Construction Equipment Management

1. CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
AND THEIR USES
Construction Equipment & Plant Management
COTM 4202
Lecture by: Andualem Endris (M.Sc)
andu0117@yahoo.com
School of Engineering,
Construction Technology & Management Department
University
Madawalabu

2. INTRODUCTION
 It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of
construction machines on every construction sites, which
make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker.
 Depending on the application, construction machines are
classified into various categories which we are discussing
here.
A. Earthwork (Earthmoving & Excavating) equipments
B. Hoisting equipments
C. Concreting equipments
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3. *Earthwork equipment is used in the construction industry to :
- shift large amounts of earth,
- dig foundations and landscape areas.
*Types of earthmoving equipment include bulldozers, loaders,
graders, scrappers, trucks, …
* Types of excavating equipment include excavators, front shovel,
…
GROUP A : EARTHWORK EQUIPMENTS
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4. A1 : EXCAVATORS
 Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a
boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the
"house").
 Excavators are also called diggers
 Excavators are used in many ways:
 Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
 Material handling
 Forestry work
 Demolition
 Landscaping
 Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
 Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
 River dredging
 Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver
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5. A1 : EXCAVATORS
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6. A2 : LOADERS
 A loader is a heavy
equipment often used in
construction, primarily
used to load material (such
as asphalt, demolition
debris, dirt, snow, gravel,
raw minerals, recycled
material, rock, sand, and
woodchips) into or onto
another type of machinery
(such as a dump truck,
conveyor belt, or railcar).
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7. A3 : SKID STEER LOADERS
 A skid loader or skid-steer
loader is a small rigid frame,
engine-powered machine
with lift arms used to attach a
wide variety of labor-saving
tools or attachments.
 Skid-steer loaders are
typically four-wheel vehicles
with the wheels mechanically
locked in synchronization on
each side.
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8. A4 : GRADERS
 A grader, also commonly
referred to as a road
grader, a blade, a
maintainer, or a motor
grader, is a construction
machine with a long blade
used to create a flat
surface.
 Typical models have three
axles, with the engine and
cab situated above the
rear axles at one end of
the vehicle and a third axle
at the front end of the
vehicle, with the blade in
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9. A4 : GRADERS
 In civil engineering, the grader's
purpose is to "finish grade"
(refine, set precisely) the "rough
grading" performed by heavy
equipment or engineering
vehicles such as scrapers and
bulldozers.
 Graders are commonly used in
the construction and maintenance
of dirt roads and gravel roads.
 In the construction of paved roads
they are used to prepare the base
course to create a wide flat
surface for the asphalt to be
placed on. Graders are also used
to set native soil foundation pads
to finish grade prior to the
construction of large buildings.
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10. A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS
 The crawler loader
combines the stability of
the crawler tractor with the
abilities of a wheel loader.
 However, to construct a
reliable crawler loader it
requires more than simply
attaching a loader bucket
onto a crawler tractor. It
must be designed with its
specific purpose in mind to
ensure it has the strength
to withstand heavy
excavating.
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11. A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS
 The introduction of hydraulic
excavators diminished the
market for the crawler loader
because it was unable to match
the excavator's lifting power and
flexibility.
 However, crawler loaders are
capable of moving across the
entire construction site under its
own power, whereas most
hydraulic excavators require
towing or transport. While
crawler tractors are still being
manufactured today for markets,
they reached their peak of
popularity in the 1960s.
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12. A6 : BACKHOE
 A backhoe, also called a rear
actor or back actor, is a piece
of excavating equipment or
digger consisting of a digging
bucket on the end of a two-
part articulated arm. They are
typically mounted on the
back of a tractor or front
loader.
 Generally used to excavate
trenches, pits for basements
and also for grading works.
