Maths and Science Adventure Erasmus+ programme 2016 - 2018

1. GALLERY OF FAMOUS
SCIENTISTS
„MATHS AND SCIENCE
ADVENTURE“

2. Wolfgang Pauli
Date and place of birth 25.4.1900 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Date and place of death 15.12.1958 Zürich, Switzerland
Nationality Austrian
Area in which (s)he worked Quantum Physics
Education Ludwig - Maximilians University, Munich
Worked in University of Hamburg
Known for Pauli Exclusion Principle
Awards Lorentz Medal 1931

3. Lisa Meitner
Date and place of birth 7. November 1878 Vienna, Austria
Date and place of death 27. October 1968 Cambridge, UK
Nationality Austrian
Area in which (s)he worked Radioactivity, Nuclear Physics
Education University of Vienna
Worked in Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
Known for Co-discovery of nuclear fission
Awards Lieben Prize 1925

4. Leonardo da Vinci
Date and place of birth 15 April 1452 Vinci, Republic of Florence
Date and place of death 2 May 1519 Amboise, Kingdom of France
Nationality Italian
Area in which (s)he worked Invention, Painting, Sculpting
Education Apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio
Worked in Milan, Rome, Bologna, Venice
Known for Art: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
Awards A house awarded by Francis I of France

5. James Maxwell
Date and place of birth 13.6.1831 Edinburgh, Scotland
Date and place of death 5.11.1879 Cambridge, England
Nationality Scottish
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Edinburgh University
Worked in Cambridge University
Known for Maxwell´s equations
Awards Smith's Prize (1854)

6. James D Watson
Date and place of birth April 6, 1928 USA
Date and place of death
Nationality American
Area in which (s)he worked Biology, genetics, chemistry
Education University of Chicago
Worked in Harvard University - Biology Department
Known for Co-discovery of the structure of DNA
Awards Albert Lasker Award

7. Henri Becquerel
Date and place of birth 15 December 1852 at Paris, France
Date and place of death 25 August 1908 (aged 55) at Le Croisic,
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Chemistry
Education École Polytechnique
Worked in École Polytechnique
Known for Discovery of Radioactivity
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)

8. Ernest Rutherford
Date and place of birth 30.8.1871 Brightwater, New Zealand
Date and place of death 19.10.1937 Cambridge, United Kingdom
Nationality New Zealander
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Chemistry
Education University of Canterbury
Worked in McGill University
Known for Discovery of alpha and beta decay
Awards Nobel Prize in Chemistry

9. Charles Darwin
Date and place of birth 12 February 1809, Shrewsbury
Date and place of death 19 April 1882 (aged 73), Down House,
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Natural History, Geology
Education University of Edinburgh Medical School
Worked in Self-publisher
Known for Evolution theory
Awards Fellow of the Royal Society

10. Artturi Virtanen
Date and place of birth 15.1.1895 Helsinki, Finland
Date and place of death 11.11.1973 Helsinki, Finland
Nationality Finnish
Area in which (s)he worked Chemistry
Education University of Helsinki
Worked in Helsinki University of Technology
Known for Inventor of AIV silage
Awards Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945

11. Amedeo Avogadro
Date and place of birth 9 August 1776 Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia
Date and place of death 9 July 1856 Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia
Nationality Italian
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education University of Turin
Worked in University of Turin
Known for Avogadro's law, Avogadro constant
Awards

12. John Vincent Atanasoff
Date and place of birth October 4, 1903 Hamilton, New York, U.S.
Date and place of death June 15, 1995 (aged 91) Frederick, Maryland, U.S.
Nationality American
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Mathematics
Education University of Florida
Worked in Aerojet General Corporation, Cybernetics
Incorporated
Known for Atanasoff–Berry Computer
Awards Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius

13. Marie Skłodowska Curie
Date and place of birth 7 November 1867 in Warsaw
Date and place of death 4 July 1934 (aged 66) Passy, France
Nationality Poland (by birth), France (by marriage)
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Chemistry
Education She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University
Worked in University of Paris
Known for Her achievements included the development of the theory
of radioactivity, techniques for isolating
radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two
elements: polonium and radium.
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903), Davy Medal (1903), Medal
(1904), Elliott Cresson Medal (1909), Albert Medal (1910),
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911), Willard Gibbs Award
(1921).

