Ethical Dilemmas In Medical Research

Ethical Dilemmas In Medical Research
Doctors have always been thought of as the "caretakers of mankind" and that is why the type of
medicine performed by the doctors of Nazi Germany was so shocking, egregious and immoral that it
violated the trust placed in them by humanity. The Holocaust seems so far removed from our reality
today, and it may be hard for people to imagine the horrors inflicted by such doctors as Joseph
Mengele and others in the name of "medical advancement". There is no doubt that these
experimentations are viewed as barbaric, unethical and thinly veiled under the guise of science.
Many feel that findings from these studies should never be published or used. An ethical and moral
dilemma still remains today as some of the research resulted in data that potentially ... Show more
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One of the most gruesome and well known doctors of human experimentation during the Holocaust
was Josef Mengele. He was known as the Angel of Death (citation) or the "White Angel" for his
cold and cruel demeanor during the camp selection process (6). Mengele performed many horrific
experiments on twins. Most experiments were performed on Jewish and Roma (Gypsy) children in
the context of finding out the genetic origins of disease and to also to see if he could unlock the
secret of multiple births in the hopes of increasing the German race. Of the 1000 set of twins that
were experimented on, only 200 sets survived. (7). If Mengele did not deem the patients worthy of
being kept alive, he would have their bodies dissected and cataloged. Mengele did such atrocious
things to these children such as injecting lethal chemicals into their eyes in the hopes of creating
blue eyes, a requirement for his pursuit of the "perfect Aryan" specimen (6). He also injected the
patients with "mysterious concoctions" or syringes filled with diseases such as typhus or
tuberculosis to see the effects on the body. Another of his atrocities involved sewing twins together
in the hopes of creating his own set of Siamese twins. Moreover, Mengele performed surgeries
without anesthesia for such things as amputations, organ removal and
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The Medical Ethics Of Human Experimentation
When one researches about the medical ethics in human experimentation, it is difficult to disregard
the harsh realities of it. As Leonard Nimoy stated in his role as Spock in the movie, Star Trek II: The
Wrath of Khan, "the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few". This is the cruel truth that be
seen everywhere, but many people tend to ignore it since it is such a dreary thought. Many people,
especially those in third world countries, are exploited every day. Large corporate companies come
to typically poorer foreign nations, where there is a large gap between the rich and poor, to find
cheaper workers. Many people in these foreigners tend to be desperate for money and immediately
sign up for these jobs. Typical corporations would hire these people and make them work in
inhumane working conditions such as long hours, less pay, and give no sanitation facilities.
Although this happens on an everyday basis, there are very few people out there who challenge the
large corporations. This example can also apply to medical ethics, sometimes a small amount of
people have to suffer through experiments to help the general public. Although this is a morbid
thought, it has been used in the past. During the mid–twentieth century, many American scientist
believe that experimenting on a few people and making them suffer would create results that would
be very beneficial to the general public. Today, most modern developed countries don't believe in
this ideology, but there are

Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Essay
Medical Experiments of the Holocaust
As a society we place those in the medical profession on a pedestal. They are people to be looked up
to and admired. In many ways they are Gods, right here with us on earth. People put the hope and
faith in doctors hoping they can perform miracles. Throughout history, doctors have indeed
preformed many wonders. There were, however, some doctors that betrayed this belief and peoples
trust. These doctors could be found in concentration camps such as Auschwitz and Dachau. These
doctors committed unspeakable acts against the Jews and other minorities, believing that they were
conducting helpful experiments. Following the holocaust, however, they were punished for their ...
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The victim would be placed beneath sun lamps, which were so hot, the skin would burn. They
would then freeze and reheat the victim, repeatedly. Another revival technique was irrigation; the
victim would have boiling hot water irrigated throughout their bladder, intestines and stomach. All
patients died from this technique. They would also submit to high altitude changes. They would be
locked in a low–pressure chamber until their lungs would explode. These experiments would help
the doctor to determine the limits of the human body.
The second class of experiments involved medical research. Doctor's would conduct medical
experiments, which included the gas chamber and epidemic disease. Some victims were killed in gas
chambers. This would allow better research to help develop ways of stopping such chemical attacks
by the enemy or to help improve there way of killing there victims by showing them the effects of
phosphorus and mustard gas burns. Doctors would also inject the victims with diseases such as
malaria, smallpox, cholera and spotted fever. They would do so in order to observe the effectiveness
of vaccines. Doctors would also break bones and flesh and then infect the wounds. They would also
perform operations on the victims without administering anesthesia; all victims of these operations
were killed during or shortly after.
The third class involved experiments about the human race. These doctors would

Therapeutic Testing: The Ethicality Of Human Experimentation
Human experimentation has led to a large majority of the medical knowledge and advancements that
are used today. It also helps doctors to get a better understanding of the human body and create ways
to prevent deadly diseases and/or cure them, but it is often argued that experimenting on humans is
not only morally but ethically wrong, especially without consent.
Although nowadays a great deal of medical experimentations are implemented on laboratory
animals, the results from these test subjects cannot always be extrapolated to humans with complete
confidence. (Human 1). A lot of diseases that are found in the human body cannot be found in
animals that are used for testing, therefore there are no animal models for certain types of research,
which results in a need for human test subjects. With the information gathered from human
experimentation, doctors have been able to significantly increase the human lifespan, decreased
infant mortality rate by more than 75%, and cure or even eliminate fatal diseases. ... Show more
It is argued that human experimentation is a direct violation of ethics and human rights. "Most
ethical decisions in medicine are based on theories of ethics." (Medical 2). To decide if an
experiment is ethical or not, doctors should consider; whether or not the testing is therapeutic or
nontherapeutic, if the experiment is research or just practice, the consent given to the doctor, and the
risks to the procedure. (Medical 2). But some doctors decide to put medical research before patients
and societies ethical beliefs. In 1963, physicians in a New York hospital injected several elderly
patients with cancer cells without consent to study immune response. (Human 2). Also that same
year, the government discovered some physicians were injecting pregnant women with thalidomide,
although it hadn't been approved for usage in the United States. (Human

