Testing The Effect Of Differing PH Levels On The Heart...

Testing the Effect of Differing pH Levels on the Heart...
The purpose of this investigation is to test the effect of differing pH levels on the heart rate of bivalve mollusks. Mollusca can be classified by
their soft bodies, "head" and "foot" regions. They also generally have hard exoskeletons that cover their bodies. This is the case with snails and, of
course, clams. Bivalve mollusks have a hard outer shell and soft insides. Their hearts are located towards the center of the umbo, which extends
from the terminal end of the valve. The umbo is also the location at which their shell grows. The gills of a bivalve mollusk are lining the interior of
part of their shell. Below the location of their heart is their foot, which is used to move or attach to various surfaces. Bivalve mollusks have been
around since the Ediacaran period however, they only started diversifying during the Ordovician period. They themselves were not the dominant
species but others along their family tree proved thrive during this time. In the present day, which was most likely much the same as in the past,
the life cycle of a bivalve mollusk consisted of growing, having children, and the dying. They are born as males, as is the case of most mollusks,
and later about half age into females. They eject their eggs and sperm into the sea and new mollusks are born. There is no larvae stage in the case of
a couple types of mollusks so eggs hatch into smaller version of the adults that created them. In the other species of mollusks eggs are born into a
larvae stage in
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Lab Report Sample
I am writing this letter to you to inform and update our King's Christian College Creek that is located in the middle of the school. As a class, we have
conducted test to find the temperature, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen and found macroinvertebrates in the ecosystem. These tests has been conducted
to figure out what we need to improve the ecosystem for a better habitat for the creatures living.
We have conducted 4 chemical tests to figure out how to improve our King's Christian College Creek and our pond. We have measured the
temperature of the creek and the pond so that we can see how it affects the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water. We
furthermore calculated the turbidity of the water to find the muddiness caused by dirt, plants and animals matters floating in the water. Additionally, we
have conducted this experiment to find the pH of the water. Pure water has a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We have noticed that pond was warmer than the top area of the creek. This is because the top area of the creek is covered by multiple trees which
doesn't allow the sunlight to shine against the water. The average turbidity of the top area of the creek is 16. The average turbidity of the pond is
6.666666667. This could be improved by removing the litter students or people throw in the water. The litter can be eaten by creatures living and
most importantly turtles can eat plastic which could kill them. Filtering the water may harm some creatures since they live in a ecosystem with no
filtered water. The average pH of the top area of the creek is 6.2 and the pond is 6.333333333. According to the result ranges, the King's Christian
College Creek is in an excellent pH condition. This could be preserved by just keeping it the same way as now. The dissolvedoxygen of the top creek is
4 and so as the pond. This indicates that the water in both pond and creek is in good

Anatomy And Appearance : ' Behavior And Diet '
*[[Cyprea tigris]]
*[[Dirona albolineata]]
*[[Janthina communis]]
' 'Anatomy and Appearance ' '
' 'Behaviour and Diet ' '
Diet
The class Gastropoda has a diverse diet, but all species feed using some variation of radula, the feeding organ. The majority of species belonging to
Gastropoda are herbivorous (Integrated Principles of Zoology, 2014). The primordial feeding behaviour involved grazing of algae from hard surfaces.
The original, primitive form of radula called the rhipidoglossan is still present in some species of the order Archaeogastropoda that feed in this
primordial manner. From this original form, several unique modifications of the radula have evolved, leading to different diets (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2015).
Herbivorous gastropods include grazers, browsers and planktonic feeders (Integrated Principles of Zoology, 2014). Some examples are
Prosobranchia, a subclass of selective herbivores feeding on seaweed, and majority of the pulmonate species. Majority of land snails are also
herbivores, feeding on decaying plant matter, comparable to their marine ancestors browsing on algae (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015).
On sand and mud flats live many groups of gastropod scavengers such as strombids, nassariids and limpets that feed on miscellaneous surface debris
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). Other examples include Bullia and Buccinum, scavengers feeding on decaying and dead animal matter (Integrated
Principles of Zoology, 2014).
Carnivore gastropods have

Sephia Officinalis Research Paper
The class of the Sepia officinalis is Cephalopoda which can be thought of in three groups: the Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea and Coleoidea each of which
have adapted and evolved independently of each other (A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda). "Cuttlefish, along with octopuses and squid, are
cephalopods–animals from an ancient branch of the tree of life that have been trolling the oceans for more than 500 million years. Cuttlefish were
around long before the first shark or fish ever evolved. Their cephalopod ancestors were encased in a shell that acted as protection from predators, but
the modern cuttlefish has developed an even better defense: camouflage" (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/animal–guides/animal–guide–cuttlefish/1161
/). The Nautiloidea ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All cephalopods have arms, but not all cephalopods have tentacles. Octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid have eight arms, but only cuttlefish and squid have
two tentacles. Squid and cuttlefish have one pair of tentacles which they use to strike their prey (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca
/cephalopoda.php). These prove that squids and cuttlefish evolved away from octopuses by having tentacles to strike prey. The main difference
between the cuttlefish and the squid are the internal shells. The squid has remains of an internal shell while the cuttlefish have a cuttlebone. Seen in
Figure 3, the Sepia and types of squid and octopus

Differences Of Squid And Octopus
What is these creatures? Squid and Octopus are categories in sub–marine animal. Squid and Octopus are still one family, both of these animals are The
Cephalopoda family. What is Cephalopoda? "Cephalopods, is the class of mollusks which scientists classify octopuses, squid, cuttlefish and nautiluses,
can change color faster than a chameleon. They can also change texture and body shape, and, and if those camouflage techniques don't work, they can
still "disappear" in a cloud of ink, which they use as a smoke–screen or decoy." (Wood,2017) This species is common find in ocean or seas anywhere.
Both of it are interesting sea creatures, but they are differed in their physical characteristic also have similarity from many aspects. Some people has...
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"Octopuses and squids can swim in any direction and can alter their course quickly. Squids use fins located on their heads to propel themselves when
swimming at low speeds. These fins steer and stabilize the squids when moving slowly, and wrap around the body when they move quickly, by way of
jet propulsion. Most octopuses do not have fins as adults. Some deep–water octopuses are exceptions." (Octopuses & Squids,n.d)
How do octopuses and squids reproduce? "The male octopus uses a specialized arm called a hectocotylus to transfer sperm to the mantle cavity of a
receptive female. The female lays strings of fertilized eggs on the roof of her den. She guards, cleans and aerates the eggs with water expelled from
her siphon until hatching. This can be anywhere from 30 days to a year, depending on the species. The female may build a wall of rocks to seal off
the den and will remain in the den until just before she dies, after the eggs have hatched. Squids often mate in large groups, and attach their egg
capsules to the ocean floor or to seaweed. Most adult octopuses and squid die after reproducing. Their bodies are recycled in the food web, nourishing
other animals, and ultimately providing food for their young when they hatch." (Octopuses &

