Synthetic Polymers Built Up From Multiple Chemical...

Synthetic Polymers Built Up From Multiple Chemical...
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role in almost every aspect of our
lives. The widespread generation of plastics waste needs proper end–of–life management. The
highest amount of plastics is found in containers and packaging's (i.e. bottles, packaging, cups etc.),
but they also are found in durables (e.g. tires, building materials, furniture, etc.) and disposable
goods (e.g. medical devices). Diversity of plastics applications is related with their specific
properties, low density, easy processing, good mechanical properties, good chemical resistance,
excellent thermal and electrical insulating properties and low cost ( in comparison to other
materials) [1].
Polyesters are a class of synthetic polymers built up from multiple chemical repeating units linked
together by ester (CO–O) groups. Polyesters display a wide array of properties and practical
applications. Permanent–press fabrics, disposable soft–drink bottles, compact discs, rubber tires, and
enamel paints represent only a few of the products made from this group [2].
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is the most commonly used thermoplastic polyester. It is often
called just "polyester" which often causes confusion, because polyester resins are thermosetting
materials. PET is a transparent polymer, with a good mechanical properties and good dimensional
stability under variable load. Moreover, PET has good gas barrier properties and good chemical
resistance [3].
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A Brief Note On Nature 's Deadliest Predator
Nature's Deadliest Predator
"Plastic is forever... and a lot cheaper than diamonds" (Meikle 9). When plastics were first
discovered they were called the material of 1,000 uses. This first, very primitive plastic was called
Bakelite, discovered in 1907 (Knight 5). Although plastic today can be chemically analyzed very
well, when first discovered there was very little information known about the benefits and downfalls
of this material. Plastics have many unique characteristics that make them extremely desirable as an
applicable material. They are better known in the world of chemistry as polymers, poly meaning
many and mers meaning parts. In order for a substance to be classified as a polymer, a compound
must be made up of many of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Polymers come in two distinctly different chemical make ups, thermoplastics, which can be
reheated, reworked, and recycled, and thermosets, which once cured are completely locked into
place and and cannot be recycled ("The Basics"). What makes these polymers so environmentally
unfriendly is that they will not biodegrade. The long chains of covalent bonds makes the compounds
so strong that they will only undergo a process called photodegradation. This photodegradation
means that over time the polymers will simply break into smaller and smaller pieces, never
completely going away ("The Basics"). These small pieces containing chemical toxins gravely
endanger wildlife who confuse these pellets for food. Plastics are still relatively new materials, their
potential not fully reached. The question is how will the use of so many non reusable plastics in a
person's everyday life affect the economy and environment in the long run?
Plastic is one of the worlds most prominent resources and therefore it is a staple in not only in the
United States economy, but in other economies around the world. To begin with, the plastics
industry and manufacturing alone accounts for over nine hundred thousand jobs domestically.
Meaning that of the 64.2% of the United States workforce, about one in every two hundred people is
employed by the plastics industry ("Economic").

Comparative Analysis of Wood-Based, Paper-Based, and...
Analysis of Wood–based, Paper–based, and Plastic–based packages The shipping of goods and
materials from their raw stages to finished products is facilitated through the use of wood–based,
paper–based, and plastic–based shipping containers. Each of these methods has its own advantages
and disadvantages that include their strength, stiffness, durability, functionality, and purchase price
(Clarke, 2004). Through a comparison of the pros and cons of each shipping container and method,
one can determine which method is best suited for his or her individual needs. It is estimated that
450 million new wood pallets are produced in North America on a yearly basis and that 1.9 billion
pallets are in use at any given time (Clarke, 2004). Wood pallets are fabricated in a variety of sizes,
however, the 48 x 40 inch wood pallet, commonly referred to as the GMA or the grocery pallet,
makes up about 30% of pallets in use (Clarke, 2004). Currently, wooden pallets make up 90%–95%
of distribution packages in the United States' market. Some of the reasons that wood packaging
materials are popular in developing countries is the availability of raw materials to create the
packaging; the labor intensiveness of manufacturing wood packaging, which helps to stimulate the
economy and employ individuals within these countries; and the affordable customizability of wood
packaging (Module 5, Wood Packaging, n.d.). There are several advantages to the use of wooden
pallets for distribution that

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Scaffolds
As previously defined, a composite material consists of two or more materials where polymers are
used as matrix materials usually. These materials behave together to produce the best properties of
the scaffold, duplicating the same composite features of bone. In particular, polymer– based
composite scaffolds may mimic the structure of natural bone which is mainly made of HA and
collagen. Showing better osteoconductivity, HA can be considered the inorganic reinforcing phase
of the composite scaffold, while polymers such as PCL, PLLA, PGA, PLGA function as the organic
matrix. Bioactive phases creating reinforcement in the polymer–based composite can also change
the degradation behavior. Composite scaffolds made of polymer reinforced with HA seem to be
promising substrates for bone tissue engineering because of their outstanding mechanical properties
and osteoconductivity.
While intensive efforts have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effective synergic role of –TCP bioactive particles and PLA fibers on the morphology and
mechanical behavior of the final composite scaffold was assessed, as well as the interaction between
the ceramic phase and the highly organized fiber–reinforced polymeric structure (60).
The integration of biodegradable PLA fibers into the PCL matrix allows a mechanical response that
is ideal to maintain the spaces required for cellular in–growth and matrix production. The addition
of bioactive –TCP particles, through a hardening reaction, generates needle–like crystals of
calcium–deficient hydroxyapatite similar to natural bone apatite, which interact with the fiber–
reinforced polymer. This interaction strongly enhances the mechanical response in compression by
up to an order of magnitude

The Medi-Can Medicine Alarm And Dispenser
The Medi–Can Medicine Alarm & Dispenser is a hexagon–shaped container with a diameter of 12
inches. The container is made of a white plastic. It is lightweight with smooth edges to prevent any
hassle for the consumer. The container has a lid that can lift off of the top of the container. The lid is
made out of a lightweight, white plastic for easy transportation and lifting. The container is divided
into 12 sections by plastic walls inside of the container. These sections are triangular and contain
enough space to hold more than a bottle of medication.
Each section of the container is personalized for a specific medication. There is a pill label for each
of the 12 sections. The labels have a clear, plastic pocket to slide the label with the