Scientific Murder Essay
Scientific Murder:
Human Experimentation in Nazi Germany
The Nazi's were infamous for their cruel and unusual experiments on humans. Although they played
a small part of Nazi Germany's attempt at racial hygiene, these experiments desecrated and
exterminated thousands of humans (Lifton 269). "The Nazi medical experiments of the 1930's
and 1940's are the most famous example of recent disregard for ethical conduct " (Polit &
Hungler 127). For the sake of science, thousands lost their lives "I have no words. I thought
we were human beings. We were living creatures. How could they do things like that?"
(Auschwitz survivor as quoted in Lifton 269). Was it really science, or was it murder? ... Show more
Friedlander quotes Henrich Bunke saying, "It provided the opportunity to collaborate with
experienced professors, to do scientific work, and to complete my education." as his excuse
for joining T4 (127). Autopsies were the greatest opportunity for these young physicians. As a result,
human organs were available for research (Friedlander 127).
With the beginning of this program, scientists made the decision to utilize the killing program to
benefit research. Two institutes for research took a great part in benefiting from the killings.
"The clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology of Heidelberg University, directed by Professor Carl
Schneider, and the observation ward and research station at the state hospital in Brandenburg–
Gorden, headed by Hans Heinze" (Friedlander 127).
The experiments done on the camp prisoners can be divided into two categories. The first was
created to help the war effort and was performed by the medical services of the German military.
The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) performed high altitude experiments on camp prisoners to test
conditions experienced by pilots. Other examples of military experiments were inducing
hypothermia, human toleration of seawater ingestion, and immunization experiments against several
diseases (Friedlander 132). Women were used in military experiments to test treatment of combat

Animal Experimentation And The Human Understanding Of...
Any knowledge obtained, or currently being obtained, through the use of animals is beneficial to
furthering the human understanding of medicine (Greek et al. 15). Throughout history, animal
experimentation has been a key component in understanding the fundamentals of human life. Kay
Peggs argues that "virtually every major medical advance of the last century is due, in part, to
research with animals" (624). Before recent times, scientists could easily dissect animals strictly for
exploration and curiosity (Greek et al. 15). The knowledge gained from animal experimentation has
helped scientists get desired results without causing direct harm to humans. Without animal
experimentation, medicine and education would be in the dark ages.
In today's times, using animals for medical research and education is a highly controversial issue.
Some believe that it is not justifiable to use animals to serve as human models. They argue that
humans are the best models for human disease and treatment efficacy, not animals. However,
humans cannot be test subjects for the benefit of society without volunteering to participate and
fully understanding the question being researched. This is for all human beings, including prisoners,
the mentally impaired, and unwanted children (Rollin 5). Also, according to the USDA, the first
requirement for a new medical drug or vaccine to be considered for a clinical trial is that nonhuman
animal subjects were used during the development and testing

The Pros And Cons Of Human Experimentation
Human experimentation has lead to advancements on the knowledge on how humans operate as a
whole. In many cases, analysis and thesis on modern day medicines are first tested on animals that
are most like human to get the best results. The basis for monkey, chimp, and gorilla
experimentation that is used in today's world was first started through a small project led by
Winthrop Kellog. Kellog and his wife brought a seven–month chimpanzee into their home and
treated it just as they treated their ten–month old son (Boese). Through the recorded data found, both
Donald, the son, and Gua, the chimp, performed well during their testing. The experimentation was
extensive, but this proved as the grounds for modern day testing with intelligent animals. ... Show
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There was so much accomplished through Kellog's research, and it has opened the door to modern
day testing through animals. The experimentation proved as the grounds for basic animal–human
testing for modern day scientists. Gua's experimentation led to much safer human experimentation
in modern day because new substances and drugs can be tested on human–like animals first. There
have been many advancements in the medical field that have originated from human
experimentation. Once the harsh natures of human experimentation reached the light of the press
there were major pushes for reform. It has been noted that over the past few decades there have been
over one thousand new rules, regulations and guidelines have been established to help protect
patients (Gorski). In the United States specifically, there are rules to protect subjects during every
process of federal or federally funded lab tests (Gorski). As well, most of the information and testing
done is by professionals from universities that have specific roles and goals to accomplish.
"Dr.E.Albert Reese, dean of the School of Medicine, said that the studying of diseases was not just
addressing a medical need but proving hope. "That's really what this is all about: hope for patients,
hope for families, hope for physicians and scientists," he said. " Hope for the community and indeed
the world (

When World War 2 is mentioned, most people think of the Auschwitz and what the Germans did to
the Jews to create the "perfect race". Those Jews were sent to the concentration camps where they
were tortured and a team of twenty so called medical professionals got to experiment on the "lesser
species". These experiments included victims being stripped of bones, muscles and nerves;
sometimes having entire limbs removed to transplant to other victims; intentional exposure to
mustard gas along with so many other terrible practices. In today's society we frown on human
experimentation, determined not to let history repeat but with society's growing need for betterness,
medical professionals are still experimenting on people, just under the guise

Animals vs. Humans in Medical Experimentation Essay
For centuries mankind has experimented on animals for a number of different reasons. Early
experimentation with animals was originally born out of curiosity but eventually became a necessity
to find medicines to cure viruses and a myriad of illnesses. If not for the existence of animals,
humans would be left to experiment on themselves at a high rate which would create a worldwide
moral dilemma. Such a dilemma could be dictated based on the question of who should be chosen
for experimentation; should it be a particular race or class of people?
Animals commonly used in medical research are rats and chimpanzees. Over time these species
have proven to be plentiful and they have exhibited the ability to sustain the various testing ... Show
Thanks to animal research, many diseases that once killed millions of people are now either
treatable or curable. Animal testing has not only benefit humans, but animals as well. Some animal
testing has lead to life saving and life extending treatments for many of the animals used for testing.
A complete alternative to animal testing has yet to be discovered. The focus of animal research has
been characterized by three criteria, The Three R's. "'The Three Rs' are reduction, replacement and
refinement. Here in the US, research communities are committed to supporting techniques that
reduce the number of higher species used, replace animals with other models wherever/whenever
possible, and refine tests to ensure the most humane conditions possible." (Trull 2). Scientists try to
keep the animals from being harmed as much as possible.
Every research laboratory is required to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee,
consisting of research experts, licensed vets and members of the public. This committee is in charge
of reviewing and accepting the use of animals. They are also in charge of watching the care and use
of those animals by studying the laboratories, keeping track of the programs and responding to any
additional concerns.
Those opposed to animal testing assume that the

