Heavy Diesel Forensics

Heavy Diesel Forensics
The work environment for a heavy diesel mechanic is quite different from a forensic anthropologist.
Whilst they are both hands on jobs, they are both very different from each other. They also can be
quite messy and both can be just as dangerous as each other. As much as they may sound the same
with the work environment conditions they are both very different Forensic anthropologist work
with law enforcement agencies and assist in processing skeletal evidence. They study bones, a field
known as osteology, and profile research subjects by gathering information used to determine the
individuals ages at death, sex, and physical condition. They are expected to use scientific standards
in their work. Heavy diesel mechanics repair maintain and test heavy vehicles, the detect
mechanical and electrical faults by using instruments that check charging they also repair and
maintain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A major skill is having dependability, being reliable, responsible and dependable, and fulfilling
obligations. Also with both of these jobs come the need to be able to have a high stress tolerance,
being able to accept criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations. Most
people, like myself struggle when it comes to a high stress situation. But there are people out their
that can deal with almost anything in any situation, plus have all the attributes at the same time. I
myself am one to deal with things quickly and calmly, but when a problem becomes out of my depth
I start to stress. I am also an analytical thinker and I pay high attention to detail. I can well in a team
and can work well independently when I am needed to. I'm not very good with leadership skills, and
yes they are also needed for both of these jobs, but it is needed to be put in play I am capable of
doing
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Anthropology Essay
Case Study #1 As a forensic anthropologist working on the "fox hollow murders" and examining the
heavily fragmented and commingled remains that were found burned, different strategies and
forensic methods were employed in recovering and identifying the victims. Some of the remains
retrieved showed significant burns making it harder for forensic anthropologist to distinguish
between the remains. Nonetheless, forensic anthropologists noted that there were two distinct types
of states in which the remains were burned, a green state, and a dry state. The bones that were
burned in a green states were easily recognized by the pronounced attachment of flesh to the bones
and the fresh appearance of the remains, whereas the dry state didn't have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, when comparing bones of sub adults and non–human it becomes harder to distinguish
between the two, but nonetheless can be done by examining the epiphyses in sub adults bones which
should be unfused or missing, compared to non–human bones of the same size (Byers, 2011). The
ribs of skeletal remains can also be examined and should be more c–shaped in humans, whereas in
non–humans ribs would have less curvature (Byers, 2011). All in all, teeth will provide the most
success in determining human from non–human in this case because of its ability to withstand high
heat.
Lastly, after having recovered the remains forensic anthropologist noted that many of the remains
impacted by burning showed significant discoloration, warping and bone shrinkage, which affected
the recognition of perimortem trauma. For instance, bones subjected to heat showed varying degrees
of physical change depending on the intensity of heat (Heras et al, 1999). The bones of the
individuals recovered showed a variation of discoloration from yellowish brown to black, and then
white indicating minimal exposure to heat to absolutely high temperatures (Ubelaker, 2008).
Anthropologist noted that many of the remains may have been burned at high temperatures, because
in the final stage of being burned bones start to become white and go

Osteology: Estimating Femur Length from the Diameter of...
School of Biological & Earth Sciences
BIEGN3005 Honours Project
March 2010
Student name: Stephen Dempsey
Supervisor name: Professor Alan Turner
Estimating femur length from the diameter of the femoral shaft
Stephen Dempsey
BIEGN300 Honours Project
Person Number: 343106
Submission Date: 5th March 2010
Abstract
Bone lengths can be used to provide stature estimations in case of unidentified skeletal remains, an
important tool in forensic and bioarchaelogical cases. Where the bones are broken or fragmented,
regression equations can be used to estimate total bone length from its fragments, which in turn can
be used to estimate stature. The aim of this study was to test 2 new measurements of the femoral
shaft to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The points of reference chose on the femur are the minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter
(TRD) and the minimum anterior–posterior diameter (APD) of the femoral shaft. The samples being
used are that of an archaeological population recovered from a medieval cemetery in Poulton,
Cheshire. The aim is to use linear regression analysis to test the assumption that there is a significant
correlation between these measurements and the maximum femoral length. A further aim is to
produce regression equations that can be used on other skeletal remains from the Poulton collection
for estimating maximum femur length.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Samples

The samples used in this study were obtained from the Poulton collection housed at Liverpool John
Morres University. Due to the small size of the collection at present and the poor condition of some
of the bones, a total number of 18 left sided femora were selected for use in the study. These femora
were chosen on the basis of completeness and measurability. All the samples were obtained from
adults skeletal remains and the number of male and females femora was 10 and 8 respectively.
2.2 Measurements
The following 3 measurements were taken on each of the 18 samples:
i. Maximum length of the femur (MAXL) ii. Minimum anterior–posterior femoral shaft diameter
(APD) iii. Minimum transverse

The Italian Anatomist Gabriel Fallopius Essay
Gabriel Fallopius was one of the most noteworthy and respected Italian anatomists of the sixteenth
century. He was known as many things during his life time. Although, to this day, he is well known
for many of the great discoveries he encountered. During his lifetime of the 16th century, many
people didn't know much about the inside of today's reproductive system, how they looked like, or
what they were. Gabriel Fallopius inspired so many of his students to continue researching in the
medical field who later became famous medical professionals. Due to his very successful
accomplishments, we are able to learn and observe more of the women's body to this day.
Gabriel Fallopius was born in the year of 1523 (no exact DOB). He was raised in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over time, he has inspired and lived his life to the fullest learning all about the human body.
During his times of teaching and studying, Gabriel made many outstanding discoveries. He had
done so much, that it has helped people in our time to help understand the human body better.
Gabriel is known today for a few great discoveries. One was he made and had the first proven
documentation of the use and make of condoms for sexual use (History Of Condoms). It was proven
good and protective during sexual activity after he successfully tested it on 1,000 men. Another
major discover that had a big impact in the whole world was (Bookrag.com) the accurate
description, observation, and naming of the Fallopian Tubes (human oviducts). He correctly
described those resembling small trumpets. Without documentation (Yahoo Answers) about the
Fallopian Tubes and how it works, we wouldn't know much about it and the way it acts in the
women's reproductive system. Its impact on the world is that it helped medicine. For instance, an
ectopic pregnancy can now be diagnosed and the woman will live once the embryo is removed from
the fallopian tube. When the discovery of the Fallopian Tubes (Yahoo Answers), women would die
once the embryo exploded in the tube which caused severe pain and sepsis. The doctors back then
didn't know what the problem was till Gabriel Fallopius discovered the Fallopian Tubes. He also
name The Vagina after observing it and

