Culture of bacteria is having trouble dividing. Choose from the list.pdf
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Culture of bacteria is having trouble dividing. Choose from the list of genes to show which of them might have a mutation responsible for the following malfunctions. Choose the best gene for each malfunction. All will not be used. ftsZ minC zipA xerD DNA pol III dnaA TOPOIV Malfunction 1-Two daughter cells result, but one has two copies of the chromosome concatenated into a big circle. Malfunction 2-Replication never starts. Malfunction 3-Cell divides at the poles Malfunction 4-DNA replication has slowed such that it is not finished with the whole genome by the time cell is trying to septate. Solution Malfunction 1-Two daughter cells result, but one has two copies of the chromosome concatenated into a big circle. -TOPO IV Introduces single-stranded break into concatenated chromosomes to release them from each other. And if it is mutated then concatenated chromosomes are not separated and may be one cell has two copies of chromosome into big circle. Malfunction 2-Replication never starts. -DnaA is a protein that activates initiation of DNA replication in bacteria. So if this protein is mutated then replication is not initiated I.e. never starts. Malfunction 3-Cell divides at the poles. -MinC is known to dimerize and functions as an FtsZ protein inhibitor(It forms a ring at the site of constriction). And if MinC is mutated then cell divides at poles. Malfunction 4-DNA replication has slowed such that it is not finished with the whole genome by the time cell is trying to septate. -DNA pol III is the main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5 to 3 direction I.e It helps in strand elongation. But this is mutated then DNA replication is not appropriate..
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The document discusses cell replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It notes that binary fission in bacteria is much faster than mitosis in eukaryotic cells, taking approximately 20 minutes versus several hours. The document then provides details on the stages of binary fission in bacteria and the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. It describes DNA replication and the checkpoints between stages to ensure errors are corrected. A lack of functioning checkpoints can lead to uncontrolled cell division known as cancer.
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1.) What does “exonuclease” activity mean Which enzyme important fo.pdf
1.) What does “exonuclease” activity mean? Which enzyme important for DNA polymerization
has both 5’ – 3’ AND 3’ – 5’ exonuclease activity? Which is important for proofreading
function?
2.) How are the site(s) where replication begin(s) is/are characterized as in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes? What is beneficial about this? Are the sites the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
3.) Arrange the following proteins in the proper order in which they participate in DNA
replication.
1 = Primase
2 = Helicase
3 = Single-strand binding proteins
4 = DNA polymerase I
5 =DNA polymerase III
4.) When does DNA replicate in the cell cycle of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
5.) Why are Okazaki fragments only found on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of
DNA?
6.) What protein transports the histones of Nucleosomes into the nucleus?
7.) Describe the differences between Topoisomerase I and Topoisomerase II.
8.) During DNA replication, ___________ adds an RNA primer to naked template strands of
DNA. Why is this necessary during replication? What fills the gap after removal of this RNA
primer?
9.) What is the problem with the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes? How does telomerase
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Solution
1. Exonuclease activity means that enzymes work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the
end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction breaks phosphodiester bonds at
either the 3’ or the 5’ ends.
DNA polymerase I is the enzyme important for DNA polymerization and has both 5’ – 3’ and 3’
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can remove only one mononucleotide at a time, whereas the 5\' to 3\' activity can remove up to
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2. Sites from which the process of replication starts are different in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication per DNA molecule, whereas in ekaryotes, there
are multiple sites for origin of replication.
To initiate DNA replication in Eukaryotes, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and
dissociate from these replicative origins. DNA double helix is unwound and an initial priming
event by DNA polymerase occurs on the leading strand.To initiate the process of DNA
replication, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and dissociate from these replicative
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function?
2.) How are the site(s) where replication begin(s) is/are characterized as in both prokaryotes and
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2 = Helicase
3 = Single-strand binding proteins
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1. Exonuclease activity means that enzymes work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the
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DNA polymerase I is the enzyme important for DNA polymerization and has both 5’ – 3’ and 3’
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1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
Solution
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(DNA). DNA carry genes which are responsible for storing and transmitting the hereditary
information from one generation to the next. RNA help in protein formation and also have
functional activity as enzymes.
