Human resources management, Industrial democracy, Industrial law, labour management

1. Trade union
[UNIT-2]
Presented by -
AYUSHI GUPTA
SHIVAM GUPTA
-M.Com 2 SEM

2. CONTENT
 Meaning and concept of trade union
 Theories or approaches of Trade Union
 Functions of trade union
-India; China; USSR; USA ;UK
 Trade Union movement in India
 Problems And Prospect In India

3. INTRODUCTION & MEANING
An association, either of
employees or employers or of
independent workers

4. Definition
According to Section 2(b) of the Trade Unions Act
of 1926, ―a trade union is any combination of
persons, whether temporary or permanent, primarily
for the purpose of regulating the relations between
workers and employers, or between workers and
workers and for imposing restrictive conditions on the
conduct on the conduct of any trade or business, and
includes the federation of two or more trade unions.

5. INTRODUCTION & MEANING
Employers Workers
WorkersEmployers
TRADE UNION
REGULATES
RELATIONS

6. CHARACTERISTICS
Association of
employees
Permanent Body
Voluntary
Association
Collective Action
Common Interest
Rapport with
Management

7. of
Trade Union
Need

8. Need
Ensure job
security and
right pay for
the members
Ventilate the
grievances of
employees to
the
management

9. of
Industrial Democracy
Objectives
of
Trade Union

10. objectives
To safeguard their interests
To participate in union activities
To exercise leadership
To get hike in wage rate
To get strengthen

11. objectives
To maintain good relation
To maintain adequate working conditions
To get a media of communication
To do fair dealing
To get employment

12. of
Trade Union
Theories

13. Theories
THERE IS NO SINGLE THEORY

14. Industrial Democracy Approach by
Webbs
Social psychological approach
Robert Hoxie
Capitalism approach by
Tannenbaum
Anti capitalism Approach
by Marx & Sarvodaya
Approach by Gandhi

15. Theories
● Industrial Democracy Approach by Webbs:
● The trade union is the extension of principle of
democracy in the sphere of industry.
● They sought a solution for industrial conflict by equality
and collective agreement.
● Trying to transform industrial autocracy to democracy
● Trade union as a means by which worker can cope up
with the stronger political and economic power.

16. Theories
● Social psychological approach Robert Hoxie:-
● Trade union have emerged due to group
psychology, social psychological environment rather
than economic reason.•
● Unionism affects not only production but also the
established rights(employer’s rights to run his
business, worker’s right to work, )ethical standard,
distribution of wages, and law and order.

17. Theories
● Capitalism approach by Tannenbaum•
● The fundamental cause of exploitation of workers is the use of
machine.•
● The machines threatens the security of individuals workers and
they react in self defense., through the union to attempt to control
the machine.•
● So trade unions are the byproducts of an industrial society in
which automation (machine) has destroyed the old way of life and
robbed the workers of his identity, purpose and creativity.•
● So trade-union are the spontaneous reaction of the growth of
capitalism

18. Theories
● Anti capitalism Approach by Marx•
● Marx said that trade union is an instrument for destroying the capitalist
class.•
● Trade union is necessary to bring about revolutionary and fundamental
changes in social class order.•
● With the development of industry, the proletariat are not only increase
in number, it become concentrated in greater mass, its strength grows.•
● The increasing improvement of machinery, the collision between
workmen and bourgeois take the character of two class.•
● Therefore the worker began to form combination in form of trade union
against bourgeois to fight for their interest.

19. Theories
● Sarvodaya Approach by Gandhi•
● Sarvodaya principle of truth, trusteeship and non violence.•
● Trade union is an institution in which capital and labour are
not antagonistic bur are supplementary.•
● Capitalist being the trustees of the labour welfare of the
laboring class under them.•
● Gandhian approach of trade unionism is not merely related to
material aspect but to the moral and intellectual aspect.•

20. Theories
● Sarvodaya Approach by Gandhi• continue……..
● He advocated that a trade union strive for all round
betterment of the working class including training of its
members in supplementary occupations to avoid risk of
uncertainty of job.•
● Trade union is a moral institution who can uphold the dignity
of labour by following the principle of equality and trusteeship

21. of
Industrial Democracy
Functions
of
Trade Union

22. Functions
Functions
Militant
Federal
Infra-
mural
Extra-
mural
Political

23. Higher wages and better working condition
Encourage seniority and discipline
Protect against victimization and injustice by
employer
Improve the moral of the workers
Acquire control over running over the industry by
workers
Raise the status of the workers as partners in industry
Minimize the helplessness of the individual workers
India