Forensic Science Personal Statement
Throughout my life, I have been drawn to activities which reflect my concern for the human soul. I
am genuinely committed to helping others, especially those who resembles me and come from
similar backgrounds such as mine. More specifically, I am most interested those communities that
are socially and economic disproportionally placed. It was when I peered into the eyes of those
famines deprived individuals, my mission became clear; I knew I must intervene in some way and
somehow. As I began my undergraduate studies at the University of Florida, I continue to carry that
overwhelming feeling with me to spend my life helping others. It seems to fit the mold I was
carving out for myself. All the signs indicated that I would become a doctor that heals people, save
lives and help others. So naturally, I selected Biology, as my academics of choice. Yet, as I
matriculated through the program other altruistic professions aroused. Anthropology, Pathology and
Forensic Sciences where brought into view and my whole world opened up to me ... Show more
My attraction to this progam was instantaneous. Although there are a multitude of reasons as to why
I yearn to study forensic science and become a student ____________Forensic Anthropologist, three
of the most prominent come to mind: a student–centered approach to education, rigorous
coursework, which focuses on global outreach opportunities and its top ranking in forensic science,
At the University of ______, students studying in the forensic science discipline are not only taught
in real–world research projects that focus on the preservation of humanity, but they are also engaged
in innovative investigations, and exposed to cutting edge technology from a global perspective. All
the above will secure graduates a place among the world leaders in forensic science related

Forensic Anthropology Study
Anthropology is the study of humans and the characteristics of them. Anthropologist study many
things that make humans, human. These things include teeth, tissues, bones, the skeletal system, and
the cause of death in certain situations. Forensic anthropology is the study of human skeletal
remains. Anthropologist determine the cause of death, the remains, and where the bones or remains
come from. There are differences in female and male skeletal materials, and sometimes population
and age can have an effect on determining the sex. As stated above, anthropologist determine the
sex of the remains. In order to do so, they need to know the differences between male and female
skeletal materials. Over the years the human body has changed. One way anthropologist can
determine the remains is cranial shape. "American white skulls have evolved by expanding in height
and length". (Godde pg. 1). Males are more affected by nutritional stress than females, this can be
seen through body size. A nuchal crest relates to the neck muscles. In females "nuchal crests
enlarged, while glabella has decreased. In males, supraorbitalis dull, while glabella decreased. ...
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Just like anything, bones become fragile and easier to break over time. As stated above, a difference
in male and female skeletal materials is height. However, humans tend to shrink as they get older;
therefore, the older body or remains the hard to determine the sex. Population also has an effect on
determining the sex. Different populations have different traits. In some populations, do to the
climate, the human has to adapt; therefore some of these physical changes are harder to determine
than others. For example, in "colder populations, people typically have larger nose structures".
(ANT pg. 4). Therefore, it can be determined that population and age have an effect on determining
the sex of the

Forensic Anthropology Personal Statement
I am applying for the Forensic Anthropology MSc at the University of Dundee starting in September
2017. I started studying anthropology in 2011, and as soon as I took my first course I became
strongly passionate about this subject. I graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Anthropology in
August 2015. My degree focused on the three main sub–fields of anthropology: cultural
anthropology, physical anthropology and archaeology. I am originally from France and I studied in
the United States after being an au pair (live–in nanny) in the U.S. for two years which allowed me
to become bilingual and pursue a degree there. During my years at school, I tended to prefer
physical anthropology. I took classes in human evolution, human genetics and primatology ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first two weeks we had classes about human osteology, how to determine sex and age–at–
death in skeletal remains, paleopathology, excavation techniques and how to fill out forensic
anthropology forms. We were lucky to work in a laboratory with numerous skeletal remains to
study. The population that we studied was modern and most individuals were older adults, but we
were also able to study newborn skeletons and one children. In the next two weeks after those
classes and practices in the laboratory, we worked in the field. I worked in a team of four. We
excavated two single graves and worked with other teams on a mass grave. The first individual that
we excavated out of the grave was for a reburial in a family grave. The second single grave that we
dug up was to recycle the space because no one had claimed the person who was buried there for
many years. I learnt about archaeological methods of excavation, taking measurements and
sketching as well as filling out archaeological forms and sorting out archaeological findings. During
the last two weeks of the field school we were back in the laboratory finishing to fill out the forms
about the skeletons we dug out and also studying other skeletons. These six weeks were very
intense. We had to learn a lot in a short amount of time and it was tough to work in the heat, but I
would go back in a heartbeat. I had not felt that much satisfied doing something I am interested in
and

Using bones, teeth and joints for reconstructing activity...
During an individual's lifetime the activities they involve themselves in impact on their many bodily
tissues. Markers for these activities are left in the bones, joints and dentition which is useful for
anthropologists as only skeletal material is left in the case of most ancient populations.
Subsequently much research has been undertaken in this area with varying levels of validity.In this
essay I seek to explain what information can be reliably gathered from skeletal material, it will
focus on bone density and muscle attachments associated with heavy workloads, joint wear caused
by repeated processes such as grinding grain, osteoarthritis and tooth wear associated with tool use.
To aid this discussion I will detail the activity changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food gathering, butchering and carrying materials for fires and temporary shelters are all fairly short
but high intensity physical exercise. Subsequently in hunter–gatherer populations there is a trend in
the archaeological record for higher bone density and greater cortical bone thickness in cross section
(Maggiano et al, 2008). The opposite is true of agricultural societies of the past. Activities involved
with agriculture are often slow, repetitive low load level tasks such as weeding, sowing seeds and
the picking and harvesting of crops (Bridges, 1989). These activities are mainly upper body
activities and are more commonly associated with joint wear and osteoarthritis, which I will
mention later. Muscle attachments are the sites on the bone where ligaments are anchored, these
may become exaggerated in individuals with larger than average musculature. Based on the crude
argument that hunter gatherers used leg muscles in day to day activities and agricultural peoples
used their upper body in activity more it stands to reason that the respective muscle attachments
would be enlarged. Molnar for example attempts to trace general as well as three specific prehistoric
activities: archery, harpooning, and kayaking that are likely to have been performed in past
populations from the Baltic sea area using assessment of

Vacuum Truck Excavation Case Study
Vacuum Truck Excavation – Cardno developed a new process that includes standard, archival
research coupled with ground penetrating radar investigations to identify potential historic
archaeological features at any given project area. This analysis is followed by controlled excavation
with vacuum trucks to locate and excavate features more accurately than traditional Phase I
methodology. This technique has the potential to determine National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP) eligibility without the need for a traditional Phase II evaluation, and helps minimize
accidental discoveries after project construction has begun. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
Analysis – To assist in locating archaeological sites and to more efficiently focus field efforts,
Cardno has employed the use of LiDAR data to generate targets for shovel testing. Since human
habitation and/or activities tend to occur in locations that are of relatively higher elevation, the
LiDAR data can be explored to find small rises consistent with potential archaeological sites in
otherwise flat or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cardno has identified regional specialists and assigned them to serve as regional 'Tribal Liaisons'.
This allows the specialists to develop a working knowledge of specific tribal needs and
requirements, as well as updates on changes in current tribal governance. Our senior staff has
decades of experience working with Native Americans, and can help facilitate constructive dialogs
and effective resolutions. Cardno's involvement with Native American groups has included both
small and large–scale consultation planning and facilitation. We have worked alongside Tribal
archaeologists and collaborated on field investigations. Cardno is committed to fostering
constructive relationships and balancing these relationships with the understanding of our client's

