Explain whether you think IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged. Wha.pdf
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Explain whether you think IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged. What is the current status of convergence projects? Solution There has been a concerted convergence effort between the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in order to avoid conflict and confusion, promote simplicity, streamlining, consistency and transparency, and avoid any future financial crises or meltdowns. Despite the research-indicated evidence of a higher accounting quality being experienced by firms that either apply the IFRS standards or have switched to them from the GAAP, the convergence process has not proven to be an easy task, mostly because of the differences in approach between the two accounting bodies. The GAAP is a rules-based methodology, while the IFRS takes a principle-based approach. The rules-based approach is comprised of a complex set of guidelines that establishes criteria for every possible contingency and provides the rules required for specified transactions, thus promoting uniformity. The principle-based methodology lays out the key objectives of good reporting in each subject area and then provides guidance, explaining the objective, and relates it to common examples, thus promoting transparency. If these methodological differences between the two approaches cannot be resolved, they may prolong the process of compiling a true set of international accounting standards and increase the costs required to maintain two sets of books. So from the above discussion it is clear that, IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged, but it will took a time. current status of convergence projects One of the main concerns in the United States business world is how the convergence process and its results will impact the future evolution of the accounting profession. This specific concern, simply stated, is about uniformity over transparency, and it has a serious impact on the standards development process. Could the goals of uniformity and transparency be achieved? Are they incompatible or mutually exclusive? This incompatibility - real or perceived - is grounded in the conflicts existing among the constructs of rules-based and principle-based shareholder and stakeholder primacy theories, which are recognized by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the European and Asian Accounting Standards Boards, and which have an impact on the standards development methodology. Transparency has a direct impact on the areas of business combinations (Phase I and II), revenue recognition and financial performance of business enterprises reporting. hence they are still in process..
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Recommended
• Determine what you believe to be the major obstacles to the conver.pdf
• Determine what you believe to be the major obstacles to the convergence process. Recommend
two (2) strategies that the IASB could use in order to improve the convergence process overall.
Justify your response.
Solution
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE MORE COMPARABLE GLOBAL ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS? HOW DOES THAT EFFORT FIT WITH THE FASB’S MISSION?
The first priority of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is to improve financial
reporting for the benefit of investors and other users of financial information in U.S. capital
markets. We do that by striving to set the highest-quality standards, which collectively are
known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). By highest quality, we mean
standards that provide users of financial statements with information that is clear, useful, and
relevant to their needs, while considering whether the expected benefits of that information
justify the costs of providing and using it.
The FASB believes that seeking more comparable global accounting standards—improving the
quality of accounting standards used around the world while reducing differences among those
standards—is consistent with its core mission. Investors, companies, auditors, and other
participants in the U.S. financial reporting system benefit from the increased comparability that
can result from the closer alignment of standards used internationally. More comparable
standards have the potential to reduce costs for both users and preparers of financial statements
and make worldwide capital markets more efficient. The Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) expects the FASB to consider, in developing standards, the extent to which international
comparability is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of
investors.
HOW DOES THE FASB SEEK GREATER COMPARABILITY?
As we conclude the bilateral convergence program begun in 2002 by the FASB and the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the FASB has implemented a three-part
strategy for seeking greater comparability in accounting standards internationally:
Developing High Quality GAAP Standards
The FASB continually strives to meet the needs of investors and other users of GAAP-based
financial reports, both within and outside the United States, by improving the quality of GAAP.
The FASB believes that the high-quality standards it develops will continue to influence the
shape and future direction of international standards, as they have for more than 40 years. By
creating high-quality standards through a best-in-class standard-setting process, the FASB serves
as a reference point and benchmark for others. In other words, we will continue to lead by setting
an example of excellence.
As it undertakes standard-setting projects, the FASB carefully evaluates whether U.S. financial
reporting would be improved by implementing approaches consistent with particular IFRS
standards. This also would enhance international comparability for the benefit of inves.
briefly compare the IASB and FASB in regards to the convergence proc.pdf
briefly compare the IASB and FASB in regards to the convergence process. Give your opinion
on the reasons why a single set of accounting principles would be beneficial to corporations.
Explain your rationale.
Solution
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE MORE COMPARABLE GLOBAL ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS? HOW DOES THAT EFFORT FIT WITH THE FASB’S MISSION?
The first priority of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is to improve financial
reporting for the benefit of investors and other users of financial information in U.S. capital
markets. We do that by striving to set the highest-quality standards, which collectively are
known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). By highest quality, we mean
standards that provide users of financial statements with information that is clear, useful, and
relevant to their needs, while considering whether the expected benefits of that information
justify the costs of providing and using it.
The FASB believes that seeking more comparable global accounting standards—improving the
quality of accounting standards used around the world while reducing differences among those
standards—is consistent with its core mission. Investors, companies, auditors, and other
participants in the U.S. financial reporting system benefit from the increased comparability that
can result from the closer alignment of standards used internationally. More comparable
standards have the potential to reduce costs for both users and preparers of financial statements
and make worldwide capital markets more efficient. The Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) expects the FASB to consider, in developing standards, the extent to which international
comparability is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of
investors.
HOW DOES THE FASB SEEK GREATER COMPARABILITY?
As we conclude the bilateral convergence program begun in 2002 by the FASB and the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the FASB has implemented a three-part
strategy for seeking greater comparability in accounting standards internationally:
Developing High Quality GAAP Standards
The FASB continually strives to meet the needs of investors and other users of GAAP-based
financial reports, both within and outside the United States, by improving the quality of GAAP.
The FASB believes that the high-quality standards it develops will continue to influence the
shape and future direction of international standards, as they have for more than 40 years. By
creating high-quality standards through a best-in-class standard-setting process, the FASB serves
as a reference point and benchmark for others. In other words, we will continue to lead by setting
an example of excellence.
As it undertakes standard-setting projects, the FASB carefully evaluates whether U.S. financial
reporting would be improved by implementing approaches consistent with particular IFRS
standards. This also would enhance international comparability for the benefit of investor.
a.Convergence Efforts Made Toward the GAAP and IFRS Standards Conver.pdf
a.Convergence Efforts Made Toward the GAAP and IFRS Standards Convergence Goal on the
Financial Performance by Business Enterprises
The FASB has taken steps to: consider promptly any significant areas of deficiency in financial
reporting that might be addressed through the standard-setting process; promote the international
convergence of accounting standards concurrent with improving the quality of financial
reporting; and improve the common understanding of the nature and purposes of information
contained in financial reports.
Addressing the objectives of financial reposting by business enterprises, the SFAS CON 1 states
that financial reporting should provide information that is useful to current and potential
investors and creditors, or any other users, in their decision-making processes regarding
investments and credit, including assessing the amounts, the timing and uncertainty of
prospective cash receipts or cash inflows from dividends or interest earned, the proceeds from a
sale, or redemption or maturity of loans or securities. Reports should include information about a
company’s economic resources, claims on those resources and the effects of those transactions,
events, and circumstances that impact the resources and any claims upon them, and should be
comprehensible to anyone who has a reasonable understanding of business and economic
activities and who needs to examine or study the information with reasonable diligence.