14. Galileo Galilei
Date and place of birth 15 February 1564, Pisa, Duchy of Florence, Italy
Date and place of death 8 January 1642 (aged 77) Arcetri, Grand Duchy of
Tuscany, Italy
Nationality Italian
Area in which (s)he worked Astronomy, Physics, Engineering , Natural
Philosophy, Mathematics.
Education University of Pisa to study medicine. Armed with high
intelligence and talent, he soon became fascinated
with many subjects, particularly Mathematics and
Physics.
Worked in University of Pisa, University of Padua
Known for Kinematics, Dynamics, Telescopic Observation,
Astronomy , Heliocentrism .
Awards

15. Isaac Newton
Date and place of birth 25 December 1642, Woolstorpe, Lincolnshire, England
Date and place of death 20 March 1726/27 (aged 84), Kensington, Middlesex,
England
Nationality English
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Natural philosophy, Alchemy, Theology,
Mathematics, Astronomy,
Education King's School, Cambridge and Trinity College.
Worked in University of Cambridge, Royal Society, Royal Mint
Known for Newtonian mechanics, Universal gravitation,
Calculus, Newton's laws of motion, Optics, Binomial
series, Newton's method
Awards FRS (1672)

16. Archimedes
Date and place of birth c. 287 BC Syracuse, Sicily Magna Graecia
Date and place of death c. 212 BC (aged around 75) Syracuse
Nationality Greek
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics, Physics, Engineering, Astronomy,
Invention
Education Archimedes was educated in Egypt by followers of
the famous mathematician, Euclid.
Worked in
Known for Archimedes’ principle, Archimedes’ screw,
hydrostatics, levers,
Awards

17. François Viète
Date and place of birth 1540 Foutenay-le-Comte, Vendee, France
Date and place of death 23 February 1603 (aged 62–63) Paris, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Algebra
Education Viete went to a Franciscan school and in 1558
studied law at Poitiers, graduating as a Bachelor of
Laws in 1559.
Worked in Councillor of the Parliament of Brittany at Rennes
Known for First notation of new algebra
Awards

18. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Date and place of birth 30 April 1777 Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-
Wolfenbüttel
Date and place of death 23 February 1855 (aged 77) Göttingen, Kingdom of
Hanover
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy
Education University of Göttingen
Worked in University of Göttingen
Known for Gauss’ proofs, Gauss's identities, Gauss conjectures
Awards Lalande Prize (1810), Copley Medal (1838)

19. René Descartes
Date and place of birth 31 March 1596 La Haye en Touraine, Kingdom of
France
Date and place of death 11 February 1650 (aged 53) Stockholm, Sweden
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Philosophy, Mathematics
Education Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Flèche
Worked in
Known for Cartesian coordinate system
Awards

20. Thales
Date and place of birth c. 624 BC
Date and place of death c 546 BC
Nationality Greek
Area in which (s)he worked Ethics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Astronomy
Education As a young man Thales became a merchant, which was
probably his family’s line of business. In his later years
Thales traveled to Egypt, where he learned about
astronomy and mathematics. He may have traveled to
Babylon; if he did, it would have been during the reign of
Nebuchadnezzar. When Thales returned to Miletus he
changed careers, took a big drop in income, and became
Ancient Greece’s first scientist.
Worked in
Known for Thales’ Theorems

21. Pythagoras
Date and place of birth c. 570 BC, Samos
Date and place of death c. 495 BC (aged around 75), Metapontum
Nationality Greek
Area in which (s)he worked Metaphysics, Musics, Mathematics, Ethics, Politics
Education Pythagoras was educated in Tyre, Samos and Miletus,
which is present-day Syria and Asia Minor, as well as
Egypt. He later founded his own mystery school in
Croton, which is southern Italy.
Worked in
Known for Pythagorean theorem