Charity Bae Case Study
In the 4 years of participating in the Health Care Scholars Professions Program Friday the 10th was
the most intriguing experience I had. I was given the opportunity to meet Ms. Charity Baip a
Pathology Assistant in the Anatomic Pathology department. It was really pleasant meeting and
speaking to Ms. Charity Baip. She is one of the most delightful, engaging, and friendly health care
professional that I have had the pleasure to interact with. Upon arriving Ms. Charity Baip introduced
be to a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere. She willingly answered my questions and gave me
a tour of the department. She also managed to make the conversation informative likewise
enjoyable. Ms. Charity Baip gave me an insight on the Anatomic Pathology ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Charity Baip I had the chance to take a look at specimens in Formalin solution. Formalin is a special
solution/ preservative used to preserve the different types of specimens, organs taken from a
patient's body for studies to be run–on. The most common specimens that Ms. Charity receives on a
daily basis are fallopian tubes, kidneys, and appendixes. In the mornings, residents and/or nurses
come into Ms. Charity's office and stamp each specimen they bring in the requisition from with the
date and time. The pathology assistant, in this case Ms. Charity is in charge of registering the
specimen or frozen specimen in a program called Code Pad installed in the computer. A frozen
specimen is a specimen that has come straight out of an operation room, stored in a container, and
frozen with no preservatives. In the log in the pathology assistant registers the patient's name,
address, medical record number, and other basic information. The pathology assistant has to make
sure that upon the arrival of the specimen all documentations accompanies the specimen, if not it
cannot be logged into the Code Pad. On rare occasions the specimens cannot be personally delivered
for numerous circumstances, therefore, a tube system is used. The tube system is a tube in which
nurses, physicians or resident can send the specimen from a particular room to Gross lab through a
connecting tube. When a specimen has been dropped and delivered and alarm goes off warning the

Forensic Anthropologist
Forensic anthropologist knowledge of the human body, helps aid in the outcome of a death
investigation. (Stanojevich) To help solve criminal trials, the systematic recovery and collection of
physical evidence in the field, the scientific analysis in the laboratory and the protection of integrity
of evidence, is crucial. Usually, response teams from either federal, state, or local authorities will
gather and examine the physical evidence of a crime scene, but there are often times, when a
forensic anthropologist is called in. Forensic anthropologist are major players, because they are
trained in anthropology, archaeology, human osteology, forensic taphonomy, and chain–of–evidence
procedures. Their study of human remains, aids in the case by working to assess the age, sex,
stature, ancestry and unique features of a skeleton. Forensic anthropologist have been used to
investigate victims of homicide, accidental deaths, natural deaths, and mass fatalities. The cases a
forensic anthropologist works on usually involve victims that are decomposed, skeletonized, or have
body parts that are missing. Often times, the forensic anthropologist, is the last chance for
identification and justice for the victims. (Walsh–Haney) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They must first conduct an on–site identification of the remains to determine if they are human or
not. All crime scenes are delicate and there is always a chance of contamination. Contamination can
sometime be caused by the perpetrator, animals, or time, or even those that are there to investigate.
Any of these can make identification of the subject difficult. (Stanojevich) Because the forensic
anthropologist is trained in archaeology, they know the proper method of excavation and mapping to
apply during the recovery of buried or scattered remains.

Hypotheses On the Origin of Birds Essay
Hypotheses On the Origin of Birds
Since the advent of the theory of evolution the origin of birds has been a thriving topic in science.
Many ideas and hypotheses have been presented, but only two stand today: that birds are
descendents of ancient thecodont stem reptiles, and that birds are the direct descendents of a group
of dinosaurs known as the coelurosaurs. Both hypotheses pose many interesting and insightful ideas
based on information obtained from the fossil record. There is not enough evidence at this time to
determine which hypothesis, if either, is right. Only more hard work by scientists will tell. Until
then we have only speculation, but speculation based in observed evidence.
The origin of birds is one of the great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theropods are a diverse group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs (see cladogram). They include the
largest terrestrial carnivores ever to have walked the earth. Several characters typify a theropod:
hollow bones, three main fingers on the manus (hand), and three main (weight–bearing) toes on the
pes (foot). Most theropods had sharp, recurved teeth useful for tearing flesh, and claws were present
on the ends of all of the fingers and toes (Hutchinson 2000). It is thought that birds are descendents
of the group of theropods known as the coelurosaur or maniraptora. (There is debate as to whether
these two groups should be one, so for the sake of this paper, I will refer to them as coelurosaurs.)
This group can be typified by such species as Velociraptor and Deinonychus (Hutchinson 2000).
The other hypothesis is that birds arose much earlier than dinosaurs from a group known to be the
ancestors of theropods: the thecodonts (Dingus and Rowe 1998). Thecodonts were small, agile
reptiles with long tails and short forelimbs, thought to include the ancestral stock of all other
archosaurs, including birds, all dinosaurs, pterosaurs (extinct flying reptiles), and crocodilians
(Anonymous 2000).
The Theropod Hypothesis
The theropod hypothesis puts the entry of birds into the evolutionary arena after the line of descent
had continued from thecodonts to the saurischian dinosaurs and their subsequent split into

Nostalgia In The Cabiiwala, By Rabindranath Tagore
K.R. Iyengar, comments on the story:
"The child sees the Cabuliwallah with the eyes of trust and affection, and so the 'beast' becomes
'Beauty' and the stranger becomes the Friend. In due course, the child Mini–'who is incapable of
wasting a minute in silence'–becomes a bashful girl, and with a few deft touches Tagore suggests the
miracle of the bud's unfoldment as the full–blown flower". ('Rabindranath Tagore–A Critical
Introduction' ,P– 72) Tagore uses the term–'Nostalgia' for distancing the past by the protagonist
(Kabuliwala).Through Mini Tagore opens before the readers the innocent world of children. She is
very beautiful, energetic and talkative. Tagore contrasts the innocence and playfulness of Mini with
the seriousness of her father and the extreme loving–nature of Kabuliwala who sees the reflection of
his own daughter in Mini. Mini baffles her father by asking him "Father, what relation is mother to
you?" Mini could make her noble, educated, high–ranking father think that the illiterate, criminal
Kabuliwala is also a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her spirit is restless even after her death. The sprit says that her skeleton is hanging in a classroom,
and the teacher is teaching the basics of human anatomy to his students. The spirit narrates to a
young student her sorrowful story. She tells him that her husband died just two months after their
marriage when she was only 16. She returned to her parental home. There she got infatuated with
Shekhar, her brother's doctor friend. But Shekhar was engaged somewhere else. He was about to go
for his marriage. On the fixed day, his marriage was to be celebrated late at night. Before starting,
the doctor and her brother were having a glass of wine together on the terrace as was their daily
habit. Meanwhile, she had gone down to the dispensary and got a little powder that she had dropped
unobserved into the doctor`s