Research conducted by the FASB on financial performance, reported by business enterprises
and their users, found that users have a strong interest in a statement of cash flows that reports
cash flows under the direct method. Users also prefer financial statements that provide greater
disclosure of information with predictive value. The research indicates that there is no across-
the-board dissatisfaction with, or demand for, sweeping change in the way financial statements
are displayed. Users also feel that key, commonly used measures lack clarity in definition of
terms such as ‘operating free cash flow,’ ‘return on invested capital,’ and adjusted, normalized or
operating earnings. Although net income is frequently used as a starting point for analysis, it is
not in the top three most important measures identified by users. There is also low demand for
comprehensive income presentation in a single statement; however, there was no transparent
opposition to providing comprehensive income items in another form.
b. Convergence Efforts Made Toward the GAAP and IFRS Standards Convergence Goal on the
Revenue Recognition Area
Accounting standards designed for public capital markets are burdensome, not only due to their
complex nature, but also due to their adoption of the IFRS standards. This is especially apparent
when applied to small and medium-sized companies, since they follow simple accounting
principles that are not designed for the complexity of transactions that some small companies
enter into, such as derivatives.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Recommended
• Determine what you believe to be the major obstacles to the conver.pdf
• Determine what you believe to be the major obstacles to the convergence process. Recommend
two (2) strategies that the IASB could use in order to improve the convergence process overall.
Justify your response.
Solution
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE MORE COMPARABLE GLOBAL ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS? HOW DOES THAT EFFORT FIT WITH THE FASB’S MISSION?
The first priority of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is to improve financial
reporting for the benefit of investors and other users of financial information in U.S. capital
markets. We do that by striving to set the highest-quality standards, which collectively are
known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). By highest quality, we mean
standards that provide users of financial statements with information that is clear, useful, and
relevant to their needs, while considering whether the expected benefits of that information
justify the costs of providing and using it.
The FASB believes that seeking more comparable global accounting standards—improving the
quality of accounting standards used around the world while reducing differences among those
standards—is consistent with its core mission. Investors, companies, auditors, and other
participants in the U.S. financial reporting system benefit from the increased comparability that
can result from the closer alignment of standards used internationally. More comparable
standards have the potential to reduce costs for both users and preparers of financial statements
and make worldwide capital markets more efficient. The Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) expects the FASB to consider, in developing standards, the extent to which international
comparability is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of
investors.
HOW DOES THE FASB SEEK GREATER COMPARABILITY?
As we conclude the bilateral convergence program begun in 2002 by the FASB and the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the FASB has implemented a three-part
strategy for seeking greater comparability in accounting standards internationally:
Developing High Quality GAAP Standards
The FASB continually strives to meet the needs of investors and other users of GAAP-based
financial reports, both within and outside the United States, by improving the quality of GAAP.
The FASB believes that the high-quality standards it develops will continue to influence the
shape and future direction of international standards, as they have for more than 40 years. By
creating high-quality standards through a best-in-class standard-setting process, the FASB serves
as a reference point and benchmark for others. In other words, we will continue to lead by setting
an example of excellence.
As it undertakes standard-setting projects, the FASB carefully evaluates whether U.S. financial
reporting would be improved by implementing approaches consistent with particular IFRS
standards. This also would enhance international comparability for the benefit of inves.
briefly compare the IASB and FASB in regards to the convergence proc.pdf
briefly compare the IASB and FASB in regards to the convergence process. Give your opinion
on the reasons why a single set of accounting principles would be beneficial to corporations.
Explain your rationale.
Solution
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE MORE COMPARABLE GLOBAL ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS? HOW DOES THAT EFFORT FIT WITH THE FASB’S MISSION?
The first priority of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is to improve financial
reporting for the benefit of investors and other users of financial information in U.S. capital
markets. We do that by striving to set the highest-quality standards, which collectively are
known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). By highest quality, we mean
standards that provide users of financial statements with information that is clear, useful, and
relevant to their needs, while considering whether the expected benefits of that information
justify the costs of providing and using it.
The FASB believes that seeking more comparable global accounting standards—improving the
quality of accounting standards used around the world while reducing differences among those
standards—is consistent with its core mission. Investors, companies, auditors, and other
participants in the U.S. financial reporting system benefit from the increased comparability that
can result from the closer alignment of standards used internationally. More comparable
standards have the potential to reduce costs for both users and preparers of financial statements
and make worldwide capital markets more efficient. The Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) expects the FASB to consider, in developing standards, the extent to which international
comparability is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of
investors.
HOW DOES THE FASB SEEK GREATER COMPARABILITY?
As we conclude the bilateral convergence program begun in 2002 by the FASB and the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the FASB has implemented a three-part
strategy for seeking greater comparability in accounting standards internationally:
Developing High Quality GAAP Standards
The FASB continually strives to meet the needs of investors and other users of GAAP-based
financial reports, both within and outside the United States, by improving the quality of GAAP.
The FASB believes that the high-quality standards it develops will continue to influence the
shape and future direction of international standards, as they have for more than 40 years. By
creating high-quality standards through a best-in-class standard-setting process, the FASB serves
as a reference point and benchmark for others. In other words, we will continue to lead by setting
an example of excellence.
As it undertakes standard-setting projects, the FASB carefully evaluates whether U.S. financial
reporting would be improved by implementing approaches consistent with particular IFRS
standards. This also would enhance international comparability for the benefit of investor.
a.Convergence Efforts Made Toward the GAAP and IFRS Standards Conver.pdf
a.Convergence Efforts Made Toward the GAAP and IFRS Standards Convergence Goal on the
Financial Performance by Business Enterprises
The FASB has taken steps to: consider promptly any significant areas of deficiency in financial
reporting that might be addressed through the standard-setting process; promote the international
convergence of accounting standards concurrent with improving the quality of financial
reporting; and improve the common understanding of the nature and purposes of information
contained in financial reports.
Addressing the objectives of financial reposting by business enterprises, the SFAS CON 1 states
that financial reporting should provide information that is useful to current and potential
investors and creditors, or any other users, in their decision-making processes regarding
investments and credit, including assessing the amounts, the timing and uncertainty of
prospective cash receipts or cash inflows from dividends or interest earned, the proceeds from a
sale, or redemption or maturity of loans or securities. Reports should include information about a
company’s economic resources, claims on those resources and the effects of those transactions,
events, and circumstances that impact the resources and any claims upon them, and should be
comprehensible to anyone who has a reasonable understanding of business and economic
activities and who needs to examine or study the information with reasonable diligence.
Research conducted by the FASB on financial performance, reported by business enterprises
and their users, found that users have a strong interest in a statement of cash flows that reports
cash flows under the direct method. Users also prefer financial statements that provide greater
disclosure of information with predictive value. The research indicates that there is no across-
the-board dissatisfaction with, or demand for, sweeping change in the way financial statements
are displayed. Users also feel that key, commonly used measures lack clarity in definition of
terms such as ‘operating free cash flow,’ ‘return on invested capital,’ and adjusted, normalized or
operating earnings. Although net income is frequently used as a starting point for analysis, it is
not in the top three most important measures identified by users. There is also low demand for
comprehensive income presentation in a single statement; however, there was no transparent
opposition to providing comprehensive income items in another form.
b. Convergence Efforts Made Toward the GAAP and IFRS Standards Convergence Goal on the
Revenue Recognition Area
Accounting standards designed for public capital markets are burdensome, not only due to their
complex nature, but also due to their adoption of the IFRS standards. This is especially apparent
when applied to small and medium-sized companies, since they follow simple accounting
principles that are not designed for the complexity of transactions that some small companies
enter into, such as derivatives.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Financial Standard SettingIntroductionInternational Fina.docx
Financial Standard Setting
Introduction
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are guidelines and rules that are designed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that are used to provide a uniform language and platform for reporting different financial statements. The IFRS has been adopted in many countries in Europe, Asia, South America, and Australia. The most notable absentee is the United States who uses the Generally Accepted Accounting Standards (GAAP). IFRS is meant to create transparency in financial reporting so that it can assist the end-users in informative decision making. https://coolassignment.com/2021/06/01/discuss-the-importance-of-an-organization-determining-its-operational-alignment/ The IFRS improves efficiency and accountability in reporting in the global markets. The IFRS is considered as a principle based standard compared to the U.S. GAAP which is rule-based standard. Since its adoption, Australia has benefited from IFRS in various ways, such as low cost of capital and uniformity in financial reporting. This paper will focus on some of the principles of IFRS, its benefits and how it compares to the U.S. GAAP.