Disadvantages Of Mantis Shrimp
To many owner having saltwater aquarium, live rock is one of the essential things which set the natural tone for the whole tank besides fish and
turtles. Not only does the collection of the colorful live rocks beautifies one's tank but also provides shelters for the fish and filters the whole tank.
However, everything has a good side and the bad one. The addition of live rocks to the tank may have some potential drawbacks, for not every
organism living on those marine rocks is important, and even some of them are disadvantageous to the tank itself. One exemplary "unwanted organism"
which lives on live rocks is the Mantis Shrimp, which maybe accidentally introduced to the tank through the addition of live rocks. Mantis shrimp,
which is a varicolored creature living in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, is an extraordinary pet, for not only does it colorful body impresses the people
but also its powerful appendages, which are a nightmare to crabs, gastropods, and almost all other animals in the sea. Due to its interesting feature,
many people at the present favor this species. In addition, some people even want to adopt the mantis shrimps as their pets; nevertheless, there are
many hardships coming along with this desire. As a growing infant who can mess up with everything within his or her reach, the mantis shrimp can eat
up its neighboring organisms and some marine plants in the tank. The mantis shrimp is well–known by many scientists for its powerful weapon–the
raptorial appendages which is equipped for the sake of its survival. It is this feature of the shrimp that makes it a strong hunter in the nature. Due to
this feature, especially the one owned by the Smasher species of the Mantis Shrimp, the shrimp has no trouble breaking preys with tough shells such as
crabs and snails. In addition to the raptorial appendages, the mantis shrimp can swim insanely fast, thereby boiling water around it. While one may be
surprised by these qualities, other organisms living around it. Because of its powerful weapon, hunting nature, and the ability to boil through the act of
swimming, the mantis shrimp may be capable of eating every fish in the tank and killing them by increasing the temperature of water. In order

Essay All About Mussels
Mussels are a type of shellfish called bivalves. Bivalves are molluscs that are enclosed by a shell in two hinged parts. They include clams, oysters,
and scallops. Mussels grow in colonies that attach themselves to rocks, pilings, or other hard surfaces with their "beards". However, most commercial
cultivated mussels are grown on hanging ropes. There are many types of mussels; and that they are very nutritious as well as they can be cooked in
many different ways. Also they are enjoyed around the world. Even though there are many types of mussels available in markets, they can all be used
interchangeably. The three main types of mussels are Mediterranean, Blue, and Green–lip. Mediterranean mussels are known for their wide shells and...
Additionally, not only are mussels delicious to eat, they are easy to cook and can be cooked in a variety of ways such as steaming, roasting, grilling,
boiling, smoking, and deep–frying. However, the easiest way to cook these delicious molluscs is steaming. This method requires the steam created from
the cooking liquid to cook the mussels. The cooking liquid can be clam juice, salty water, wine, or even beer. For this method, the cooking liquid is
combined with herbs such as rosemary or sage and softened shallots (cooking them in butter or oil for few minutes). The mussels are placed into
the saucepan after they are washed and given a good scrub. However, mussels that are opened when tapped on a counter or chipped or cracked
must be discarded. Then the saucepan is placed on high heat for a few minutes. Mussels are finished cooking when most of the shells are opened,
about 5 minutes. However, there may be some that stay closed after cooking. These, just like the broken shell mussels, must be discarded.
Moreover, mussels are great for grilling. Just heat grill to hot and place the whole mussels on the grill. When the mussels start to open, they are done
and ready to eat. Just finish them with a sprinkle of ground black pepper. If mussels are cooked this way, they are surely going to be devoured before
they are able to reach the dinner table. Mussels can also be pan–roasted. Place the mussels in a hot pan

Squid Vs Octopi
There are many marine animals that are classified as cephalopods. A cephalopod is an aquatic animal that has bilateral body symmetry, a set of
tentacles or arms, and a distinctive head. Cephalopods are the most intelligent and the most mobile of all the molluscs. There are many types of
cephalopods: differing in size, shape, and their living habits. Two types of cephalopods are squid and octopi. Although, squid and octopi are both
classified as cephalopods, they have many differences. Squid and octopi differ in physical features, living environment, lifespan, behavior, and much
more. The squid has slightly different physical features than the octopus. Squids have triangular shaped heads; this is where its arms are attached. They
have two eyes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The octopus has a round head, which is attached to eight arms. The arms have one to two rows of suckers at the end. Octopi lack any kind of
backbone; they have a soft body which allows them to fit into small/tight places. Without a hard structure, they are still able to move swiftly
throughout the ocean. They move around by using jet propulsion; they draw water into their mantle and force it out in narrow siphon, moving the
octopus backwards in any given direction. The octopus can camouflage itself to blend into its surroundings. It can do so because an octopuses' body is
covered with chromatophore. Chromatophore is a color changing cell that is able to reflect light in such a way that it picks up pigment from its
surroundings.
Octopi vary in size; they can be as small as one centimeter or they can grow to be larger than 5 meters. The male octopus dies not long after mating
and the female dies shorty after her young are born. The male octopus inserts its special arm, known as a hectocotylus into the female octopus' mantle,
shooting spermatophores into it. Some octopi can detach this arm and give it to the female. The female will produce and then care for her eggs until
they hatch. Once hatched the baby octopi are by themselves, and the mother passes

The Greatest Science Papers
That's not hyperbole. I really mean it. How else could I react when I open up the latest issue of Bioessays, and see this: Cephalopod origin and
evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules. Just from the title alone, I'm immediately launched into my happy
place: sitting on a rocky beach on the Pacific Northwest coast, enjoying the sea breeze while the my wife serves me a big platter of bacon, and the
cannula in my hypothalamus slowly drips a potent cocktail of cocain and ecstasy direct into my pleasure centers...and there's pie for dessert. It's like
the authors know me and sat down to concoct a title where every word would push my buttons.
The content is pretty good, too. It's not perfect; the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Movement was no longer by creeping, but used muscular contractions through a siphon to propel the animal horizontally. Freed from its locomotor
function, the foot expanded into manipulating tentacles.
i–a4650a364628b045d3f57a3baf0e7529–monoplacophoran.jpeg
These early cephalopods, which have shells common in the fossil record, would have spent their lives bobbing vertically in the water column, bouyed
by their shells, and with their tentacles dangling downward to capture prey. They wouldn't have been particularly mobile– that form of a cone hanging
vertically in the water isn't particularly well–streamlined for horizontal motion – so the next big innovation was a rotation of the body axis, swiveling
the body axis 90В° to turn a cone into a torpedo. There is evidence that many species did this independently.
i–f8e43ceb7154a2f6b4c1b890e7ac4f64–ceph_rotation–thumb–500x331–67138.jpeg
The tilting of the body axes of extant cephalopods. This was a result of a polyphyletic and repeated trend towards enhanced manoeuverability. The
morphological body axes (anterior–posterior, dorso–ventral) are tilted perpendicularly against functional axes in the transition towards extant
cephalopods.
We can still see vestiges of this rotation in cephalopod embryology. If you look at early embryos of cephalopods (at the bottom of the