Human Identification
Introduction:
Human identification is one of the most challenging subjects that forensic experts have came across.
Identity is a set of physical characteristics, or a functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that
define an individual.1 Scientific identification of human remains might be accomplished by
fingerprint, dental, anthropological, genetic or radiological examinations.2,3 When it is not possible
to apply the scientific method of fingerprint identification, it demands a forensic medicine
investigation like radiological investigations. The skill process, carried out by using knowledge of
other professional areas, characterizes the medicolegal identification and is based on the application
of knowledge of forensic anthropology.1 Radiological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nambiar P, Naidu MD, Subramaniam K: Anatomical variability of thefrontal sinuses and their
application in forensic identification. ClinAnat 12(1): 16e19, 1999
11. Sahlstrand–Johnson et al. computed tomography measurements of different dimensions of
maxillary and frontal sinuses: BMC Medical Imaging 2011, 11:8:1–7.
12. Matthew K. LEE, Osamu SAKAI, Jeffrey H. SPIEGEL. CT measurement of the frontal sinus e
Gender differences and implications for frontal cranioplasty. Journal of Cranio–Maxillo–Facial
Surgery (2010) 38, 494–500
13. Tatlisumak E, Ovali GY, Asirdizer M, Aslan A, Ozyurt B, Bayindir P, Tarhan S: CT study on
morphometry of frontal sinus. ClinAnat 21(4):287e293, May 2008.
14. Ponde´ JM, Metzger P, Amaral G, Machado M, Prandini M: Anatomic variations of the frontal
sinus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 46(1): 29e32, Feb 2003.
15. SańchezFernańdez JM, Anta Escuredo JA, Sańchez Del Rey A,Santaolalla Montoya F:
Morphometric study of the paranasal sinuses in normal and pathological conditions.
ActaOtolaryngol 120(2): 273e278, 2000
16. Spaeth J, Kru¨ gelstein U, Schlo¨ ndorff G: The paranasal sinuses inCT–imaging: development
from birth to age 25. Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol 39(1): 25e40,

Mastodonsaurus
Mastodonsaurus is the genus that derived from the middle Triassic period and is classified as
Temnospondyl amphibian. Temnospondyli is often referred to as the primitive amphibians which
were prosperous during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods . This diverse group order
was composed of a small to giant tetrapods. They go by several synonyms including
Batrachosaurus,‭‬
Labyrinthodon,‭‬
Mastodonsaurus acuminatus,‭‬
Mastodonsaurus conicus,‭
‬
Mastodonsaurus maximus‭‬
,‭‬
Mastodonsaurus tantus, and Salamandroides.‭Their classification is
listed as Chordata,‭‬
Amphibia,‭‬
Temnospondyli,‭‬
Stereospondyli,‭‬
Capitosauria,‭‬
Mastodonsauridae. The
Triassic group of temnospondyl is called Capitosauria, specifically characterized by their ... Show
Moreover, Schoch also discusses how the history of reconstructing the Mastodonsaurus giganteus
has been interesting suggested to be a huge amphibian. To which he stated, "therefore reconstruction
of the whole animal remained a subject of popular treatment to a large extent" (93). Furthermore,
other reconstructions of capitosaurs were based largely on the fundamental knowledge of tetrapods.
And in fact, the trunk of Mastodonsaurus giganteus is almost twice as large as the skull roof (151).
Schoch concludes stating, "the general appearance of Mastodonsaurus giganteus comes very close
to that of other large capitosaurs and related genera" (152). While, a large number of species have
been attributed to the genus over the years, Schoch's reexamination of the genus by proposes only
three of the species were determined to be valid. The type species M. jaegeri, the best known
species M.giganteus both from Europe, and M. torvus from

The Origin Of A Cranium
Introduction
Since the migration of the first group of homo sapiens from Sub–Saharan Africa millions of years
ago, the diversification of the human cranium has grown exponentially. As the population continues
to intermix and increase, so will the complexity in the features of the cranium. Diversification of the
cranium will not only be unique to the individual, but a key aspect of identifying that individual, if a
biological profile were to be compiled by a forensic anthropologist. Henceforth, determining
someone 's ancestry from their cranium, is one of the most complicated and unique aspects of the
skeleton. So, must be examined with the utmost consideration.
To determine the ancestry of a cranium, there are two potential aspects investigated; the
morphological features and metric points of the cranium. Morphological determination uses specific
features of the skull and is compared to standards already published in literature. Metric, on the
other hand, is the use of measurements between specific landmarks on the cranium. Which can then
be input into the specialised computer programmes: FORDISC(Ousely & Jantz, 1998) or
CRANID(Wright, 1992) to estimate the ancestry of that individual. There are ,however, benefits and
flaws to each method, which can affect the reliability and accuracy of the ancestry acclaimed.
Morphological (non–metric)
Non–metric assessment of ancestry, uses the ascertainment of features of the cranium by the
observer and an estimation of the ancestry,

Facial Reconstructions
Forensic Facial Reconstructions
Samantha McAnally
CRMJ430
April 20, 2013
Abstract
This paper will focus mainly on the history and the various techniques that forensic facial
reconstruction has to offer. It will also go over some problems or an issue that is process has faced
over the years. The Daubert Standard will discuss and how facial reconstruction was allowed as
evidence thru this standard. I will go over all the periods of time that facial reconstruction was used.
Computerized and Clay reconstruction will be discussed and how they have help investigators
solved current and cold case crimes.
Forensic Facial Reconstruction
Forensic facial reconstruction is the method of restoring the appearance of a person (whose ... Show
Thru this processes a person that has gone missing as a child could possibly be located thru
computerized techniques to morph a child's picture into that they would look like as an adult. This is
something that I am interested in pursuing as a possible career. I hope to learn all the techniques that
crime scene investigators use to make forensic facial reconstruction an accountable tool in finding
out that the victims are by only the skull. This type of forensic tool can be helpful in getting the
victim's family some closure. Facial reconstruction can also help police in closing cold cases that
they may have.
History
Appearances The Eighteenth Century. Giulio Gaetano Zumbo, Abraham Chavet and Ercole Lelli's
were the artists responsible for creating the practice. They developed the different methods of
creating an image of a potential victim by using clay. These artists can be credited with pioneering
the theory behind facial reconstruction: that is, from the shape and proportions of the skull can be
inferred how the muscles were attached and shaped, defining the parameters of the face; anatomical
correctness was important, rather than an exact likeness (Verzé, 2009). If law enforcement found a
body of an unknown person, there was, no way of telling whom the person was if the body was
severely damaged or decomposed. Determining who a person was with an unidentified body could
pose a major problem for law enforcement. The Nineteenth

Forensic And How It Helps Determine Child Abuse
Forensic Osteology of Child Abuse By: Heather Hogue ANTH328–101 11/26/2016 In my paper, I
will explain forensic osteology and how it helps determine child abuse. I will also explain different
cultures and situations where child abuse cases take place. I will describe where child abuse has
taken place even in ancient times. Lastly, I will explain the challenges of forensic osteology in
determining child abuse, what could be mistaken for it, and how it's properly analyzed. My first
article is about forensic radiology and how it determines unexplained head injuries in child
mummies. Janet Davey and Olaf H. Drummer explained that the identification of cause of death in
ancient Egyptian child mummies have changed since advanced visual workstations have produced
more detailed virtual data that allowed more accurate reporting on injuries and cause of death. They
elaborated on the fact that virtual images from computerized tomography (CT) data have
revolutionized the study of ancient mummified remains. It has also removed the need for destructive
procedures linked to unwrapping of bodies and has been used in a number of forensic pathology
institutions. Forensic radiology protocols were used in the study of two small child mummies from
the human remains collection in a British museum. They have been mummified and wrapped two
thousand years ago. They explained that the bodies presented unique problems in interpreting the
radiological data due to external linen

