The children in this study were blocked by language and oral proficiency. They were randomly
assigned to either letter–rhyme or comprehension treatment. They received 16 weeks of either
letter–rhyme instruction or comprehension instruction. Preteseting was conducted over a 2 week
period prior to the intervention. Following pretesting the 16 week instructional program was
implemented. There were three 20–25 minute lessons each week. Two trained teachers alternated
weeks for the first 12 weeks of the intervention to control for teacher effects. The researcher
regularly observed lessons.
There were three different aspects of the study. These included comprehension treatment, letter–
rhyme treatment and word learning training.
Results
Before the intervention, a multivariate analysis, with pretest age, storybook vocabulary, letter–name
knowledge and English oral proficiency was performed to determine the compatibility of the
children in the comprehension and letter–name instructional groups.
To determine whether the letter–name treatment had engendered

Critique Of A Qualitative Journal Article

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