The Blue Ringed Octopuss
The common name for this brilliant marine invertebrate is the Blue ringed octopus. It also has a scientific name Hapalochlaena Lunulata. In Latin that
means, "Soft skinned thing with little moons". This octopus belongs to the phylum Mollusca, class Cephalopoda, genus Hapalochlaena, family
Octopodidae, kingdom Animalia and order Octopoda. With at least 50,000 living species, the phylumMollusca is one the most diverse groups of
animals. This octopus is in a class that also includes squid, cuttlefish and nautilus. The blue ringed octopus is normally a light brown to dark yellow
color but the color changes to glowing yellow–brown with shimmering blue rings when it's disturbed. It has eight powerful tentacles that can grow to
about 10cm long and that encircle the head. They only weigh up to 28 grams and their body gets to 5cm, being the size of a golf ball. They have
well established eyes with an image forming lens and large retina but their vision is known to only be black and white. Being soft bodied the only
hard part of the octopus is the beak. Their brain is centered about their oesophagus and is shaped like a donut. These octopuses have poison glands
that discharge two different types of poison; one they use for catching food, which is the more mild type, and then there's the type they use for
defense, the more poisonous type. The Blue ringed octopus can move several different ways. One way is by drawing water into a cavity in its body,
and then dismissing the jet of

Write An Essay On Puertarnalis
1.Vampyroteuthis infernalis falls under the Mollusca phylum, class Cephalopoda, order Vampyromorphida, and family Vampyroteuthidae. 2.Phylum
Mollusca (originating from the Latin word for "soft") includes organisms such as snails, octopi, squids, clams, and oysters. They are organisms that
have soft bodies typically composed of a head and foot region. The dorsal epidermal tissue surrounding the body is called the mantle, and some
organisms have specialized glands that secrete excretions that form their hard exoskeletons, like in clams and snails. Class Cephalopoda are considered
one of the most intelligent, most mobile, and the largest of all the molluscs. These organisms include the octopi, squid, cuttlefish, and the
Vampyroteuthis infernalis.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
infernalis have two dorsal fins on its mantle that are used for swimming in addition to their jet propulsion locomotive ability, but its low metabolism
and weaker musculature does not allow for long distances. While it cannot change colours, this animal is covered with photophores, with the larger
and more complex ones at the tips of the arms and at the base of its fins, which contributes to its bioluminescent ability. When turned off, the animal is
invisible in the dark waters, and when the photophores are turned on, V. infernalis have the ability to modulate the intensity of the light and create
patterns by moving its arms, confusing predators or attracting prey. When threatened, this animal can spread its webbed arms over its head and
mantle, a position known as the "pineapple posture". This protects the animal's head and mantle from injury, can fool predators into thinking it's a
different animal, and its black underside allows it to blend in to the inky sea depths. In lieu of an ink sac, it can also eject a luminescent mucous cloud
from the tips of its arms to escape predators. For the V. infernalis's mode of reproduction, it is estimated that males transfer spermatophores to the
female from their funnel. The female discharges fertilized eggs into the water, and these opaque, matured eggs (3–4mm in diameter) are often found
free–floating in small masses in deep water. Once the eggs hatch, they resemble the adult form but lack the webbing between the arms and have smaller

Reaction Paper On Octopi
I have been fascinated by the intelligence and resourcefulness shown by octopi for the past few weeks since I went scuba diving. The main purpose
of this trip was to be able to learn more about octopi in their natural habitat, as I had been given an assignment regarding the morality of consuming
octopi. I was given the opportunity to fully observe the complexity of octopi in their natural habitat. I realized these animals' capabilities people fear
these almost harmless animals? In the past, I truly enjoyed the savory taste of a variety of octopus–inspired meals. Many people disregard the octopus,
giving it little to no thought unless there is a debate for dinner. Thinking of it as another average creature, as I did, with little to no intelligence, this is a
common misconception that is meant to give some kind of justification when consuming the animal. In reality, octopi are one of the most intelligent
species, having highly developed sentient characteristics. The more research I did regarding the octopus, the more my personal moral dilemma shifted
to the support of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I noticed a tremendous change in the way octopi were viewed in Japan, China, and Korea – food and more food, along with an occasional natural or
cartoony picture of an octopus. On the other hand, I was pleased to see that the creature is more respected in western society, not thought of as food or
childish cartoons. Most pictures found in the English language are more serious, showing octopi in their natural state; sadly the same cannot be said for
the lobster. Many restaurants in western society cause the octopus unimaginable amounts of pain, some even provide the octopus still alive, to be
devoured by the participant; giving the octopus more than enough time to realize it's soon–to–end

Are Freshwater Polls Affecting Alabama's Biodiversity Of...
Freshwater invertebrates make up a vast amount of Alabama's Biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources,
including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems. Mollusca which are also known as snails are one the most commonly encountered in
Alabama. They spend the majority of their life in an aquatic ecosystem. As a matter of fact, Their are 180 different species of Mollusca in
Alabama.There are unique species associated with every type of aquatic habitat from the Canadian Arctic to the Everglades of Florida. Mollusca are
highly valued because they are either a food source or biological indicators for a healthy habitat.They prove immensely beneficial both economically
and medicinally. Alabama... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, freshwater snails like many other river species across North America are threatened. The abundance and variety of snails have
dramatically declined over the last 80 years, especially those species that inhabit streams and rivers. Approximately 60 species of freshwater snails are
presumed extinct, 20 are on the federal endangered or threatened species list, and another 290 species are of conservation concern nationwide. The
decline of freshwater snails began in the early twentieth century. Dam construction and other channel modifications, siltation, and industrial and
agricultural pollution have all degraded the river habitats on which most species depend. As a result, the species richness and the abundance of
freshwater snails have declined dramatically. This decline has been especially pronounced in the Southeastern United States where these animals are
most diverse. The continued loss and decline of freshwater snails and other river species are testament to the fact that despite significant water–quality
improvements made in the last 25 years, much work remains if we are to halt species

Unit 1 Snorkelling Report
1.Score how much did you know about Snorkelling BEFORE starting this unit?
Nothing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lots
Before starting this unit, I knew a varied amount of information about snorkelling as I had been snorkelling with friends and family several times
before. I had also been snorkelling at Great Barrier Reef which provided me with ample information and experience of snorkelling.
2.
(1) The knowledge that I have acquired during this task is what a drop dive is. Before I began this unit, I was not aware of what a drop dive was and I
did not know how to perform a drop dive. Now that we have learnt and practiced the drop dive, I am aware of what it is and how to perform one. A drop
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3) The information obtained from each of these sources was extremely relevant and beneficial to me. I decided that the information was relevant if it
related to what questions needed to be answered in my workbook or related to snorkelling in any way. The decision was made this way as I assumed
that the tests would be based around what we studied in the workbook and what skills we practiced during the practical snorkelling excursions.
(4) Due to the variety of sources of information, I found it easy to obtain the relevant information. Each source was helpful and the instructors,
teachers, peers and my buddy were all happy to share information and answer any questions I had. However, I did find it difficult to obtain the relevant
information to answer one of the workbook research questions as it was difficult to find the information on the website that we were required to visit.
5.(1) Score how much you know about Snorkelling AFTER finishing this