Pelvic Girdle Essay
THE PELVIC GIRDLE Clarification of Terms  Four bones make up the pelvic girdle:  Sacrum
 Coccyx  Two hip bones...which are comprised of:  Ilium  Ischium  pubis  The pelvic
girdle is also referred to as the pelvis  Joints in the pelvis girdle:  Right and left sacroiliac joints
 Symphysis pubis  Lumbosacral joint Lippert, p247 Function of Pelvis  Supports the weight of
the body through the vertebral column and passes that force onto the hip bones  Receives ground
forces during walking and transmits them upward toward the vertebral column  Supports and
protects pelvis viscera  Provides attachment site for muscles  Makes up bony portion of birth
canal Lippert, p247 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Sacral flexion (anterior rotation of the sacrum in relation to the ilium)  The base of the sacrum
(on the superior end) moves anteriorly and inferiorly  Occurs WITH trunk flexion or hip extension
 Counternutation  Sacral extension (posterior rotation of the sacrum in relation to the ilium) 
The base of the sacrum moves posteriorly and superiorly  Occurs WITH trunk extension or hip
flexion Lippert, p249 Sacroiliac Joint...Motion Mansfield, Fig 8–44 Sacroiliac Joint...Supporting
Structures  "Because the SIJ is meant to absorb a great deal of stress while providing great
stability, it is heavily endowed with ligaments." Lippert, p251 Pubic Symphysis  Osteology 
Right and left pubic bones join anteriorly  Motion  Little movement, except during childbirth 
Supporting Structures  A fibrocartilagenous disk lies between the right and left pubic bones 
Held together by the superior and inferior pubic ligaments Lippert, p252 Lumbosacral Joint 
Osteology  Joint made up of 5th lumbar vertebra and 1st sacral vertebra  Motion  Pelvis
motion occurs in all 3 planes  Supporting

Crime Scene Technician Research Paper
The career I am interested and focused in is a crime scene technician. A crime scene technician is a
person who is trained to collect evidence at crime scenes for law enforcement agencies such as state
and local police departments and federal law enforcements agencies.
Crime scenes may vary from a home being robbed to a murder. When a crime scene technician is
called to a scene they may have to do the following:
process fingerprints
take photographs of the crime scene
collect and list evidence at the scene such as weapons, blood, hair, etc.
must make notes on all evidence gathered so it can be taken to the crime lab for further analyzation
There are many specialized areas of a crime scene technicians. The following are just a few of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To become one, you must have an undergraduate degree in some type of science–related field. You
must be certified as a Certified Latent Print Examiner. The educational requirements is to have their
an associates or Bachelor's degree depending on the employer. On–the–job training is essential for
the line of work.
Forensic Anthropologists: An individual that specializes in examining human remains and
determining how a person died and as well as vital statistics about the persons' sex, age, and
possibly other information such as status. They usually work with skeletons and bones. The
education requirement is a Ph.D. in physical anthropology, with graduate coursework on osteology
and forensics. The salaries may vary on the location and other factors from as low as $50,000 to
well over 100,000 for professors of anthropology in some areas.
The education requirement for a crime scene technician is normally an associates degree or
bachelors degree in biology, chemistry, or crime scene investigation. After the educational
requirement has been completed and the application for a crime scene technician has been accepted,
I would have to go through the following (in no particular order):
interview
pass a physical exam
pass a background

Skin As Art By Spencer Tunick: Article Analysis
The article discussing "Skin as Art" followed artist Spencer Tunick, and his quest to photograph
human bodies for art. Tunick is fascinated by the different shades of color that the humans body can
produce and considers it to be the most beautiful thing (Mayell, 2002). The photographs that Tunick
take can provoke different reactions or emotions to the viewers of the nakedness of several bodies in
a single photograph. The models he uses for his photographs are of all ages, sizes, and colors and
each model has a unique reason for posing nude for Tunick (Mayell, 2002). The article continues by
explaining the biological function of skin and how color variations produce different colors
according to adaptations to UV radiation levels. What was most interesting about the article was the
use of modern day photography using the body as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bioarchaeology in general brides the boundaries between osteology and culture, so as to further
contextualize finding to understand the bigger picture. The article demonstrates the different
biological functions of the human body, such as defense, sweating, and UV protection. Since
anthropology is the study of humans in every aspect, the use of the human body as a symbol of art
can be viewed as a cultural view of what art is and how the human body is viewed in different
cultures. The human body as a social component of culture is not unique to any culture and can be
used socially in a number of ways. Members of a culture can tattoo their bodies as a sign of
manhood or pride to display their status. Larger body modifications can also display status or rank
with individuals carving their teeth to fit societal expectations or through cranial modifications in
locations like Tiwanaku, Peru. Cranial modifications can be intentional with the use of head wraps
or it can be unintentional through the use of baby

Anthropology, Cultural Studies, And Physical Anthropology
The study of anthropology traverse across four subfields that focus in archaeology, linguistics,
cultural studies, and physical anthropology. Each field can specialize in an area of expertise. For
physical anthropology, the sub–discipline bioarchaeology, incorporates both physical studies of
human remains while contextualizing the data found from archaeological evidence and other
sciences. One researcher explains that, "information from the human skeleton can be combined with
historical documents and material culture to understand social processes on multiple scales,"
(Hollimon 2011, 163). Bioarchaeology is unique in that it bridges biology and social science to
create new theories and ask more meaningful questions. The virtuosity of bioarchaeology and why it
is important is that it is a heavy question based field. It contextualizes all fields of anthropology that
can span into answering specific questions asked by researchers in archaeology, culture studies, and
physical anthropology. The questions that bioarchaeologists seek to answer can range from
demography, diet, identity, food–ways, and mortuary analysis. In general, the study of gender in
anthropology is a relatively recent phenomenon that covers all subfields. Since anthropology is the
study of all things human, it is interesting that study of identity and gender are only recently in the
field. McGee and Warms (2012), claim the trend in studying gender lies within identities that do not
fit traditional western

Forensic Anthropology
Not many people realize that bones can talk, if you listen close enough and have the right education.
Forensic Anthropology is the study of "talking" bones or more properly as told by Burns (2013),
"the discipline that applies the scientific knowledge of physical anthropology (and often archeology)
to the collection and analysis of legal evidence" (p.3). This discipline brings together the fields of
physical anthropology, biology, and many other physical sciences to allow for the proper
identification of mostly human remains. The basis of forensic anthropology is to help solve cases
using the extensive knowledge of bones that has been built up over the years and is still being
shaped today. The first recorded use of skeletal information on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the vertebrae and pubic symphysis can help discover the estimated age. If the forensic
anthropologist is using the vertebrae, they would have to look at the epiphyseal to see if it is either
absent, in the process of fusing, fully fused, or completely destroyed. They can also check if
osteoarthritis is becoming present, if the line of fusion is visible or no longer noticeable and if the
bone has become porous. Lastly, the pubic symphysis can be used. There are ten phases that the
bone endures from the age of 18 to 50 and upward. The changes of the pubic symphysis are similar
to the vertebrae with looking for the fusion or ossification of certain parts of the bone. However,
depending on the sex of the decedent, there are variations of testing for age because of childbirth
within women causing destructive trauma to the bone. Nonetheless, anthropologists do not have to
go that far to check the sex of the