24. Protect women and children from exploitation
Get equal pay for equal work
Participate in various activities
Directed towards the improvement of living
conditions
Enroll members, collect fund and give report
about these activities
Educate the worker
Guarantee material assistance to the workers
China

25. Raising of labour productivity
Participation in the planning and regulation of wags
Improvement in the quality of production,
Assisting in the fusion of technical progress
Participation in the settlement of industrial disputes
Setting up sanatoria, medical assistance and rest houses
Organizing funds of mutual assistance
IndiaUSSR

26. Increasing wages and reducing hours of work
Securing working conditions -safety and sanitary
Introducing working rules & democratize labour
management
Encouraging workers to register and vote
Encouraging the sale of union-made goods
Take part in administration work
USA

27. Maintaining and improving wages, working
conditions and hours
Emphasis on full employment
Extending the influence of working class
in management
Improving the status of working class
UK

28. In
INDIA
Trade Unions

29. In India…….
● In India trade unions are regulated by the Indian trade union
act 1926.
● At present there are about 48000 registered workers’ unions
and 10 central labour organizations in our country
● Some important features of these unions are as follows:-
o As the National Commission on Labour in India points out
the structure of our unions and their types do not admit of any
simple generalization.
o The extent of unionization in our country has not been
uniform in all industries

30. In India…….
o The State-wise distribution of unions in our country also
does not seem to follow any pattern. In some States there is
very heavy concentration of unions but in some others there
are only a few unions.
o There is very close alliance between our trade unions and
politics
o Being of the ‘one shop’ variety our unions are small in size.
The average membership of a union has come down to 953
from over 1500 nearly 5 decades ago.

31. In India…….
Trade
union
movement
Pre-1918
Phase
1918-
1924
Phase
1925-
1934
Phase
1935-
1938
Phase
1939-
1946
Phase
1947
and
Since

32. In India…….
Pre-1918 Phase:
o The movement was led mostly by the social reformers and
philanthropists and not by the workers.
o There was, in fact, no trade union in existence in the true
sense.
o The labour movement was for the workers rather than by the
workers.
o The movement was confined to the revolt against the
conditions of child labour and women workers working in
various industries under appalling conditions.

33. In India…….
1918-1924 Phase:
o The wretched conditions of workers on account of spiralling
prices of essential commodities during the post-World-War I led
workers to form trade unions to improve their bargaining power
and, in turn, living conditions.
o The political scenario characterized by the home-rule
movement and the martial law in Punjab made the politicians to
recognize the workers movement as an asset to their cause. At
the same time, workers also needed able guidance and
leadership from the politicians to settle their grievances with the
employers.

34. In India…….
1918-1924 Phase:
o The Russian Revolution also swayed the labour movement in India
showing a new social order to the common man in the country.
o The setting up of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in 1919 also
gave a big fillip to the labour movement in India. India becoming a
founder-member of the ILO required deputing delegates to the ILO. Mr. N.
M. Joshi for the first time was deputed as the representative from India to
International Labour Conferences and Sessions. It ignited workers’ anxiety
to organize. As a result, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was
formed in 1920. By 1924, the trade union movement in India proliferated to
the extent of 167 trade unions with a quarter million members.

35. In India…….
1925-1934 Phase:
o With increasing hardships of workers, the signs of militant tendencies
and revolutionary approach in trade unionism got expression into
violent strikes since 1924.
o The communists gained influence in L trade union movement during
this period.
o They split the Trade Union Congress twice with their widening
differences with the left-wing unionists.
o The moderate section under the leadership of Mr. N. M. Joshi and Mr.
V. V. Giri seceded from the Congress and set up a separate
organization named the National Trade Unions Federation (NTUF).

36. In India…….
1925-1934 Phase:
o Another split in AITUC took place in 1931 at its Calcutta session when
the extreme left wing under the leadership of Messrs S. V. Deshpande
and B T Randive broke away and formed a separate organization,
namely, the All India Red Trade Union Congress Two Years later, the
National Federation of Labour was formed to facilitate unity among all
the left-wing organizations of labour.
o As a result, the AITUF and NFL merged to form the National Trade
Union Federation (NTUF).

37. In India…….
1925-1934 Phase:
o Another important feature of this period was the passing of two Acts,
namely, the Trade Unions Act 1926 and the Trade Disputes Act, 1929
which also gave a fillip to the growth of trade unionism in India.
o The former Act provided for voluntary registration and conferred
certain rights and privileges upon registered unions in return for
obligations.
o The later Act provided for the settlement of trade unions.
o This phase of the Indian labour movement may be described as The
Period of Left Wing Trade Unionism.