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13. A6 : BACKHOE
 The section of the arm closest to
the vehicle is known as the
boom, and the section which
carries the bucket is known as
the dipper or dipper stick (the
terms "boom" and "dipper"
having been used previously on
steam shovels). The boom is
attached to the vehicle through
a pivot known as the kingpost,
which allows the arm to slew left
and right, usually through a total
of around 200 degrees. Modern
backhoes are powered by
hydraulics.
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14. A7 : BULLDOZERS
 A bulldozer is a crawler
(continuous tracked
tractor) equipped with a
substantial metal plate
(known as a blade) used to
push large quantities of
soil, sand, rubble, or other
such material during
construction or conversion
work and typically
equipped at the rear with a
device (known as a ripper)
to loosen densely-
compacted materials.
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15. A8 : TRENCHERS
 Trenchers, or ditchers as
they are sometimes called,
are similar to excavators in
the sense that they
penetrate the earth,
breaking soil and rock, and
remove it from the ground.
They differ from
excavators in that the soil
is removed in one
continuous movement.
Trenchers are specifically
used for digging trenches
for pipes, but other
machines have been
improvised in the past to
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16. A8 : TRENCHERS
 Trenchers can come in two
types: ladder trenchers
and wheel trenchers, and
can dig trenches at speeds
that other machines
cannot compare to.
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17. A9 : SCRAPERS
 In civil engineering, a
wheel tractor-scraper is a
piece of heavy equipment
used for earthmoving.
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18. A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS
 A power shovel (also stripping
shovel or front shovel or
electric mining shovel) is a
bucket-equipped machine,
usually electrically powered,
used for digging and loading
earth or fragmented rock and for
mineral extraction.
 Power shovels are used
principally for excavation and
removal of overburden in open-
cut mining operations, though it
may include loading of minerals,
such as coal. They are the
modern equivalent of steam
shovels, and operate in a similar
fashion.
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19. A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS
 A shovel's work cycle, or
digging cycle, consists of
four phases:
 digging
 swinging
 dumping
 returning
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20. A11 : DUMPERS
 A dumper is a vehicle
designed for carrying bulk
material, often on building
sites. Dumpers are
distinguished from dump
trucks by configuration: a
dumper is usually an open
4-wheeled vehicle with the
load skip in front of the
driver, while a dump truck
has its cab in front of the
load.
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21. A11 : DUMPERS
 Dumpers are normally
diesel powered.
 Modern dumpers have
payloads of up to 10 tones.
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22. A12 : TIPPERS
 A truck or lorry the rear
platform of which can be
raised at the front end to
enable the load to be
discharged by gravity also
called dump truck or tip
truck.
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23. A13 : TIPPERS
 Tippers are suited for the
rough and tumble of
mining & quarrying
operations, as well as for
carrying bulk loads in
construction and
infrastructure industries.
Complete movement, high
performance and long-
term endurance are
common to all trucks,
resulting in lower operating
costs.
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24. A14 : TRAILERS
 A trailer is generally an
unpowered vehicle pulled
by a powered vehicle.
 Commonly, the term trailer
refers to such vehicles
used for transport of goods
and materials.
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25. A15 : TRAILERS
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26. The selection of excavating and earthmoving equipment is
mainly dependent on the following factors:
 Quantities of material to be moved
 The available time to complete the work and the job
conditions
 The prevailing soil types, the swell and compaction factors,
etc.
 The job conditions include factors such as availability of
loading and dumping area, accessibility of site, traffic flows
and weather conditions at site.
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SELECTION CRITERIA FOR EARTHWORK EQUIPMENTS

27. In order to plan the number of Earthwork
Equipment needed, the planner first determines the
following:
 The suitable class of equipment for earthwork-for
example, if the soil to be excavated is loose and marshy,
and bulk excavation is involved In the project, one may opt
for a dragline.
 The appropriate model of equipment based on different
characteristics such as payload of bucket and speeds
required.
 The number of equipment needed for the project to
carry out the given quantity.