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compacted together to form chromatin fibre. The reason for it to be compacted : to accomodate
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Explanation:-
Variation in meiosis:-
During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles
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each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are
haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1
from each pair in the diploid cell).
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1. New Cell Generation-
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50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division
process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the
new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics.
2. DNA Replication
The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell
into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into
the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will
partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the
offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents.
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With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply
means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell
different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different
genetic material and structure.
With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring.
‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from
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composition.
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Cell splits into two
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Correct Answer:
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Explanation:
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Correct Answer:
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actualized person is self-directed..
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DNA technolgy genetic Engineering topic
1. Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors that bind to DNA and control when genes are transcribed.
2. Hormones can also regulate gene expression by binding to transcription factors and changing their shape, which stops inhibitors from blocking DNA binding.
3. siRNA can be used to inhibit gene expression by binding to mRNA and targeting it for destruction, thereby preventing translation into protein.
Mitosis & meiosis lesson 3
This document discusses cell division and its importance. It covers:
- The importance of mitosis and meiosis in producing new cells and ensuring genetic material is passed down.
- The stages of mitosis and meiosis, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
- How meiosis results in genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over, producing gametes like eggs and sperm.
- Applications like tissue culture and cloning. Consequences of uncontrolled mitosis like cancer are also addressed.
Dna repair
E. coli cells have five DNA repair mechanisms: (1) photoreactivation, which uses light to repair thymine dimers; (2) excision repair, which removes damaged bases through base or nucleotide excision; (3) mismatch repair, which detects and corrects base pair mismatches; (4) double-strand break repair through homologous or nonhomologous recombination; and (5) the SOS response, which induces error-prone repair when DNA is extensively damaged. The document then provides details on the mechanisms of each type of repair.
Replication
DNA replication is a highly regulated process that occurs semiconservatively before cell division. It involves unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicases, followed by synthesis of new strands complementary to each parental strand. This is carried out by DNA polymerases that add nucleotides according to base pairing rules. In eukaryotes, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments which are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA replication ensures faithful transmission of genetic material to daughter cells.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology 2016
This document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology. It begins by defining genetic engineering as the manipulation of genes, usually outside an organism's natural reproductive process. It then discusses chromosomes and mutations, including examples of chromosome numbers in different species. Techniques for genetic engineering are explained, such as restriction enzymes and bacterial transformation. Applications include creating transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals. Ethical issues related to genetic engineering are also reviewed.
Lecture 4 mitosis
The cell cycle involves four main phases - G1, S, G2, and M. In M phase (mitosis), the cell undergoes nuclear division to form two identical daughter cells each with a full copy of the genome. Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated between the two cells. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane, completing cell division to form two daughter cells.
DNA replication in Prokaryotes
DNA REPLICATION: Semi conservative replication, Enzymes involved in DNA replication, Initiation, Elongation and Termination.
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DNA repair
This document discusses DNA repair mechanisms. It begins with an introduction to DNA damage and sources of damage like base modifications, replication errors, and radiation. It then covers the major DNA repair pathways: direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Double strand break repair can occur through direct joining or homologous recombination. DNA damage checkpoints pause the cell cycle to allow for repair. Defects in repair pathways cause hereditary disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum and Werner syndrome.
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why.pdf
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
Solution
1. There are four major types of biomolecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid.
Out of these, the nucleic acid has the most number of function. Nucleic acid are polymers present
in the living cells and are of two types: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). DNA carry genes which are responsible for storing and transmitting the hereditary
information from one generation to the next. RNA help in protein formation and also have
functional activity as enzymes.
2. The entire length of DNA in each cell could reach up to 2 meters if measured end to end. The
DNA is coiled with the help of proteins called histones to form nucleosomes which are
compacted together to form chromatin fibre. The reason for it to be compacted : to accomodate
in the small size of the cell which has the size in micro meteres. It is also required to be
specifically coiled which is required to enter cell division.
3. Crossing Over is the process of exchange of genes between two homologous chromosomes
during sexual reproduction. This results in non-identical chromatids called recombinant
chromosomes. It happens in the pachytene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.