The International Financial Reporting Standards has been able to promote transparency in that it has encouraged firms with subsidiaries to synchronize operations of the company like auditing reporting and training standards. It will be easy to monitor the processes of the firm and its subsidiaries if there are set standards that are universal to the whole company. The format used in the business entity should be similar in all the offices so that there is consistency in accounting and reporting the company records (Devereux, 2011).
The International Financial Reporting Standards pursues to level the playing field in preparation and presentation of financial statement of a person or a business entity. It is easy to compare the performance of both the domestic and foreign business entities. The use of a common accounting dialect by the multinational corporations and the subsidiaries to use IFRS in consolidation of the financial statements helps everyone in the system to understand. The use of a similar accounting and reporting standard helps to eradicate the differences brought about by the use of different accounting modes in financial statements (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2012). https://bestofassignment.com/criminology/write-a-personal-philosophy-of-leadership-through-your-construction-of-a-persona/
The use of a similar accounting standard will eliminate unnecessary cost and time in the preparation of reporting the financial statements. The use of different regulations and the standards in a firm may prove to be costly than use of the same standards. To embed IFRS uniform accounting standards in the firm and the subsidiaries reduces the cost of preparation of financial statement. This system will provide accurate and on time statements that are critical in the decision making of th.
Assessing The Gap Between Integrated Reporting And Current Integrated Corpora...
Custom Writing Service
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Mandatory IFRS adoption in Brazil and firm value
Using diff-in-diff approaches and the propensity-score matching, this study focuses on firm-level Tobin´s q and Market-to-book outcomes for Brazilian firms who in 2008 were required by Law 11.638/07 to adopt the full International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by 2010. Brazil’s tier-system of corporate governance standards for publicly-traded firms, its uniquely wholesale adoption of the IFRS, and the previously considerable gap between its national GAAP and IFRS readily lend the scenario to research, which thus far finds small or inconsistent results when focused on IFRS adoption-related outcomes in Europe and China. However, while these features recommend the transitioned Brazilian equity market to analysis, additional unique features, such as its small population size and its limited historical data -- of varied quality – increase the challenge in selecting a suitable empirical methodology. Using quarterly data from 2006-2011, control firms in the Nivel II and Novo Mercado tiers of Bovespa which already complied with higher quality accounting standards are matched to treatment firms in the Regular and Nivel I tiers with similar averaged values of size and sector. Our results suggest that there is a positive impact on Tobin´s q and Market-to-book for firms who are forced to adopt IFRS in Brazil. We can observe the same results when we consider all variables winsorized at 5% level. We also find a positive relation between the firm value (measured by Tobin´s q and Market-to-book) and net income. Firms with higher net income are more likely to have higher Tobin´s q and Market-tobook. In an opposite way, we find a negative relation among firm value, size, Ebit-to-sales, sales growth and PPE-to-sales. All results are statistically significant at 1% level. '
Date: 2017-03
Authors:
Sampaio, Joelson Oliveira
Gallucci Netto, Humberto
Silva, Vinícius Augusto Brunassi
Utilizing HFM to Handle the Requirements of IFRS
Ranzal Practice Director and Oracle ACE, Peter Fugere guides attendees through best practices on building HFM applications to consider the impact of IFRS. HFM has been used for years to do multi-GAAP reporting, so IFRS is not completely uncharted waters. Many companies in Europe and Canada have already moved, and their experience provides guidance for companies in North America. HFM has specific functionality that makes the IFRS transition easier and for North America, moving now may minimize costs later associated with statutory reporting and historical data collection.
Milestone TwoGeoff BrownProfessor DuhnACC 680February 16.docx
Milestone Two
Geoff Brown
Professor Duhn
ACC 680
February 16, 2017
Introduction
I have worked as an accountant specialist for Whitlock Company for the past three years. I have gained a lot of experience that has shaped my accounting skills and knowledge. I have received promotions based on my good work to the position of heading accounting department. The company offers accounting services such as public accounting, bookkeeping and auditing. The company has developed a work plan. The work plan purpose is to consider particular factors and areas important to a commission determination as to how, when and whether the current financial reporting system in the company should be changed to a system integrating International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The work plan showed that application of IFRS and sufficient development evaluation involve inventorying fields in which IFRS does not provide guidance than the GAAP.
Different reporting requirements for IFRS and GAAP
In GAAP, it presents a comparative financial statement and requires public organizations to follow SEC rules that need two-recent year’s balance sheets and the other statements should cover a three-year period ended on the balance sheet date. Nevertheless, one year can be presented in a specific condition. For IFRS, there must be disclosure of comparative information with respect to past period for all amounts reported in the present time financial statement.
Cont.
There is no general requirement to prepare income statements and balance sheets in accordance with particular layout in GAAP. But, public organizations are required to follow the detailed Regulation S-X requirements. However, IFRS does not recommend a customary layout. It involves a list minimum line items which are less prescriptive when compared to the Regulation S-X requirements.
There are no general requirements that solve the disclosure of performance measures for GAAP. Certain major measures are defined in SEC regulations and require the provision of certain subtotals and headings. For IFRS, there is presentation of certain traditional concepts such as subtotals and headings, and line items diversity in the income statements. It allows the presentation of additional headings and subtotals and line items in the comprehensive income statement.
Cont.
GAAP requires presentation of Debt which has covenant violation as a non-present if the creditor contract to waive the right to demand repayment for more than a year exists before the financial statement issuance. IFRS requires presentation of Debt associated with covenant violation as present unless the creditor contract was reached prior to the balance sheet date.
In GAAP, third balance sheet is not required. In IFRS, a third balance sheet should be presented at the beginning of comparative period when there is reclassifications that have a material effect, a retrospective restatement or a retrospective application of new accounting policies that hav ...
Analyzing Financial Projections as Part of the ESOP Fiduciary Process | Appra...
In recent years there has been increasing concern among ESOP sponsors and professional advisors (trustees, TPAs, business appraisers, legal counsel) regarding the scrutiny of the DOL, the Employee Benefits Security Administration (“EBSA”), and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). These entities (and agencies thereof) are tasked with ensuring that ESOPs comply with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) as well as with various provisions of the federal income tax code concerning qualified retirement plans (including ESOPs). Citing concerns for poor quality and inconsistency in business appraisals, the DOL has sought in recent years to expand the meaning of “fiduciary” under ERISA to include business appraisers. In the most recent forums of exchange and deriving from various court actions, there are numerous areas of concern that DOL/EBSA appear to have regarding ESOP valuations.
This paper focuses on the use of financial projections in ESOP valuations. The use (or misuse) of financial projections is often the most direct cause of over- or under-valuation in ESOPs.
© 1998 American Accounting AssociationAccounting HorizonsV.docx
© 1998 American Accounting Association
Accounting Horizons
Vol. 12 No. 2
June 1998
pp.188-191
COMMENTARY
John K. Wulff and Susan Koski-Grafer
John K. Wulffis the CFO with Union Carbide Corporation and
Susan Koski-Grafer is Vice President-Technical Activities with the
Financial Executives Institute.
Characteristics of Higii Quaiity
Accounting Standards: Perspective
of the Corporate Preparer
The U.S. Committee on Corporate Reporting (CCR) of the Financial Executives
Institute is a national technical committee composed of approximately 40 CFOs, con-
trollers and other senior financial executives of public reporting companies. CCR and
its various subcommittees meet regularly to track accounting and reporting issues and
develop responses that present the views and concerns of the business community as
represented by our members. The authors participate in the work of this committee.