The Pros And Cons Of Poly Methylmethacrylate
3.0 Introduction
For the purpose of creating dentures, many materials have thus far been used, amongst these, poly
methylmethacrylate (PMMA) have become the most popularly used materials (Machado et al.,
2007). However, this material does come with its set of drawbacks. Its moderate to low fracture
strength is the most important drawback (Mumcu et al., 2011). The population that most commonly
requires the use of dentures are the older age groups. In view of this, it can be stated that older
people have reduced muscular control and hence results in accidents which cause fracture of the
dentures (Stipho & Talic, 2001). One way this limitation of the PMMA can be overcome is to add
metal frameworks to the denture structure. But even so, drawbacks such as metal corrosion, allergy
to the metal, deformation, and also aesthetic concerns do exist. Besides this, there is also difficulty
in the casting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, for the purpose of denture base, vulcanized rubber (vulcanite) has been in use. It was
introduced in the year 1855 to the field of dentistry (Tandon et al., 2010). However, there were
several issues faced with respect to its fabrication as well as the aesthetics. With this, the year 1937
saw the advent of PMMA which replaced vulcanite as it had enhanced properties (Machado et al.,
2007). It also was less expensive than vulcanite and aesthetically more pleasing. From then on,
PMMA has been in use. Recently, additional polymers such as nylons, vinyl acrylic and light
activated urethane dimethymethcarylate have been evaluated for use as denture base materials
(Diaz–Arnold et al., 2008). Even if these materials do exhibit very capable properties, none of them
have been deemed superior to PMMA. However, clinical studies (Ray et al., 2014; Dhiman &
Chowdhury, 2009) have reported midline fractures to be a common problem in maxillary complete
dentures due to fatigue

Macromolecules: The Evolution Of Polymers
The evolution of polymers throughout the past has been very impressive. Many industries depend
very heavily on polymers. A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical
building blocks linked by covalent bonds ( ). Polymer means many monomers. A monomer is a
simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers ( ). Polymerization is the
process of connecting these monomers together and creating large macromolecules of different sizes
and shapes ( ).
Advances in catalysis have given a high degree of control over both structure and molecular mass so
that grades of a given polymer can be tailored for specific end usage. It is possible to look at
polymerization in at least two different ways: the nature of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A basic understanding of polymerization processes is important not only because polymerization
affects structure, and hence properties, but also because some processing routes can convert
monomers directly to a finished shape. They offer manufacturing industry considerable benefits both
in direct and indirect costs. An extra dimension to polymer structure is added by the possibilities of
copolymerization, where two or more different monomers a re polymerized together. In one sense it
is comparable to alloying different metals to produce an appropriate balance of properties in the
final product. Two groups of polymerization are normally acclaimed. In condensation
polymerization, each step of the process is accompanied by formation of a molecule of some simple
compound, often water ( ). In addition polymerization, monomers react to from a polymer without
the formation of by–products. Addition polymerization usually are carried out in the presence of
catalysts, which in certain cases exert control over structural details that have important effects on
the properties of the polymer. Linear polymers, which are composed of chainlike molecules, may be
viscous liquids or solids with varying degrees of crystallinity; a number of them can

What Is The Stress Strain Curves Of The Pure SR And SR...
The stress–strain curves of the pure SR and SR composites are presented in Figure 3(a), indicating
that the stresses at 100% strain and 300% strain increase with increasing content of BT particles.
The main reason for the increased stress at definite elongation is the reinforcing effect of the
inorganic particles [38]. In addition, the elongation at break of the SR composites decreased after
adding BT particles, attributed to the BT particles acting as physical links, thus limiting the
flexibility of macromolecular silicone. Because of increasing interfacial areas between the BT
particles and SR matrix, the number of physical links increased significantly in the system,
decreasing the elongation at break of the SR composites with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Two factors can be used to explain this phenomenon. The first one is the BT particles interact
strongly with the macromolecular SR, thus restricting the mobility of the molecular chains. The
second one is the polymer chain entanglement limits the movement of polymer chains [38]. The
interface polarization will increase the dielectric constant as well as the dielectric loss of the
composites. As shown in Figure 4(b), the dielectric loss tangent of the BT/SR composites is larger
than that of the pure SR at low frequency. In addition, the dielectric loss displays a sharp decrease at
a low frequency (lower than 1 kHz), caused by the DC leakage current. However, the electrode
polarization can be excluded as there is no simultaneous decrease in the dielectric constant and
dielectric loss with increasing frequency [42]. However, because of the weak polarization of the
silicone matrix, the dielectric loss tangent of all the samples is lower than 0.015. The low dielectric
loss means just a little energy dissipation during actuation, a big advantage for dielectric elastomer.
The electromechanical performance of the SR composites was tested using circular actuators.
Considering the safety and utility, the loaded electric field on the samples was 50 kV/mm. The
actuated strains of the BT/SR composites are shown in Figure 5(a). With increasing electric field,
the actuated strain of the samples increases significantly, because it is proportional to the square

Unsaturated Polyester
Unsaturated polyester resins added weight and different sizes of different particles of wood flour.
Unsaturated polyester (UP) was reinforced with several different weight and particles size (3 wt%, 6
wt% 9 wt%, 15 wt%, 18 wt% and 21 wt%) use flour wood with a particle size (200) and (300) μm.
Composite materials have been evaluated with a matrix properties unsaturated polyester resin by
conducting mechanical testing, including the pressure, compression, hardness and impact
resistance.. While wood flour helped add to the balance between the original compression strength
reductions up to 3 wt. wood flour and then reduce the strength. The results confirmed that the best
promote and 3% by weight of wood flour consider the compression strength

Technology Has Great Potential For Improving Animal...
Biosensor technology has great potential for improving animal welfare, health and production
efficiency. The recent increasing incidence of diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), tuberculosis, brucellosis, mastitis, and foot and mouth, has raised concern in the livestock
industry and in society. Infectious diseases of livestock have major implications not only in animal
welfare and production efficiency but also in human health, and food safety and quality.
Most biosensor developments have been in the biomedical field, where many in vivo applications
demand small sizes. But it is lacking adversely in the field of milking animals and other livestock.
The primary considerations of biosensors were the physical sensor design, fluid transport, optical
sensor configuration, fluid mixing, sampling of the raw milk, and automation. The ideal biosensor
would be a probe, similar to that found in a pH meter. Since the standard enzyme immunoassay
identification of progesterone (EIA) is currently performed and standardized using microtitre
plates.This technique was a starting point and need Ab raised against other innocent animals.
Therefore there is an urgent need for development of artificial and low cost recognition sites for
progesterone detection.
Progesterone is known as a "hormone of pregnancy". As in cyclic non–pregnant animal, the
progesterone level in plasma and milk decreases during follicular phase, which usually commences
17–21 days post insemination in

Plastic Bags And Its Effect On The Environment
Throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s, there were as many as 10 other plastic grocery bag
designs available, including a flat–bottomed one that could stand on its own. But by 1984 the T–
shirt bag was the only style in use. Plastic bags didn 't become cheaper than paper bags until the
early 1980s when Windmoeller and Holscher introduced a machine that produced 500 bags a minute
and Mobil Chemical challenged Celloplast 's patent the T–shirt bag––and won. In 1982, plastic bags
had eight percent of the sack market. According to the Food Marketing Institute, today, 96 percent
of U.S. groceries use plastic bags, and seven percent offer only plastic, (The Environmental
Magazine, Koontz Tracy) Throughout the history of the United States, plastic bags have served in
supermarkets or grocery stores for the half of century. It built the base of the systems of transporting
goods, products, food and so on. With the enjoyable convenience, plastic bags' harm to the
environment is highly concerned. "California is getting closer to approving a measure that would
make it the first state to ban grocery, convenience, and other stores from handing out single–use
plastic and paper bags. The measure passed the Assembly in June and is now in the Senate. The law,
a first for the country, would take effect in 2012. It would require shoppers who don 't bring their
own bags to buy either paper bags made of at least 40 percent recycled material or reusable totes.
Opponents argue that hundreds

