Heliconius melpomene is a species of butterfly with ZW sex determina.pdf

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Heliconius melpomene is a species of butterfly with ZW sex determination. H. melpomene\'s wing spots are normally orange, but a recessive Z-linked mutation causes the spots to be yellow, while a recessive autosomal mutation causes the spots to be red. Butterflies homozygous (or hemizygous) for both mutations have no wing spots. What are the expected F1 and F2 phenotypes from a cross between a red-spotted female and a yellow-spotted male? Solution The Heliconius melpomene butterfly having sex determination ZW have normally orange wing spots. Given Recessive Z linked mutation causes the spots to be yellow, if Y is the dominant gene the y represents the recessive gene. The recessive autosomal mutation causes the spot to be red,the recessive autosomal mutation represented by rr. a) WX represents female b) WW represents male Given-: F1 generation The red spotted female is crossed with yellow spotted male ZWrr X ZZy ZZ, WrrZ, ZZy, WrrZy It gives 1 hemizygous butterfly, 1red spotted female butterfly, 1 yellow spotted male and 1 normal orange wing male butterfly. The F2 generation gives the same result..

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In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX Solution Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism: X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome. X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype, Females are XX (homogametic) Males are XY (heterogametic) Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow But, sex and body color not inherited independently Body color is linked to sex Body color gene on X chromosome Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color alleles: Diploid. Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile. Answer is d) XO.

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5. If an organism were heterozygous for 10 loci, how many different combinations could the organism produce in its gametes? Show all your work to receive full credit. 6. In tomato plants, the production of red fruit color is under the control of an allele R. Yellow. tomatoes are rr. The dominant phenotype for fruit shape is under the control of an allele T. which produces two lobes. Multilobed fruit, the recessive phenotype, have the phenotype tt. Two different crosses are made between parental plants of unknown genotype and phenotype. Use the progeny phenotype ratios to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of each parent. (a) Cross 1 progeny: 3/8 two-lobed, red 3/8 two-lobed, yellow 1/8 multilobed, red 1/8 multilobed, yellow What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents in this cross?3. A tropicat fish fancier produced an albino zebra fish. it lacked blue stripes characteristic of the normal zebra fish. When she crossed a normal zebra fish to the albino, all the offspring were narmat. When she crossed two of the normal F1 offspring, y were abbino and % were normal. When an albino was crossed to the normal offspring, half were albino and half were normal. What is the genotype and phenotype of each fish mentioned in this problem? 4. In pea plants, the appearance of flowers along the main stem is a dominant phenotype called "axial" and is controlled by an allele T. The recessive phenotype, produced by an allele t, has flowers only at the end of the stem called "terminal". Pod form displays a dominant phenotype "inflated", controlled by allele F, and a recessive "constricted" form produced by allele f . A pure-breeding axial, constricted plant is crossed to one that is purebreeding terminal, inflated. A. The F1 progeny of this cross are allowed to self-fertilize. What is the expected phenotypic distribution of the F2 progeny? List the genotypes and phenotypes of the f1 generation and the phenotypes of the F2 progeny. B. If an F1 plant from the initial cross described above, is crossed to a plant that is terminal, constricted, what is the expected phenotypic distribution among the resulting progeny?.

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Discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management..pdf

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Describe or explain how SNPs in genes at evolutionary conserved breakpoints can lead to dramatic phenotypic differences between species like chimpanzees and humans even though their genomes are 98% similar? Provide and describe or explain an example of one gene with SNP differences between gorillas and humans that might have resulted changes between humans and apes. Solution SNP ( Single nucleotide polymorphism) is a type of genetic variation among living beings. SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block i.e, nucleotide. SNP replaces the nucleotide cytosine ( C) With ghe nucleotide thymine (T) in a stetch of DNA. The difference between the two genomes of humans and chimpanzees is actually 4% approximately. This msinly contributes to the phenotypic differences in various species. Humans differbfrom other primates like chimpanzees and apes in cognitive abilities and a significantly larger brain. These correlate with metabolic changes, etc. Example of such genes with SNP differences is 90 TF genes with significant expression levels in humans and chimpanzee brain. Among these KRAB-Zinc finger genes are markedly important. The differentially expressed TFs cluster within robust regulatory network consisting of two distinct but interlinked modules, strongly associated with energy metabolism functions and the others with transcription, vesticular transport and ubiquitination..

Describe or explain how SNPs in genes at evolutionary conserved brea.pdf

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Data x word 23 y word -3 Write assembly code for the following p.pdf

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Can Variance Inflation factors be used to detect Heteroscedasticity problem in the regression analysis Solution Variance inflation factors (VIF) measure how much the variance of the estimated regression coefficients are inflated as compared to when the predictor variables are not linearly related. Use to describe how much multicollinearity (correlation between predictors) exists in a regression analysis. Multicollinearity is problematic because it can increase the variance of the regression coefficients, making them unstable and difficult to interpret. Use the following guidelines to interpret the VIF:VIFStatus of predictorsVIF = 1Not correlated1 < VIF < 5Moderately correlatedVIF > 5 to 10Highly correlated.

Can Variance Inflation factors be used to detect Heteroscedasticity .pdf

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A study undertaken by the Miami-Dade Supervisor of Elections in 2002 revealed that 44% of registered voters are Democrats, 37% are Republicans, and 19% are others. If two registered voters are selected at random, find the following probability: One of them is a Democrat and another one is a Republican. Solution Here we have following probabilties: P(democrats)=0.44 P(republicans)=0.37 P(others)=0.19 Since voters are independent from each other so the probabilityOne of them is a Democrat and another one is a Republican is P(One of them is a Democrat and another one is a Republican)=P(democrats)P(republican)=0.44*0.37=0.1628 hence, the required probability is 0.1628..

A study undertaken by the Miami-Dade Supervisor of Elections in 2002.pdf

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