22. Ada Lovelace
Date and place of birth 10th
December 1815 in London, England
Date and place of death 27th
November 1852 in London, England
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics
Education She was homeschooled in Mathematics and Science
by William Frend, William King, and Mary Somerville
Worked in
Known for Being the history’s first computer programmer,
despite of computers not even existing at the time
Awards

23. Albert Einstein
Date and place of birth 14th
March 1879 Ulm, Germany
Date and place of death 18th
April 1955 Princeton U.S.A.
Nationality German (1879-1896), Stateless (1896-1901), Swiss
(1901-1955), Austrian (1911-1912), American (1940-
1955)
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Philosophy
Education Swiss Federal Polytechnic and the University of
Zurich
Worked in University of Zurich
Known for Relativity Theory, Mass-Energy Equivalence
Awards The Nobel Prize in Physics (1921), the Matteucci
Medal (1921), the Max Planck Medal (1929) and the
Time Person of the Century (1999)

24. André-Marie Ampère
Date and place of birth 20th
January 1775; Lyon, France
Date and place of death 10th
June 1836; Marseille, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Mathematics
Education He was homeschooled by his father
Worked in École Polytechnique and Université de France
Known for Ampère's Circuital Law and Ampère's Force Law
Awards

25. Heinrich Hertz
Date and place of birth 22nd
February 1857 in Hamburg, Germany
Date and place of death 1st
January 1894 in Bonn, Germany
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education University of Munich and in the University of Berlin
Worked in Professor von Helmholtz´s assistant and teacher In
the University of Kiel
Known for Discovery of Electromagnetic Radiation and the
Photoelectric Effect
Awards The Matteucci Medal (1888) and the Rumford Medal
(1890)

26. John Dalton
Date and place of birth 6th
September 1766; Eaglesfield, England
Date and place of death 27th
July 1844; Manchester, England
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology, Mathematics
Education He was homeschooled by his father and was privately
taught by Quaker John Fletcher, who ran a private
school at Pardshaw Hall
Worked in He taught Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry at
New College in Manchester
Known for Atomic Theory, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton's
Law of Partial Pressures and Daltonism
Awards The Royal Medal (1826)

27. Joseph Thomson
Date and place of birth 18th
December 1856 in Manchester, England
Date and place of death 30th
August 1940 in Cambridge, England
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Owens College and the Trinity College in Cambridge
Worked in Cavendish Laboratory and in the Trinity College
Known for The Discovery of the Electron and for the Plum
Pudding Model
Awards The Smith’s Prize (1880), the Royal Medal (1894), the
Hughes Medal (1902) and the Nobel Prize in Physics
(1906)

28. Max Planck
Date and place of birth 23rd
April 1858 Kiel, Germany
Date and place of death 4th October 1947 Göttingen, Germany
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Worked in University of Berlin
Known for Planck Constant, Planck Postulate and Planck’s Law
Awards The Nobel Prize in Physics (1918), the Lorentz Medal
(1927), the Copley Medal (1929) and the Max Planck
Medal (1929)

29. Niels Bohr
Date and place of birth 7th
October 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark
Date and place of death 18th
November 1962 Copenhagen, Denmark
Nationality Danish
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education University of Copenhagen and the Trinity College in
Cambridge
Worked in Cavendish Laboratory and Professor Rutherford’s
Laboratory
Known for The Copenhagen Interpretation, the Principle of
Complementarity and the Bohr Atomic Model
Awards The Hughes Medal (1921), the Nobel Prize in Physics
(1922), the Matteucci Medal (1923) and the Franklin
Medal (1926)