The Discovery Of Polymer And Plastic Demand
When many units of repeating molecules react together, monomers, the reaction will yield a product
in the form of a polymer (Chemistryexplained.com, 2016). The 'discovery' of polymers began in
1920, with the belief of Hermann Staudinger, that there existed a molecule consisting of many
smaller repeating molecules, under the name 'macromolecule' (Chemistryexplained.com, 2016).
Nowadays, polymer and plastic demand is even higher than that of copper, aluminium, and even
steel, due to their versatile applications in many different industries (Matse1.matse.illinois.edu,
2016). Polymer synthesis can be either synthetic or natural, and can produce many forms of
polymers, depending on the involved monomers, and the intended purpose for said polymers
(Essentialchemicalindustry.org, 2016). This process involves three main steps, initiation or
separating of the double bonds of the to–be–monomer, propagation or the joining of these
monomers, and termination, when the desired chain length has been reached
(Chemistryexplained.com, 2016). History is brimful with scientific discoveries both intentional, and
completely accidental, however, it can be seen that the majority of polymers were crafted due to
societal demand, although the method of actual synthesis initially may have been serendipitous. Two
of the polymers scientifically researched and synthesised due to demand of the times were synthetic
rubber, and Bakelite (Chemistryexplained.com, 2016).
Many polymers were researched and

Chemical Aspects of Life and Spit Lab Formal Report
Chemical Aspects of Life and Spit Lab Formal Report
1. Abstract
The objective of the Reducing Sugar Test was to test if the substance has a reducing sugar in it by
adding Benedict's solution and heating it, there would be a color change if a reducing sugar is
present, or it will remain blue (no reducing sugar). The objective of the Starch test was to test for
starch in substances by using Iodine. The iodine will cause a substance to turn to a dark blue color if
it is positive for starch. The objective for the Grease Spot Test was to test if the substance had a
lipid. A positive reaction would make a translucent grease mark on a brown paper bag. The objective
for the Dye test was to test for lipids. When mixed with water and the tested ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The amino acids bond together in bonds called peptide bonds. A chain of amino acids is called a
polypeptide chain. The structure in which the amino acids are bonded determines the function of the
protein. There are about twenty different amino acids, but there is a wide variety of possible
combinations that amino acids can bond, therefore proteins have quite a lot of functions. Some
things proteins are used for are the building of the muscles, tendons, organs, glands, nails, and hair.
There are many more different functions for proteins. To detect proteins in test materials, there is an
identifying agent called Biuret Solution which when mixed with the test material. It turns purple if it
contains a protein. The darker the violet color, the more concentrated it is with protein.
The spit lab was done in order to determine the effect of amylase on starch since starch is a long
chain of glucose which serves as a main source of nutrients; the amylase breaks it into a simple
monosaccharide. Amylase is an enzyme in the human saliva used to break starch into reducing
sugars for energy. An enzyme is a protein, and enzymes speed chemical reactions. Benedict's
Solution was mixed with chewed up Triscuit (which was positive for starch only before), and heated
for 2 minutes. This was done in order to create a reaction between the enzymes and starches in the
cracker. The darker the color, the more amylase your body had at that time, if it does change color.
3. Experimental

Three Types Of Linear And Planar Structured Donor ( D )...
Three types of linear and planar–structured donor (D)–acceptor (A) type alternating copolymers
were synthesized by incorporating intrachain noncovalent Coulomb interactions, based on 2,5–
bisthieno[3,2–b]thiophene–1,4–bis(decyltetradecyloxy)benzene and benzothiadiazole (BT) moieties.
The chain linearity and systematic adjustment of interchain organization was achieved by the
incorporation of different number of electronegative fluorine atoms onto BT, which significantly
affected the frontier energy levels, film morphology, and the resulting charge transport properties.
Bimodal semi–crystalline orientation and charge carrier transport properties were studied by grazing
incidence wide–angle X–ray scattering (GIWAXS) and polymer filed effect transistor (PFET)
characteristics measurements. The hole mobility as high as 0.1 cm2/Vs in PFET was measured for
poly(2,5–bisthieno[3,2–b]thiophene–1,4–bis(decyltetradecyloxy)benzene–alt–4,7–(5,6–difluoro–
2,1,3 –benzothiadiazole)) (PPDTT2FBT), suggesting a strong self–organization in the linear
configuration with conformation lock with the help of fluorine atoms. The linear and difluorinated
PPDTT2FT also showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE, 6.4%) by blending with
PC71BM, but showed a poorer photovoltaic performance compared to the wavy–structured
counterpart, PPDT2FBT, reported previously. The mainly edge–on orientation of PPDTT2FT and
poor blend film morphology attributed to the moderate PCE in the blends. Fine modulation

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Polymers
1.1 Introduction:
Polymer is derived from the Greek word. It can be broken down into "Poly" means "many" and
"mer" means "units. This shows that a polymer has small units called monomers in its chemical
composition which are bound together to form a large molecule. Depending on the arrangement of
different chains and how they are joined, polymers can be classified as:
 Thermoplastics
 Thermosets
 Elastomers
1.2 Types of Polymers replacing Metallic Components in Consumer Application: To make our lives
considerably easier, home appliances use circuit control, safety devices and resistance lead. Some of
the devices are thermostat, transducer, Light Dependent Resistor [LDR], motor, etc. some of the
materials used are Aluminum, Antimony, Barium, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is design freedom, low weight, no corrosion, transparency when plastic is used. On the other
hand metals are stiff and strong and so can be machined and welded and this leads to high tolerance
which can be used at high temperatures. Thermoplastics which can be used as metal substitutes
include nylon, polyamide [PA], polybutylene terephthalate [PBT], poly oxymethylene [POM],
polyphenylenesulphide [PPS], polyarylmide [PARA], polypthalamide [PPA], polyetheretherketone
[PEEK], etc. these polymers offer high tensile strength and are flexible.
1.4 Advantages of Polymer Material for Mass Production Now–a–days there is a very little gap
between use of metals and polymers. Use of polymer is increasing day by day due to the following
reasons:
 Design freedom: it is very easy to mold polymers in any shape and form like injection molding
and blow molding at a very low cost. Polymers can be treated with chemicals to bring out multiple
properties in them which is not possible easily with metals.
 Performance: polymers have high benefits. They reduce the weight, resistant to chemical and
impact, corrosion free, etc. the main reason for the use of polymers is the reduction in weight.
 Efficiency: due to metal replacement there is an increase in manufacturing efficiency as multiple
individual components in a product can be brought together into a single component using