Financial Executives Institute (FEI) is a professional organization of over 14,000
senior financial executives in approximately 8,000 public £ind private companies in the
United States and Canada.
CCR appreciates the opportunity to contribute industry perspectives in examining
criteria for high quality accounting standards. We view our participation in this dia-
logue and other comment efforts as part of the essential checks and balances in the
standard-setting process.
As financial executives in pubhc companies, CCR members are charged with the
responsibility of compihng, summarizing, analyzing and reporting large quantities of
data to shareholders, the general public, regulatory agencies and operating manage-
ment of the companies in which we work. We are also held accountable for fiscal respon-
sibility, systems of controls and quality financial management processes that help pro-
vide value for all investors and creditors.
The following are among the framework principles and other criteria that CCR
takes into consideration when responding to inquiries about potential accounting stan-
dards projects and assessing proposed accounting and reporting standards.
1) Standards should be based upon developed principles and concepts which
account for the true economics of a transaction. The financial statements
should reflect the substance and significance of an entity's transactions in
a standard, verifiable manner. Standards should be developed which re-
quire transactions of similar substance to be accounted for consistently
even though their form may vary.
Characteristics of High Quality Accounting Standards 189
The user community relies upon preparers to accurately refiect the eifect of all
financial transactions in the financial statements and to utilize disclosures to com-
municate information essential to understanding the financial statements. Rules
should not be required which will cause confusion to the users of financial state-
ments about appropriate measures of an entity's performance. While permitting
some level of judgment, accounting rules sho.
International Accounting Standard compliance analysis on nine pharmaceutical ...
Introduction
Literature review
Sample selection
Main analysis
Developing hypothesis
Extracting analysis finding
Bibliography
---References
Convergence Of US-GAAP And International Standards: The Critical Issues
This paper provides readers with:
1) An update on an institutional change that will focus the attention of worldwide accounting and financial reporting standard setters on the convergence of international and national standards, and
2) An analysis of “in-process” issues in the international accounting arena that will be critical to the success / failure of this convergence effort.
match the following attributes to the parts of a compilerstrips ou.pdf
match the following attributes to the parts of a compiler
strips out the comments and whitespace
converts text into lexemes
generates an Abstrat Symbol Tree
recursive descent or table driven
uses BNF or EBNF definitions
a. lexer
b. parser
Solution
The Program and Portfolio Management Maturity Model is an effective tool for organizations to
decide quickly what PPM improvements they should make to enhance their organization\'s
ability to optimize investments, execute big changes and deliver value.
Overview
Key Findings
Real project, program and portfolio management, when operating at the level of well-integrated
practices, is the key enabler that allows organizations to identify and execute strategic change.
Any meaningful undertakings to enhance or evolve the program and portfolio management
(PPM) function must pay more than lip service to organizational structure, business model and
culture to have any chance of success.
Competitive pressures and changing market conditions are forcing organizations toward Level 3,
and most organizations still aren\'t ready to make the leap.
Recommendations
At any level of PPM maturity, focus first on helping the organization make well-informed
investment choices. This will improve the odds of project success more than any other factor.
For organizations that require enterprisewide change and capabilities, it is worth the effort to
pursue Level 4, where enterprise PPM practices are built.
Identify objectives for your enterprise, and use them to identify the most salient improvement
opportunities for your enterprise.
Meticulously manage the change involved in maturing/improving your PPM capabilities.
Analysis
Project/program/portfolio management office (PMO) leaders, program managers and portfolio
managers are frequently challenged by ineffective processes, lack of stakeholder engagement and
difficult-to-quantify value. 1 Part of the problem is failure to match their processes, people and
technology approaches to the maturity level of their organizations. 2
The Gartner Program and Portfolio Management (PPM) Maturity Model assessment is designed
to help PPM leaders understand best practices around large project management, as well as PPM
to handle delivery of strategic value. This model assumes that organizations progress through a
maturity curve and that each level of organizational maturity directly affects the level of
investment and types of PPM approaches organizations choose to adopt.
arsing
A parser is an algorithm that determines whether a given input string is in a language and, as a
side-effect, usually produces a parse tree for the input. There is a procedure for generating a
parser from a given context-free grammar.
Recursive-Descent Parsing
Recursive-descent parsing is one of the simplest parsing techniques that is used in practice.
Recursive-descent parsers are also called top-down parsers, since they construct the parse tree
top down (rather than bottom up).
The basic idea of recursive-descent par.
Multiple-Choice Which one is a discrete variableRadius of a ball.pdf
Multiple-Choice: Which one is a discrete variable?
Radius of a ball in an urn
Weight of a ball in an urn
Diameter of a ball in an urn
Number of balls in an urn
Solution
A discrete variable can only take up some specific values.
Hence,
OPTION D: Number of balls in an urn [ANSWER]
as it can only take integer values..
More Related Content
Similar to Explain whether you think IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged. Wha.pdf
Financial Standard SettingIntroductionInternational Fina.docx
Financial Standard Setting
Introduction
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are guidelines and rules that are designed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that are used to provide a uniform language and platform for reporting different financial statements. The IFRS has been adopted in many countries in Europe, Asia, South America, and Australia. The most notable absentee is the United States who uses the Generally Accepted Accounting Standards (GAAP). IFRS is meant to create transparency in financial reporting so that it can assist the end-users in informative decision making. https://coolassignment.com/2021/06/01/discuss-the-importance-of-an-organization-determining-its-operational-alignment/ The IFRS improves efficiency and accountability in reporting in the global markets. The IFRS is considered as a principle based standard compared to the U.S. GAAP which is rule-based standard. Since its adoption, Australia has benefited from IFRS in various ways, such as low cost of capital and uniformity in financial reporting. This paper will focus on some of the principles of IFRS, its benefits and how it compares to the U.S. GAAP.
The International Financial Reporting Standards has been able to promote transparency in that it has encouraged firms with subsidiaries to synchronize operations of the company like auditing reporting and training standards. It will be easy to monitor the processes of the firm and its subsidiaries if there are set standards that are universal to the whole company. The format used in the business entity should be similar in all the offices so that there is consistency in accounting and reporting the company records (Devereux, 2011).
The International Financial Reporting Standards pursues to level the playing field in preparation and presentation of financial statement of a person or a business entity. It is easy to compare the performance of both the domestic and foreign business entities. The use of a common accounting dialect by the multinational corporations and the subsidiaries to use IFRS in consolidation of the financial statements helps everyone in the system to understand. The use of a similar accounting and reporting standard helps to eradicate the differences brought about by the use of different accounting modes in financial statements (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2012). https://bestofassignment.com/criminology/write-a-personal-philosophy-of-leadership-through-your-construction-of-a-persona/
The use of a similar accounting standard will eliminate unnecessary cost and time in the preparation of reporting the financial statements. The use of different regulations and the standards in a firm may prove to be costly than use of the same standards. To embed IFRS uniform accounting standards in the firm and the subsidiaries reduces the cost of preparation of financial statement. This system will provide accurate and on time statements that are critical in the decision making of th.
Assessing The Gap Between Integrated Reporting And Current Integrated Corpora...