Independent assortment is the independent separation of homologous chromosomes. The alleles
of different genes get sorted into gametes randomly. This gives different hereditary traits equal
probability to occur together. in the offspring. It occurs in Metaphase I of meiosis..
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficia.pdf
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficial? Steps and functions of
mitosis and meiosis? ( I am having a hard time with defining each step in mitosis and meiosis.
There is meiosis I and II and I get confused on the steps with functions. Any ideas how I can
remember?)
TIA :)
Solution
Explanation:-
Variation in meiosis:-
During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles
of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. The result is 4 haploidHaving one copy of
each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are
haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1
from each pair in the diploid cell).
At conception, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to form a zygote (46 chromosomes or 23
pairs). This is the 1st cell of a new individual. The halving of the number of chromosomes in
gametes ensures that zygotes have the same number of chromosomes from one generation to the
next. This is critical for stable sexual reproduction through successive generations.
Benefits of Meiosis:-
1. New Cell Generation-
The chromosomes created during meiosis are composed of 50% copies of the parent cell and
50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division
process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the
new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics.
2. DNA Replication
The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell
into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into
the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will
partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the
offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents.
3. Genetic Variation
With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply
means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell
different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different
genetic material and structure.
With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring.
‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from
their parents but they will also have unique sets of personalities because of their unique genetic
composition.
Meiosis Stages:-
Prophase I
Chromosomes condense, Crossing over occurs
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pair up and align in middle of cell
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pulled apart
Telophase I
Nuclear Envelope reforms
Cytokinesis I
Cell splits into two
Prophase II
Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles
Metaphase II
Chromoso.
Dna 9th grade
The document discusses several key facts about DNA:
- DNA can store vast amounts of information in a very small space within cells. The DNA in a single human could stretch to the sun and back over 600,000 times.
- While DNA is 99.9% identical between all humans, the 0.1% difference results in our unique characteristics. This difference amounts to around 3 million nucleotides.
- DNA is a highly efficient storage system, able to hold 25 gigabytes of data per inch. This shows DNA is more advanced than computer storage technologies.
- DNA replication allows DNA to make copies of itself in a semi-conservative process where the original strands remain intact and act as templates for new strands.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document provides an overview of biology concepts related to cellular control, biotechnology, environments, and responding to the environment. It covers topics such as how DNA codes for proteins through gene expression and protein synthesis, cellular control mechanisms like the lac operon, genetic inheritance and mutations, developmental biology processes like apoptosis and meiosis, and more. The document is organized into 8 sections that describe these concepts through explanatory text, diagrams, and lists.
molecular mechanisms in cell division
This document provides an overview of cell division including the key phases and molecular mechanisms. It discusses the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis and meiosis. Specifically, it describes the phases of interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis. It also explains DNA replication through replication forks and the role of DNA polymerases. Finally, it notes the importance of cell cycle regulation and checkpoints to ensure proper cell division.
BU4.2 Cell Cycle & Mitosis
This document summarizes the cell cycle and cellular division. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Mitosis is the specific stage of the cell cycle where the cell nucleus divides. Mitosis consists of four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cellular division and forming two daughter cells. The process ensures cells do not become too large and replaces damaged or dead cells to allow organisms to grow.