The Puget Sound: The Moon Snail
Gastropods are mollusks with soft bodies that are protected by hard shells, with the exception of nudibranchs and sea slugs. Gastropods have
asymmetrical body plans, which means that their bodies have no patterns or symmetry. A unique characteristic they contain is the "torsion around the
perpendicular axis on the center of the fort which is modified for crawling" (Boundless). Gastropods can be found in salt water, fresh water and even
on land in damp areas. They can be found in shallow waters and also in deep waters in the ocean. There are many variations of gastropods in the Puget
Sound. One of the most notable gastropods in the Puget Sound is the Moon Snail. The Moon Snail got its name due to its round smooth shape and its
brown–gray color. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inside the shells of a bivalve is a soft body which is protected by the shells. The majority of bivalves are filter feeders which have no radula or head.
Most bivalves bury themselves in the sediment of the ocean floor and others attach themselves to rocks or even docks and posts in the water. The
shells of bivalves are made up of calcium carbonate. Bivalves can be found in both salt water and fresh water habitats. The anatomy of a bivalve
includes a mantle, gills, adductor muscle(s), foot, digestive system and circulatory system, nervous system and a urogenital system (FAO). The
mantle of a bivalve covers the soft parts of its body. The gills are used for filter feeding and respiratory purposes. Adductor muscles are used to
close the valves, and the foot of the bivalve is used to burrow into the sediment and is used as an anchor to hold the bivalve into a certain position
(FAO). One of the most common bivalves found in the Puget Sound is the Blue Mussel. Blue mussels can be found in abundant quantities all over
the Puget Sound and are a popular food choice for seafood lovers. Other than humans, blue mussels have numerous predators which include birds, sea
stars, sea snails, crabs and even fish. Blue mussels attach themselves to hard surfaces such as rocks and docks by using byssal threads which are
threads produced by the byssal gland located in the foot of the mussel. Blue

Biology of a Squid Essay
Biology of a Squid
Squids are among the most varied and unique of all invertebrates. They are mollusks of the Class Cephalopod, along with the nautilus, cuttlefish, and
octopus. Squids are highly evolved, and have developed a number of traits uncommon to most other mollusks. Fossil records of cephalopods have
dated back the Cambrian Period (about 600 million years ago). Structurally, squids have only small variations of a basic theme common to all
cephalopods. They are spherical or cigar–shaped with two fins used to stabilize movement when swimming. Ten arms are easily distinguished
emerging from near the mouth Eight of these arms each have four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous (horny) hooks. These suction ...
Squids (and cephalopods in general) possess several unusual abilities that help them deal with their predators (which range anything from large fish to
sperm whales). Their lack of an external shell allows them to squeeze into very tight places, enabling them to conveniently and easily hide from their
enemies. When confronted with a dangerous animal away from hiding places, however, squids seem to have a disadvantage when compared to other
mollusks with external shells. If attacked, they have no exterior protection. To counter this potential crisis, they have adapted a number of tactics. First,
they are capable of temporarily altering the color of their skin, in effect camouflaging themselves. They can shift their appearance from a deep brown
color, to a white, or almost transparent quality. Along with this, they are able to slightly change the texture of their skin. This form of camouflage
allows the squid to take the form of rocks, seaweed, or other ocean–dwelling objects. If a hazardous foe is not fooled by camouflage, the squid can
release an ink cloud. The ink cloud has a number of helpful characteristics that can ward off enemies. The cloud initially causes the nearby water to
become dark and cloudy, reducing the enemy's visibility and allowing the squid to escape from danger. Some deep–sea squids contain bacteria in their
ink so that the cloud glows, and scares away harmful rivals.

Asian Carp Research Paper
Asian Carp Carp can look like large goldfish. The big difference between carp and goldfish are the barbels, or whiskers, around their mouths. Carp have
thick lips and small eyes. They have a single dorsal fin with strongly serrated spines and a forked tail. The color of carp is varied. Wild, common carp
can be olive, tan, or dark brown. They have large and thick scales. Where did carp come from? Carp are not native to Colorado. They are not even
native to North America. Carp are native to Asia and are considered a delicacy. The people of Asia, for around the past 4,000 years have used carp
for a cultivated food source, garden element, and symbol of strength and courage. 2000 years later, carp were brought to Europe and were used for...
Zebra mussels are freshwater mollusks. They have two valves, or shells, which are the called the right and left valve. These valves are usually a light
tan with dark brown zig–zag stripes. These stripes give the zebra mussel its name because the stripes look like those of a zebra. Zebra mussel valves can
also be completely dark brown or completely tan; these types of valves are very rare though (Freshwater Mussel Collection: Introduction– Anatomy).
The insides of these freshwater mollusks are full of many muscles and parts that function for moving, eating, and reproducing. Muscles used for
movement are the foot and the adductor muscles. The foot is a strong muscle and is used for locomotion, moving from one place to another. It also
serves as an anchor for the mussel and keeps it attached to rocks or other surfaces. The adductor muscles are used to open and close the right and left
valves. The mantle is a muscle that holds the mussel together. The mantle holds all of the soft parts inside of

Help Rescue And Rehabilitate The Animals
to help rescue and rehabilitate the animals. SeaWorld is one of the largest, self–funded animal rescue and rehabilitation program. They have over
24,000 successful animal rescues which students would experience. They would gain one of a kind skills from these rescue and rehabilitation
experiences. SeaWorld has a staff of animal care experts that can teach students their collective knowledge, because no one knows how to care for
marine animals like SeaWorld. The Four actions of the Blue Ocean Strategy are raise, create, eliminate and reduce. By Following the Blue Ocean
Strategy, we are eliminating the current need to gain practical experience after receiving your bachelors degree. This provides students with hands
on experience and the ability to access knowledge that has already saved numerous wildlife animals. This will allow you hands on experience and
always access to knowledge that has already saved numerous wildlife animals. If SeaWorld created their own certification program, it would
eliminate the need for other accredited facilities to go to SeaWorld, students would be able to go through SeaWorld instead. SeaWorld would be
able to teach students the best way to care for the animals because they have done it for the longest time. They have cared for and studied a wide
range of species which has created a large collection of knowledge, skill and techniques. SeaWorld will provide students with access to healthy killer
whale blood level databases, how to perform

The Soul Of The Octopus
The 59–year–old author, Sy Montgomery, has written 20 books, each based on a specific research or expedition she has taken part in. Her studies,
which she descriptively incorporates into her novels, have warranted her various book awards and acclaims. She plunges herself into the lives and
mysteries of Earth's wildlife in order to gain a further understanding of how particular organisms thrive in their wild, dangerous environments. Although
Montgomery was no expert in the field of cephalopods, she quickly learned all she could about the intriguing invertebrates through fellow researcher,
experts, aquarists, divers, and colleagues encountered throughout her studies about octopuses. Through diligent research via articles, studies, field...
Montgomery, along with Dowd and many other workers and volunteers at the aquarium, begin a tradition of meeting every Wednesday to play with the
current cephalopod resident of the aquarium and learn a lot more about the behavior of the animals. Throughout the book, a series of octopuses are
brought to the aquarium to live and replace the others when they die. The second octopus, Octavia, gives Montgomery a view of how each octopus has
a significantly different personality, and compares the new resident to the previous, Athena. Although Octavia is the second octopus of four that author
meets in captivity, she is the longest lived of them all and really gives Montgomery a view into individuality of an octopus and the importance of the
bonds it forms. She couples her experiences at the aquariums with her other journeys and travels, such as her trips to Seattle aquariums and the
Caribbean Sea for scuba diving excursions, along with the writings of many renowned authors, philosophers, scientists, and aquarists in her writing.
Throughout the book, Montgomery compares the personalities of the octopuses she meets in the aquarium to the others she has known, and also those
that she has encountered in the wild. Towards the end of the book, she goes through the process of learning how to scuba dive in hopes of meeting wild
octopuses in their natural habitats

