Paraphrase the following passage: Long before scientists were able to record spikes, they were able to stimulate the nervous system using batteries (Leyden Jars experiment). Since nerves use electricity to communicate, they can be manipulated with electricity as well. Luigi Galvani, an Italian scientist in the 1700’s, discovered that electricity applied to the nerves of frog legs caused the large muscles to twitch. Such discoveries led to debates at the time as to whether “animal electricity” was different from the electricity during lightning storms. Galvani also tested this by hanging frogs legs off his back porch during the thunderstorms and watching the legs twitch. Eventually, the scientific community discovered that while electricity can indeed stimulate nervous system and muscle tissue, the tissue itself generates electricity. This led to the beginnings of contemporary neuroscience. In another famous experiment, German Medical Scientist Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch in 1870 applied electricity current to the exposed cerebral cortex (wrinkly part of brain) in dogs in their kitchen, showing that stimulation of different parts of the brain can cause different types of movements. Solution The depolarization and spike production from neurons of nervous system was examined by the various scientist through various experiments finally unraveled the neurons are going to work through nerve potential such as electric potential to communicate (Scientist Leyden). This electric potential have triggered twitching muscle activity via motor neurons & these aspects were examined by working on large leg muscles of frog (L Galvani 1700) finally deduced that animal electric potential id differed from electric potential observed during lightening. Therefore these neuroscience research aspects have meticulously have later examined in exposed cerebral cortex using electric current onto the “neurons of dogs” finally observed differential muscle movements (E Hitzig 1870).

1. Paraphrase the following passage:
Long before scientists were able to record spikes, they were able to stimulate the nervous system
using batteries (Leyden Jars experiment). Since nerves use electricity to communicate, they can
be manipulated with electricity as well. Luigi Galvani, an Italian scientist in the 1700’s,
discovered that electricity applied to the nerves of frog legs caused the large muscles to twitch.
Such discoveries led to debates at the time as to whether “animal electricity” was different from
the electricity during lightning storms. Galvani also tested this by hanging frogs legs off his back
porch during the thunderstorms and watching the legs twitch. Eventually, the scientific
community discovered that while electricity can indeed stimulate nervous system and muscle
tissue, the tissue itself generates electricity. This led to the beginnings of contemporary
neuroscience. In another famous experiment, German Medical Scientist Eduard Hitzig and
Gustav Fritsch in 1870 applied electricity current to the exposed cerebral cortex (wrinkly part of
brain) in dogs in their kitchen, showing that stimulation of different parts of the brain can cause
different types of movements.
Solution
The depolarization and spike production from neurons of nervous system was examined by the
various scientist through various experiments finally unraveled the neurons are going to work
through nerve potential such as electric potential to communicate (Scientist Leyden). This
electric potential have triggered twitching muscle activity via motor neurons & these aspects
were examined by working on large leg muscles of frog (L Galvani 1700) finally deduced that
animal electric potential id differed from electric potential observed during lightening. Therefore
these neuroscience research aspects have meticulously have later examined in exposed cerebral
cortex using electric current onto the “neurons of dogs” finally observed differential muscle
movements (E Hitzig 1870)