Similar to Culture of bacteria is having trouble dividing. Choose from the list.pdf (20)
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why.pdf
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why.pdf
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficia.pdf
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficia.pdf
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(Points : 2) Entry life structure for early adulthood
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Solution
Q6:
Correct Answer:
Culminating life structure for early adulthood
Explanation:
As per the given theory, settling down takes place during the transition of culminating life
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Q7:
Correct Answer:
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Correct Answer:
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According to Maslow:
Correct Answer:
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The creationists do not believe in evolution, they believe that god created the earth and he only
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Create a class named Student that has the following member variables: first name (string), last
name(string), student identification number(int), an integer array where the grades of all classes
are stored, grade point average (gpa) (float). Write appropriate constructor, mutator and accessor
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Solution
/* Java Programme for Grades Calculation */
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Student
{
//Private varibles declaration
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private int sid;
private int[] grades= new int[10];
int[] tempgrades= new int[10];
int noc;
private float gpa=0;
//Constructor method
Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in); //scanner class object for reading input
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student st=new Student(); //creating object and calling default constructor
st.readInput();
st.calgpa();
}
//Mutator for firstName
public void setfirstName(String firstName)
{
this.firstName = firstName;
}
//Mutator for lastName
public void setlastName(String lastName)
{
this.lastName = lastName;
}
//Mutator for sid
public void setsid(int sid)
{
this.sid = sid;
}
//Mutator for grades
public void setgrades(int[] grades)
{
this.grades = grades;
}
void readInput() //Function to read input data
{
System.out.println(\"Enter First Name\ \"); //Prompt for name
String temp=in.nextLine(); //reading name
setfirstName(temp); //calling mutator for firstName
System.out.println(\"Enter Last Name\ \"); //Prompt for last name
String temp1=in.nextLine(); //read last anme
setlastName(temp1); //calling mutator for lastName
System.out.println(\"Enter Student ID\ \"); //prompt for student id
int temp2=in.nextInt(); //read student id
setsid(temp2); //calling mutator for sid
System.out.println(\"Enter Number of classes ID\ \"); //Prompt for Number of classes
noc=in.nextInt(); //read Number of classes
System.out.println(\"Enter Grades of classes ID\ \"); //Prompt for Grades of classes
for(int i=0;i Gpa : \" + gpa+\"\ \"); //Dispaly output
}
}
Output :
javac Student.java //Compilation of java programme
java Student //running java programme
Sample output :
Enter First Name
Ashok
Enter Last Name
Kumar
Enter Student ID
101
Enter Number of classes ID
4
Enter Grades of classes ID
10
9
8
7
First Name : Ashok Last Name : Kumar Student Id : 101 --> Gpa : 8.5.
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Answer:
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9. Identify at least two factors that influence the degree of stochasticity in birth and death rates
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What is road building system?
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Prob. 1
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2. Expressways are contructed to provide a function of very hight mobility in a particular
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Why does Germany have to be assertive in the EU?
Solution
Answer
Germany\'s talk of a new, more assertive foreign policy that relies more heavily on its military is,
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Where does mitosis occur in the bodies of vascular plants?
Solution
Ans.
The following cells/ tissue in the vascular plants show mitotic events-
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Which of the following are the three properties of dataA. mean, m.pdf
Which of the following are the three properties of data?
A. mean, median, mode
B. mean, standard deviation, skewness
C. location, dispersion, shape
D. none of the above
What does the standard deviation infer about the mean’s usefulness in portraying it as a
“representative” average value of our data?
A. the larger the standard deviation the more representative the mean is as a “representative”
average
B. the smaller the standard deviation the less representative the mean is as a “representative”
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C. the smaller the standard deviation the more representative the mean is as a “representative”
average
D. none of the above
If the mean and the median are both larger than the mode, and the mean is greater than the
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A. it is symmetrical
B. it is bell-shaped
C. it is skewed to the right
D. it is skewed to the left
Solution
1.
It is OPTION B: Mean, standard deviation, skewness
2.
The smaller the standard deviation, the close the data to the mean.
Thus, it is OPTION C: the smaller the standard deviation the more representative the mean is as
a “representative” average
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are a court reporter that has to explain these stages to your readers with as little jargon as
possible. How does the dell division differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Clearly these
differences may be difficult for the prokaryotes in the jury to follow unless you how the
similarities and differences.
Solution
Answer:
1. Stages of Mitosis:
a. Interphase: Cell grows and makes a copy of DNA.
b. Prophase: Nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosomes condenses and spindle formation takes
place.
c. Metaphase: Chromosomes are lined up precisely on the metaphase plate, or middle of the cell.
d. Anaphase: Spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.
e. Telophase: Chromatids begin to decondense and become chromatin. Spindle disappears.
f. Cytokinesis: Divide cell and organelles. Actin ring, or cleavage furrow splits cell.
