There are no organs for excretion and gas exchange in cnidarians. How.pdf

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There are no organs for excretion and gas exchange in cnidarians. How do they accomplish these two functions? Solution Humans have lungs which is well developed to breath in and expel out the gases. In fishes, the gills plays role in respiration. In certain organisms like frogs even skin also act in passive exchange of gases. Cnidarians like in water but they do not have any gills to respire. They are not well developed to possess lungs. Diffusion is the process which could be seen in exchange of gases in cnidarians. The gaseous particles move from higher concentration to lower concentration through direct diffusion in cnidarians. Cnidarians lack digestive, excretory and circulatory systems. Gastrovascular cavity plays main role in digestion and distribution of food particles throughout the body in cnidarians and also in expelling waste materials to out through its single opening. This gastrovascular cavity has a single opening which both acts as mouth and anus. This gastrovascular cavity functions in respiration, digestion, and discharge of gametes. All the food particles/waste particles enter and exit the gastrovascular cavity through its single opening. Nitrogenous waste materials have been removed in the form of ammonia have been excreted through body surfaces..

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Explain how the structure and function are linked together for the following organs of the digestive system: 1) Mouth 2) Oesophagus 3) Stomach 4) Small intestine 5)Large intestine 6)Rectum 7) Anuss Solution I.Mouth: It is the first organ of the digestive system and food is first taken into the body via the mouth. It consists of tongue, teeth and saliva. These three elements work together to aid the procedure of swallowing. Teeth are used for the process of mastication to make the food smaller is size which is softened by the saliva and turned into bolus by the tongue for aiding the process of swallowing. Saliva is used for softening the food and digesting starch by the salivary amylase. Swallowing occurs bytwo involuntary actions - the soft palate, the back of the roof of the mouth, closes off the nasal cavity, and the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage, tilts downwards to seal the trachea. II.II. Oesophagus – the food passes through the throat and enters the food pipe or trachea. The walls of the oesophagus are muscular and elastic and helps propel the food towards the stomach by rhythmic muscular contractions called peristalsis. Just before the opening to the stomach is an important ring-shaped muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This sphincter opens to let food pass into the stomach and closes to keep it there. LES prevents regurgitation. III.Stomach – the food is propelled into the stomach where it stays for upto five hours. The food along with the gastric juices of the stomach is converted to chyme by the churning action of the stomach walls. The stomach walls secrete strong acid (HCl) to make the food acidic in order for the enzyme pepsin to work. Pepsin is important for the breakdown of proteins. Once the contents of the stomach are properly processed they are released into the upper small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. IV.Small intestine – Small intestine is the longest organ of the digestive system and its composed of three segments called the Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum. The food is released into the duodenum from the pyloric sphincter where the pancreatic juices are released along with bile juice from the bile duct. The bile turns the food alkaline so that the pancreatic enzymes can process the food. These enzymes require a alkaline medium to digest the fats and lipids. Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes, and mucous contribute to the change in consistency. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon. The small intestine has a folded lining to absorb nutrients; the lining of the large intestine is flatter V.Large intestine -.

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