Human Experimentation Essay examples
Introduction: Throughout history there are many examples of humans conducting experiments on
other humans. Over the years human experimentation has greatly advanced the knowledge of human
physiology and psychology, leading to better treatments for ailments both physical and mental as
well as a better overall understanding of the human constitution. Despite all of the good which
human experimentation has done for the human race there have been times when experimenters
have taken human experimentation past the bounds of morality. This unethical human
experimentation is most often caused when the experimenters are, in some way, able to justify their
experiments. What is Unethical Experimentation? Unethical human experimentation can be ... Show
In 1939 an experiment now known as the "Monster Study" was conducted on 22 orphaned children
by Wendell Johnson, a very influential speech pathologist at the University of Iowa. In this
experiment the orphaned children were divided up into two separate groups. One group was given
positive speech therapy, in which they were praised for their fluency. The other group was given
negative speech therapy. They were belittled for every speech imperfection and told that they were
stutterers. Many of the normal speaking children who were subjected to the negative speech therapy
experienced negative psychological effects and some developed lasting speech impediments. The
Tuskegee syphilis experiment was an experiment conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service
between 1932 and 197. In this experiment, the investigators recruited 399 African American share
croppers infected with syphilis. Their purpose was to study the effects of the untreated disease. In
1932 the standard treatments for syphilis were toxic and it was questionable whether or not they
actually worked. The goal, at the experiment's beginning, was to determine if a patient was better off
without such toxic treatments. The experimenters also hoped to develop effective methods of
treating each stage of syphilis. They also hoped to be able to justify treatment programs for blacks.
However, by 1947 penicillin became the new and effective medical

Human Experimentation
Human Experimentation Throughout the ages, many experiments have been performed on willing
and unwilling participants. Some experiments happened to be non–harming, while others caused
much distress, pain, and sometimes death to the subjects. Human experimentation today has greatly
transitioned due to past experiences for the better of the participants. Some of the past experiments
that brought upon the changes in laws and standards were the Little Albert Experiment, Stanford
Prison Experiment, human vivisection, and the Tuskegee Experiments. Safety has become the major
concept in the laws for human experimentation due because of many experiments in the fields of
medical and psychological studies. With the standards in experimentation ... Show more content on
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To solve problems like this for human experimentation, easy guidelines can be and were made. First
off, any experiment that could cause harm should not occur. Some items that are now searched for
include, but are not limited to, valuing the life and dignity of a person, not harming the test subject
physically or mentally long term, and upholding the rights in the constitution given to a person
(Berdon). If the experiment is questionable, the experimenters should (and now do) go in front of a
selected jury that's primary job is to judge whether an experiment is acceptable or not. If ruled
acceptable by the panel of judges, then the experiment should go on with the proper precautions. If
the experimenters should get denied, then the experimenter should have a chance for a retrial. If that
retrial is denied, the experiment should be considered inhumane and dangerous. Thus, the
experiment should be thrown out and never happen. The "set in stone" guidelines should be
followed to control the experiments and give the jury standards to judge on. Short and long term
health issues are the biggest concerns. Some experiments could make a participant crazy or fearful if
given the right circumstances. Along with experiments affecting mental heath, physical health could
be affected as well. One could refuse to

Unethical Human Experimentation Should be Outlawed Essay
Unethical Human Experimentation Should be Outlawed
Human experimentation has been in practice for centuries and it was not until recently that it has
been questioned. By definition human experimentation is when a researcher deliberately induces or
alters a person's physical or mental functions. Human experimentation is preformed in ways that
might prove therapeutic to the patient, but for which there is as yet insufficient evidence to make
this reasonably certain. It can also be preformed in ways that will not be of any conceivable benefit
to the particular patient, but which may advance scientific knowledge and human welfare. Although
many wonderful medical discoveries have been made through human experimentation, it is also ...
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Prisoners who choose to be involved in medical experiments are doing so with little information and
for the wrong reasons.
Children can also be involved in experiments with the consent of their parents. According to James
B. Nelson, professor of Christian ethics at United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities, and Jo
Anne Smith Rohricht, board member of the United Church of Christ Advisory Board on Health and
Human Services, "Experiments entailing substantial risk to children are not justified even if the
parents give consent" (75). Researchers should not be allowed to perform experiments on children if
they have the knowledge that it will most likely result in risk to the child's health or well being.
Patients on their deathbeds should not be allowed to participate in medical experiments. Nelson and
Rohricht acknowledged, "To die in dignity means that one has conscious control over one's own
personal responses to the dying process. An experiment which intrudes on this personal hour can be
inhumanly exploitative" (77). There is no need to include dying patients in experiments because
they may not even be able to finish the procedure. Researchers who do this are taking respect away
from the patient and

Is Human Experimentation Ethical?
The topic for the debate was whether human experimentation is ethical or unethical. I am the pointer
for the objecting side. "Medical ethics is the moral conduct and principles that govern members of
the medical profession." Researchers and doctors are putting peoples life at risk just to save the next
person, which does not show moral judgment and values. There are many unethical experiments that
have been happening over the course of many years. "There have been historical cases of unethical
research that have contributed to how we work with participants today" (Serena Marsden & Melissa
Melander). One example of unethical medical experimentation is the Tuskegee syphilis experiment,
which started in 1932. The government promised 400 men (even though some men already had the
disease before the study started), treatment for bad blood because it was spreading within the
county. During the study, while the men thought they were getting treatment when they were really
getting a placebo. A placebo is a sugar pill, it makes the men think that they are getting pills to help
them trough the study. They were withheld form treatment. As time passed, penicillin was created.
When it came out, the men were still not getting the treatment. This experiment was created because
researchers and doctors wanted to know whether colored men reacted to the disease the same as
Caucasians. The story finally came to the public in 1972. Hundreds of men have dies due to this
experiment. In

Human Experimentation
TOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human
research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and
definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy–five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were
purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of
dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a
dosage 468 times greater than the required dosage for the experiment. All evidence has been
destroyed; however, participants are still experiencing dermatologic issues. As a result of research
and experiments like these conducted in prisons, the Department of Health, ... Show more content
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(p. 11) Prisoners have a constitutional right to exercise their autonomous choice to participate in
such trials. Although autonomy is limited due to incarceration, it should be expressed if the
opportunity is presented. Going beyond constitutional rights, the contemporary code of decency
suggests that if there is a chance that prisoners with life threatening diseases, can be alleviated of
pain or have death delayed through therapeutic treatment, than decency should be upheld
(Pacquerella, 2002). Because of research done in the past, where ethical questions arose, there are
rules and guidelines in place to prevent the abuse of prisoners. Advocates say that, in certain
instances where the risks for general participants are equivalent to those of prisoner participants, and
the risks were approved and accepted by general participants then prisoners should not be restricted
in order to protect them from abuse (Pacquerella, 2002). Prisoners should not be allowed to
participate in human research argument. Generally, research participants are offered incentives as
compensation for their time. In a correctional facility incentives may include, cash, more suitable
living quarters and a reduced sentence. The American Medical Association (AMA) claims that such