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Mandatory IFRS adoption in Brazil and firm value
Using diff-in-diff approaches and the propensity-score matching, this study focuses on firm-level Tobin´s q and Market-to-book outcomes for Brazilian firms who in 2008 were required by Law 11.638/07 to adopt the full International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by 2010. Brazil’s tier-system of corporate governance standards for publicly-traded firms, its uniquely wholesale adoption of the IFRS, and the previously considerable gap between its national GAAP and IFRS readily lend the scenario to research, which thus far finds small or inconsistent results when focused on IFRS adoption-related outcomes in Europe and China. However, while these features recommend the transitioned Brazilian equity market to analysis, additional unique features, such as its small population size and its limited historical data -- of varied quality – increase the challenge in selecting a suitable empirical methodology. Using quarterly data from 2006-2011, control firms in the Nivel II and Novo Mercado tiers of Bovespa which already complied with higher quality accounting standards are matched to treatment firms in the Regular and Nivel I tiers with similar averaged values of size and sector. Our results suggest that there is a positive impact on Tobin´s q and Market-to-book for firms who are forced to adopt IFRS in Brazil. We can observe the same results when we consider all variables winsorized at 5% level. We also find a positive relation between the firm value (measured by Tobin´s q and Market-to-book) and net income. Firms with higher net income are more likely to have higher Tobin´s q and Market-tobook. In an opposite way, we find a negative relation among firm value, size, Ebit-to-sales, sales growth and PPE-to-sales. All results are statistically significant at 1% level. '
Date: 2017-03
Authors:
Sampaio, Joelson Oliveira
Gallucci Netto, Humberto
Silva, Vinícius Augusto Brunassi
Utilizing HFM to Handle the Requirements of IFRS
Ranzal Practice Director and Oracle ACE, Peter Fugere guides attendees through best practices on building HFM applications to consider the impact of IFRS. HFM has been used for years to do multi-GAAP reporting, so IFRS is not completely uncharted waters. Many companies in Europe and Canada have already moved, and their experience provides guidance for companies in North America. HFM has specific functionality that makes the IFRS transition easier and for North America, moving now may minimize costs later associated with statutory reporting and historical data collection.
Milestone TwoGeoff BrownProfessor DuhnACC 680February 16.docx
Milestone Two
Geoff Brown
Professor Duhn
ACC 680
February 16, 2017
Introduction
I have worked as an accountant specialist for Whitlock Company for the past three years. I have gained a lot of experience that has shaped my accounting skills and knowledge. I have received promotions based on my good work to the position of heading accounting department. The company offers accounting services such as public accounting, bookkeeping and auditing. The company has developed a work plan. The work plan purpose is to consider particular factors and areas important to a commission determination as to how, when and whether the current financial reporting system in the company should be changed to a system integrating International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The work plan showed that application of IFRS and sufficient development evaluation involve inventorying fields in which IFRS does not provide guidance than the GAAP.
Different reporting requirements for IFRS and GAAP
In GAAP, it presents a comparative financial statement and requires public organizations to follow SEC rules that need two-recent year’s balance sheets and the other statements should cover a three-year period ended on the balance sheet date. Nevertheless, one year can be presented in a specific condition. For IFRS, there must be disclosure of comparative information with respect to past period for all amounts reported in the present time financial statement.
Cont.
There is no general requirement to prepare income statements and balance sheets in accordance with particular layout in GAAP. But, public organizations are required to follow the detailed Regulation S-X requirements. However, IFRS does not recommend a customary layout. It involves a list minimum line items which are less prescriptive when compared to the Regulation S-X requirements.
There are no general requirements that solve the disclosure of performance measures for GAAP. Certain major measures are defined in SEC regulations and require the provision of certain subtotals and headings. For IFRS, there is presentation of certain traditional concepts such as subtotals and headings, and line items diversity in the income statements. It allows the presentation of additional headings and subtotals and line items in the comprehensive income statement.
Cont.
GAAP requires presentation of Debt which has covenant violation as a non-present if the creditor contract to waive the right to demand repayment for more than a year exists before the financial statement issuance. IFRS requires presentation of Debt associated with covenant violation as present unless the creditor contract was reached prior to the balance sheet date.
In GAAP, third balance sheet is not required. In IFRS, a third balance sheet should be presented at the beginning of comparative period when there is reclassifications that have a material effect, a retrospective restatement or a retrospective application of new accounting policies that hav ...
Analyzing Financial Projections as Part of the ESOP Fiduciary Process | Appra...
In recent years there has been increasing concern among ESOP sponsors and professional advisors (trustees, TPAs, business appraisers, legal counsel) regarding the scrutiny of the DOL, the Employee Benefits Security Administration (“EBSA”), and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). These entities (and agencies thereof) are tasked with ensuring that ESOPs comply with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) as well as with various provisions of the federal income tax code concerning qualified retirement plans (including ESOPs). Citing concerns for poor quality and inconsistency in business appraisals, the DOL has sought in recent years to expand the meaning of “fiduciary” under ERISA to include business appraisers. In the most recent forums of exchange and deriving from various court actions, there are numerous areas of concern that DOL/EBSA appear to have regarding ESOP valuations.
This paper focuses on the use of financial projections in ESOP valuations. The use (or misuse) of financial projections is often the most direct cause of over- or under-valuation in ESOPs.
© 1998 American Accounting AssociationAccounting HorizonsV.docx
© 1998 American Accounting Association
Accounting Horizons
Vol. 12 No. 2
June 1998
pp.188-191
COMMENTARY
John K. Wulff and Susan Koski-Grafer
John K. Wulffis the CFO with Union Carbide Corporation and
Susan Koski-Grafer is Vice President-Technical Activities with the
Financial Executives Institute.
Characteristics of Higii Quaiity
Accounting Standards: Perspective
of the Corporate Preparer
The U.S. Committee on Corporate Reporting (CCR) of the Financial Executives
Institute is a national technical committee composed of approximately 40 CFOs, con-
trollers and other senior financial executives of public reporting companies. CCR and
its various subcommittees meet regularly to track accounting and reporting issues and
develop responses that present the views and concerns of the business community as
represented by our members. The authors participate in the work of this committee.
Financial Executives Institute (FEI) is a professional organization of over 14,000
senior financial executives in approximately 8,000 public £ind private companies in the
United States and Canada.
CCR appreciates the opportunity to contribute industry perspectives in examining
criteria for high quality accounting standards. We view our participation in this dia-
logue and other comment efforts as part of the essential checks and balances in the
standard-setting process.
As financial executives in pubhc companies, CCR members are charged with the
responsibility of compihng, summarizing, analyzing and reporting large quantities of
data to shareholders, the general public, regulatory agencies and operating manage-
ment of the companies in which we work. We are also held accountable for fiscal respon-
sibility, systems of controls and quality financial management processes that help pro-
vide value for all investors and creditors.
The following are among the framework principles and other criteria that CCR
takes into consideration when responding to inquiries about potential accounting stan-
dards projects and assessing proposed accounting and reporting standards.
1) Standards should be based upon developed principles and concepts which
account for the true economics of a transaction. The financial statements
should reflect the substance and significance of an entity's transactions in
a standard, verifiable manner. Standards should be developed which re-
quire transactions of similar substance to be accounted for consistently
even though their form may vary.
Characteristics of High Quality Accounting Standards 189
The user community relies upon preparers to accurately refiect the eifect of all
financial transactions in the financial statements and to utilize disclosures to com-
municate information essential to understanding the financial statements. Rules
should not be required which will cause confusion to the users of financial state-
ments about appropriate measures of an entity's performance. While permitting
some level of judgment, accounting rules sho.
International Accounting Standard compliance analysis on nine pharmaceutical ...
Introduction
Literature review
Sample selection
Main analysis
Developing hypothesis
Extracting analysis finding
Bibliography
---References
Convergence Of US-GAAP And International Standards: The Critical Issues
This paper provides readers with:
1) An update on an institutional change that will focus the attention of worldwide accounting and financial reporting standard setters on the convergence of international and national standards, and
2) An analysis of “in-process” issues in the international accounting arena that will be critical to the success / failure of this convergence effort.
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Financial Standard SettingIntroductionInternational Fina.docx
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Assessing The Gap Between Integrated Reporting And Current Integrated Corpora...