38. In India…….
1935-1938 Phase:
o The Indian National Congress was in power in seven provinces in
1937. This injected unity in trade unions.
o As a result, the All India Red Trade Union Congress itself with the
AITUC in 1935.
o After three years in 1938, the National Trade Union Congress (NTUC)
also affiliated with the AITUC.
o Other factors that contributed to the revival of trade unions were
increasing awakening among the workers to their rights and change in
the managerial attitude towards trade unions.

39. In India…….
1935-1938 Phase:
o In 1938, one of the most developments took place was the enactment
of the Bombay Industrial Disputes Act, 1938.
o An important provision of the Act, inter alia, to accord compulsory
recognition of unions by the employers gave a big fillip to the growth of
trade unionism in India.

40. In India…….
1939-1946 Phase:
o Like World War I, the World War II also brought chaos in industrial
front of the country.
o Mass retrenchment witnessed during the post-World War II led to the
problem of unemployment .
o This compelled workers to join unions to secure their jobs.
o This resulted in big spurt in the membership of registered trade unions
from 667 in 1939-40 to 1087 in 1945-46.
o Somuchso workers in the registered trade unions witnessed a
phenomenal increase from 18,612 to 38,570 during the same period.

41. In India…….
1939-1946 Phase:
o The AITUC again split in 1941 when Dr. Aftab Ali, President of the
Seamen s Association, Calcutta disaffiliated his union from the
Congress and formed a new organization known as the “Indian
Federation of Labour”.
o The year 1946 was also marked by two important enactments, namely,
the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 and the
Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946.
o Both the Acts, through their provisions, contributed to strengthen the
trade unionism in the country.

42. In India…….
1947 and Since:
o Proliferation of trade unions in the pattern of proliferation of political
parties has been a distinguishing feature in the trade union history of
India during the post-Independence period.
o In May 1947, the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) was
formed by the nationalists and moderates and was controlled by the
Congress Party.
o Since by then, the AITUC is controlled by the Communists.
o The Congress socialists who stayed in AITUC at the time of the
formation of INTUC subsequently formed the Hind Mazdoor Sabha
(HMS) in 1948 under the banner of the Praja Socialist Party.

43. In India…….
1947 and Since:
o Subsequently, the HMS was split up with a group of socialist and
formed a separate association, namely, “Bhartiya Mazdoor Sabha”
(BMS) which is now an affiliate of the Bhartiya Janata Party (B JP).
o Years after, the communist party split into various fractions forming the
United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and the Center of Indian Trade
Unions (CITU).
o Later again, a group disassociated itself from the UTUC and formed
another UTUC—Lenin Sarani.
o Of late, with the emergence of regional parties since 1960, most of the
regional parties have shown its inclination to a trade union wing, thus,
adding to the proliferation of trade unions in the country. Thus, it is

44. In India…….
1947 and Since:
o Of late, with the emergence of regional parties since 1960, most of the
regional parties have shown its inclination to a trade union wing, thus,
adding to the proliferation of trade unions in the country.
o Thus, it is clear that the origin and growth of trade union movement in
India is riddled with fragmented politicization.

45. of
Industrial Democracy
Obstacles
of
Trade Union

46. Outside Leadership01
FormsObstacles

47. Outside Leadership.01
Low membership02
FormsObstacles

48. Outside Leadership01
Low membership.02
Uneven growth .03
FormsObstacles

49. Outside Leadership01 Low membership02
Uneven growth03
Multiplicity of Trade
Unions04
FormsObstacles

50. Outside Leadership01 Low membership02
Uneven growth .03
Multiplicity of Trade
Unions04
Absence of paid office
Bearers05
FormsObstacles

51. Outside Leadership01 Low membership.02
Uneven growth .03
Multiplicity of Trade
Unions04
Absence of paid office
Bearers05 Weak financial position06
FormsObstacles

52. Outside Leadership01 Low membership02
Uneven growth03
Multiplicity of Trade
Unions04
Absence of paid office
Bearers05 Weak financial position06
Lack of interest07
FormsObstacles

53. Outside Leadership01 Low membership02
Uneven growth03
Multiplicity of Trade
Unions04
Absence of paid office
Bearers05 Weak financial position06
Lack of interest07
Limited stress on
welfare08
FormsObstacles

54. of
Industrial Democracy
Measures
for
Trade Union

55. Measuresfortradeunion
There should be a strong base to develop the Trade Union
There should be one union in one industry
Political interference should be eliminated.
Training programs to develop the internal leadership
Office bearers of the Trade Unions should be well paid
Proper recognition of unions

56. Conclusion,

57. Thank
you
,