The Nuremberg Code: Ethical Code For Human Experimentation
The Nuremberg code is a set of ethical guidelines for human experimentation. The code was created
due to the Nuremberg trials that took place in 1946. An American military hearing opened accusing
physicians of committing war crimes on humans. The trails revealed that German physicians led
medical experiments on many concentration camp prisoners. This was an issue because the
experiments were done without any consent form from the participants. Due to the severity and
cruelty of the experiments most of the participants died or were permanently crippled as a result.
From the trials, the Nuremberg code was established in 1948. The main point that the Nuremberg
code wanted to get through stated, "The voluntary consent of the human participant

Opposition To Human Experimentation
I am on the opposition and I oppose to human experimentation. According to studies by the Ethical
Issues Associated with Human Subjects Research, that during the past centuries the experiments on
humans have resulted in serious abuse and sometimes death to the researchers subjects. If you were
to look at the Monster Study back in Davenport, Iowa in 1939, you would see how the children from
the orphanage became stutters and unsuccessful. These children became poor speakers and stuttered
so much in what they had to say that some didn't even speak at all after this treacherous experiment.
Since researchers Wendell Johnson and Mary Tudor wanted to test that any child could be made to
stutter, they went to the orphanage and took

The Nuremberg Code Of Ethical Principles For Human...
The Nuremberg Code of Ethics is in a sense a set of ethical researched principles for human
experimentation. The Nuremberg Code was created after the second World. This ethical code was
created based upon the human experimentations that the Axis Powers conducted during the war. The
code gives the principles against the methods used by the Nazis in their participation in human
experimentations. The Nuremberg Code stresses the general core of what is and what is not
voluntary consent and is in practice to prevent the abuse of humans as subjects. The Nuremberg
Code is a 10–point statement that in short basically says that all participation in research must be
voluntary. The person–involved should have the legal capacity to give consent, should be able to
exercise free power of choice and they should have the adequate knowledge and comprehension of
all the subject matter that is involved in the understanding of making the ... Show more content on
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This, in my opinion makes perfect sense. It makes sense for they're to have consent in not only
voluntary medical studies, but with other decisions in everyday life. As humans, living where we do,
we have the right to our own bodies therefore, before anything, there needs to be consent. The
remaining codes also provide insight on what regulates voluntary consent, such as the following
principle stating that the results if the research must be for the good of society and inaccessible to
any other means. Also, the study must be based on the information provided by the results of animal
experimentation, natural history if the disease or any other circumstances to be studied. The next
code is that the experiment must avoid all unnecessary suffering. Next, the code states that the study
cannot include death or disabling injuries as a result. The

The Argument Against Human Experimentation
For the debate, my side was the Opposition, which means that I am against human experimentation.
I think it is wrong because there are people who have died and suffered through torture. My
evidence consists of electroshock therapy on kids, the CIA drugging citizens, and Japanese research.
In the 1960s, Dr. Lauretta Bender began what she believed to be a revolutionary cure for children
with social issues – electroshock therapy. Bender's methods included interviewing and analyzing a
sensitive child in front of a large group, then applying a gentle amount of pressure to the child's
head. Supposedly, any child who moved with the pressure was showing early signs of
schizophrenia. Bender was said to be unsympathetic to the children in ... Show more content on
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Unit 731 was responsible for some of the most atrocious war crimes in history. Chinese and Russian
subjects – men, women, children, infants, the elderly, and pregnant women – were subjects for
experiments which included the removing organs from a live body, amputation for the study of
blood loss, disease resistance, and some prisoners had parts of their bodies frozen and thawed.
Humans were also used as living test cases for grenades and flamethrowers. As the Affirmative
would say that human experimentation is good because it has resulted in saving people's lives, and
medical research, but some experiments are just unnecessary! Just because a child might be shy or
have social problems, does not mean that there is any right to electrocute them! Or drugging
innocent citizens or CIA personnel without volunteering to see what effects will happen! And have it
last for 20 years! The Opposition does not agree with human experimentation. I think it is wrong
because there are people who have died and suffered through torture. As the traumatizing evidence
has said, people have been killed, or disfigured through these experiments! Luckily, due to
technology we don't have human experimentation

Human Experimentation Is Only Moral With Informed Consent
Introduction The argument I will be making in this essay is that human experimentation is only
moral with informed consent. I believe that it is essential to gain informed consent before starting
experimentation as to prevent any uninformed and unnecessary harm coming to the subject. In
arguing for informed consent, will do three things; first I will explain what informed consent means.
Second, I will consider an argument that sometimes informed consent is not required as it is
sometimes difficult to acquire and offer my objection to it. Third, and finally, I will offer my own
argument that human experimentation with informed consent is always necessary. Informed Consent
For the definition of informed consent, I will be using the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I believe that a person who is persuaded into an experiment is at an increased risk for being
susceptible to harm. This issue has come up in history, such as in Word War II with the Nazis which
resulted in particular guidelines to follow for experiments, knows as the Nuremberg Codes.
Examples of these guidelines includes: "The voluntary consent of the human subject...the
experiment should be conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and
injury...during the course of the experiment, the human subject should be at liberty to bring the
experiment to an end..." (The Nuremberg Trials). The requirements of informed consent are similar
to these guidelines, and therefore should be considered necessary to all experiments in which human
subjects are involved. When Informed Consent is Difficult to Obtain One argument against the
requirement for informed consent is that at times, it can be difficult or impossible to obtain. An
example of a case where informed consent might be difficult to obtain is in experiments where it is
crucial for the subjects to not know they're being experimented on. One case similar to this is the
Milgram experiment. The Milgram was an experiment conducted in the 1960's in which they

There Should Be Guidelines To Human Experimentation
The modern understanding of medicine was created by the many people who were subjected to
medical testing without their consent. There should be guidelines to human experimentation. Human
experimentation should only be performed on consenting adults that understand what is going to
happen. In other words, the doctors should get informed consent from their patients. There have
been many unethical human experimental trials performed on people that had no idea what was
happening to them. This is unethical and very dangerous for the people. There also have been
different guidelines and codes for human experimentation, such as the Nuremberg Code and the
Declaration of Helsinki. An example of such unethical human experimentation is The Tuskegee
Syphilis Experiment. This happened in Alabama and was performed by the U.S government in
1932. The men that were in the trial were given free health care, meals and burial insurance. 399
men had syphilis beforehand and 201 did not. Funding was cut for the experiments but they still
continued to study these men even though the antibiotic penicillin had come out in 1947. They told
the men that they had something called "bad blood" and they refused to tell the men that they had
syphilis. This trial was continued until 1972 when the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nazis performed experiments involving torture, disabling injury, and death.The Nuremberg code
is a set of guidelines in which doctors must follow. The Nuremberg code was published in 1947. The
Nuremberg Code was created after the Nuremberg trials where high ranking Nazi members and
doctors were put on trials for their heinous acts during the World War II. The Nuremberg Code was
not the first guideline for human experimentation. The Nuremberg Code was based on the
Guidelines for Human Experimentation of 1931. The Nuremberg code is not regularly reviewed or