Sponge Research Paper
Sponges are creatures that many people do really take about, but the truth is that they are fascinating. They are simple compared to many creatures
on this planet, but such a simple creature can have intriguing ways to function in life. They have so many different structures that help collect food
and allow water flow. Also, there are a few different morphologies that they can take advantage of to survive. One of the most important factor to a
sponge's survival is the water flow velocity to area ratio. For a sponge to survive there are a few structures that water must go through. To get inside
the sponge, the water must travel through tiny holes called ostia. The water then flows into an opening called the spongocoel, and finally out of the
sponge through the osculum. Inside the spongocoel are tiny flagella which capture the food particles necessary for the sponge's survival. If the sponge
is more complex than the pathway to the spongocoel is more complex. This results in more flagella which will result in more food for the sponge....
If the spongocoel of the sponge is too large, there will be areas in the sponge where the water is not circulating. If that happens, the amount of water
flow and the feeding efficiency is lowered. If the spongocoel is too small, there will not be that much water flow; therefore, the feeding efficiency will
still be low. To maximizing the amount of water flow and the feeding efficiency, sponges have adapted their morphology. The three different types of
morphology are asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. The asconoid is the simplest structure while the leuconoid is the most complex structure. The
leuconoid is the most complex because it has more pathways to the spongocoel which allows a higher feeding

Tridacna Research Paper
Variables of Tridacna isotopes as environmental indicators. Ontogeny, zooxanthella symbiosis, trace elements, seasonality and relative living depth.
Abstract (In progress)
Isotopic profiles of mollusks provide insight to the biology of fossil and living specimen and the conditions under which they live in. Isotopic profiles
record seasonal variance in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentrations and can provide evidence of changes in bio mineralization in
correlation with seasonality and ontology. The shells of Tridacna are beneficial for Pleistocene paleoceanography isotopic studies because of their
large size making it easier to gain detailed samples of shell carbonate. The density of the shell better preserves original carbonate of the shell.
Introduction to Tridacna
The reef dwelling giant clam or Tridacna is one of the genuses that survived the waves of Paleozoic extinction. The genus Tridacna evolved over 65
million years ago in the Eocene along with modern corals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparing isotopes of symbiont–bearing tridacnid clams and encrusting symbiont–free clam. The carbon isotopic composition of the symbiont– free
bivalve and the symbiont–bearing bivalve Tridacna were found to be similar, suggesting that the presence of symbionts has no noticeable effect on the
isotopic composition of Tridacna (Romananek et al., 1989).
It was also found that the amplitude of Оґ18O was greater in specimens gathered from shallow water because of greater environmental variability
(1989). Specimen found deeper had higher Оґ18O and Оґ13C when compared to the shallow specimen due to lower temperatures and the lesser
influence of 13C depleted carbon from oxidation of organic matter in sediments and meteoric water (Romananek et al.,

Reflection Topics For Marine Biology
1. What is the Program Focus of this Integrated Learning Subject?
What have you learnt so far?
In marine biology this year we have covered many topics. We began the by learning to snorkel safely, in this topic we spent a couple of weeks
learning the correct techniques and safety measures to snorkel safely. During this time, we went on many trips out of school to go on dives as a group
to practice our skills for the final practical examination. After completing the snorkelling component of the marine biology course we went on to learn
about how to maintain a temperate marine aquarium. In this topic we firstly learnt how to set up a temperate marine aquarium, then went fishing to fil
our tanks. Once these tasks where completed we learnt about all of the step needed to ensure that the aquarium was successful in keeping the marine
animals alive, this included learning about the pump system, how to clean the tank and how to do the various chemical tests to see if the water was in
a suitable condition for the animals to live in. after learning about how to maintain a temperate aquarium we looked into local marine issues such as
seals in the Coorong and local sharks.
2. (1) What animal did you choose to research?
Why did you choose this animal?
I chose the Australian fur seal as is being one of the suggested animals for the project and they are one of my favourite animals
(2) What presentation format did you choose for your Final Presentation?
Why did you choose this

Cone Snail Research Paper
Creature Feature: Cone Snail
A tropical ocean dweller, the cone snail may seem harmless at first glance. Do not be fooled by its iridescent shell and geometrically patterned exterior
– the cone snail is hypothesized to have the potential of killing up to 700 humans with its venom. 1 Not only are its toxins an apt example of
antipredatory defense mechanism, the cone snail also forages with its loaded harpoon, ready to shoot and kill before enjoying a scrumptious meal.
Based on molecular phylogeny, or genetic data, there are 329 described species of cone snails under the family Conidae. 2 Compared to the mainly
herbivorous land snails, these marine cone snails are extremely carnivorous. In fact, it is likely that their colorfully decorated shells, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to fulfill its carnal hunger, the cone snail performs a deliberate task to munch on its next meal. Firstly, it surveys the surroundings with its
proboscis, a sensory tubular mouth part.
At this moment, the cone snail is actually concealed under mounds of sand so as not to alert its potential prey. Seeing a possible snack, the cone snail
will gently extend its modified radula tooth, which looks like a harpoon, toward its prey. Though snails are thought to be slow, its harpoon shoots at
lightning speed, contradicting this stereotype. The venom kills most prey almost instantly, and the cone snail is seen drawing the victim in with its
radula tooth. Some cone snails even eat other cone snails!
If you would like to see the killer cone snail in action, check out this video: https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/weirdest–cone–snail Closely
related to the optimal foraging behavior, 3 cone snails are actually quite discriminating when it comes to their food preferences. Snails of different
lineages have specific type of prey depending on patterns of behavior, biochemical agents (toxins) that facilitate prey capture, and the combinations of
these toxins present. 4 One study discovered that starved cone snails

Squid Vs Octopi
Squid and Octopi are two mysterious creatures of the sea which many people lack knowledge of. They both have many amusing similarities and
differences when it comes to their homes, diets, and physical aspects. These two sea creatures relate in many ways, however there are countless unique
characteristics between them.
Being some of the most brilliant animals of the sea, Octopi are invertebrates which means that they do not have a single bone in their bodies. They
are usually hidden away in caves or dens near the sea floor and spend most of their lifetimes alone. During pregnancy, many mothers become very
weak due to a lack of food and nutrition, and pass away not being able to be present throughout their children's lifetimes. Octopi are also ... Show more
Along with octopi, squid are also cephalopods and contain three hearts. Unlike octopi, squid have two fins on their head and have a stiff structure
called a pen that acts like a flexible spine. These fins are used for the squid to slowly move about throughout the ocean. Rather than being alone and
independent like the octopus, squid are found in schools and tend to stay together throughout their short lifetimes. Squid eat a combination of
different species of fish and shrimp and may even go to the point of eating other squid if food is scarce. Both animals are located in salty, warm
waters near the temperate zones where there is an abundance of food. One main difference between them is how they catch their prey. Octopi bring in
their prey by piercing them and injecting it with a venom through their suckers that paralyzes the victim. Squid use their two longest tentacles to catch
fish and shrimp and shred it with their sharp tongue while the prey is still alive. Another similarity between them is that they both have a mantle. The
mantle helps protect the organism by creating a shell around the internal organs. Size weighs in a great deal with both of the animals. Octopi can
range anywhere from one centimeter to five meters and can weigh up to one hundred and fifty pounds. Squid can be from a few inches to sixty feet
long and weigh over a