All documents are reproduced with the permission of the copyright owner
All documents are reproduced with the permission of the copyright owner
All documents are reproduced with the permission of the copyright owner
All documents are reproduced with the permission of the copyright owner
Milestone TwoGeoff BrownProfessor DuhnACC 680February 16.docx
Milestone TwoGeoff BrownProfessor DuhnACC 680February 16.docx
Analyzing Financial Projections as Part of the ESOP Fiduciary Process | Appra...
Analyzing Financial Projections as Part of the ESOP Fiduciary Process | Appra...
© 1998 American Accounting AssociationAccounting HorizonsV.docx
© 1998 American Accounting AssociationAccounting HorizonsV.docx
International Accounting Standard compliance analysis on nine pharmaceutical ...
International Accounting Standard compliance analysis on nine pharmaceutical ...
Convergence Of US-GAAP And International Standards: The Critical Issues
Convergence Of US-GAAP And International Standards: The Critical Issues
More from arpitaeron555
match the following attributes to the parts of a compilerstrips ou.pdf
match the following attributes to the parts of a compiler
strips out the comments and whitespace
converts text into lexemes
generates an Abstrat Symbol Tree
recursive descent or table driven
uses BNF or EBNF definitions
a. lexer
b. parser
Solution
The Program and Portfolio Management Maturity Model is an effective tool for organizations to
decide quickly what PPM improvements they should make to enhance their organization\'s
ability to optimize investments, execute big changes and deliver value.
Overview
Key Findings
Real project, program and portfolio management, when operating at the level of well-integrated
practices, is the key enabler that allows organizations to identify and execute strategic change.
Any meaningful undertakings to enhance or evolve the program and portfolio management
(PPM) function must pay more than lip service to organizational structure, business model and
culture to have any chance of success.
Competitive pressures and changing market conditions are forcing organizations toward Level 3,
and most organizations still aren\'t ready to make the leap.
Recommendations
At any level of PPM maturity, focus first on helping the organization make well-informed
investment choices. This will improve the odds of project success more than any other factor.
For organizations that require enterprisewide change and capabilities, it is worth the effort to
pursue Level 4, where enterprise PPM practices are built.
Identify objectives for your enterprise, and use them to identify the most salient improvement
opportunities for your enterprise.
Meticulously manage the change involved in maturing/improving your PPM capabilities.
Analysis
Project/program/portfolio management office (PMO) leaders, program managers and portfolio
managers are frequently challenged by ineffective processes, lack of stakeholder engagement and
difficult-to-quantify value. 1 Part of the problem is failure to match their processes, people and
technology approaches to the maturity level of their organizations. 2
The Gartner Program and Portfolio Management (PPM) Maturity Model assessment is designed
to help PPM leaders understand best practices around large project management, as well as PPM
to handle delivery of strategic value. This model assumes that organizations progress through a
maturity curve and that each level of organizational maturity directly affects the level of
investment and types of PPM approaches organizations choose to adopt.
arsing
A parser is an algorithm that determines whether a given input string is in a language and, as a
side-effect, usually produces a parse tree for the input. There is a procedure for generating a
parser from a given context-free grammar.
Recursive-Descent Parsing
Recursive-descent parsing is one of the simplest parsing techniques that is used in practice.
Recursive-descent parsers are also called top-down parsers, since they construct the parse tree
top down (rather than bottom up).
The basic idea of recursive-descent par.
Multiple-Choice Which one is a discrete variableRadius of a ball.pdf
Multiple-Choice: Which one is a discrete variable?
Radius of a ball in an urn
Weight of a ball in an urn
Diameter of a ball in an urn
Number of balls in an urn
Solution
A discrete variable can only take up some specific values.
Hence,
OPTION D: Number of balls in an urn [ANSWER]
as it can only take integer values..
Looking for some help with this assignment. 1. Define distribut.pdf
Looking for some help with this assignment.
1. Define distributed computing and the impact it has had on organizations.
2. Why should you be concerned about the innovation butterfly is you are an IT professional?
3. What is the difference between single threading and multithreading and how would I use it in
a Distributed system?
4. What is a mobile architecture and what are some of the design considerations?
5. Explain why naming conventions are important in large enterprise organizations.
6. What is the difference between a disruptive and a sustaining technology?
7. Describe the difference amongst Mobile, Cloud and Embedded systems.
8. Explain the role time plays in distributed systems and why it is difficult to manage.
9. What are the major challenges IOT plays in a distributed system?
10. How does mobility, ubiquity and PAN increase the complexity of distributed systems.
Solution
1)
sol:defnition:
it is a one type of model where software components are shared with mutliple computer
to make work easier and gives more effieciency and performance
impact of distributed computing
1)at present it keeps a main roles in organizations ,all the organizations are converting to
distributed system
2)we can process data at one place and access data at one place so there is lot of availability
3)many organization doing thier business process in remote computer and accesing their
database
2)differenece between sustaining and disruptive technology
1)by using sustaining technology improves performance for products which had been established
with the
dimension of the product which gives market to the mainstream customers
2) coming to the disruptive technology bring to market in diffrent praportions of values which
had been
available previously,these disruptive techonolgy underperform which had been established in
main steram market.
Introduction and BackgroundIn recent lectures we discussed usi.pdf
Introduction and Background
In recent lectures we discussed using arrays, classes and interfaces (see newly added course
notes if you want to read ahead about interfaces – we will cover them this week in lecture). In
this lab you will utilize all of these topics to build a simple yet useful new class. Consider the
following interface describing the methods for a simple double ended queue (or deque):
public interface SimpleDeque
{
public void addFront(Object X); // Add Object X at front of list
public void addRear(Object X); // Add Object X at rear of list
// If array is full, add methods should do nothing
public Object removeFront(); // Remove and return Object X from
// front of list
public Object removeRear(); // Remove and return Object X from
// rear of list
// If array is empty, remove methods should return null
public boolean isEmpty(); // Return true if the list is empty
// Return false otherwise
}
A queue has the behavior such that items are added at the rear and removed from the front,
thereby giving a First In First Out (FIFO) access to the items added and subsequently removed
from the list. No other manipulations of the data are permitted (for example, we cannot add or
remove anywhere in the middle). Looking at it \"in reverse\", we could add new items at the
front of the queue and remove them from the rear. This is still providing FIFO access, but just
from a different point of view. Now consider both adding and removing items at the rear of the
list (without ever accessing the front). This is called stack access and gives us Last In First Out
(LIFO) access to the items (the data is removed in reverse order). The same behavior occurs if
we both add and remove at the front without ever accessing the rear of the list.
The simple deque above is expressed as an interface rather than a class, because we are not
describing the data or how it is represented -- we are simply describing its access behavior.
However, to actually build a working deque, we need a class that implements the interface
above. For example:
public class MyDeque implements SimpleDeque
{
Object [] theData;
int numItems;
public MyDeque(int maxItems)
{
theData = new Object[maxItems];
numItems = 0;
}
// Implementation of the five methods of SimpleDeque, plus
// perhaps other methods as well
}
Note that the implementation above uses an array of Object to store the items in the deque. Since
Object is the base class to all other Java classes, an array of Object can thus be used to store any
Java class types (we can even store primitive values if we utilize their wrapper classes). Also
note that nothing in the SimpleDeque interface requires an array to be used to store the data. You
will see in your CS 0445 course that a linked list may in fact be a better implementation than an
array in this case. However, for this implementation we will use an array because it is simple and
easy to understand.
Another important thing to notice about the partial implementation above is tha.
In the binary search, if the array being searched has 32 elements in.pdf
In the binary search, if the array being searched has 32 elements in it, how many elements of the
array must be examined to be certain that the array does not contain the key? What about 1024
elements? Note: the answer is the same regardless of whether the algorithm is recursive or
iterative.