 The number of associated equipment required to
support the main equipment
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28. GROUP B: HOISTING EQUIPMENTS
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29. B1 : CRANES
 A crane is a type of
machine, generally
equipped with a hoist, wire
ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used
both to lift and lower
materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly
used for lifting heavy things
and transporting them to
other places.
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30. B1 : CRANES
 It uses one or more simple
machines to create
mechanical advantage and
thus move loads beyond
the normal capability of a
man. Cranes are
commonly employed in the
transport industry for the
loading and unloading of
freight, in the construction
industry for the movement
of materials and in the
manufacturing industry for
the assembling of heavy
equipment.
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31. B2 : CONVEYORS
 A conveyor system is a
common piece of mechanical
handling equipment that
moves materials from one
location to another.
Conveyors are especially
useful in applications
involving the transportation of
heavy or bulky materials.
Conveyor systems allow
quick and efficient
transportation for a wide
variety of materials, which
make them very popular in
the material handling and
packaging industries
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32. B2 : CONVEYORS
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33. B3 : FORKLIFTS
 A forklift truck (also called a
lift truck, a fork truck, a
forklift, or a tow-motor) is a
powered industrial truck used
to lift and transport materials.
 Forklift trucks are available in
many variations and load
capacities. In a typical
warehouse setting most
forklifts used have load
capacities between one to
five tons. Larger machines,
up to 50 tons lift capacity are
used for lifting heavier loads,
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34. B3 : FORKLIFTS
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35. B4 : HOISTS
 A hoist is a device used
for lifting or lowering a load
by means of a drum or lift-
wheel around which rope
or chain wraps. It may be
manually operated,
electrically or
pneumatically driven and
may use chain, fiber or
wire rope as its lifting
medium. The load is
attached to the hoist by
means of a lifting hook
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36. B4 : HOISTS
 Also known as a Man-Lift,
Buckhoist, temporary elevator,
builder hoist, passenger hoist or
construction elevator, this type
of hoist is commonly used on
large scale construction
projects, such as high-rise
buildings or major hospitals.
There are many other uses for
the construction elevator.
 Many other industries use the
buckhoist for full time
operations. The purpose is
being to carry personnel,
materials, and equipment
quickly between the ground and
higher floors, or between floors
in the middle of a structure.
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37. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR HOISTING EQUIPMENTS
Factors affecting the selection of hoisting equipments are:
1.Building Design
-Building Height
-Project Duration
2.Capability
-Power Supply
-Load lifting frequency
-Operators Visibility
3.Safety
-Initial Planning and
-Engineering
4.Economy
-Cost of move in, setup, and
move out
-Cost for rent
-Productivity
5.Site Conditions
-Soil Stability and ground
conditions
-Access road requirement
and site accessibility
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38. GROUP C: CONCRETING EQUIPMENTS
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39. C1 : TUNNELING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
 A tunnel boring machine
(TBM) also known as a "mole",
is a machine used to excavate
tunnels with a circular cross
section through a variety of soil
and rock strata. They can bore
through anything from hard rock
to sand. Tunnel diameters can
range from a meter (done with
micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date.
Tunnels of less than a meter or
so in diameter are typically done
using trenchless construction
methods or horizontal
directional drilling rather than
TBMs.
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40. C2 : CONCRETE MIXERS
 A concrete mixer (also
commonly called a cement
mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines
cement, aggregate such as
sand or gravel, and water to
form concrete. A typical
concrete mixer uses a revolving
drum to mix the components.
For smaller volume works
portable concrete mixers are
often used so that the concrete
can be made at the construction
site, giving the workers ample
time to use the concrete before
it hardens.
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41. C2 : CONCRETE MIXERS
 Special concrete transport
trucks (in–transit mixers) are
made to transport and mix
concrete up to the construction
site. They can be charged with
dry materials and water, with the
mixing occurring during
transport. With this process, the
material has already been
mixing. The concrete mixing
transport truck maintains the
material's liquid state through
agitation, or turning of the drum,
until delivery.