Astraea Research Paper
Alex Seng Mrs. Walser Biology 2 August 31, 2015 Astraea The Astraea or otherwise known as Montastraea cavernosa is a colonial stony coral. It
sometimes forms into plates and rounded domes in deep water. It forms into big boulders in shallow water. The star coral is usually green, brown,
yellow, or gray. This coral has phycoerythrin which makes it fluorescent orange or red in the daytime. The great star coral is in the Anthozoa class
and the Montastraeidae family. Montastraea cavernosa habitat is all reefs, specifically on lower slopes. Most are found at depths of 10 to 30 meters
which is where they dominate in. This coral can be found in the eastern and western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, and Bermuda.
They can also be found in the west coast of Africa. They have a high... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since Astraea's only opening is the oral side their food and waste is sent through the same opening. The digestion that happens in the
gastrovascular cavity is outside of the cells, extracellular, and the digestion in the gastrodermis happens within the cells, intracellular. If something
can't be digested it travels out of the body through the mouth. The recent research of the Astraea deals with different coral diseases. One of the
most popular is the black band disease which infects large reef formation corals. This disease changes the whole reef geologically and ecologically.
There have been new discoveries on the bacteria responsible for the black band disease. The water around the coral that has been infected has
corallinae in it which makes it seem it is related to the cause of the disease. There is still more research needed to confirm the relation of the
corallinae and the black band disease. Aronson, R., Bruckner, A., Moore, J., Precht, B. & E. Weil 2008. Montastraea cavernosa. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. Version

The Influence of Macroinvertebrates Communities in Water...
Structure of macroinvertebrates communities may change with seasons because most environmental factors change with seasons. This process can
directly influence water quality parameters such as Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, nutrients, and pH. (McCulloch, 2009).These
parameters appears to have direct influence on the macroinvertebrate life cycles (Sporka et al. 2006). In other words physical and chemical parameters
of a catchment will ultimately determine what breed should live in it (ANZECC & ARMCANZ 2000) for example in the figure 1,2,3 and 5 that three
higher taxa Cnidaria, Nematoda ,Turbellaria were instinct or either in very low abundance in most of the sampling site during summer and spring
season. In nature these taxa commonly occur in similar habitats at stream sites throughout the region (Dostine, 2014).
The examination of model macroinvertebrate for all sampling round shows that in summer there is always less diversity and abundance among key
higher taxa of the wetland as compared to early spring. This is because of suitable temperature, water chemistry and flow. Similarly according to a
study conducted by Leigh( 2012) in dry summer water level or depth may decrease which is worst situation for most surface dwelling species of
macroinvertebrates(for example in summer sampling round 1 only five tax were recorded). Higher temperature has several effects on
macroinvertebrates such as the less availability of oxygen for respiration,

Zebra Mussels Research Paper
Zebra mussels are an extremely large species of mussels that are notorious for causing problems for animals, sea creatures, and even humans. They
have the ability to cling and adhere to any man made, living, natural object, or creature when placed or growing in the acceptable conditions and
habitat. Zebra mussels have many characteristics, traits, and ways of thriving, surviving, and of course, unknowingly creating problems for most of life
on Earth. These fascinating and compelling critters have an intriguing story to tell about how they reached the U.S. and why they generate
complications and issues for mankind and our environment. Zebra mussels were originally inhabitants to Eastern Europe and Western Russia. Today,
they have spread to the Great Lakes and other areas in North America. These mussels are scientifically referred to as... Show more content on
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when they were transferred over to the Great Lakes from the Caspian Sea in Europe, hiding in the ballast water in the bottom of a cargo ship. After
reaching American territory in the 1980's, zebra mussels multiplied and spread quickly, because of their ability to grasp and secure onto traveling
boats and ships. As scientists became more aware of the zebra mussels presence, they started to realize the impact that the mussels were creating on
the environment. Zebra mussels not only hurt the earth and native mussels around them, but they also trouble endangered species of fish or life that
lives near water. Crayfish are another example of victims affected by zebra mussels. Even though the mussels can kill and wipe out creatures in
water, they supply food for animals or birds on land. Research suggests that ducks migrate towards areas where zebra mussels abide to later devour
them. In addition, because the mussels filtrate the water where they occupy and sunlight is able to reach new depths, plants are able to grow in larger
areas making more habitats for young fish and

Essay On Octopus Skin
"Camouflage sheeting changes color on demand." Construction Week 19 Aug. 2014. Web. 18 Apr. 2016.
This article is about how engineers have used octopus skin to build a material that can change colors to match its surroundings; the engineers studied
the many layers of octopus skin to design a three–layered material. I can use the engineer's studies in my essay to give examples on how octopus skin
can be helpful.
Einstein, Albert. "The octopus: a mysterious delicacy: the most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious." Art Culinaire Spring 2009: 54+.
Web. 18 Apr. 2016.
This article has everything on octopuses from hunting tactics to defense mechanisms. It also explains about "the death hug" and "the fatal ... Show more
There are good explanations on the different layers of the skin and how they designed the material. There is also some good information on how
camouflage takes place that I can use in the part of my essay on camouflage.
"Octopuses can detect light through their skin: study." News Tonight 23 May 2015. Web. 18 Apr. 2016.
The article explains how octopuses can detect light and change the colors from their skin. It also mentions the comparisons of opsins in cuttlefish and
octopuses. I am able to use the analysis of Todd H. Oakley, a biologist at the University of California, as support and reliable research for
chromatophores. I can use Roger T. Hanlon and Todd H. Oakley's research for my essay on the part of explaining how camouflage works.
"Octopuses focus on key features for successful camouflage." Space Daily 19 June 2012. Web. 18 Apr. 2016. This is an informative article
explaining that octopuses select detailed features of nearby objects instead of using a large landscape. It also includes a quote by Josef N, Amodio P
on his thoughts about effective camouflage. I can use this article in my essay to help describe the octopus's response to predation in relation to
matching body