Human Inhumanity
Human experimentation is subjecting living beings to science experiments that can sometimes be
painful, cruel, deadly and risky. The human beings used in these experiments have changed the lives
of billions with advancements made in the medical field, over the last two centuries, some of the
subjects used in the experiments have been compensated for the physical and emotional damage
done (Veracity,2). However, many have lost their lives due to the experiments. By examining the
cruelty and inhumanity that the people were treated during the procedures of the experiments
throughout history, the abuse of power of the doctors performing experiments, and the permanent
disabilities that some of the subjects would experience for the rest of their lives, it is clear that the
data gathered from human experimentation it is not ethical, and shouldn't be used by future
generation.
Human experimentation has been around for many centuries. Experiments have been performed on
willing and unwilling participants, some experiments were not harmful to the subjects, while others
caused distress, pain and even death to the subjects. An unknown Auschwitz survivor wrote ""I
suffered immense pain and cruelty from the experiments. They were inhuman, but because of them,
I survived..." (The conference on Jewish material claims against Germany,3). Subjects were often
tested without anesthesia or painkiller causing them a lot of pain, many subjects were not able to
survive these painful and cruel

Ethical Controversy: The Ethics Of Human Experimentation
Human experimentation has always been a topic of ethical controversy, recently the draw towards
this practice has become increasingly more appealing; due to the expanding medical advancements
and progress within the last decade. It is obvious why experimenting on humans is an attractive
option, but how far can we push these experiments before it's considered criminal and inhumane?
Many medical researchers push for the use of human experimentation because of the general good
that these experiments may have on not only the medical community but also the general public.
However, there are many ethical questions that need to be addressed before such experiment is
conducted. In what conditions are these experiments unethical? According to David Rutstein, an
experiment is considered unethical if the assumptions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between the years of 1950– 1952, over 1,000 pregnant women were unknowingly administered a
drug called diethylstilbestrol ("DES"). These drugs were not only administered unknowingly, the
daughters birthed, "developed abnormal cervical cellular formations and are exposed to an increased
risk of vaginal or cervical cancer." (1.) to make matters worse, in 1971 a study was done showing
the relationship between DES and an increased risk of cancer. The medical researchers in charge of
this experiment made absolutely no effort to inform the patients that this the case until late 1975 (1).
It is obvious that this experiment above violates not only ethical principles but also seems to
dehumanize the participants. The participants were seen merely as mechanisms to further medical
research rather than taking into the account the long term affects of this offspring. By
acknowledging years later that the connection between DES and cancer was relevant, it further
exhibits the lack of scientific research performed by the administering

Human Experimentation Argumentative Essay
Human experimentations have been performed many times by scientist in order to solve medical
mysteries in the past. These experimentations can link back to the early 1700s when George I
offered free pardon to any inmate who was willing to be injected with smallpox (Wellness Directory
of Minnesota). Human experimentation has always been a hot topic as it has been argued that it is
both necessary and also morally wrong since it can both hurt and help and individual. People have
argued that there is no other subject to be experimented on as there aren't many other animals or
subjects which share the same anatomy as humans. It can also be argued that some of the treatments
performed on these individuals can potentially cause the deaths of the person ... Show more content
The three reasons which explain the motivation behind the Nazi Experimentation were to facilitate
in the survival of the Axis military personnel, to develop and test treatment methods for injuries and
illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field, and to advance
the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview (Museum, United States Holocaust Memorial
1). One of the earliest experiments which had occurred during the Nazi experimentation was the
freezing experiments. The reasoning given behind these experiments was to see how long German
pilots downed by enemy fire could survive from the frozen waters of the North Sea (Cohen). During
the experiment, Doctor Sigmund Rascher attempted to duplicate the cold that would be found near
the area and used nearly 300 prisoners to record their shock to the cold (Cohen). As a result of the
experiment, nearly ninety eight people died

Prisoners Should Not Be Allowed For Research Essay
There have been questions about the morals and ethics behind prisoner research for a long time.
Laws were even made to restrict and prevent research on prisoners. An example of such laws is the
Nuremburg code which was made because of inhumane research being conducted in concentration
camps during WWII. Prisoners are now considered a vulnerable population and research is
extremely restricted because of this. Prisoners shouldn't be allowed to participate in scientific
research because they can be manipulated, it can be dangerous, and they aren't educated/smart
enough to comprehend the tests being conducted. There are laws to allow only safe research but
dangerous research still occurs anyways. For example in Pennsylvania Prisoners Were Human
Guinea Pigs in Army Mind–Drug Test it says, "320 prisoners were injected with varying doses of 16
drugs in secret chemical warfare experiments" (Epstien 1). Different substances that are used in
chemical warfare were tested on prisoners which is clearly a dangerous test to perform where
casualties would be expected. This was secret research performed by the military and was
comparable to the research that was performed on Jews in the concentration camps such as
Auschwitz. Another example of dangerous research is, "he used radioactive materials,
hallucinogenic drugs, and carcinogenic materials on prisoners" (Urbina ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is no more proof needed to prove that scientific research on inmates can be abused and
misused on a massive scale. It has happened time and time again and needs to end which can only
be accomplished by making it illegal. If we don't make it illegal now, more people will have their
human rights violated and will end up as victims of unfair medical research with possibly permanent
damage to their bodies and

Animal Experimentation And Its Effects On Human Life And...
Mathura Prasad Dahal
Instructor Miguel Marrero
English 1302
September 18, 2014
Animal Experimentation
The various experiments are performed on living animals especially to test the effects of chemical
compounds such as new drugs, cosmetics, food additives and pesticides. The application of animals
to test a large number of products from household compounds and cosmetics to pharmaceutical has
been considered to be a normal strategy for many years.
Animal experimentation has existed since ancient times and contributed to human life and survival.
The most radical progress in the health science has all been made possible by animal research. Thus,
animal experimentation is recognized and accepted as an important tool in saving lives.
Humans have been benefited from the health care developments that have been based on the
benefits of animal research and testing for many years. According to Fox Michael "Virtually every
medical innovation of the last century – and especially last four decades – has been based to a
significant extent upon the results of animal experimentation." Surgery on animals has assisted in
developing organ transplant and open heart surgery. "Animal testing has also helped in developing
vaccine against disease like rabies, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and TB. Development of
antibiotics, HIV drugs, Insulin, and cancer treatments depend up on animal tests. Other testing
methods are not advanced enough" (Vaughn, 171). Laboratory animals can play an important

