Hybrid seed production of onion n carrot copy [autosaved]

1. ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY IN ONION &
CARROT
DR.VEERE GOWDA.R
Principal scientist,
Division of vegetable crops,
Indian Institute of horticultural crops
(IIHR), Hessaraghatta, Bangalore

2. BASICS IN ONION SEED PRODUCTION
Floral Biology
Short day type and long day types
Inflorescence: Umbel@ 50-200 flowers/umbel
Flower structure: 6 stamens, 3 carpels, 6 perianth
segments, 3 locules
Protandry: male maturity 3-4 days earlier than
female
Cross pollination: self pollination less than 5%
Fruit : Capsule

3.  Heterosis exploited commercially 4 decades
ago
 India- heterosis not much work has been
done
 Non-availability of male sterility
 Exotic male sterile-not suitable
Onion F1 hybrids in India

4. Latest Development:
Later isolation of MS lines
 Development of F1 hybrids
Cytoplasmic systems used in F1 seed production
Male sterility: Genic, Cytoplasmic and Genic
cytoplasmic
Self-incompatibility: Sporophytic, Gametophytic
Manipulation of sex forms: use of chemicals

5. Male sterility
Jones and Emsweller (1936) discovered MS
Jones and Clarke (1943) inheritance of MS
1. Nuclear gene (Chromosomal) : Dominant Ms (fertile)
Recessive ms (sterile)
2. Cytoplasmic factor:
Homozygous ms genotype +cytoplasmic sterility factors
(sterility)S(msms): sterile
N(----): fertile irrespective of ms nuclear allele

6. Problems with male sterility
1.Un stability: Low temp(14o
C) – male sterile
high temp(23o
C) – male fertile
2. Inbreeding depression: Low vigour of parents
Solution
 Selection of stable male sterile parents
 Parents maintained through sibbing
 Development of double cross or three way
hybrids

7. Mother bulb production
Growing and harvesting of bulbs
Female line (A) mother bulbs
Male line (B) mother bulb similar to standard cultivars
- rate of seedling is higher, close spacing
- medium to small size production
- bulb harvest starts to beginning to fall
Onion Seed Production
Mother bulb/Seed bulb production
Seed Production

8. Principals of seed Production
1.Selection of seed bulbs-Shape, colour & size
2. Isolation
3. Rougeing
4. Staggered harvesting
5. Appropriate seed processing, packing and
seed storage

9. Isolation:
2 km between cultivars and 3km for
cvs of different colours
 Planting season:
- warm climate – kharif
 cold climate – kharif
Certain varieties – late winter

17. Climate:
Initial stage: low humidity, mild cold temperature
Later stage: increased temperature
Long rainy periods: purple blotch
Heavy dews and fogs: stemphyllium blight
and downy mildew
Flowering stage: Clear bright days – insect activity
Harvesting, curing, threshing: hot and dry weather
Time of planting: October/ December

18. Soil:
light sandy soils – avoid
Heavy soils – cooler, more productive
Spacing:
30 x 10-15 cm furrow and ridge method
Close spacing: High seed yield but favours
diseases
Bulb rate:
600-800 kg/acre

19. Ideal planting: normal spacing between rows
close spacing between plants
Fertilisers:
early growth ample nitrogen until seed stalk
differentiated, less nitrogen
seed stalk development – high level nitrogen
Phosphorus + nitrogen – high seed yield
Fertilizers: Micro nutrients B, zn, Mb
Foliar Spray: Major and micro nutrients
Recommended: 150:80:50 kg NPK/ha

20. Irrigation:
Optimum level of soil moisture: high seed yield
High soil moisture – soil pathogens, lodging,
mixing of lines, rotting of plant bases

28. Flowering synchrony:
High seed yield – synchronise flowering A and C
lines
Abundance pollen: A lines flower open early and
late
Ideal C line: supply pollen to early and late flowers
A. Adjusting planting dates
B. Select synchronise flowering A and C lines
Large number of insect activity: Honey bees, blow
flies, house flies etc.

29. Rouging:
off types, pollen shedder in A line
- early morning –easy to identify shedder
- before flowering and after flowering- twice
- flower heads must be destroyed.
Use of marker genes:
Flower perianth colour – green, white (recessive)
Foliage colour – Glossy foliage (recessive)
Anther colour and anther length
Recessive markers – A, B lines
Dominant markers – C lines

30. Seed harvesting and curing – Before shattering of seed
A lines-saved-harvest seeds
C line not saved-destroy heads
A, C inter-mingled carefully separated.
Threshing and milling – Flower heads rolled and crushed
in palm proper tagging
Threshing- embryo at seed surface – no damage
Seed yield : 350-500 kg/ha
Male sterility : 500 kg/ha
Seed storage: low seed germination and viability
low seed moisture content – 6-8% and low temp

31. Seed production under seed village concept

33. Male sterile and fertile flowers of
onion line.

34. ONION MALE STERILE LINE MS-65

36. ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION METHODOLOGY IN CARROT

39. F1 hybrids in carrot
Little yield average (14-67%) increases OP
Uniform shape, size and colour
Earliness, high carotene content
Disease and pest resistance
Yield stability

40. Male sterility and its use in carrot hybrid seed
production
Poole 1937 – heterosis in carrot
Welch and Grimball (1940)- tender sweet
Brown anther type- pollen- microspore stage
Munger 1953 – wild carrot – petalloid male sterility
Five anthers-transformed-petal like
structures-no pollen

41. I. Carrot male sterile lines
PETALOID
MALESTERILE
BROWN ANTHER MALE
STERILE
Petaloid male sterile

42. Different types of male sterility in
carrot

48. Temperate Tropical
Cooler northern part, hill
condition, no plains
Seed production easy,
north hills, southern
plains
Requires vernalization No vernalization
Low seed yield High seed yield

49. Methods of seed production
Seed-seed
method
Root-seed
method
Seed production insitu Exsitu
Tropical types Temperate types
More seeds Less seeds
Certified seeds Breeder seed
Satisfactory isolation No
Rogueing-root characters
not possible
Possible
Less quality seeds Good quality seeds
Cold induction-field Cold storage-0-60
C for 6
weeks

50. Climate
Initial stage- cooler temperature (12-250
C)
Later- slightly higher temperature
Long rainy days, heavy dews: powdery mildew,
leaf spot
Flowering: bright days-insect activity
Seed harvesting, threshing and extraction: dry
weather
Seed-seed method: Nov-Dec
Soil: Initial root development- sandy soils-sandy
loams

51. Spacing: 90 x 30 cm
Seed rate: 6-8 kg/ha and 2-4 kg/ha
First planting to replanting area: 1:5
Isolation: Commercial seed crop-800mts
Basic seed crop – 1600 mts
Specialised seed area-different cvs within
the type must be zoned
A and C lines: 4:2 ratio in field

52. Harvesting:
Before shattering, primary umbels first
Polyvinyl acetate spray to avoid
shattering
Staggered harvesting
Seeds from female parent first

53. Seed extraction:
umbels dried in sun properly
Seeds extracted with seed extractor
Seeds separated from physical mixture
Seed yield: Temperate types-300 kg/ha
Tropical types-500 kg/ha

54. Factors affecting F1 hybrid seed
production
1. Abundant supply of pollen to female parent
2. Higher rate of insect activity
3. Types of ms brown anther-more yield, unstable
4. Petalloid-less yield, stable
5. Low seed yield- weak inbred parent

55. Varieties released from IARI
Nantes Pusa Meghali
Pusa Rudhira Pusa Asita
Pusa Asita

57. THANK YOU