Squids: The Clams Are In Group Mollusca
Clams Question 1: The clams are in group Mollusca. The reason is because they have a coelom and a circulatory system as well as a complex
circulatory system. Question 2: The organs that I discovered were the left gill, intestine, muscle, foot, and adductor muscle. Question 3: I realized that
the clam is more complex than I originally thought, from all the various organs inside of the clam. Squids Question 1: Squids belong to the group
mollusks like the clam. Squids have all the needed elements it requires, like a coelom, circulatory system, and complex circulatory system to be in the
mollusk phylum. Question 2: As I was dissecting the squid we found its internal shell, eye,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question 3: From inspecting the crayfish I believe that it's more complex than what I guessed it was. Based on the organs and the way their organ
system runs. Grasshopper Question 1: The grasshopper is in the group Orthoptera. Due to the point that they have straight wings and that they feed
off of plants. Question 2: The organs that I did identify were the crop, gastric caeca intestine, and rectum. Question 3: I was surprised when I was
analyzing the organ system of the grasshopper to find that it was a lot more complex than I assumed. They have a very complex nervous system and
compound eyes. Starfish Question 1: Starfish belong to the group Echinodermata. The reason they are below the Echinodermata phylum is since they
are marine animals and the adults radial symmetry. Question 2: I believe that the organs in the starfish are by far the most unique out of all of the
animals. The ones that I discovered when inspecting the starfish are the stomach, gonads, anus, and the digestive system. Question 3: I have always
imagined that the starfish is complex so when I was viewing the organs and the tissue I didn't think it was any more or less complex than what I already

Evolution Of Animal Research Paper
Animal Phylum Evolution
In this research paper, I'm going to be discussing the evolution of animals and how things have changed to make them more complex throughout
history. I'm going to discuss what types of phyla there are and how their body systems work. First, I'm going to discuss is the phyla Protists. Some
protists are autotrophs, a photosynthetic group of phyla referred to as the algae. Some protists are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs get their energy by
consuming other organisms. Protists reproduce asexually by binary fission, and a few species are capable of sexual reproduction. Protists are so small
they don't have any special organs to exchange gases or get rid of waste. They rely on diffusion which is movement from a high concentration ... Show
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It's the first phyla most people are familiar with. The phylum is made up of mostly vertebrates. All chordates have pharyngeal slits (filter feeding
organs), dorsal nerve cord (hollow cord to the notochord), notochord (a skeletal rod supporting the body) and a post–anal tail (a body part that runs
past the anal opening.) They have a brain and a central nervous system. As for their digestive system, they have a 1–way stomach. Now we have the
seventh phyla, Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes have a bony exoskeleton. They have gills that are covered by operculum. They have a
swim bladder and fertilization is external for them. Examples of osteichthyes are salmon, sea horse and trout. Chondrichthyes have some differences.
Their endoskeleton is made of cartilage. Their gills are exposed to the outside, they do not have a swim bladder. Lastly their fertilization is internal.
Examples of chondrichthyes are sharks and rays. They both have a two chambered heart. They both have a 1–way stomach track. Next, we have the
phylum Aves as our eighth phyla. Aves are birds. All aves are endothermic and warm
–blooded animals. They lay eggs that hard and waterproof. Instead
of teeth they have a beak or a bill. Aves are bipedal which means they only walk on two legs. Their forelimbs are developed into wings and most
members of the phyla are highly adapted for

Neanderthals: Article Analysis
Skeletal remains allow us to reflect on the lives of Neanderthals. For my article review I read about the diets of Neanderthals in Europe. I read
"Neanderthal Exploitation of Marine Mammals in Gibraltar" written by C. B. Stringer. The article presents evidence located in two coastal sites in
Gibraltar, suggesting that Neanderthals would hunt marine animals. The findings of skeletal remains of marine animals means that Neanderthals would
regularly hunt down these animals, as opposed to accidentally hunting them or maybe just a few hunting these animals down. The article first states
that studies conducted on their diet based on carbon and nitrogen isotypes indicate that Neanderthals hunted quite a bit of animal life. It then goes to
reinforce this statement with the evidence located in two caves Gorham's and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neanderthals were originally thought to have a lower intellect than what we know now. This evidence goes to further prove that point, by showing
that they understood how to break open mussels' shells, and a somewhat understanding of seals mating season. The age of the caves is about 41,800
years old, so this just a bit before Neanderthals went extinct. The most recent evidence showing humans using marine life besides this was about
125,000 years ago, so that is also interesting. I thought the article was interesting. The conclusion was pretty much that Neanderthals hunted marine
life, and it had evidence to back that up, so I agree with it. Although, the way it's presented I get the feeling that they didn't really go out of their way
to hunt marine life. What I thought the article was going to be about was some form of fishing or at least going into the water. It just seems like
Neanderthals only ate what happened to be on land. It would be hard to prove that they went into the water, but the only ones they have eaten
sometimes beach themselves on accident, or come on land to

Plastic Pollution And Its Effects On Marine Life
Plastic Pollution
Our waste such as plastic and contaminated water makes its way to the ocean. There, it has a devastating effect on marine life. "5.25 trillion plastic
particles weighing some 269,000 tons are floating on the surface of the sea" (Seltenrich). In Seltenrich's article, "The World Bank estimates that 1.4
billion tons of trash are generated globally each year, 10% of it plastic." "Plastics that reach the ocean will gradually break down into ever–smaller
pieces due to sunlight exposure, oxidation, and the physical action of waves, currents, and grazing by fish and birds." (Seltenrich). A marine life that is
mostly affected is the sea turtles. The sea turtles either consume the plastic or become trap in it, or even both. According to Lowenberg, ingestion of
plastic can "result in poor health, reduced growth rates and reproductive output, or death". Their nesting sites and the baby sea turtles are also at risk.
The baby sea turtles can become trap to the plastic as they make their way from the polluted shore into the ocean.
Not only are the sea turtles affected, but birds are also affected. "90% of birds have ingested plastics in the past 30 years" (Lowenberg). "By 2050,
any bird found dead will have plastic in its stomach" (Shukman). Birds have an easily accessible way to obtain plastic because they have an aerial
view, which makes them more likely to consume plastic. Plastic fragments are so tiny that it gets mistaken as food, such as fish eggs. When a marine

Golden Pheasant Research Paper
When we were picked by our birds for this project I was completely baffled on which one I should pick. I saw birds that I vaguely knew about like
the emperor penguin and the emu. I also saw birds that I had no clue what they were. The golden pheasant stuck out though I knew what a pheasant
was, but I was curious to know what a golden pheasant was. I picked the golden pheasant as my project topic and set to work. I learned 3 basic things
about the golden pheasant. They are the basic anatomy of the bird, the habitat, and what we can do to save the species. Now let's get to the
information. The golden pheasant is known for their brightly colored feathers that are on males. According to my interpretation of google images, they
have a orange–brown

Do Molluscs Show An Immune Response?
Question: Do Molluscs Show An Immune Response?
The molluscs comprises of the large phylum of invertebrates known as Mollusca. They are the largest marine phylum and make up approximately 23%
of all marine organisms. According to Tripp (1960), molluscs possess a very effective immune system. Thisimmune system is extremely important as it
has an immediate defense against infections and microorganisms that invade its body. There are three cellular reactions that are used during internal
defense in the molluscs namely; phagocytosis, nodule formation, and encapsulation. Encapsulation or nodule formation is used to handle large
invaders while smaller ones are tackled by phagocytosis. Studies have shown that encapsulation is mostly used during an invasion by pathogens.
Hemocytes, which replace blood in invertebrates, also have an important function in destroying these pathogens.
Some other articles have proven that the molluscs do show an immune response. According to Cheng, et al (1983), molluscs are able to detect an
infestation of microorganisms. These microorganisms are immediately destroyed as soon as they are detected. Though it is yet to be confirmed, Cheng
and his co–workers simulate that the serum contained in molluscs has a neutralizing substance that protects them from pathogens. Further
investigations were carried out to examine if it was the case. T4D and T7 coliphage titers from Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph were used as a test
virus. As soon as it was injected