Solution
Binary Search Algorithm- Fundamentals, Implementation and Analysis
Hitesh Garg | May 15, 2015 | algorithms | 5 Comments
Binary Search Algorithm and its Implementation
In our previous tutorial we discussed about Linear search algorithm which is the most basic
algorithm of searching which has some disadvantages in terms of time complexity,so to
overcome them to a level an algorithm based on dichotomic (i.e. selection between two distinct
alternatives) divide and conquer technique is used i.e. Binarysearch algorithm and it is used to
find an element in a sorted array (yes, it is a prerequisite for this algorithm and a limitation too).
In this algorithm we use the sorted array so as to reduce the time complexity to O(log n). In this,
size of the elements reduce to half after each iteration and this is achieved by comparing the
middle element with the key and if they are unequal then we choose the first or second half,
whichever is expected to hold the key (if available) based on the comparison i.e. if array is sorted
in an increasing manner and the key is smaller than middle element than definitely if key exists,
it will be in the first half, we chose it and repeat same operation again and again until key is
found or no more elements are left in the array.
Recursive Pseudocode:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// initially called with low = 0, high = N – 1
BinarySearch_Right(A[0..N-1], value, low, high) {
// invariants: value >= A[i] for all i < low
value < A[i] for all i > high
if (high < low)
return low
mid = low +((high – low) / 2) // THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP TO AVOID BUGS
if (A[mid] > value)
return BinarySearch_Right(A, value, low, mid-1)
else
return BinarySearch_Right(A, value, mid+1, high)
}
Iterative Pseudocode:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
BinarySearch_Right(A[0..N-1], value) {
low = 0
high = N - 1
while (low <= high) {
// invariants: value >= A[i] for all i < low
value < A[i] for all i > high
mid = low +((high – low) / 2) // THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP TO AVOID BUGS
if (A[mid] > value)
high = mid - 1
else
low = mid + 1
}
return low
}
Asymptotic Analysis
Since this algorithm halves the no of elements to be checked after every iteration it will take
logarithmic time to find any element i.e. O(log n) (where n is number of elements in the list) and
its expected cost is also proportional to log n provided that searching and comparing cost of all
the elements is same
Data structure used -> Array
Worst case performance -> O(log n)
Best case performance -> O(1)
Average case performance -> O(log n)
Worst case space complexity -> O(1)
So the idea is-
RECURSIVE Implementation of Binary search in C programming language
1
2
3
4
5
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14
15
.
Is there any information out there about decorator crabs picking up .pdf
Is there any information out there about decorator crabs picking up toxins and the correlation to
the polluted areas they inhabit
Solution
It\'s not true that these crabs pick up toxins from the environment. They use the surviving
environment to camouflage themselves. The is also no relation to the pollution thing..
Heliconius melpomene is a species of butterfly with ZW sex determina.pdf
Heliconius melpomene is a species of butterfly with ZW sex determination. H. melpomene\'s
wing spots are normally orange, but a recessive Z-linked mutation causes the spots to be yellow,
while a recessive autosomal mutation causes the spots to be red. Butterflies homozygous (or
hemizygous) for both mutations have no wing spots. What are the expected F1 and F2
phenotypes from a cross between a red-spotted female and a yellow-spotted male?
Solution
The Heliconius melpomene butterfly having sex determination ZW have normally orange wing
spots.
Given
Recessive Z linked mutation causes the spots to be yellow, if Y is the dominant gene the y
represents the recessive gene. The recessive autosomal mutation causes the spot to be red,the
recessive autosomal mutation represented by rr.
a) WX represents female
b) WW represents male
Given-:
F1 generation
The red spotted female is crossed with yellow spotted male
ZWrr X ZZy
ZZ, WrrZ, ZZy, WrrZy
It gives 1 hemizygous butterfly, 1red spotted female butterfly, 1 yellow spotted male and 1
normal orange wing male butterfly.
The F2 generation gives the same result..
Identify the key mechanism that determines which X remains active an.pdf
Identify the key mechanism that determines which X remains active and which X becomes
inactive.
Solution
In normal human females, only one X chromosome is transcriptionally active, the other X
chromosome remains condensed as heterochromatin and is called as sex chromatin or Barr body.
Formation of Barr body ensures that cells of both males and females have same number of active
X chromosomes and thus synthesise equal amount of products encoded by X linked genes.
This inactivation of one of the two X chromosome in each cell is called Lyonization, after the
name of British researcher Mary Lyon. She proposed that;
Inactivation of X chromosome in females occurs during early stages of embryonic development
and this Inactivation of X chromosome in embryo is a random process, so that paternally derived
and maternally derived X chromosomes stands equal chance of becoming inactivated in any
given cell.
MECHANISM OF INACTIVATION :
The mechanism of Inactivation is initiated by a non coding RNA molecule called XIST RNA.
There is a region on X chromosome called as X-Inactivation center (XIC) located on proximal
end of X chromosome. Genetic expression of this region occurs only on chromosome that is
inactivated. This region carries about 4 genes one of which is X-Inactivation specific transcript
(XIST). The RNA transcribed by this gene is called XIST RNA. This RNA is large (about 17kb
long) and is not translated. It does not diffuse into nucleoplasm,but accumulates along the length
of chromosome just before it is Inactivated.
Thus RNA product of XIST gene spread over and coat the X chromosome bearing the gene that
produced it ,creating some sort of molecular \"cage\" that entraps it leading to its Inactivation.
Thus X chromosome in which XIST gene is transcribed to form XIST RNA becomes inactive
(due to coating of this X chromsome by XIST RNA) while as the other X chromosome remains
active..
For each of the given functions, list the domain and range. Also list.pdf
For each of the given functions, list the domain and range. Also list the period, amplitude and
the equations of all asymptotes where applicable. (If you choose to draw a graph it will not be
graded.) ln(x) Domain:_ Range:_ Period:_ Amplitude: _ Asymptotes:_
Solution
f(x) = lnx
Domain : ( 0, infinity)
Range : ( -inf , +inf)
Period : It is not periodic function
Amplitude : Vertical asymtote , x=0.
Given to girls born in the U.S. in the years The tables below give t.pdf
Given to girls born in the U.S. in the years The tables below give the ten most popular names
1974 and 1999 and the percentages of girls given those names. Consider group of 20 girls born in
1974. and another group of 20 bom in 1999. Use the data in the tables to do problems 22-25
regarding these groups. The name Jennifer was approximately 3 times as popular in 1974 as
Emily was in 1999, despite each being the #1 name in their respective years. Determine by
calculation if you are 3 times as likely to have more than one Jennifer in the 1974 group of 20 as
you are to have multiple Emilys in the 1999 group of 20.
Solution.
How do open source projects work How is it different from closed sou.pdf
How do open source projects work? How is it different from closed source projects? Discus the
creation of a database. Explain its working. (E.g, what you need to use to create tables and
relationship? What you do to modify a database?) Explain what\'s SaaS, PaaS and laaS?
Distinguish among these three.
Solution
31) In open source project the source code of the project is made available to anyone for free.
The code can be studied, modified and even redistributed for any purpose.Many of the open
source projects are developed in an open collaberative manner. People volunteer to develop the
projects.Where as in closed source projects the source code is not developed by an organization
and the source code is not openly available.
32) A database consists of many tables created for a project. In mysql it is created using the
command \'create database sample_database;\'. We generally use a RDBMS(Relational Database
Management System). The data is stored in RDBMS database objects called tables. You can
create a table by specifying the number of rows, names of each row and the type of data that will
be stored in each of them.
