2. BRAIN VS. HEART
Hippocrates 460-377 BC,
“Men ought to know that from the
brain and from the brain only arise
our pleasures, joys, laughter and
jests, as well as our
sorrows, pains, grieves and tears”.
Aristotle 384-322 B.C
“the heart as the organ of thinking, of
perception and feelings,”
“brain could cool the passion of heart”
387 B.C. - Plato teaches
at Athens. Believes
brain is seat of mental
process
3. BRAIN AS HOLLOW ORGAN: 335-280 BC
HEROPHILUS
Ventricles are seat of
human intelligence
14. PHINEASE GAGE (1848)
On 13th Sept 1848 a railroad
worker hard working,
diligent, reliable,
responsible, intelligent,
good humored, polite god
fearing, family oriented
foreman
Following an explosion iron
bar drove into frontal lobe
1. He becomes unreliable and
fails to come to work and
when present he is "lazy."
2. He has no interest in going
to church, constantly drinks
alcohol, gambles, and
"whores about."
3. He is accused of sexually
molesting young children.
4. He ignores his wife and
children and fails to meet
his financial and family
obligations.
5. He has lost his sense of
humour.
6. He curses constantly and
does so in inappropriate
circumstances.
7. Died of status epilepticus in
1861
16. 1870, HITZIG AND FRITSCH
Electrically stimulated various parts of a dog's
motor cortex.
They observed that depending on what part of the
cortex they stimulated, a different part of the body
contracted.
Then they found that if they destroyed this same
small area of the cortex, the corresponding part of
the body became paralyzed.
This is how it was discovered that every part of the
body has a particular region of the primary motor
cortex that controls its movement.
21. 1906 - SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON
1906 - Sir Charles
Scott Sherrington
publishes The
Integrative Action of
the Nervous system
that describes the
synapse and motor
cortex
23. CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
Idea
Association
cortex
Premotor +
Motor cortex
Basal
Ganglia
Lateral
cerebellu
m
Movement
Intermediate
Cerebellum
Execution
Planning
45. A. ACTIVITY IN THE NEURON AS THE
MONKEY OBSERVES ANOTHER
MONKEY MAKE A PRECISION GROUP.
B. ACTIVITY IN THE SAME NEURON AS
THE MONKEY OBSERVES THE HUMAN
EXPERIMENTER MAKE THE PRECISION
GRIP.
C. ACTIVITY IN THE SAME NEURON AS
THE MONKEY ITSELF PERFORMS A
PRECISION GRIP. (FROM RIZZOLOTTI
ET AL 1996.)
Mirror Neurons
46. DIFFERENT AREAS OF CORTEX ARE ACTIVATED DURING SIMPLE, COMPLEX, AND
IMAGINED SEQUENCES OF FINGER MOVEMENTS (XENON PET)
48. AS A MOVEMENT BECOMES MORE PRACTICED, IT IS REPRESENTED MORE EXTENSIVELY IN
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
49. SUMMARY
Primary Motor Cortex:
Codes force and direction of movement
Spinal motor neuron are directly under control for
precise movement.
Dorsal Premotor Cortex
Movement related neuron encodes sensorimotor
transformation for visual and sensory cue
Fire before movement
Ventral Premotor Cortex
Encodes learned motor act fire before movement
All cortical neurons are adaptable and plastic