Biomedical Experimentation in the Holocaust Essay
There were many ways that the Nazi tortured the Jews during the Holocaust. They harmed them
both mentally and physically, but the most horrific kind of torture was the physical abuse. The Nazis
tortured, killed, and experimented on the Jews in an inhuman way. The experimentations that were
conducted by the doctors were very horrendous and shocking. They had three categories for the
experiments: military, biomedical, and racial/ideological. Though all the types of experimentations
were terrible, the biomedical category was the most appalling. In the biomedical experimentations,
the doctors did some cruel studies on the prisoners that included injecting diseases, inflicting
wounds, and killing them to observe body functions. They were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Malaria, one of the diseases that broke out in Germany and German–occupied countries, was
injected to the prisoners through mosquitoes that carried the disease. "Inmates considered to be
healthy were deliberately infected with malaria by infected mosquitoes, or were injected with
malaria–infected blood" (Spitz 103). In order to keep enough infected people, they would draw
blood from the infected people and insert it in other prisoners (Spitz 103). In several cases when no
one died during an experiment, the doctors would order for the experiment to worsen and for more
injections to be injected. The injections that were being injected in the prisoners after being in
contact with the disease were medicines and vaccines that they were testing. Whenever a medicine
doesn't work, a new medicine would be injected to see what it'll do to the body (Splitz 103). In the
concentration camps of Buchenwald and Natzweiler, more than seven hundred prisoners were
subjected to the typhus experiments. Not only did these two camps run experiments for typhus but
also for diseases such as yellow fever, smallpox, cholera and many more. The typhus experiments
were very repugnant in the way that doctors would kill people just to keep the disease still intact
with them. They had prisoners known as 'passage persons' who acted like capsules for the diseases.
The doctors would use these people to take their blood and inject it in others. "They

Human Experimentation In Nazi Germany
People may think all human experimentation is ethical and happens under supervised, and controlled
conditions with the consent of the person. This wasn't the case in Nazi Germany. The Nazi's
performed some of the most inhumane, disturbing human experiments documented by man. The
Nazi's saw their extermination camps as a prime place for scientific experiments to advance their
military and Nazi racial ideology. Prisoners were forced to participate in the experiments and
usually died as an effect. If the subject lived, the results often resulted in trauma, disfigurement, or
permanent disability. This happened on a large scale, and affected the lives of many. These
experiments were typically aimed toward Jews, but some Romani, Sinti, Soviet prisoners of war,
and disabled Germans were involved in these ruthless experiments. It is important to remember
these diabolical acts not because of how awful they were, but the technological and medical
advancements they posed. If we don't acknowledge the suffering these people endured, then I feel
that they have died in vain. One of the experiments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1941, the Luftwaffe conducted experiments on more than 350 people. These experiments were
conducted to simulate the conditions the armies encountered on the Eastern Front in order to prepare
their army for the cold weather. They placed prisoners naked in the open air for several hours with
temperatures as low as –21 fahrenheit. Some subjects were dipped into vats of freezing water. Those
who didn't die from freezing, were resuscitated using gruesome methods. The worst probably being
internal irrigation, whereby victims had boiling water forced into the bladder and stomach ("Worst
Nazi Experiments"). Many experiments were conducted on captured Russian troops; the Nazi's
wondered wheateher their genetics gave them superior resistance to cold ("Nazi Human

The Flaws And Human Harms Of Animal Experimentation
Thousands of animals every year are euthanized due to animal testing. Animal testing is cruel and an
inhumane way to torture animals for mankind's own benefit. Because of our selfish, millions of
animals suffered a vicious and painful death in the name of research every year. Animals are
frequently used in biological and medical research, in the testing of drugs and commercial products,
and in educational exercises in the sciences. So, can we ask ourselves, deeply in mind, that is it
worth to use animal as an experiment project to enlarge our knowledge and save human lives?
People are using animal on experiments is because they are trying to provide a better life to all
human–being. This action stirred controversy involving the benefits ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since the way of virus transmission is different, the antidotes might not work in humans. So, what
will be happened if the antidotes are not work in humans? The answer is obvious.
According to "The Flaws and Human Harms of Animal Experimentation", Aysha Akhtar, the author,
point out the discordance between human diseases and animal models of diseases. Because of the
interspecies differences in physiology and genetics, it is easily that human might get worse if they
take those antidotes which are only suitable for animals. He quotes an example of human suffering
resulting from animal experimentation in 2006. A drug calls "TGN 1412" was tested in mice,
rabbits, rat and nonhuman primates (NHPs) with no ill effects. The inventor believed that the drug
was being success in many kinds of animals, it must also work in human. However, those human
volunteers were injected with this immunomodulatory drug suffered a severe adverse reaction
resulting from a life–threatening cytokine storm that led to catastrophic systemic organ failure
within a minute. This compound had the opposite effect in human, but those experimental animals
do not. "If experimentation using chimpanzees and other NHPs, our closest genetic cousins, are
unreliable, how can we expect research using other animals to be reliable?" Akhtar stated. It is a
severe problem to all man–kinds. Will you have the trial that the drug only tested safe and effective
in

The Pros And Cons Of Bioethics
In healthcare, bioethics is studied to improve patient outcomes and treatment. Research is conducted
by bioethicists on ethical, social, and legal issues that have come about in biomedicine (National
Institute of Health). Since the beginning of time, much knowledge has been gained through
experimentation. Healthcare is an everchanging field in which experimentation is a key aspect.
Some research can be done without using humans as test subjects, however, others must be tested on
humans. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to understand the
causes, development and effects or diseases and improve preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic
interventions (World Medical Association). Accordingly, there are fundamental boundaries that
should be respected, relating to the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and
justice. The World Medical Association (WMA) originally adopted the Declaration of Helsinki in
1964, which protects the ethical principles involving human subjects. It serves as a statement of
ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, as well as research on discernable
human substance and data. The document provides guidelines to ensure that the life, well–being,
dignity, integrity, privacy, autonomy, and confidentiality of subjects are protected (WMA). Though
the declaration is not a legal document, it has been integrated into laws governing medical research
across the world. Before a research