Forensic Anthropology : An Examination Of Human Skeletal...
Physical Forensic Anthropology
ForensicOrensic anthropology is the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement
agencies to determine the identity of unidentified bones. That is the definition of forensic
anthropology. This paper will discuss the study of forensic anthropology: the education needed, how
to study the remains, and work activities. To become a forensic anthropologist you have to reach
many education requirements. If you want to be a very successful forensic anthropologist, you have
to have a master's degree and a bachelor's degree. You will have to know how to read dental records
and learn about ethnobotany. In order to be a forensic anthropologist, you will have to know
everything about osteology;. tThat is one of the very important teachings. You will also have to
know about chemistry, anatomy, archaeology and genetics. The last two education requirements are
a type of anthropology;, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology. There are also
undergraduates. They study the occupation and they have to be educated in osteology also. To get an
internship to help the forensic anthropologist you have to be very academic (Forensic
Anthropologist). You might have to travel to a college that you do not want to go to because there
are not very many colleges that have this major. When the forensic anthropologist is called to work,
he/she will be recovering human remains. They find out how they died, how long ago they died, and
who died

Event Response Contingency Paper
1.
Event Response Contingency
Team leader give away their presence Not serious–Make their existence in solving out their problem
Lead should get into the issue as early possible Dispute among the working units Not serious–
Managers should act like a tribunal and their words should be like final call taken by the employees.
They must disseminate the situation and ensure to not happen again by imposing certain penalties
Any such dispute must be known to all high level officials right from the first person of the
organization to the manager level Error cause by the team lead Not serious–For few complicated
issues we have to appoint the team leads who are well experienced especially the games which are
crucial like final games Only the most experienced referee can mitigate the issues raised in the field
by not disappointing the players Here the charm of the team plays a major role. ... Show more
Alternatively providing public transport services with no–profit motive would ease this issue
Injury to the players Mild issue–As for every game the players are tend to face physical injuries, so
necessary care should be taken with immediate medical care Specialists related to physiotherapy
and Osteology must be there with in the premises to take onto the issue

Multi Isotope Analysis : Significant Lifestyle Changes
Multi–isotope analysis demonstrates significant lifestyle changes in King Richard III. In 2012 the
human remains of what was believed to be of King Richard III were discovered under a parking lot
in Leicester. Analysis and historical documentation support that these remains were in fact Richard
III. The remains were of a 30 years old male with gracile features and severe scoliosis, he was found
with severe head trauma that more than likely was the cause of death. The writers of this article;
Angela L. Lamb, Jane E. Evans, Richard Buckley, and Jo Appleby use isotope analysis to discuss
and reconstruct Richards diet and migration history. Their analysis consisted of two teeth, one
femur, and one rib bone. They were hoping that they could use historical documentation and isotope
findings to help reconstruct Richards life, and they would gain knowledge about his diet and
migration history. This article explains that this case was new at the time and these were only
preliminary findings but with continued research they were hoping to find out more about this
unpopular King. Using isotope findings in order to reconstruct diet and migration is still new but
there have been advancements in this area. Richards research findings are new and researchers plan
on working with this material in hope to gain further knowledge of his life before and during the
time he was King. Researchers used two teeth, one upper whole premolar and one lower second
molar

The Importance Of Forensic Anthropology
In 1940, Law enforcement agencies began to call Anthropologists to assist with identifying a human
and their skeletal remains, as this led on Forensic Anthropology started to become known. The
crime rate in today society is dramatically rising. With the help of Forensic Anthropology people
can help solve crimes committed. When Forensic Anthropology became popular it made an impact
on society and everyone around the world, and still does today. To truly understand the complicity
of Forensic Anthropology you need to know: what is it, what they do in the field of work, and why it
is important to society.
Forensic anthropology is the study "The analysis of human biological and cultural remains for legal
purposes"( Anthropology is the study of humans, and forensic anthropologists focus their studies on
the human body as it helps figure out the severity of the accident. Determining a humans' cause of
death is done by the help of forensic anthropology. There are many ways a scientist can determine
the cause of the of death. The process to determine a deiced human body usually involves an
examination on the skeleton remains. "Their study of human remains aids in the detection of crime
by working to assess the age, sex, stature, ancestry, and unique features of a skeleton, which may
include documenting trauma to the skeleton and its postmortem interval" (Forensic Anthropologist
job description). Bone damage and fragments can also provide evidence from the murder victim
which can

Neil Shubin's Your Inner Fish
The concept of evolution has always fascinated me; I was amazed that single celled organisms from
many years ago are the reason I'm here today. While I recognized that our ancestors went from a
simplistic organism to fish, to mammals, and so on, the details of how each step occurred in our
history never really gets mentioned in the evolution section of our general biology courses. I chose
to read Neil Shubin's Your Inner Fish because I wanted to know the transition of our ancestors in
greater detail. I also thought that the book would elaborate on some of the topics discussed in our
evolutionary anatomy class and help put them in perspective. Prior to reading the book, I expected it
to be very dry – simply explaining evolutionary concepts in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After establishing his credibility and methods, the book continued thereon by describing our
evolution in various segments. For instance, some chapters were devoted to different senses while
others were meant to describe topics such as the development of our unique hands. Shubin would
first describe a particular development from simple to complex, as in up through mammals; then he
would bring it full circle by finishing up with modifications in evolutionary history that make us
distinctly human. Based on the terminology used in describing these evolutionary steps and the
conversational tone that Shubin chose to write in, I think that the book was directed more toward
students than a professional audience. While I think that professionals can still benefit from reading
Shubin's book, it seems to be geared toward higher level students – probably high school and
college – such as those with a general background of evolutionary biology. But I think that the book
has two layers; there's one that anyone could understand since the concepts are explained very
basically at some points in the book, but then another level where people with base knowledge will
have a greater understanding of what Shubin is presenting and they could use the book to get further
knowledge on the subject of evolutionary