30. Nikola Tesla
Date and place of birth 10th
July 1856 in Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-
day Croatia)
Date and place of death 7th
January 1943 in New York, USA
Nationality Austrian (1856-1891) and American (1891-1943)
Area in which (s)he worked Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Education Graz University of Technology
Worked in
Known for Inventing the radio, Wireless Transmission, the Tesla
Coil and the Tesla Turbine
Awards The Elliot Cresson Medal (1894), the Edison Medal
(1916) and the John Scott Medal (1934)

31. Pierre Currie
Date and place of birth 15th
May 1859 in Paris, France
Date and place of death 19th
April 1906 in Paris, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Sorbonne
Worked in
Known for The Discovery of Radioactivity
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903), Davy Medal (1903),
Matteucci Medal (1904) and the Elliott Cresson Medal
(1909)

32. Nikolay Basov
Date and place of birth 14 December 1922 Usman, Russian SFSR
Date and place of death 1 July 2001 Moscow, Russia
Nationality Russian
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Worked in Lebedev Physical Institute
Known for Invention of lasers and masers
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics, Kalinga Prize

33. Carl Bosch
Date and place of birth 27 August 1874 Cologne, Germany
Date and place of death 26 April 1940 Heidelberg, Germany
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Chemistry
Education Technical University of Berlin
Worked in BASF, IG Farben
Known for Haber–Bosch process
Awards Noble Prize in Chemistry, Goethe Prize

34. Euclid
Date and place of birth Mid-4th century BCE
Date and place of death Mid-3rd century BCE
Nationality Greek
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics
Education
Worked in
Known for Euclidean geometry, Euclid's Elements, Euclidean,
algorithm

35. Pyotr Kapitsa
Date and place of birth 8 July 1894 Kronstadt, Russian Empire
Date and place of death 8 April 1984, Moscow, Soviet Union
Nationality Russian
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Petrograd Polytechnical Institute
Worked in University of Cambridge
Known for Superfluidity
Awards FRS, Faraday Medal, Franklin Medal

36. Makoto Kobayashi
Date and place of birth April 7, 1944 Nagoya, Japan
Date and place of death
Nationality Japanese
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Nagoya University
Worked in Kyoto University, High Energy Accelerator Research
Organization
Known for Work on CP violation, CKM matrix
Awards Sakurai Prize, Japan Academy Prize, Asahi Prize,
High Energy and Particle Physics Prize by European
Physical Society, Nobel Prize

37. Alexander Bell
Date and place of birth 3 March 1847 Edynburg, Scotland
Date and place of death 2 August 1922 Beinn Bhreagh, Canada
Nationality Scottish
Area in which (s)he worked Engineer, Inventor
Education University of Edinburgh, University College London
Worked in National Geographic Society, Bell Telephone
Company
Known for Invention of the telephone
Awards Albert Medal, John Fritz Medal, Elliott Cresson Medal

38. Nicolaus Copernicus
Date and place of birth 19 February 1473 Toruń, Poland
Date and place of death 24 May 1543 Frombork, Poland
Nationality Polish
Area in which (s)he worked Astronomy, Canon law, Economics,
Mathematics, Medicine
Education University of Kraków, University of Bologna,
University of Padua, University of Ferrara
Worked in
Known for Heliocentrism, Copernicus' Law
Awards

39. Democritus
Date and place of birth c. 460 BC Andrea, Thrace
Date and place of death c. 370 BC Andrea, Thrace
Nationality Greek
Area in which (s)he worked Metaphysics, Mathematics, Astronomy
Education Pre-Socratic philosophy
Worked in
Known for Atomic hypothesis, Void hypothesis, Epistemology,
Aesthetics
Awards

40. Thomas Edison
Date and place of birth 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio
Date and place of death 18 October 1931 West Orange, New Jersey
Nationality American
Area in which (s)he worked Fluoroscopy, Electricity, Mining
Education Self-educated
Worked in
Known for Electric light, Dictaphone, Vinyl
Awards