Octopus Research Paper
An alien with eight great appendages, the octopus, is a carnivore that lives for about one year to two years. It creates ghosts with its ink and can taste
with its skin. It has numerous suckers that vary from an octopus to another based on their size. These suckers are like tongues because they contain
chemoreceptors that allow them to taste their surroundings as they move across the sea floor. Sever any of its limbs and it will keep moving like a
snake. It can completely change its form for three–tenths of a second, and some people may even believe that it can predict the future. This mysterious
carnivore pumps blood using three hearts. How fantastic and incredible is that! I was so shocked when I first saw the way this animal act. It can... Show
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These octopuses are just changing their forms and adapting to become stealthy ninjas of the sea. Just three–tenths of a second is all that they take to
camouflage themselves. The octopuses change their colors and patterns without notice. This process is called a rapid adaptive coloration. For
example, the chameleons have a slow change in color, forms, and a different limited repertoire. However, octopuses have this quick change in color
if they ever felt that danger surrounds them. They would amend the color of their skin to the color of a stone. Octopuses are highly intelligent and
gifted animals. According to science, they have most of their neurons in the nerve cords of their arms and the remaining in their brain. This gives
them a highly sophisticated nervous system. Octopuses are kind of like puppies sometimes. They are playful and can be found at times to toss empty
rocks or bottles and catch them in sort of a playful manner. Like all puppies or most of them, they can be trained to distinguish between patterns, and
sometimes, shapes. Octopuses are such magnificent creatures that they can be occasionally seen in cargo ships stealing crabs due to hunger, like the
bandits of the sea. Sometimes, I wish I were an octopus, so I can change the color of my skin whenever I want to and escape the things that I never
wanted to take part in, without being noticed or even

Humans have Engangered the Columbia River Limpet
The Columbia River Limpet, otherwise known as the Short–faced Lanx, is endangered due to human causes. This species is endangered due to
population fragmentation and isolation, dam–building, and many other human causes. In addition, habitat loss is one of the biggest problems because
this organism has such specific habitat requirements. This species lives in a freshwater ecosystem and now, large populations can only be found in 4
streams. On the other hand, these human–induced problems can be remedied with a few restrictions, support, and a little effort. The scientific name of
this organism is Fisherola Nuttalli. The Columbia River Limpet is a small lunged (pulmonate) snail. According to an article by Celeste Mazzacano at
the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation (http://www.xerces.org/giant–columbia–river–limpet/), "It has a limpet–like appearance, with an
uncoiled conical shell that has a wide base and a smooth, eccentric (off–center) apex. The shells may reach up to 8 mm long, 6.25 mm wide, and 3 mm
high; they are rich brown in color and appear striped due to fine concentric growth rings (Neitzel & Frest 1992)." This organism is known as an
invertebrate due to the lack of a backbone. Invertebrates lack a vertebral column, which is made up of bones called vertebrae. The scientific name for
animals lacking a backbone is Invertebrata. On the other hand, animals with a backbone are known as vertebrates, the scientific name being Vertebrata.
There are over 1

Finding Nemo Adaptations
If you have ever seen Finding Nemo you might remember when Marlin and Dory venture into the deep sea in their search for an address on a pair of
goggles. As they dive into the deep they are entranced by a bright light in the darkness. Unfortunately, though, this light was attached to a hungry
angler fish. Like most deep sea creatures the angler fish looks scary and strange, especially when compared to the animals that we are used to. Deep
sea creatures may seem odd, but their appearances are there for a reason. The way these creatures look, along with other adaptations help them to live
in their extreme underwater environments.
An example of an unusual adaptation is found in zombie worms. These strange animals live off of the coast of California ... Show more content on
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First off, are the squid's ginormous eyes which are so big that they are the largest eyes of any animal on the earth, as big as 30 centimeters across (1).
That is about 3 times the diameter of an average sized dinner plate. These huge eyes give the squid the ability to absorb more light so that they can
see in the deep, dark ocean (1). It is exactly like how human's pupils expand in the dark. On the same topic of sight, the coloring of giant squids
change from the ocean's surface to the deep sea (1). At the surface, squid appear pink or reddish orange, but in the deep water they look silvery or
gold (1). This change in coloring no doubt is an adaptation to deep sea life, probably for concealment purposes. One of the squid's more unique body
parts is their funnel; this is located underneath the squid's body and propels the squid by pumping water, obviously a remarkable adaptation for
underwater life (1). The giant squid also has several body parts that help the squid feed. These are as following: feeding tentacles that capture the food,
arms that guide the food from the tentacle to the beak, and the beak that slices the food into smaller pieces that the squid can consume (1). Giant
squids are full of remarkable features beneficial for their

Giant Pacific Octopus Research Papers
Giant Pacific Octopus Here is what the Giant Pacific Octopus is all about. First, Do you know a animal that has suckers, and has eight arms, that is
giant? Well if you guessed the Giant Pacific Octopus, then you were write. This boneless 110 pound octopus is the biggest octopus. It can change
almost any color for camouflage. The Giant Pacific Octopus can have up to 1,500 suckers. It can change or form into about any shape. Even though it
has gills it can go out of water for about 30–40 seconds. Out of water it just looks like a colorful blob. The Giant Pacific Octopus can grow up to 16
feet long from the end to the arm to opposite arm. Next, what do you think a octopus eats, and how you think it survives? The Giant Pacific Octopus

Animal Physiology And Anatomy : The Skin Structure Of...
Animal Biology Research Paper
It is apparent that chameleons are remarkable animals due to the fact that they possess various abilities which many other animals do not. The one
ability that outstands the most from the rest is the ability to change color. Ever since the discovery of chameleons, many scientists have elaborated
hypotheses as to how they are able to change color. The theory that has been adopted by many researchers and animal enthusiasts has been that
chameleons change color due to the expansion of small pigment–filled sacs called chromatophores. This mechanism/technic is seen in various animals
such as those within the Mollusca phylum (e.g. squid, cuttlefish, octopi). This research experiment gives rise to the truth as to how ... Show more
The symmetrically triangular s–iridophores, hence the name, were found to be in the superficial part of the chameleons' skin; male chameleons
showed to possess a more developed layer of this crystal, whereas female and juvenile chameleons possessed an underdeveloped form of these crystals.
The more asymmetric rectangular d–iridophores were found to be located in the deeper part of all female, male, and juvenile chameleons' skin.
The drive to fully understand how these guanine nanocrystals influence color change in chameleons lead the researchers to extend their research. It was
addressed that the s–iridophores were able to relatively change the distance between one another, whereas, for the d–iridophores, were more fixed when
compared to the s–iridophores. It was observed that s–iridophores that appeared to be positioned at closer proximities to each other expressed the color
blue, and sections of the skin where the iridophores were positioned further apart expressed the color red (usually when males are excited). After
disproving the initial hypothesis, the experimenters quickly formulated another cause and effect relationship between the role of the s–iridophores and
color change. The researchers hypothesized, for a second time, that chameleons modify/move their guanine reflective crystals to a

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