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Polymer Nannocomposites
Polymer composites are the blend of polymers and filler materials. Disadvantages of polymers such
as low mechanical and electronic properties can be improved through reinforcing with much
stronger and highly conducting filler materials. Thus, fabricating polymer composites is of mutual
benefit to both polymers and fillers. Furthermore, advanced–desired applications can be tailor–
made. Also, compared to polymer micro/nanocomposites, polymer nanocomposites show much
more improved properties such as extremely smooth finishing, excellent mechanical and electrical
properties at lower loadings as low as 0.025 volume % (Schandler, Brinson & Sawyer 2007). In the
current chapter, both polymer microcomposites and polymer nanocomposites are briefly discussed.
Filler reinforcements are available in various chemical forms, types, ... Show more content on
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Each category has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, thermoplastics soften on
heating and eventually melt like metals (Dyson 1990). The present chapter concentrates on two
popular thermoplastics such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
for fabricating conducting polymer nanocomposites (Kennedy & Taylor 1991). Thermosetting
polymers are very common types of polymers, widely used for making conducting polymer
composites. Almost 5th of polymers are used are thermosetting polymers as they find applications as
they are used as composites, adhesives, and coatings (Allin 2004) These polymers are also called as
thermosets which do not melt upon heating, cannot regain its shape once it is moulded. Among the
three plastics, polyester is easy to use and very cheap. Vinyl ester shows the best chemical resistance
compared to other, and high mechanical properties than polyester. Epoxy is expensive than vinyl
esters. The present report discusses the three types of thermosets such as epoxy, vinyl ester, and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Plasticizers
2.1.FILLERS
Fillers enhance performance and/or reduce production costs. Stabilizing additives include fire
retardants to lower the flammability of the material. Many plastics contain fillers, relatively inert
and inexpensive materials that make the product unexpensive by weight.
Typically fillers are mineral in origin, e.g., chalk. Some fillers are more chemically active and are
called reinforcing agents. Other fillers include zinc oxide, wood flour, ivory dust, cellulose and
starch.
Additives, fillers, and reinforcements are used to change and enhance the physical and mechanical
properties of plastics. In general, reinforcing fibers increase the mechanical properties of polymer
composites while particular fillers of various types increase ... Show more content on
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Now talking about pigments, titanium dioxide is one of the most widely used pigments in plastic
industry used to make the plastic more white, bright and strong. Pigments are a better choice as
compared to dyes for use with polyefins as dyes have a tendency to migrate in polyefins.
Furthermore with their opacifying ability and broader chroma, they are preferred over dyes as a
colorant. The nature of pigment is also a very huge factor. Depending upon the processing
temperature requirements, the choice of organic or inorganic pigments is made. The choice of the
colorant however, depends upon the base resin that is going to be used in manufacturing the plastic
to avoid any color

QUS Of Medical Uses And Qus Methods
QUS techniques are also used in order to estimate quantitative parameters and assess tissue
properties. Advantages of US methods can be related primarily to the fact that they do not cause
radiation exposure. In addition, US devices have the advantages of small size and portabil¬ity
providing quick and simple measurements In addition, low costs and shorter investigation times
compared with both DXA and QCT (43). QUS of bone has been applied about two decades ago as a
method for evaluating bone structural features and elastic properties of bone tissues that could not
be assessed using densitometric approaches (43), particularly in post–menopausal os¬teoporosis
(44). The recent technical creations of some of the available devices have made ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
More complex parame¬ters have been applied from combination of SoS and BUA producing
amplitude dependent speed of sound (AD–SoS), stiffness and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI)
(45). In osteoporosis diagnosis, these latter have proved to be more useful in identifying subjects
with low BMD and therefore at high risk of fracture (47). Several studies have been prformed to
evaluatethe per¬formance of US systems in terms of stability, accuracy, and ability in the detection
of patients with osteo¬porotic fractures. Most of these studies include com¬parison of the QUS
method with X–ray methods such as DXA or QCT (48). It has been shown that ultrasonography
provides useful information, such as the distribution of the mineralized matrix within the bone (the
connectiv¬ity and the thickness of the trabeculae) and the different resistance of the bone tissue
loading according to the trabecular orientation (49). A large number of studies in the last decades,
have confirmed the usefulness of QUS to predicte osteo¬porotic fractures of the calcaneus
(particularly in elderly women aged 65–70 years or older), the distal metaphysis of the phalanx, the
radius and the tibia (50). Recently, new QUS techniques to assess the femur and the spine have been
p. In vitro studies have shown a high correlation between QUS measurements and BMD in human
femur cadaver

Source Analysis : A New Class Of Thermoset Plastics
Part A
SOURCE ANALYSIS TABLE STUDENT ID: _17500__________________
TITLE OF ARTICLE: _Recycling the 'unrecyclable': a new class of thermoset
plastics__________________________________________________________________
WORD COUNT: _723(article)__________________________
SOURCE ANALYSIS (e.g. Internet, journal, newspaper, book, documentary, video)
Internet
HIGHLIGHTED RELEVANT INFORMATION Yes / No
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
It is quite reliable because:
– The author is the Personal Chair, Institute for Frontier Materials at Deakin University.
– The article is quite recent, being written in 2014.
– The website of this article is a somewhat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Polymers are large molecules which comprise of repeating monomers in a single structural unit, and
these monomers are bonded by covalent bond to form a polymer. On the other hand, organic
polymer is mostly based on a chain of carbon atom alone or with oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen. In
order to customize the properties of plastic, different group of molecules will 'hang' from the
backbone.
There are two types of plastic – thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoset is a restrain plastic. It
retains its strength and shape even when heated, and at the it cannot be broken down. It is ideal for
the production of the permanent component with large, solid shape. For example, shoes soles, circuit
boards and kitchen utensils. Thermoplastic can be melted and reshape repeatedly, which means it is
recyclable and reusable, so it is more environmental friendly than thermoset. It was commonly used
in plastic milk bottle, Lego bricks and guitar picks.
Part C
Should we get rid of plastic for our environment?
Environment is a big topic to all of us nowadays. We can always receive information about
environment in different media like newspaper and online article. Under this category, plastic is
definitely a hot topic. It is because it cannot be broken down and its toxicity cause many animals
die. As we know, plastic cause some impact to the environment. Then, should we get rid of plastic

Pros And Cons Of Natural Stone Countertops
Decorating your home requires making the natural versus synthetic choice many times over. Carpet
or hardwood flooring? Wooden or hard plastic furniture? Natural or synthetic stone counters? Rino's
Tile & Stone is here to help you with the latter decision, as the Anchorage, AK company specializes
in granite, marble, and quartz countertops. All countertops are customized to perfection via the most
advanced fabrication process in Alaska. Allow the purveyors of custom countertops to help you
make this important home decor decision before heading over to their beautiful showroom:
Uniqueness: Natural stone comes from the ground and subsequently features natural flaws. Granite
is an ideal example of "flawed stone," as slabs vary in terms of color, pattern, and thickness. When
you purchase natural stone counters, you get to enjoy highly–unique countertops. Synthetic stone is
made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural stone countertops are simple enough to maintain assuming spills are wiped up immediately
and stone is resealed about every two years. Aesthetic Appeal: Synthetic stone counters may look
appealing, however it is hard to compete with the supreme beauty of natural stone. Whether you
choose granite countertops, marble countertops, or another natural stone option, your home will
feature a timeless look that is challenging to match. Discuss granite countertops and other stunning
natural stone counter possibilities with the friendly, knowledgeable team at Rino's Tile & Stone.
Browse the showroom at this locally–owned–and–operated business to find the perfect stone
countertop for your budget and have it installed with meticulous precision by the Rino's Tile &
Stone team. Learn more about granite countertops, marble countertops, and other custom
countertops by contacting Rino's Tile & Stone today. Call (907) 743–1075 or visit the