41. Stephen Hawking
Date and place of birth 8 January 1942, Oxford, England
Date and place of death
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked General relativity, Quantum gravity
Education University College, Oxford, Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Worked in Caius College, Cambridge, California Institute of
Technology, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical
Physics
Known for Hawking radiation, Penrose–Hawking theorems
Awards Adams Prize, Eddington Medal, Maxwell Medal and
Prize, Heineman Prize, Albert Einstein Award, Wolf
Prize, Lilienfeld Prize, Fundamental Physics Prize,
BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award

42. James Watt
Date and place of birth 30 January 1736 Greenock, Scotland
Date and place of death 25 August 1819 Handsworth, England
Nationality Scottish
Area in which (s)he worked Engineering, Chemistry
Education Greenock Grammar School
Worked in Boulton and Watt, University of Glasgow
Known for Steam Engine, Parallel motion, Sun and Planet Gear,
concept of horsepower, Centrifugal governer,
Indicator diagram
Awards

43. Antoine Lavoisier
Date and place of birth 26 August 1743, Paris, France
Date and place of death 8 May 1794, Paris, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Biology, Chemistry
Education Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of sParis
Worked in
Known for Combustion, Identified Oxygen, Identified Hydrogen,
Stoichiometry
Awards

44. Dmitri Mendeleev
Date and place of birth 8 February 1834, Tobolsk Governorate, Russian
Empire
Date and place of death 2 February 1907 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Nationality Russian
Area in which (s)he worked Chemistry, Physics
Education Main Pedagogical Institute
Worked in Saint Petersburg Technological Institute, Saint
Petersburg State University
Known for Formulating the Periodic table of chemical elements
Awards Copley Medal

45. Blaise Pascal
Date and place of birth 19 June 1623 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Date and place of death 19 August 1662 Paris, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Mathematics
Education
Worked in
Known for Pascal’s Wager, Pascal’s Triangle, Pascal’s Law
Awards

46. Wilhelm Röntgen
Date and place of birth 27 March 1845 Lennep, German Confederation
Date and place of death 10 February 1923 Munich, Germany
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Engineering
Education University of Utrecht, Federal Polytechnic Institute in
Zurich, University of Strassburg
Worked in University of Würzburg, Columbia University
Known for X-rays
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics, Matteucci Medal, Rumford
Medal, Barnard Medal, Elliott Cresson Medal

47. Carl Sagan
Date and place of birth 9 November 1934, New York, U.S.
Date and place of death 20 December 1996, Seattle, U.S.
Nationality American
Area in which (s)he worked Astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, space science,
planetary science
Education University of Chicago
Worked in Cornell University, Harvard University, Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory, University of California,
Berkeley
Known for Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, Pioneer
plaque, Pale Blue Dot
Awards NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, Carl Sagan
Award for Public Understanding of Science

48. Anders Celsius
Date and place of birth 27 November 1701 Uppsala, Sweden
Date and place of death 25 April 1744 Uppsala, Sweden
Nationality Swedish
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Mathematics, Astrology
Education Uppsala University
Worked in Uppsala University
Uppsala Astronomical Observatory
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Known for Celsius thermometer scale
Aurora phenomenon
Lapland expedition
Awards Fellow of the Royal Society

49. Aristotle
Date and place of birth 384 BC Stagira, Greece
Date and place of death 322 BC Chalcis, Greece
Nationality Greek
Area in which (s)he worked Metaphysics, Logic, Physics, Biology
Education Plato’s Academy
Worked in Lyceum, Peripatetic School
Known for Golden mean, Aristotelian logic, Syllogism, Hexis,
Hylomorphism, Theory of the soul
Awards Lunar Crater

50. Evangelista Torricelli
Date and place of birth 15 October 1608 Faenza, Italy
Date and place of death 25 October 1647 Firenze, Italy
Nationality Italian
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Mathematics
Education Jesuit College
University of Sapienza in Rome
Worked in Professor of Florence Academy of Mathematics
Known for Free fall and throw laws
Differential calculus
Microscope
Barometer
Awards Lunar Crater

