Mengenali setiap bahagian dan struktur kenderaan. Mengetahui jenis material yang digunakan mengikut perkembangan semasa.

1. STRUKTUR KENDERAAN
,

2. BAHAGIAN KENDERAAN

4. COSMATIC PANEL *ketebalan panel kenderaan
di antara 20 swg hingga 22
swg
*kekuatan panel
bergaantung kepada bentuk
dan tetulang yang terdapat
pada setiap panel tersebut
*biasanya dibuat secara
stamping dikilang

5. BAHAGIAN KERANGKA PINTU KENDERAAN

7. NAMA STRUKTUR KENDERAAN

9. JENIS MATERIAL LOGAM YANG DIGUNAKAN PADA SETIAP STRUKTUR KENDERAAN

11. These follow similar properties as AHSS, but
maintain strength levels of at least 780MPa.
Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS)
Boron/Martensite
Aluminum 5000/6000 (AL 5000/6000)
Magnesium
Mild Steel
High Strength Steel (HSS)
High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA)
Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)
Martensite is the hardest and strongest form of steel,
but it’s also the least formable. It shares properties
with boron, which has a tensile strength of around
1,200 to 1,800 MPa. These are usually combined with
softer steels to form composites
5000-series aluminium is alloyed with magnesium.
6000-series aluminium contains both silicon and
magnesium which forms magnesium silicide and
makes the aluminium alloy heat-treatable.
Magnesium is an attractive material for automotive
use because of its light weight. When alloyed,
magnesium has the highest strength-to-weight ratio
of all structural metals.
Mild steels are easy to form, which makes them a
top choice for automotive parts manufacturers
using cold stamping and other dated
manufacturing processes. They have a maximum
tensile strength of 270 MPa
High strength steels use traditional steels and
remove carbon during the baking cycle. This
means softer steels can be formed, then baked
into harder metals. Typical tensile strength grades
range from 250 to 550 MPa
HLSAs are carbon manganese steels strengthened
with the addition of a micro alloying element such
as titanium, vanadium, or niobium. These have a
tensile strength up to 800 MPa, and can still be
press formed
Advanced high strength steels generally yield
strength levels in excess of 550 MPa. They are
composites made of multiple metals, then heated
and cooled throughout the manufacturing process
to meet a part’s specifications.
Most Commonly Used Automotive Materials
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
CFRPs are extremely strong, light plastics which
contain carbon fibers to increase strength. They are
expensive to produce but will have a growing
demand in the future automotive industry as costs
are reduced.

12. ANDAIAN PERUBAHAN MATERIAL PADA STRUKTUR KENDERAAN

13. Lighter materials will lead to lighter
vehicles that require less fuel for
propulsion. Fuel economy is an attractive
selling feature for customers, so
automakers will try to satisfy this demand.
Fuel Economy
Vehicle Emmission
Reduction
Electric Powertrain
Added Content
Autonomous Vehicles
Enabling
Factors
Legislative requirements may
force automotive manufacturers
to improve fuel economy as a
means to lower greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions.
Self-driving vehicles have significantly
more components than driver-required
vehicles. This extra weight and space
needs to be offset through the lightening
of the other parts.
Electric engines and batteries
weigh more than modern internal
combustion engines. The switch
to electric powertrains requires
other materials to be lighter to
compensate
Drivers expect improved
vehicle features each model
year. To do this, components
need to become lighter over
time or else fuel economy will
suffer

14. Differences in melting points
between materials means that
traditional welding techniques
must be innovated
Cycle Time Repair
End-of-life Recycling
Thermal Expansion
Supply Chain
Corrosion
CostMixed Material Joining
4
5
6
3 7
2
8
1
Exposure to moisture can break
down new materials over time,
causing failure of vehicle systems.
As parts enter paint ovens, parts
made of some materials may
expand or be coated differently
than other materials
Parts made of innovative materials
need to be manufactured at a
similar speed as traditional
techniques to ensure a similar
throughput
New materials such as carbon
fiber can cost significantly more
than traditional materials.
Manufacturers across the world
must be able to source materials and
maintain the equipment to process
it. More complex materials are
difficult to reproduce across the
world, leading to supply chain
disruptions.
Automotive materials should be
recyclable upon the retirement of a
vehicle. Some advanced materials do
not meet recycling requirements.
Repair costs are higher with more
complex materials, which
increases cost of ownership
including ongoing maintenance
fees.
Threatening
Factors
9Talent Gap
Engineers and manufacturing plant
workers need to be trained on new
complex materials and processes.

15. NYATAKAN SETIAP BAHAGIAN YANG BERLABEL