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42. C3 : COMPACTORS
 A compactor is a machine or
mechanism used to reduce the
size of waste material or soil
through compaction.
 In construction, there are three
main types of compactor: the
plate compactor, the "Jumping
Jack" and the road roller. The
roller type compactors are used
for compacting crushed rock as
the base layer underneath
concrete or stone foundations or
slabs.
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43. C3 : COMPACTORS
 The plate compactor has a large
vibrating base plate and is
suited for creating a level grade,
while the jumping jack
compactor has a smaller foot.
The jumping jack type is mainly
used to compact the backfill in
narrow trenches for water or gas
supply pipes etc. Road rollers
may also have vibrating rollers.
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44. C4 : PAVERS
 A paver (paver finisher,
asphalt finisher, paving
machine) is an engineering
vehicle used to lay asphalt
on roadways. It is normally
fed by a dump truck. A
separate machine, a roller, is
then used to press the hot
asphalt mix, resulting a
smooth, even surface. The
sub-base being prepared by
use of a grader to trim
crushed stone to profile after
rolling.
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45. C4 : PAVERS
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46. C5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
 Plaster spraying allows a
plasterer to skim a drywall more
than five times faster than using
a hand float to apply it. Although
classic gypsum-based plaster
can be sprayed if it is "spray
grade," most plaster sprayers
prefer the organic-based pre-
mixed plaster packaged in a
plastic bag because the plaster
spraying machine does not
need to be cleaned out after the
job is finished, providing that
plaster is kept moist.
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47. C5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
 Worm-drive pump
Most commonly, sprayers have
a worm-drive pump that pumps
the plaster up to a spray gun
that has a large nozzle, usually
4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the
plaster into a chamber on the
end of the gun
 Piston pump
Newer types of plaster sprayer
have a piston pump, which has
sufficient pressure to spray
smooth (untextured) plaster
without compressed air.
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48. C6 : ROAD ROLLER
 A road roller (sometimes
called a roller-compactor,
or just roller) is a
compactor type
engineering vehicle used
to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and
foundations, similar rollers
are used also at landfills or
in agriculture.
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49. C7 : STONE CRUSHERS
 A crusher is a machine
designed to reduce large
rocks into smaller rocks,
gravel, or rock dust.
Crushers may be used to
reduce the size, or change
the form, of waste materials
so they can be more easily
disposed of or recycled, or to
reduce the size of a solid mix
of raw materials (as in rock
ore), so that pieces of
different composition can be
differentiated.
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50. C7 : STONE CRUSHERS
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51. C8 : SLURRY&HEAVY DUTY PUMPS
 A Slurry pump is a type of
centrifugal pump in physics
principle that increases the
pressure of liquid and solid
particle mixture (aka slurry),
through centrifugal force (a
rotating impeller) and
converts electrical energy
into slurry potential and
kinetic energy.
 A pump is a device used to
move fluids, such as liquids,
gases or slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by
physical or mechanical
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52. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR CONCRETING EQUIPMENTS
Selection of concreting equipment can be complicated
and difficult. The decision will involve many issues that have
to be analyzed. The following factors are noteworthy:
 Site characteristics such as boundary conditions, noise
limitations and other restrictions.
 Equipment availability-local availability of equipments,
whether the contractor owns that equipment
 Continuity of operation
 Effect of permanent work
 Weather conditions
 Temporary works
 Time restrictions
 Concrete specifications
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53. ASSIGNMENT 1
 The following activities are the four common earthmoving and
excavating work that require heavy construction equipments. List
of equipments that typically work together to perform this task are
needed. Each piece of equipment plays a specific role in the
series of activities required to perform the task efficiently and
effectively. Equipment packages will vary based on the volume of
work, desired productivity, equipment availability, and specific
work conditions and needs.
 Please assign and discuss the required equipments for the
following activities:
1. Site clearing
2. Trench excavation
3. Foundation excavation
4. Back fill
Submission date: April 03, 2015
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54. THANK YOU
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