The Ethicality Of Human Experimentation
Human experimentation has always been a highly controversial topic and practice. It deals with the
use of human subjects taking part in tests for usually scientific and/or medical purposes. These tests
are done for the end goal of furthering knowledge in certain scientific fields. While it does have its
benefits, it has an immense negative stigma attached to it, and for understandable reasons. In 1896, a
man by the name of Arthur Wentworth performed an operation on 29 children at a Boston hospital to
see if the procedure itself was harmful. His efforts were noted as being virtually non–therapeutic and
were given the label of vivisection, which is now a modern, general term for live experimentation.
This however was not the origin of human experimentation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the earliest instances of human experimentation include 1st century's Cleopatra. During her
reign, she tested a belief at the time that concluded it only took 40 days to fully develop a male fetus
and 80 days for a female to fully develop. This was tested by ordering her handmaids to be
inseminated and their wombs cut open during different gestational phases while they were under a
government death sentencing order. An early practice to examine the workings of the human body
indeed, but it is not by far the only one. Two surgeons from the 3rd century of Alexandria by the
names of Herophilus and Erasistratus frequently practiced human experimentation on live convicted
criminals. They were particularly interested in discovering more of the human anatomy and how it
works. Their methods would be considered far too extreme today, as would many cultures in ancient

Human Experimentation Persuasive Essay
Hi, I'm Katie snow and I will be supporting why human experimentation is ethical. I'd like to start
off saying that society often forgets the contribution human experimentation has had in vaccines,
medical treatment, psychiatry, and the military. For example "Although Cancer has been incurable
since the day of its diagnosis recent studies and acts of human experimentation we have discovered
a breakthrough! In 2011 a little girl diagnosed with Cancer named Emily was given the opportunity
to be one of the first patients to volunteer for human experimentation were doctors inject genetically
modified HIV cells (T–cells) into the bloodstream of the child. Within weeks of Emily's trial her
cancer started going away and eventually was cured!" The example given is just one of many
representations of how human experimentation is changing the world today answering questions and
problems we only dreamed of solving in the future. Saddening enough these ... Show more content
Although experiments in the past where inhumane and practiced unsupervised by a higher power,
we do not practice human experimentation the same way "other" countries have in the past. The
world is changing we do not live in any other time period but today in the present. We are educated
civilized people with laws and governments! Others may argue that human experimentation in the
past has been taken too far. For example in the early 1900s specifically 1930s the holocaust began.
The holocaust as we all know was a devastating, heartbreaking, and cold time, but we also must
remind ourselves that yet it was a sad and devastating piece of history it also was a breakthrough in
science. During the time of the holocaust many Jews where experimented on and killed. Yet again
this is horrifying but this has also given us a huge gigantic expansion of knowledge about the human
body that still contributes to science

Animal Experimentation: An Unnecessary Contributor In...
Animal Experimentation: An Unnecessary Contributor in Human Life Today
Research and experiments have been conducted on live animals since 400 B.C. The modern rise of
animal testing has been prevalent for approximately 150 years, and for instance, it is estimated that
50–100 million animals die out in the laboratory for experiments annually (Wikipedia). The use of
animals for experimentation is a cruel and painful process that should no longer be around, as these
hours of torture being inflicted onto animals are an unnecessary process for the future of the human
civilization. Although many would argue that the advancement of humanity may cease without
animal subjects to perform test on, I contend that animal experimentation is an archaic testing due to
the risk in its efficacy and new alternatives that have been made as the rise of technology in today's
society.
The extreme brutality and pain animals need to bear set animal experimentation unjustifiable. The
amount of pain animals need to endure is literally unbearable: People drilling holes and screw
objects to the skulls of primates, making them be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humans and animals share only about 1.16 percent of diseases in the world, which means the results
from animal testing cannot be applied to humans (wikipedia.org). For instance, Dr. Richard
Klausner said, "The history of cancer research has been a period of curing cancer in the mouse. We
have cured mice of cancer for decades and it simply didn't work in humans." Additionally,
Penicillin, which saved millions of lives in the 1940s, was extremely dangerous for mice. Not only
diseases, but mice or other types of animals does not share anything with people; that can be the
reason why the results of diseases, drugs, toxic, or other things does not fit to humans when they fit
in animals. Animal experimentation does not give any profit but just takes the precious lives of
animals

Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Essay
Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Kaitlin Holocaust in History January 6, 2013 Many brutal
atrocities were committed during the Holocaust by the Nazi party against anyone they viewed as
"unpure". This included the Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Afro–Germans, Slavs, communists, the
handicapped, and the mentally disabled. These groups were targeted, stripped away of their rights
and citizenship, and then sent to concentration camps. Some of these camps were death camps;
created for the sole purpose to annihilate these groups of people, mainly the Jews. At these camps,
the prisoners were tortured, starved, brutally killed, and experimented on. In this research paper, I
am going to discuss some of the medical experiments that were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They forced about ninety Gypsies to drink seawater only, while being deprived of food. Obviously
since the salt content of the water causes the body to retain more salt, and lose more water, which is
why seawater is undrinkable, these experiments caused serious bodily injury, major dehydration,
and an enormous amounts of pain and suffering. The Gypsies were so dehydrated and so desperate
for water, they reportedly "licked the floored after they had been mopped just to get a drop of fresh
water." (The Experiments, Remember.org) Experiments were conducted to find an antidote to
phosgene, a toxic gas use as a weapon during World–War I. At Fort Ney near Strasbourg, France,
Nazi doctors exposed roughly 52 concentration camp prisoners to the phosgene gas. This gas caused
extreme irritation to the prisoners' lungs. Many of the prisoners suffered pulmonary edema after the
exposure. Four died as a result of the experiments. (The Experiments) Josef Mengele, a Nazi doctor
stationed at Auschwitz, was called the "Angel of Death". Many times he would be the one who was
in charge of "selection". He had the power to decide the fate of the prisoner; he had the power of life
and death over them. He was in charge of the many experiments conducted at Auschwitz. The
experiments he is most known for are genetic experiments, and the experimentations on twins.
(Josef Mengele) Many of those who were experimented on were children. They were kept

Why I Am Against Human Experimentation
I am the opposition and I am against human experimentation.I am against human experimentation
because it harms people.I say this because multiple people have been murdered by these
experiments for over the past 100 years.In the experimentation people have been saved,but the
experiment could have had a sin affect that affected the person. The sin affect could then go
extremely wrong,and could lead that person to death.
The other reason I am against the resolution is that some people do experiments without the person's
authorization.The reason I'm saying this is because if you have a family member or a loved one and
they are very sick ,and they have no one with them and they decided to call a doctor for help the
doctor might not answer. If there