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Composites
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Composite materials are the engineering materials made from two
or more constituent materials they remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level but forming a
single component or Composites can defined as materials that consist of two more chemically and
physically different phases separated by a distinct interface(matrix phase and dispersed phase). The
different systems are combined judiciously to achieve a component with more and more useful
structural or functional properties non–attainable by any of the constituent alone. In the composites
usually Matrix phase is the primary or base phase having a continuous character or continuous
molecular chain. But these Matrixes are usually less hard and more ductile phase. In composites it
holds the dispersed (reinforcing) phase, shares a load with it. The Dispersed phase is encapsulated in
the matrix in a discontinuous form called a secondary phase. This Secondary phase ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Determine inter–laminar shear strength. Determine damage tolerance of composites. Determine in–
plane shear strength. Determine the processibility of composites. Determine heat resistance of
composites. The needs or desired properties of the matrix which are important for a composite
structure are as follows: Reduced moisture absorption and Low shrinkage. Low coefficient of
thermal expansion. Good flow characteristics so that it penetrates the fibre bundles completely and
eliminates voids during the compacting/curing process. Must be elastic to transfer load to fibres.
Reasonable strength, modulus and elongation (elongation should be greater than fibre). Strength at
elevated temperature (depending on application). High temperature capability (depending on
application). Excellent chemical resistance (depending on application). Should be easily processable
into the final composite shape. Good dimensional stability (maintains its

How Does Temperature Affect The Elasticity Of A Rubber Band
The project that I'm doing is rubber band elasticity being affected by temperature. Part of this
experiment actual includes atoms, molecules, and polymers. A rubber band is an example of natural
polymer. The chains of molecules in the rubber have a natural elasticity; they can stretch when
pulled. Polymers are certain kinds of molecules. When the material gets hotter the molecules vibrate
more intensely. When the molecules bump into each other the material will tend to expand. When
the temperature gets colder the material will tend to get together like get smaller or scrunch up.
Rubber bands have different molecules than other materials. Their molecules are like very long
chains. The chains of molecules in the rubber band are actual polymers. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But the effect will vary in intensity based on the number of factors. Among them thickness of the
rubber band, the time of the water, and the weight of an object putting stress to the rubber band. In
general, the elasticity of the rubber band will decrease because of the decrease of temperature of the
water it's soaked in. However, by placing a weighted object to the rubber band, you are looking into
two different variables. If you measure how far the rubber bands stretches with a fixed weight of an
object, you are testing the elasticity of a rubber band. If you are testing for how much weight that
the rubber band can hold before breaking, you are actually testing the rubber band's strength. This is
an important part of testing the rubber band. Most of this testing is about elasticity. Like most
matter, when a rubber band gets colder it contracts like other materials. When the rubber band gets
colder the molecules get closer together. When the temperature gets colder it affects the rubber
bands elasticity in two different ways. When the temperature is warmer, the rubber band will stretch
because the molecules are moving away from other molecules. Another way to affect a rubber
band's elasticity is with temperature. Since the molecules in the rubber band are stronger when it
holds

Linear Polyester Lab Report
Discussion Three polymers with industrial applications were produced. Ethylene glycol and glycerol
both produced polyesters with thermoplastic properties. These plastics are soft and malleable when
heated, but solidify once removed from heat. Thermosetting plastics were obtained from a reaction
with phthalic anhydride rather than with a carboxylic acid because it is more reactive. The reaction
between phthalic anhydride and ethylene glycol produced the linear polyester. Correspondingly, the
reaction between phthalic anhydride and glycerol produced a cross–linked polyester with a more
rigid three–dimensional structure. Linear polyesters are characterized by each component of the
reaction having only two functional groups. Cross–linked polyesters form a rigid three–dimensional
structure due to more than two functional groups present in one of the monomers. As a result, the
linear polymer chain becomes cross–linked to another polymer chain. Both required the removal of
water in order to shift the reaction toward the desired product. Additionally, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon heating, both began to discolor into a darker liquid and produced small flames near the top of
the test tube when rapidly boiled. During the heating process, both reactions appeared very similar.
Both were very viscous and black in color. Once cooled, however, both produced very different
polyesters. The ethylene glycol was black, matte, and opaque with a brittle surface. There was little
to no flexibility and elasticity in the final product. The glycerol was a slightly translucent, black in
color, and had a smooth shiny surface. It had a little more elasticity and flexibility compared to the
ethylene glycol. Additionally, Nylon 6,6 was synthesized and drawn into long fibers. The fibers
went from a semi–translucent material when drawing to a solid white fiber once dried. A total fiber
length of 13.058 ft was

Molecular Biology And Biotechnology ( Biotech )
CARBON SOURCE The lignocellulosic hydrolysate will be prepared by the National Institute of
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH, UPLB) from sweet sorghum bagasse subjected
to pretreatment followed by sulfuric acid (0.75 wt% and pH 1.1) hydrolysis at 100∘C.
BACTERIAL STRAIN
Cupriavidus necator is a bacterial strain that is commonly used in accumulating poly–3–
hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most common type of PHA. It is most effective when the amount of
carbon source present is in excess compared to the other essential nutrients in the medium like
nitrogen, phosphorus or oxygen (Lopez–Abelairas, Garcia– Torreiro, Lu–Chau, Lema, &
Steinbuchel, 2015). This bacterial strain will be pre–cultured from within 24 hours in a 500 mL
Erlenmeyer flask under 30∘C and 150 revolutions per minute (rpm) without the addition of other
carbon source (Martinez, Bertin, Scoma, Rebecchi, Braunegg, & Fava, 2015). The C. necator culture
will be stored at –80∘C in a 2 mL cryovial containing 300 µL of glycerol with 20 grams per liter
(g/L) of xylose (Cesario, Raposo, de Almeida, van Keulen, Ferreira, & da Fonseca, 2014). In this
experiment, "dual–phase strategy" will be performed. This will employ that two different media will
be prepared for the first and the second process. The first process will involve the cell growth or the
balanced growth phase. On the other hand, the second process will involve the accumulation of
PHA. Both media that will be prepared will limit the ammonia (NH3)