51. Pierre de Fermat
Date and place of birth 17 August 1601 Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France
Date and place of death 12 January 1665 Castres, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics and Law
Education University of Orléans
Worked in High Court of Toulouse
Known for Number theory
Analytic geometry
Fermat's principle
Fermat's Last Theorem
Fermat prime
Awards

52. Georg Simon Ohm
Date and place of birth 16 March 1789 Erlangen, Germany
Date and place of death 6 July 1854 Munich, Germany
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Physics, Phonetics
Education University of Erlangen
University of Nuremberg
Worked in Polytechnic School of Nuremberg
University of Munich
Known for Ohm-law
Ohm’s phase law
Ohm’s acoustic law
Awards Copley Medal (1841)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1842)
Lunar Crater

53. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Date and place of birth 18 July 1853 Arnhem, Netherlands
Date and place of death 4 February 1928 Haarlem, Netherlands
Nationality Dutch
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education School of Arnhem
University of Leyden
Worked in University of Leyden
Known for Lorentz force
Lorentz Transformation
Zeeman Effect
Awards Nobel Prize for Physics (1902)
Rumford Medal (1908)
Copley Medal (1918)
Lunar Crater

54. James Chadwick
Date and place of birth 20 October 1891 Bollington, Cheshire, England
Date and place of death 24 July 1974 Cambridge, England
Nationality English
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education University of Manchester
University of Cambridge
Worked in Physikalisch-TechnischeReichsanstalt University of
Liverpool
Known for Discovery of the neutron, MAUD Committee Report,
Manhattan Project
Awards Fellow of the Royal Society, Hughes Medal,
Mackenzie-Davidson Medal, Nobel Prize in Physics,
Knight Bachelor, Copley Medal, Faraday Medal,
Franklin Medal, Companion of Honour

55. James Prescott Joule
Date and place of birth 24 December 1818 Salford, England
Date and place of death 11 October 1889 Sale, England
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Physics
Education Private Student
Worked in
Known for First law of thermodynamics
Disproving Caloric Theory
Awards Fellow of the Royal Society (1850)
Royal Medal (1852)
Copley Medal (1870)
Albert Medal (1880)

56. Johannes Kepler
Date and place of birth 27 December 1571 Weil der Stadt,
Holy Roman Empire (now Germany)
Date and place of death 15 November 1630 Regensburg,
Holy Roman Empire (now Germany)
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics
Astronomy and Astrology
Education University of Tübingen
Worked in University of Graz
University of Linz
Known for Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler conjecture
Optics
Awards Crater on Mars
Lunar Crater

57. Alan Turing
Date and place of birth 23 June 1912 London, England
Date and place of death 7 June 1954 Wilmslow, England
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, computer science,
mathematical and theoretical biology
Education King’s College, Cambridge
Princeton University, USA
Worked in Government Code and Cypher School
National Physical Laboratory
Victoria University of Manchester
Known for Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Turing machine
Turing test
Awards Smith's Prize (1936)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1951)

58. Alexander Fleming
Date and place of birth 6 August 1881, Lochfield, East Ayrshire, Scotland
Date and place of death 11 March 1955 (aged 73), London, England
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Bacteriology, Immunology
Education Royal Polytechnic Institution, St Mary's Hospital
Medical School
Worked in Royal Polytechnic Institution, St Mary's Hospital
Medical School, Imperial College London
Known for Discovery of penicillin
Awards FRS (1943) , Nobel Prize (1945), FRSE, FRCS (Eng)

59. David James Thouless
Date and place of birth 21 September 1934, Bearsden, Scotland
Date and place of death
Nationality British
Area in which (s)he worked Condensed matter physics
Education University of Cambridge (BA), Cornell
University (PhD),
Worked in University of Washington, University of California,
Berkeley, University of Birmingham, Yale University
Known for Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, Thouless energy,
Topological quantum numbers
Awards Maxwell Medal and Prize (1973), Fellow of the Royal
Society (1979), Lars Onsager Prize (2000), Nobel Prize
in Physics (2016)

60. Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Date and place of birth April 13, 1937, New York City, New York, U.S
Date and place of death
Nationality American
Area in which (s)he worked Theoretical Astrophysics (structure and oscillations
of rotating stars, the stability of galaxies, the
evolution of globular clusters and other star systems
etc.)
Education Harvard University, University of Chicago
Worked in Columbia University, Princeton University, University
of Cambridge
Known for The Sloan Digital Sky Survey project
Awards Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy (1972), National
Medal of Science (2000), Gold Medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society (2004), ForMemRS (2007),
Bruce Medal (2011), James Craig Watson Medal (2012)

61. Louis Pasteur
Date and place of birth December 27, 1822, Dole, France
Date and place of death September 28, 1895, Marnes -la- Coquette, France
Nationality French
Area in which (s)he worked Chemistry, Microbiology
Education École Normale Supérieure
Worked in University of Strasbourg, Lille University of Science
and Technology, École Normale Supérieure, Pasteur
Institute
Known for The discovery of vaccinations, pasteurization and
proving that germs cause disease
Awards Rumford Medal (1856, 1892), For MemRS (1869),
Copley Medal (1874), Albert Medal (1882),
Leeuwenhoek Medal (1895)

62. Paul Dirac
Date and place of birth 8 August 1902, Bristol, England
Date and place of death 20 October 1984, Tallahassee, Florida, US
Nationality Swiss (1902–19), British (1919–84)
Area in which (s)he worked Theoretical Physics
Education University of Bristol, St John's College, Cambridge
Worked in University of Cambridge, University of Miami, Florida
State University
Known for Dirac equation, Dirac comb, Dirac delta function,
Dirac sea
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1933), Royal Medal (1939),
Copley Medal (1952), Max Planck Medal (1952), Fellow
of the Royal Society (1930)

63. Richard Feynman
Date and place of birth May 11, 1918, Queens, New York, United States
Date and place of death February 15, 1988 (aged 69), Los Angeles, California,
United States
Nationality American
Area in which (s)he worked Theoretical Physics
Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology Princeton
University
Worked in Cornell University, California Institute of Technology
Known for Manhattan Project, Acoustic wave equation, Bethe–
Feynman formula
Awards Albert Einstein Award (1954), E. O. Lawrence Award
(1962), Nobel Prize in Physics (1965), Fellow of the
Royal Society (1965), Oersted Medal (1972), National
Medal of Science (1979

64. Sir Arthur Eddington
Date and place of birth 28 December 1882, Kendal, Westmorland, England
Date and place of death 22 November 1944, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire,
England
Nationality English
Area in which (s)he worked Astrophysics
Education University of Manchester, Trinity College, Cambridge
Worked in Trinity College, Cambridge, Royal Observatory in
Greenwich
Known for Eddington limit, Eddington number, Eddington–Dirac
number, Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates,
Awards Royal Society Royal Medal (1928), Smith's Prize
(1907), RAS Gold Medal (1924), Henry Draper Medal
(1924), Bruce Medal (1924), Knights Bachelor (1930),
Order of Merit (1938)

65. Werner Heisenberg
Date and place of birth 5 December 1901, Würzburg, Bavaria, German Empire
Date and place of death 1 February 1976, Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
Nationality German
Area in which (s)he worked Theoretical Physics
Education University of Munich
Worked in University of Göttingen, University of Copenhagen,
University of Leipzig, University of Berlin, University
of Munich
Known for Uncertainty principle, Heisenberg's entryway to
matrix mechanics
Awards Matteucci Medal (1929), Nobel Prize in Physics (1932),
Max Planck Medal (1933), ForMemRS (1955)

66. Yoshinori Ohsumi
Date and place of birth February 9, 1945, Fukuoka, Japan
Date and place of death
Nationality Japanese
Area in which (s)he worked Cell biologist
Education University of Tokyo
Worked in Tokyo Institute of Technology
Known for Autophagy
Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2016)

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