2. Prokaryotic cells
Binary fission:
Prokaryotic cells are simple in structure when compared to eukaryotic cells. They contain non-
membranous organelles, lack a cell nucleus, and have a simplistic genome: only one circular
chromosome of limited size. Therefore, prokaryotic cell division, a process known as binary
fission, is fast. The chromosome is duplicated prior to division. The two copies of the
chromosome attach to opposing sides of the cellular membrane. Cytokinesis, the physical
separation of the cell
Eukaryotic cells
Mitosis: The division of the nucleus, separating the duplicated genome into two sets identical to
the parent\'s.
Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm, separating the organelles and other cellular
components.
Meiosis: The division of the nucleus in sex cells, making one cell into four sex cells identical to
the parent sex cell. Eukaryotic cells divide by separating the duplicated chromosomes, through
movements directed by microtubles. it protect the organ system of our body.
Degradation:
Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however,
cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs on average, after 52 divisions, known as the
Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Senescent cells deteriorate and die,
causing the body to age. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the
end of a chromosome, become shorter with each division and eventually can no longer protect
the chromosome. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are \"immortal.\" An enzyme called
telomerase, present in large quantites in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing
division to continue indefinitely.
Daughter chromosomes :
During the metaphase stage of mitosis, chromosomes, which become aligned on the equatorial
plane, take on the shape of an \"X\" as a result of a repelling force between chromosomes. The
lobes of the chromosome in this shape are called \'sister ch.
What challenges do corporations face with regards to social media.pdf
What challenges do corporations face with regards to social media?
Solution
Answer:
With the advent of internet , social media turned the life into new stage. Before internet ,
childrens were busy in playing toys. But today\'s generation busy in playing vedio games online
on the computer. All round change is there. Wherever we look , all are busy on their tabs ,
laptops and mobile phones : chating , vedio calling and making VoIP calls . Social media is good
to bring people together , keep friends in touch all the time. But excess of everything is bad.
Students in colleges and universities , employees in the companies pay more attention on chating
and vedio calling rather than what actually they came for. According to a research conducted
recently Proofpoint found that 8 % companies had terminated employees because of social media
usage. As the employees sharing their sensitive information in the social media that could be
vulnerable to the whole database of the company. Here are few challenges that every should plan
:
1. Integration
2. Governance
3. Culture
4. Human Resources
5. Cyber Bullying Crisis
6. Personal opinions.
Use De Moivres theorem to change the given complex number to the fo.pdf
Use De Moivre\'s theorem to change the given complex number to the form a + bi, where a and
b are real numbers. (- Squareroot 3/2 - 1/2 i)^4
Solution
( -sqrt3/2 -i/2)^4
Polar form = r*e^i*theta
r = sqrt[ (-sqrt3/2)^2 + (1/2)^2 )] = 1
theta = tan^-1(-1/2 /-sqrt3/2) = pi +pi/3 = 4pi/3
( -sqrt3/2 -i/2)^4 = (re^i*theta)^4 = r^4e^i*4theta
= 1*e^i*16pi/3
= cos16pi/3 + isin16pi/3
= -0.5 -i*0.866.
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There are no organs for excretion and gas exchange in cnidarians. How do they accomplish
these two functions?
Solution
Humans have lungs which is well developed to breath in and expel out the gases. In fishes, the
gills plays role in respiration. In certain organisms like frogs even skin also act in passive
exchange of gases. Cnidarians like in water but they do not have any gills to respire. They are not
well developed to possess lungs. Diffusion is the process which could be seen in exchange of
gases in cnidarians. The gaseous particles move from higher concentration to lower
concentration through direct diffusion in cnidarians. Cnidarians lack digestive, excretory and
circulatory systems. Gastrovascular cavity plays main role in digestion and distribution of food
particles throughout the body in cnidarians and also in expelling waste materials to out through
its single opening. This gastrovascular cavity has a single opening which both acts as mouth and
anus. This gastrovascular cavity functions in respiration, digestion, and discharge of gametes. All
the food particles/waste particles enter and exit the gastrovascular cavity through its single
opening. Nitrogenous waste materials have been removed in the form of ammonia have been
excreted through body surfaces..
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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