The Human Skeleton Can Offer More Information Than Meets...
The human skeleton can offer more information than meets the eye. In fact, when analysing an
individual's skeletal features it is possible to constitute a biological profile. In this essay, I aim to
explore the multiple elements that a human skeleton could shed light upon such as age, sex, stature,
diet, health and trauma.
Due to the natural breakdown of the skeleton with age, the determination of age at the time of death
becomes less precise the older the individual gets. Therefore age is most precisely estimated in
subadults (Adams, 2009). One of the most reliable indicators is the individual's dental development.
Teeth develop from before birth to about 18 years of age, when the formations come to a conclusion.
The observation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another technique to assess the age in subadults is to observe the epiphyseal fusion of the bones,
which takes place at a foreseeable rate (Adams, 2009). An example of this technique is the Greulich
and Pyle's atlas of the skeletal development of the hand and wrist, which studies in particular the
epiphyseal fusion of the metacarpals and phalanges, as well as the development of the carpals
(Anderson, 1971).
For adult individuals, it much harder to get an accurate age estimation due to the fact that people age
differently which also allows for more variation making the estimation intervals much larger
(Adams, 2009). In adults, age can be estimated through the study of different parts of the thoracic
cage and the pelvis. The first part of interest is the medial clavicle. Age is determined through the
study of the epiphyseal fusion. The epiphysis in those bones is the last to fuse and usually starts
between the ages of 18 and 25. When the medial clavicle is fully fused the individual is in general
over 25 years old (McKern, 1957). The second part of the thoracic cage that is used to ascertain age
is the sternal end of the fourth rib. The characteristics looked at are "the formation of a pit, its depth
and shape, configuration of the walls and rim surrounding it, and the overall texture and quality of
the bone" (Iscan, 1991, p617). With age, the pit found at the top of the rib deepens and widens,
thinning the

Equine Research Paper
Abstract
Through my science research project I aimed to find out the differences between equine and human
monocular and binocular vision span. I went about investigating this by measuring eyesight through
the use of a chalk configuration, orange marker and observing the horses' eyes to determine the span
of their vision. To determine the human vision span I used a different method of verbal
communication. From my experiment I have discovered that horses do have a larger field of
monocular vision and a smaller area of binocular vision compared to human vision. These results
supported my original hypothesis which was expected from my background research. From my
specific experiment I was able to come to the conclusion that on average horses have ... Show more
From background research I know this is a feature common to animals of prey as the ability to
identify movement at great distances with a large field of vision gives them early warning of
predators allowing them time to have the ability to outrun predators. From my experiment I was
able to conclude that on average horse monocular vision has a span of 325°. Humans on the other
hand have a much smaller range of monocular vision due to the close proximity of the eyes. The
average result from my experiment for human monocular vision was 120°, 205° smaller than horse
monocular vision. For binocular vision human vision span was slightly greater than horses with
humans having 70° of vision and horses only having 60°, which I also predicted in my hypothesis.
The results from my experiment I believe are reliable as a sample size of three was used with the
experiment conducted three times and then the results averaged. I also believe my results were
accurate as each of the measurements were only several degrees apart, a very slight difference
which could be due to the reliability of the measuring or due to a slight difference in the visual span.
The experiment was also valid as all proper equipment has been used including a straight angle tool
to ensure accuracy with measurement and control variables has been monitored to ensure a valid

The Characteristics Of Forensic Anthropology
Introduction and background:
Forensic anthropology is a multi–disciplinary industry where understanding biological anthropology
and knowledge of human osteology is needed to assist in positively identifying an individual,
(Quinney et al., 2009). The purpose of forensic anthropology is to aid in the identification process of
human skeletal material by means of establishing a biological profile. A biological profile is formed
by the following fundamental characteristics: age, ancestry, stature and sex. Sex determination is
essential in the identification process of human remains, as the number of potential matches is
halved, (Loth and Iscan, 2000) as cited by Bidmos et al., 2010. Other characteristics, such as age,
are dependent on knowing the sex of the individual, (Bidmos et al., 2010).
Therefore, sexual dimorphism, which is the differences between males and females due to intrinsic
factors (hormones) and extrinsic factors (the environment), provides variation between male and
female skeletal material. These differences allow for easier reconstruction of a biological profile.
The pelvis is a good indicator of sex as it has a high degree of reliability, (Phenice, 1969). However,
it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study comprised of 341 skeletal material; 212 Sotho (70 female; 142 male) and 129 Xhosa (37
females; 92 males). Skeletons ranged from the age of 25–90 years old. The sample excluded any
skeletons younger than 25 years to avoid any growth and developmental errors as the annular rings
of C3–C7 are only completely fused between 17–25 years. Initially, the age range was from 25–50
years old, but due to the sample size being too small, extension of the age range was done and any
bones that were articulated, incomplete or showed signs of disease or pathology were

Vertebrate Paleontology's Extinction
ESSAY QUESTION #3
Tell us about a community or cultural experience or any group gathering you have participated in
recently that meant a lot to you.
In October of 2016 I participated in a community function that changed my life, my future goals,
and made me a more knowledgeable and confident person. As a Teen Science Scholar in the earth
sciences department, last summer, I was given life changing opportunity to go to the Society of
Vertebrate Paleontology's annual international conference, to interact with the best paleontologists
of the day and to present my own findings. After working for months with DMNS scientists to move
and organize collections, micropick and sort fossils, study osteology, dig for mammal fossils from
the Miocene in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The subject of our poster was a brief, site description of the Dry Union in the mountains of
Colorado. In this poster, Dr. Sertich, Ms. Mackenzie, Kathleen, and myself described the geological
composition of the formation, the interesting combination of Fauna found at the site, and the work
we had done in the formation over the summer. While so many incredible people contributed to this
project, in particular Ms. Mackenzie, who is one of the most amazing paleontologist I have ever
met, it was up to me and Kathleen to present this poster to professional paleontologists on our own.
This opportunity to contribute to the knowledge of the paleontological community has been one of
the biggest honors and most thrilling experience of my life thus far and I am eager to return to SVP
again in the

Personal Reflection
Through multiple changes in study habits, and better reading skills, I have improved my memory of
the information presented in class and have done better on my most recent test compared to the
other three. Not only has this class helped me learn better study methods for anatomy specifically,
but, I have implemented these techniques within my other classes. In addition to figuring out what
works best for me for lecture, I have also gained a new understanding from lab. Since Chadron is
one of the only undergraduate schools to have a cadaver lab, I think it gives me a big advantage over
other students at other colleges. It's one thing to say you took anatomy and learned about the human
body through coloring books and textbooks and diagrams, but, it's another to say that you got to
learn about the human anatomy through real bodies! Learning from the cadavers is completely
different than learning from a model or a diagram. With the cadavers, you get to see the different
layers of muscle, what the veins and arteries look like and how big they are. You also get to take a
deeper look at a lot of things that only undergraduate students wish they could see. I will be honest
though; the cadavers were extremely hard to learn from. It is hard to tell the difference between
muscles and which is a vein or artery, especially if they are tucked away, but, this challenge has
proved to be a great opportunity that most undergraduates don't get. The other parts of lab also
proved to be helpful.