Drug Delivery Systems : Stability Of Therapeutic Proteins
Stability of therapeutic proteins in hydrogel drug delivery systems
Abstract:
Arthritis constitutes represents one of the major serious conditions that negatively impact affect the
patients? quality of life (QoL) of affected patients here in Egypt. Arthritis is associated with
comorbid conditions, physical and mental debilitation, increased level of depression and negative
influence on life expectancy. Thus, great care is directed to effectively treat this medical condition.
Unfortunately, conventional medications such as oral analgesics do not always provide an effective
cure. Thus, novel approaches have been adopted that involve the use of monoclonal antibodies that
target and inhibit the inflammatory mediators, consequently delay disease progress. However, the
delivery of proteins into the human body faces many barriers such as enzymatic degradation in
addition to undesirable adverse–effects. Thus, it was mandatory to use a carrier that effectively
encapsulate the protein, offer adequate protein protection it against in vivo degradation and provide
a prolonged and local protein release at the affected site. Hydrogels (HGs) were selected for this
purpose due to their biocompatibility and the feasibility to modify their structures to control the
protein release. Hydrogel micro–particles are of distinct interest for this aim; as they can be
administered by injection. Such microparticles are accessible via water–in–water emulsion systems.
However, proteins may encounter

Classification Of Polymers, Cellulose, Starch, And Rubber
 Polymers they are combined form small units of compound having low molecular weight, as a
wall is made up of bricks.  The word 'polymer' is taken from two Greek words poly states many
and (mer) means unit or part.  The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high
molecular mass. These are also referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining of
repeating structural units on a large scale.  The repeating structural units are derived from some
simple and reactive molecules known as monomers and are linked to each other by covalent bonds.
 This process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerization.
(2)Types of Polymers There are several ways of classification of polymers based on some special
considerations. The following are some of the common classifications of polymers: Under this type
of classification, there are three sub categories.  (2,1,1)–Natural polymers these polymers are
found in plants and animals. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, and rubber.  (2,1,2)– Semi–
synthetic polymers Cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate (rayon) and cellulose nitrate, etc. are
the usual examples of this sub category.  (2,1,3)– Synthetic polymers A variety of synthetic
polymers as plastic (polythene), synthetic fibers (nylon 6,6) and synthetic rubbers (Buna – S) are
examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. There are three
different types based on the

Essay on Product Evaluation: A Hairdryer
Product Evaluation: A Hairdryer
Introduction.
I am a 4th year student in St Patrick's Grammar school Downpatrick studying technology and design
for my GCSE. I must do two focused tasks, my first task is a product evaluation, for this task I will
be evaluating a hairdryer manufactured by Vidal Sassoon.
Justification.
I picked this appliance because:
Å¸ It is a commonly used household object.
Å¸ I have this appliance in my house so I can look at it whilst testing it against my specification.
Å¸ It is a unisex appliance used by all age groups.
Å¸ I am interested to find out how this appliance actually works.
Å¸ It fit's the criteria which is:
It must have an element ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other products have very little advantages over my product. The reason the hairdryer is so
reasonably priced is because the casing is mass produced, this means that the manufacturer can cut
the final price of the hairdryer that you buy.
Function.
Primary: It dries and styles your hair.
Secondary: Use the cold air facility to inflate an airbed or lilo.
Ergonomics.

It is easy to put your hand around the handle and easy to press the button with your thumb. One of
the switches is for the temperature of the air coming out of the dryer and the other one is for the
speed of the fan. If one of the switches goes flat the hair dryer will turn off. Pressing the slide
buttons up and down can regulate the force of the air coming out of the nozzle. These buttons
control the different speeds and heat. he hairdryer is held at least 10cms away from your hair and the
hot air that comes out, will dry or style your hair. The overall weight of the hairdryer is not too
heavy, as the user must use one hand to hold it up against their head and this holding action can be
strenuous on the arm muscle.
Modification.
The things that I could do to modify my hairdryer would be to put the switches on the side of the
hairdryer and put a rubber grip on it so it is easier to hold on to when your

Kiss Notes : Production of Materials
HSC Chemistry Topic 1
PRODUCT ON of MATERIALS
What is this topic about?
To keep it as simple as possible, (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. POLYMERS FROM
PETROCHEMICALS & BIOMASS
2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS – ETHANOL & THE ALKANOLS 3. REDOX CHEMISTRY &
BATTERIES 4. RADIOACTIVITY & ITS USES
...all in the context of society's use of energy and materials
but first) an introduction ...
In the previous topic in the Preliminary Course, you learnt about
carbon chemistry of petroleum
Then you will learn more carbon chemistry when you study the
alcohols
and the importance
as a fuel source. and the most important of this group member
TIlls topic begins by taking this idea further. Petroleum not only provides fuels, but is a source of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
~
"c ' ,/'/
'
Ifi–––––––
–––––,
THIS IS CALLED AN "ADDITION REACTION"

These are just a few of the possible Addition that can occur across the double bond
Reactions
C
Ethylene CzH4
~ ~ is the simplest, and most important of the Alkenes. It is one of the most important
Petrochemicals
~
/The double " bond is highly reactive ~
It readily "splits open" leaving a single C–C bond, and creating 2 new bond positions for other
atoms/groups to attach to the molecule
~ ~ ~ –
'lR
I
~
because of the variety of products that can be made from it. Its chemical versatility is due to the
double C=C bond which is highly reactive and allows many "Addition Reactions" to occur.
,~ ': ,.,
C:.:.:.:.:.: C – ~
I
~
Practical Work
Identifying Alkenes with Bromine
You may have done siinple experiments alkene can be quickly and easily differentiated from an
alkane. to learn how an identified, and
If it is in contact with a liquid hydrocarbon, the water and the hydrocarbon form separate layers ...
they are immiscible liquids. Water, being denser, will always be at the bottom. Bromine is actually
more soluble in a hydrocarbon, so when shaken, it will switch to the top hydrocarbon layer, and
changes colour from brown to purple. In an alkane (hexane is often used) the colour will change and

switch layers, but it will remain co loured because no reaction occurs. In an alkene (e.g. hexene) the
bromine tot;Il)1 loses aU colour because an addition

Advantages And Disadvantages Of SLN
NLC were idealized to overcome inherent disadvantages of SLN. Entrapping structure is a blend of
solid and liquid, spatially incompatible, lipids that confers distinct characteristics of NLC when
compared with other lipid NPs [80]. Indeed, since the matrix of the lipids composing the
nanostructured lipid carriers is more amorphous than for SLN, association efficiency is higher and
offers a slower release [81]. The nanodroplet of liquid lipid, containing most of the drug to entrap,
becomes dispersed within the solid lipid, granting a slower migration of drug to the outer phase and,
therefore, a higher entrapment that lasts longer.
It was suggested that using NLC to carry and delivery domperidone in the buccal cavity could lead
to a permeability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to develop and optimize polymeric NPs as buccal delivery systems, Pistone et al. chose
chitosan, pectin and alginate as matrixpolymers and tripolyphosphate and zinc as negative and
positive counterions, respectively [90]. The polymer:counterion proportion was thoroughly studied
to achieve the most stable and suitable particles for buccal delivery. The stability was determined by
assessing nanoparticle aggregation and disintegration in contact with simulated salivary fluid, along
with the variation of polydispersity index, hydrodynamic diameter and zeta–potential. It was
observed that alginate NPs presented good stability during 120 min in contact with artificial saliva
since some parameters did not significantly vary throughout of the course of the assay. Even though
the chelation of zinc ions would be expected due to the high content of phosphates in artificial
saliva, so it was suggested that the presence of calcium in the dispersion media prevented the zinc
chelation and maintained the structure of alginate NPs intact, as expected to occur in vivo [91]. The
size of pectin NPs significantly decreased (with consequent variation of polydispersity index) after
contact with artificial saliva, indicating either erosion and/or shrinking due to the formation of
additional cross–linking with the ions present in the artificial saliva. The size