33) SaaS means software as a service in which a software is provided as a serive. Generally the
service is centrally hosted, but this many not always be the case. The consumer is charged on a
one time basis or in a subscription model. PaaS stands for platform as a service. The service
provides platform as a service for customers to develop, manage and run applications. This is
generally referred for cloud computing applications. LaaS stands for logging as a serivce. This
represents a architechture used for collection of log files from a specific location or source..
Ferdinand is affected by hemophilia, a recessive x-linked condition..pdf
Ferdinand is affected by hemophilia, a recessive x-linked condition. He mates with an unaffected
woman with no history of hemophilia in her family. Their first child is a girl with Turner
Syndrome (XO sex chromosomes), who is also hemophiliac. You infer that she resulted from the
following sperm and egg (answers listed in the order of sperm, egg):normal, normal
Solution
Answer: Because Ferdinand has hemophilia which is X-linked ressesive disease. Daughters
produced by mating of ferdinand and a normal female would be carriers of hemophilia. In this
case however, the daughter is having Turners\' syndrome (XO) and is heophilic as well. This
implies that the X came from sperm of Ferdinand and the O is beacuse the X chromosome from
the female was nondisjunct at meiosis I, as non-disjunction at meiosis II would result in two
gaetes being normal, One being trisomic and one being monosomic. whereas nondysjunction at
meiosis I would give rise to 50% trisomic and 50% monosomic gametes. Hence raising the
possibility of turners\' syndrome after nondysjunction at meiosis I.
Therefore answer is:
c. Normal and non-dysjunction at meiosis I..
Does the following picture depict a function It so, is it a one to o.pdf
Does the following picture depict a function? It so, is it a one to one function?
Solution
The given picture depict the function.Every element of set x mapping into set y\'s exactly one
element.so it is called a function.
A function is said to be one-to-one if every y value has exactly one x value mapped onto it.So the
given picture is not one-to-one function.because two elements of set x mapping to one set y\'s
element..
Do patients have health care rights that are not legal or statuatory.pdf
Do patients have health care rights that are not legal or statuatory rights? Explain your answer.
Solution
Legal Conceptualization: it supplies that a patient has a right to realize potential benefits, risks,
and option a of proposed therapy; duty of physician to reveal to the patient a full apprehension of
the suggested care before patient assent to it.
Statuatory Rights: when a patient is clinically unfit to give assent to a lifesaving emergency
therapy. The law implicit assent (exigency in most states abolish need for assent).
Describe the authentication process in the figure below Solutio.pdf
Describe the authentication process in the figure below:
Solution
Authentication begins when a user tries to access information. First, the user must prove his
access rights and identity. When logging into a computer, users commonly enter usernames and
passwords for authentication purposes. This login combination, which must be assigned to each
user, authenticates access. However, this type of authentication can be circumvented by hackers.
A better form of authentication, biometrics, depends on the user’s presence and biological
makeup (i.e., retina or fingerprints). This technology makes it more difficult for hackers to break
into computer systems.
The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) authentication method uses digital certificates to prove a
user’s identity. There are other authentication tools, too, such as key cards and USB tokens. One
of the greatest authentication threats occurs with email, where authenticity is often difficult to
verify. For example, unsecured emails often appear legitimate..
Discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management..pdf
Discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management.
Solution
1. History of Bureaucratic Management:
There was time before 1800 when the organisations operated like a family. Supervisors, workers
and employees did not have proper defined work. Every one did everything. During late 1800,
Max Weber brought about changes in this system of organisational operation. He believed that
having an informal organisation decreases the productivity of the employees as they are not
focussed and goal-driven.
Max Weber created the idea of bureaucratic management which made the organisation more
rigid, authorative and structured. He believed that employees do not follow the organisation but
they follow their bosses. He defined supervisors and workers role properly. The workers were
supposed to take their immediate bosses orders and cannot operate beyond that capacity.
Max Weber\'s theory of bureaucratic management has two important elements. First, it involves
structuring an organization into a hierarchy system. Secondly, the organization as well as its
employees operate through clearly defined rational-legal decision-making rules. Both the
elements help the organisation to achieve its goals.
2. History of Administrative Mangement
During 1900, the management expert Jules Henri Fayol, came to the conclusion that
management is an activity that is followed by all the human undertakings. Management is
needed at school, housework, business, government services, etc. All these human undertakings
need five basic administrative functions to operate. They are:
i. Planning
ii. Organizing
iii. Commanding
iv. Coordinating
v. Controlling
Henri Fayol rejected the notion that \"Managers are born and not made.\" Instead he believed that
management is a skill that can be developed over the time through proper training and
enthusiasm. Managemnt skills can be acquired if its principles are understood.
Henri Fayol was of the belief that since management is an all-encompassing activity, the
management skills should be taught in schools, colleges and universities..
Describe or explain how SNPs in genes at evolutionary conserved brea.pdf
Describe or explain how SNPs in genes at evolutionary conserved breakpoints can lead to
dramatic phenotypic differences between species like chimpanzees and humans even though
their genomes are 98% similar? Provide and describe or explain an example of one gene with
SNP differences between gorillas and humans that might have resulted changes between humans
and apes.
Solution
SNP ( Single nucleotide polymorphism) is a type of genetic variation among living beings. SNP
represents a difference in a single DNA building block i.e, nucleotide. SNP replaces the
nucleotide cytosine ( C) With ghe nucleotide thymine (T) in a stetch of DNA. The difference
between the two genomes of humans and chimpanzees is actually 4% approximately. This
msinly contributes to the phenotypic differences in various species.
Humans differbfrom other primates like chimpanzees and apes in cognitive abilities and a
significantly larger brain. These correlate with metabolic changes, etc. Example of such genes
with SNP differences is 90 TF genes with significant expression levels in humans and
chimpanzee brain. Among these KRAB-Zinc finger genes are markedly important. The
differentially expressed TFs cluster within robust regulatory network consisting of two distinct
but interlinked modules, strongly associated with energy metabolism functions and the others
with transcription, vesticular transport and ubiquitination..
Data x word 23 y word -3 Write assembly code for the following p.pdf
Data x: word 23 y: word -3 Write assembly code for the following pseudo code and draw flow
chard (for both Q1 and Q2): if (x
Solution
Answer:
Assembly Language Code :
1)
.zero 1
main:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 4
jg .L2
add DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 1
2)
.zero 1
main:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1
mov eax, 1
test al, al
je .L2
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 0.
Can Variance Inflation factors be used to detect Heteroscedasticity .pdf
Can Variance Inflation factors be used to detect Heteroscedasticity problem in the regression
analysis
Solution
Variance inflation factors (VIF) measure how much the variance of the estimated regression
coefficients are inflated as compared to when the predictor variables are not linearly related.
Use to describe how much multicollinearity (correlation between predictors) exists in a
regression analysis. Multicollinearity is problematic because it can increase the variance of the
regression coefficients, making them unstable and difficult to interpret.
Use the following guidelines to interpret the VIF:VIFStatus of predictorsVIF = 1Not correlated1
< VIF < 5Moderately correlatedVIF > 5 to 10Highly correlated.
A study undertaken by the Miami-Dade Supervisor of Elections in 2002.pdf
A study undertaken by the Miami-Dade Supervisor of Elections in 2002 revealed that 44% of
registered voters are Democrats, 37% are Republicans, and 19% are others. If two registered
voters are selected at random, find the following probability:
One of them is a Democrat and another one is a Republican.
Solution
Here we have following probabilties:
P(democrats)=0.44
P(republicans)=0.37
P(others)=0.19
Since voters are independent from each other so the probabilityOne of them is a Democrat and
another one is a Republican is
P(One of them is a Democrat and another one is a
Republican)=P(democrats)P(republican)=0.44*0.37=0.1628
hence, the required probability is 0.1628..
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