Bio 151 List of Structures
Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and
the relationship between structures Physiology is the study of how the structures of the body
function Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Homeostasis Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Relative Positions Superior Inferior
Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal Superficial
Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure
1.17 Chapter Two Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen
Atom Subatomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses
Epiphyseal growth plate Epiphyseal growth line Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum
Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone
Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal Control of Bone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone
Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process
Occipital Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing
Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Nasal Maxilla Alveolar process Palatine process Zygomatic
Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Vomer Mandible Condyle Coronoid
process Alveolar process Nasal septum Sutures Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous Pterion
Hyoid Verteba Body Vertebral foramen Pedicles Lamina Transverse process Spinous process
Superior articular process Inferior articular process Cervical vertebrae Atlas Anterior arch Posterior
arch Axis Odontoid process Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen
Posterior sacral foramen Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Coccyx Sternum Manubrium Body
Xiphoid

Pubic Symphysis
Discussion:
Determination of age and sex in a set of skeletal remains can be a difficult task based on many
factors. The variation seen in one particular population of people can manifest in the skeletons of
these people as there is more variation between people within a population than there is people of
another population (Burns 2007). When considering this set of variables many methods need to be
employed to understand the diversity of variation within a specific population as some factors can
provide different results that drastically vary the age and sex determination (Ubelaker 1989). Many
skeletal collections that databases have been created on do not incorporate all populations and
therefore all variations cannot be properly accounted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aging of the auricular surface was the first method to be used to determine an age range for
UC71 (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). No billows or striae were present and changes to the apex are
slight (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). Iscan and Loth created a comprehensive guide on the sternal
ends of ribs so to help correlate age to features often found in the sternal ribs ends. This comparison
allowed for a further narrowing down of age of the specimen. The dental attrition is not always a
good feature in which to base age at time of death as diet for example may erode teeth faster, genetic
predisposition to weak teeth as observed in some populations with nutritional deficiencies and
lifestyle choices all play a part in how quickly the teeth wear. However, to get an idea of how dental
attrition can be used to help narrow down and age range, especially in something like an isolated
archaeological context, the application provided by Lovejoy as reprinted in the Human Osteology
Textbook (White, Black, and Folkens 2012) was helpful in understanding normal wear patterns and
how they correlate with chronological age. The specimen of UC71 had rather complete dentition
which made determination much

Science and Technology Advancements:Enhancing the quality...
General Science Questions and Answers No. Question Answer 1 The theory of relativity was
propounded by Albert Einstein 2 The principal metal used in manufacturing steel is Iron 3 An
altimeter is used for measuring Altitude 4 Oology is the study of Bird Eggs 5 Radioactivity was
discovered by Henry Bacquerel 6 The metal used in storage batteries is Lead 7 The instrument used
to measure the relative humidity of air is Hygrometer 8 Barometer was invented by Torricelli 9 The
unit of power is Watt 10 Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierrie Curie 11 The existence of
isotopes was discovered by Frederick Soddy 12 Dynamo was invented by Michael Faraday 13 The
nuclear reactor was invented by Enrico Ferni 14 The law of gravitation was propounded ... Show
e first human being to land on moon was Neil Armstrong 81 The first Indian in space was Rakesh
Sharma 82 ISAC stands for ISRO Satellite Centre 83 VSSC stands for Vikram Sarabhai space
Centre 84 The headquarters of ISRO is located at Bangalore 85 VSSC is located at
Thiruvananthapuram 86 ISAC is located at Bangalore 87 National Science Centre is located at New
Delhi 88 Central Tobacco Research Institute is located at Rajahmundry 89 Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research is located at Bangalore 90 The Atomic Energy Commission was set up in
August 1948 91 The first Indian Satellite was Aryabhatta 92 The first Indian Satellite was launched
in the year 1975 93 ASLV stands for Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle 94 INSAT stands for
Indian National Satellite 95 The fear of women is known as Gynophobia 96 The fear of men is
known as Androphobia 97 The scientist who developed the Quantum theory was Max Plonck 98
The steam engine was invented by James Watt 99 The botanical name of tea is Camellia Sinensis
100 Logarithms were devised by John Napier 101 The acid used in a car battery is Sulphuric acid
102 The system for writing by blind people was invented by Louis Braille 103 The parachute was
used for the first time by J.P.Blanchard 104 The German physicit who first demonstrated the
existence of Radio waves was Henrich Hertz 105 The instrument that records the intensity of
earthquakes is Seismograph 106 The laws of floating bodies was discovered by Archimedes 107
The density of

Crime Scene Investigation Essay
What is CSI and what is involved? Crime scene investigation. Now if a person watches TV shows
about this topic, they should know that some things are not in fact how investigators solve crimes in
real life situations. There are several different ways to find out the truth about what happens during
crimes. Here are just a few of them. First are fingerprints. Everyone has a set of fingerprints that are
unique only to them. There are no two sets the same. Even identical twins have completely different
prints. Fingerprints have 3 classes: Loops, Whorls, and Arches. Fingerprints could exist on various
surfaces ranging from easy to pull to almost impossible. The ridges on fingertips hold sweat,
protein, salt, and water, which leaves "the fingerprint" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three kinds of sciences to look at: Pure, Applied, and Junk. Pure science defined as;
systematic observation of natural phenomena solely for the discovery of unknown laws relating to
facts; the study of science alone, not including its relations to other subjects (dicionary.com, 2018).
This science looks at facts that one derives from mathematics and logic; the natural science. The
second is Applied science. Applied science is: the discipline dealing with the art or science of
applying scientific knowledge to practical problems; "he had trouble deciding which branch of
engineering to study" (Farlex, 2018). This science deals with facts from machines, inventions, and
technology. The third is junk science. Junk science is: faulty scientific information or research,
especially when used to advance special interests (dictionary.com, 2018). Once a person decides to
use the sciences to figure out fact or fiction one uses the scientific method to find the facts. The
steps one follows for this process include: Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion. If one
does not find the truth the first time, they go back and repeat these steps. They keep repeating them
until they reach the truth, or all leads are exhausted. Here is a chart to follow when using the
scientific method. (Science Buddies,

Anthropology Application Essay
When I first attended college at SUNY Oswego I thought I knew exactly what I was going to do and
who I be, but of course, I was wrong. I initially wanted to become a zoologist and work with
animals, while studying their behaviors at the same time, but as fate allowed my interests in that
field quickly deterred shortly after attending my first year of college. During my sophomore year, I
took an anthropology course for a general education requirement. I had little knowledge of what
anthropology was or what an anthropologist did, but I quickly fell in love with the field and all the
concepts that are integrated into the anthropology courses. By studying anthropology, I was
introduced to one of the hardest classes that I have ever had the opportunity ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Patience to understand that you do not know all the answers to life, particularly your own life and
the direction you want to go. There were a lot of times that I was confused and worried about my
future and the pressure of what I was going to do after I graduate, and although there is still a
chance of unwanted circumstances that may arise, I believe that if I take it day by day and be patient
then all of the hard work will pay off, which makes me less confused and less worried. I have also
learned that in order to be well rounded and for lack of a better word, successful, you need to have
some type of self motivation because no one is going to push you to get and go to that early morning
class and no one is going to push you to go after what you want. Nevertheless, it can also be
beneficial to never be afraid to ask for help or advice from someone you trust/ respect because that
can allow you to have more perspective and guidance towards your education. My undergraduate
career has been great and enlightening, and I am hopeful for the same outcome regarding my
graduate career.
I have to admit that I have little experience with chiropractors, however I have done my research
and find the field to be very rewarding. I know that I would really enjoy helping people and creating
long lasting relationships with my patients. I also think that the chiropractics profession has many
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