Types Of Polymeric Materials Which Have Hydrocarbon As Its...
Ionomers
Ionomers are unique type of polymeric materials which have hydrocarbon as its backbone and
pendent acid groups which are balanced fully or partially form of salts. There are two methods to
synthesis ionomers:
Direct synthesis (polymerisation of olefinic unsaturated monomer and low level functionalised
monomer)
Post functionalisation of saturated monomer
The electrostatic interaction between cations like transition metal cation, group 1A group 2A and
anions such as sulfonates and carboxylates tends to aggregate despite the opposing susceptibility of
elastic forces in the chain. The presence of anions and cations and their interactions makes cross link
between them which is reversible in nature. The presence of other small amount of ionic groups
leads improvement in properties of polymers like tear resistance, abrasive resistance tensile strength
and impact strength.This types of self healing materials can be used in wide variety of application
such as membrane separation, automobile parts, roofing materials, coatings, food packaging.
Supramolecular Polymers
Supramolecular polymers are synthesised from low molecular mass monomers which are joined by
reversible non–covalent bonds and gets a polymer which have good mechanical and rheological
properties. Under thermodynamic condition, these noncovalent bonds can be broken reversibly, its
properties are different from other polymers. Its features incluse self–healing property, improved
processing and switchable

Plasticizing Chemicals: Scientific Perspective
Plasticizing Chemicals: Scientific Perspective
In recent years, many questions have arisen concerning the influence of chemicals found in plastics
on human health. These chemicals are implemented to give plastics durable, malleable
characteristics. Such chemicals include Phthalates, which are added to make plastics more flexible,
Bisphenol A (BPA), which is known for toughness, dimensional stability, optical clarity, high heat
resistance and electrical resistance ("Polycarbonate Plastics and Bisphenol A Release"), and
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), a form of polyester compressed into plastic bottles. Concerns
have been directly linked to research indicating that these chemicals contribute to negatively
affected behavior in children and endocrine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These samples included water from five bottlers that were packed in glass and plastic bottles made
of PET. BPA was extracted using solid phase extraction. This study reports that 61.1% of these
products caused significant estrogenic effects, as samples taken from PET bottles were three times
higher than glass bottled products (Wagner & Oehlmann 2010). As bottles containing PET are
commonly used by many people for drinking different beverages, the BPA within them pose a threat
to humans because estrogenic effects can cause dire health effects and impair the endocrine

Frequency On Polyester Resin And Shorea Composite
Figure 12. Effect of tanδ at 0.5Hz Frequency On Polyester Resin And Shorea robusta Composite
Figure 13. Effect of tanδ At 1 Hz Frequency on Polyester Resin and Shorea robusta Composite
Figure 14. Effect of tanδ At 2 Hz Frequency on Polyester Resin and Shorea robusta Composite
Figure 15. Effect of tanδ At 5Hz frequency on Polyester Resin And Shorea robusta Composite
Figure 16. Effect Of tanδ at 10Hz Frequency On Polyester Resin And Shorea robusta Composite
Figure 17. Cole–Cole Plot Of The Composite At 10 Hz Frequency
Cole–Cole plot
Linear viscoelastic behaviour of the polymer composite with in the glass transition temperature can
be addressed using cole–cole plot. Cole–cole plot is obtained by plotting loss modulus(E") against

What Is The Impact Of New Materials On Product Deisng In...
The Impact of New Materials on Product Deisng in 20th and 21st Centuries
As new materials are developed and processed, design technologists and people working with
industrial materials must think how these new materials will affect the way in which they design and
manufacture products. Design technologists also have to be conscious of how these materials effect
the environment and the way in which they are recycled. In Today's industry products are
increasingly being made from composite materials. Composite materials are formed by combining
two or more materials that have different properties. The different materials work together to give ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A wood–based material such as chipboard is created by taking wood particles (flakes, chips and
shavings) from all commercial timbers, bonded with synthetic phenolic resin. This type of wood is
also a type of composite. Composite timber products have many advantages over ordinary timbers
such as Oregon. They can utilise smaller dimensions of timber as the raw material, but can be
manufactured to create large dimension composite beams and sheets, etc. Less timber overall is
required to make products which are lighter and stronger than timber. Lower quantities and smaller
sizes of timber means less pressure on native forest timber. Prices of imported timbers will continue
to rise which will continue to make composites a more attractive proposition for builders and
designers. The real disadvantage to manufactured wood–based woods is the chemical fumes that it
emits (M.D.F is a banned material in the U.S.A). Due to the resins used into making the wood once
being cut at high speeds the dust can lead to intoxication of chemical fumes. The other major
disadvantage is the non–grain finish. Although M.D.F has a smooth finish and for some products
this is ideal, other products are designed for a grain finish. Another material that has made a major
impact in modern

Mechanical Properties And Thermal Analysis
Composite structure is a combination of two or more different items that may be distinguished
physically, resulting in a final product that has a better performance from each component
individually done. It consists of matrix composite materials (polymer, metal or ceramic) and one or
more stages of reinforcement (fibers, particles, flakes, or fillers). The combination of the different
elements appropriately to achieve a system with structural or functional characteristics of the best
that can be achieved through one of the components alone. The vehicle has become an essential part
of the day because of the material advantages such as low weight, high corrosion resistance, high
strength and fatigue, and faster assembly. Used widely as raw materials in the airframe industry,
packaging, electronics, medical equipment and spacecraft building materials home [1].
The increased use of composite materials for various applications underlines its importance /
significance in mechanical properties and thermal analysis of an engineering system. The thermal
conductivity of a composite material (combination of two or more components) can be measured by
experimental methods. Analytical equations are essential to predict the thermal conductivity of a
composite material. The main advantage of using filler material in composites is to reduce the
overall cost of the composite. Besides reducing costs, filling materials are also used as a main
ingredient, which improves the performance of the

What Makes A Plastic Out Of Milk?
Introduction Can you make plastic out of milk? Is it even possible? It's true! Milk can be made into
plastic. How? Well, all it takes is hot milk and a little bit of vinegar. The main protein found in milk
is casein. First this student needs to find out how both plastics are formed, whom was their inventor,
what are both plastics used for. There is a lot of background information of casein plastic and
regular plastic that needs to be found. So lets get started.
Casein
Casein is a dairy protein and represents almost 80% of all proteins found in cow's milk. Casein has a
very abundant pool of amino acids, almost equivalent to whey protein, which is a byproduct of
cheese. When casein is ingested, it forms a curdle in the stomach which has a slow effect on the rate
of gastric emptying, which changes the rate of amino acids absorbed into the bloodstream. With the
slow and steady flow of the amino acids follows a prolonged yet low rate of MPS. Which makes
casein the protein supplement to take when going to sleep or when going through prolonged periods
without the opportunity to refuel. Practically like whey protein, there are innumerable standard
choices when it comes to casein supplements. Milk protein and calcium caseinate are the most
common casein supplements. Nevertheless, micellar casein is the most effective. Micellar Casein is
to slowly release protein supplements. These are the highest of protein supplementation.
History of Casein Plastic