I am on the affirmative side and I think that Human experimentation is important because scientists
and doctors can find new and more effective treatments for diseases. Human experimentation is
when human beings are used as test subjects to research scientific and medical resources. Scientists
can start with hypotheses and test them on animals,but without human testing they will never know
if the end results will actually make real human patients feel better. Experiments on people have
contributed in great measure to medical progress; infant mortality has decreased by more than
75%,and many human diseases that were once fatal or widespread have become curable or have
disappeared. Human experimentation is important for the good of all people.
Human experimentation has a history of scandal that often shapes people's views of the ethics of
research. Often the earliest cited case is English physician Edward Jenner's development of the
smallpox vaccine in 1796,where he injected an eight–year–old boy child with pus taken from a
cowpox infection and then deliberately exposed her to an infected carrier of smallpox. Although
Jenner's experiment was successful and it confirmed his theory, the method of ... Show more content
presidents on bioethical issues. A federal Office for Human Protections,operating within the
Department of Health and Human Services,now exists to help researchers follow ethical principles
and regulatory requirements involved in human abound. Thanks to this changes, human
experimentation is controlled and protected and scientists can discover cures for worldwide
diseases. For example:at the beginning of the 20th century,worldwide life expectancy was less than
40 years of age. Today the world average stands at around 70 years. The single biggest reason for
this leap in longevity has been our ability to cure diseases. Vaccines,antibiotics, and advances in
medical technology have changed the

The Pros And Cons Of Nazi Eugenics
During the reign of Adolf Hitler, Europe was taken into a state of chaos. German physicians were
called to extermination camps. The reason was straightforward to them: They were called to camps
to try to unlock the secrets of genetic engineering, hands stretched out in reach to get closer to
creating the Aryan, or superior race. The use of Nazi eugenics was supported by the German
government in order to create the Aryan and to exterminate those who did not fit into their criteria.
They promoted the use of biology to accomplish their goals of racial purity, a core concept in the
Nazi ideology. Physicians were attracted to the scientific ideology and aided in the establishment of
National Socialist Physicians' League in 1929 to "purify the German medical community of 'Jewish
Bolshevism.'" (Grodin 371). However, today it seems they were there solely to kill camp inmates as
painfully as possible. These acts of torture were characterized by several shocking features: victims
were forced to become subjects in very dangerous studies against their will; nearly all subjects
endured incredible suffering, mutilation, and unimaginable pain, and the experiments often were
deliberately designed to terminate in a fatal outcome. The accounts for the medical exploits are
numerous, ranging from conjoined twins experiments to phenol injections, high altitude
experiments, tests of resurrections by placing humans in extreme temperatures, and artificial
insemination. The Nazi medical experiments

General Medical Experiment
General Medical Experiment Organs of the victims from the holocaust were put into jars and
displayed for research. The Nazis called them "unworthy lives" – who deemed too sick, weak or
handicapped for the "Master Race." More than 70,000 were killed, gassed to death or otherwise
murdered between 1939 and 1941 at the hands of the sadist doctors and nurses by the end of the war.
Thousands of brains, uteruses with fetuses and other organs and parts were preserved in jars until
1978. (Dark Chapter Closes On Patients ' Treated To Death' Last Rites For Victims Of Nazi
Experiments,GEORGE JAHN, VIENN) "The Nazi physicians performed brutal medical
experiments upon helpless concentration camp inmates. These acts of torture were characterized by
several shocking features: (1) people were forced to become subjects in very dangerous studies
against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He worked in Auschwitz Block 10. Block 10 mostly contained women who were married between
the ages of 20 to 40 who had not borne children. Among the subjects their feared being killed,
sterilized, or inseminated by Clauberg. He would tease the female subjects they would undergo
sexual intercourse with a male subject for this purpose. After he would inseminated their wombs
with animal sperm and monsters were growing inside of them. Three–Hundred female prisoners
were experimented on, in Block 10. Dr. Clauberg also conducted the sterilization experiment in
which he blocked the fallopian tubes, creating the goal of effective mass sterilization. Many inmates
had their genitals mutilated to discover cheap methods of mass sterilization. The injection of caustic
substances into their cervix or uterus producing horrible pain, inflamed ovaries, bursting spasms in
their stomach and bleeding. Young males had their testicles subject to large doses of radiation and
were subsequently castrated to ascertain the pathological change in their

Nazi Human Experimentation
In 1933–1945, under Adolf Hitler, the National Socialist German Workers' party detained political
control over Germany. Members of this group more commonly known as the Nazi party, wanted to
institute Germany as a dominant world power. They began by establishing a dictatorship over all
cultural, economic, and political activities of the people (Nazis). This would launch the beginning of
the Holocaust, a massive massacre of roughly 11 million Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Soviet
prisoners of war, mentally handicapped, and countless more (The Simon). Most of these deaths
occurred in concentration camps that developed all throughout Europe. In particular camps such as
Dachau, Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Ravensbruck, and Sachsenhausen, medical experiments were
cold–heartedly performed on selected prisoners without consent and generally, concluded in death,
mutilation or permanent disability (Nazi Science). Schools all over America teach a broad history of
the Holocaust and the concentration camps to their students at some point in time. However, from
experience, I do not recall ever discussing these medical experiments or the Nuremberg Code that
resulted from them. The Nuremburg code was created just after the Nuremburg trials following
WWII. These trials were held before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg against
leading Nazi doctors, whom twenty–three received charges with War Crimes and Crimes Against
Humanity as evidence exposed the many merciless tortures they had

Nazi Human Experimentation
In 1942– 1945 Malaria was the largest experiment that was taking place in the Dachau camp, given
to over 1,084 inmates. Inmates chosen for this experiment were relatively healthy before being
purposefully infected by malaria–infected mosquitoes as their hands remained held in cages full of
them, or injected with malaria–infected blood (The Evolution). In attempt to cure the malaria
doctors such as Professor Dachfinney would give the malaria infected victims countless mixtures of
medications such as, quinine, neosalvarsan, pyramidon and antipyrine. This experiment resulted in
the death of three–hundred victims, thirty from malaria, and 270 from drug overdoses
(Hektoeninternational). Phosgene, a toxic gas used for defense during World War I, was exposed to
52 Russian prisoners at Buchenwald concentration–camp (Hektoeninternational). This was done in
the attempt to find an antidote to the gas. After prisoners received exposure of the gas, many
suffered from pulmonary edema as the phosgene gas caused extreme irritation to the lungs. All
prisoners died and were autopsied. At Buchenwald concentration camp, a variety of poison
experiments took place over a ten month span. These experiments investigated the effect poisons
had on humans. The poisons were distributed to the prisoners in secrecy as it was contaminated
within their food. After consuming the poison subjects were immediately killed so they could be
autopsied (The Holocaust). Himmler discovered that most of the SS

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