Innovation Of War Research Paper
The Innovation of War
War is an unforgettable event in our history, but through them, they can create some great
opportunities to better the future. There have been some remarkable inventions as a byproduct of
war, and that has in turn revolutionized our way of life in communication, transportation, and
medicine. Many of your everyday items were develop during a time of war, mainly because war has
always been an accelerator for technological advancements. It brings the research phase to the
utilization phase of production to happen quicker. Most of the things we take for granted today have
come from top military research developments; that at the time, were war–winning technologies,
such as plastic and nylon. These materials were use in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of those innovations were soon transition into the civilian sector to become one of the best
all–terrain vehicles in US, the Jeep.
In WWII, the Jeep was and still to this day is a true work horse and decorative war hero machine.
The Jeep was a lightweight, 60 horsepower, and four–wheel drive vehicle with the max speed of 65
miles per hour. After grueling tests, the Army fell in love with the vehicle. Soldiers shorted the name
of General Purpose to GP or Jeep. The Jeep name stuck but the vehicle rarely did. The vehicle
helped the Army go mechanized to where ever the enemy was. The Jeep had many purposes such as
reconnaissance vehicle, assault vehicle, cargo and even medical evacuation vehicles. The Jeep
became a symbol of WWII. General Eisenhower said at the end of the war, "there were three
weapons that were decisive to victory, and the Jeep was one of them".
Just like in every war, there are some down falls. A country's natural resource is amongst its greatest
asset. The United States is bless with a great quantity of reserves, such as steel and petroleum. The
United States, at the beginning part of WWII, caught off guard by one resource shortage that
without we could not win the war. Rubber was one of the strategic materials in WWII that made it
the first mechanize mobile war ever. After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese capture Singapore, which was
the United Sates number one ally for natural rubber. The loss of Singapore brought the Nation to its
first real

Getting Gooey With Slime Video
Getting Gooey With Slime Videos Sweeping the world's social media's news feed comes quite a
sticky uprising trend. From all over the globe, teenagers have fallen in love with gooey, slippery,
colorful slime videos. People sticking their fingers in a colorful goo has grabbed the media's
attention and is now one of the most popular trends of the internet! Everyone's favorite childhood
toy has made an enormous comeback and is now on market with new creative names and colors.
Slime videos are now one of the most popular fads on social network due to the satisfying sensation
they give viewers. So where did this strange fad come from? The story of toy slime's development
dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century when the science of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
ASMR stands for Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response and it refers to a phenomenon which is
very difficult to explain to those that do not experience it. It is usually experienced through a
relaxing tingling in the scalp and the back of the neck and can extend into the rest of the body. It is a
very calming sensation that washes over you. There has not been very many studies on ASMR, but
people from everywhere are feeling it– just look at the comment section of a slime video. In a video
of a 'slimer' poking their fingers into a small plastic container of a dark blue slime with foam on top,
you can find comments such as "so satisfying!! ASMR trigger!" (instagram user, @k_a_thieme) and
"I love this so much, that ASMR really kicked in while I was watching this" (instagrammer
@tk.slime) were found on one video off an account that goes by the name @slimeycandy. ASMR
could just be a way of activating the pleasure response. Vertebrate brains are fundamentally
hardwired for pleasure and pain – for positive and negative behavioral feedback. We are rewarded
with a pleasurable sensation for doing things and experiencing things that increase our survival
probability, and have a negative or painful experience to make us avoid harmful behavior or warn us
about potential danger or injury. Over evolutionary time a complex set of reward and aversion
feedbacks have developed. The fact that all of our human brains are not clones or copy cats, but vary
in every possible way they can vary. ASMR is usually precipitated by stimuli referred to as 'triggers'.
ASMR triggers, which are most commonly acoustic and visual, may be encountered through the
interpersonal interactions of daily life. Additionally, ASMR is often triggered by exposure to
specific audio and video. Such media may be especially made with the specific purpose of triggering
ASMR, or originally created for other purposes and later discovered to be

The Effect Of Nanometer Sized Molecules On The Scale Of...
Introduction
The advancement in technology has resulted in new and intriguing applications for the materials that
in the past were considered inconceivable. This is evidenced in the rapidly emerging
nanotechnology field. The distinctive size–dependent characteristics of substances on the scale of
nanometer have led to their applications in various disciplines, for instance, solar cells, bio–imaging,
drug delivery, wavelength–tunable lesser and catalysis. Nanometer–sized materials are materials that
range in size from one to one hundred in nanometre scale. Organic polymers are macromolecules or
molecules which are made up of several repeated subunits (monomers). The polymer can either be
natural or synthetic. The 'nanometer–sized polymer materials' are described as polymer materials
with sizes that range from 1 to 100 on a nanometer scale. The majority of the nanometer–sized
organic polymers in various applications are formed from the combination of the organic
components and the metal at the molecular level. This kind of combination has provided a new class
of hybrid nanomaterials referred to as the nanoscale coordination polymers. The nanoscale
coordination polymers are synthesized from the polydentate bringing ligand and the metal ion
cluster that possesses at least two empty coordination sites. Some examples of coordination
polymers are the mixed metal cyanometallates and the Prussian blue. The coordination polymers can
be made from different organic building blocks

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Propomposition
2.3 Ingredients Decomposition Oxidizer and binder decomposition play very significant role during
the combustion of composite propellants. Inorganic oxidant and polymeric binder are the major
components of their formulations and AP is the practical (still in use) oxidizer in the composite
propellant formulations [26]. Available information on decomposition of binder in general and AP in
particular have been collected and reviewed from the viewpoint of their application in the composite
propellant. This review may be useful in understanding the complicated mechanisms of the
propellants combustion. When the chemical nature of either oxidizer or binder is changed then the
propellant properties are drastically altered. It was known that the AP decomposition and
deflagration represent very important role during the propellant combustion and the binder
decomposition temperature is related to the propellant burning rate. Various investigations have
shown that the additives which sensitize or desensitize decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
either sensitize or desensitize its deflagration leading to burning rate increasing or decreasing. Those
examples very clearly exhibit the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The subsequent de–propagation results in either gaseous products (vapors) or cross–linking with
char formation of conjugate double bonds followed by dehydrogenation. Un–catalyzed
decomposition of binders when compared to the considerable effort that has been devoted to
understand the AP decomposition, binder decomposition has received very little attention. This may
be due to the fact that the oxidizer which is presented in large quantity in the propellant may perhaps
control its combustion characteristics. However, with the advancement of the combustion modeling
the need of binder decomposition during the combustion was recognized [34,

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