Protein Based Bioflocculants, Tizazu Mekonnen

Protein Based Bioflocculants, Tizazu Mekonnen
Protein based bioflocculants, Tizazu Mekonnen
1. Mechanismof flocculation
Colloidal particles in wastewater suspension normally carry an overall negative charge on their
surface that led to electrostatic repulsion. This electrostatic repulsionresult is the stabilization of the
suspension as it prohibits the particles to come together and form agglomerate. Flocculants are thus
added to change the surface property of such particles and destabilize the suspension so as to
facilitate the separation of the solids (Tripathy and Ranjan De 2006). Protein based
flocculantsdevelopment for wastewater treatment is mainly built on theirpolyampholite nature
associated with the functional groups of the composing amino acids. Most studies in the literature
base their protein flocculation mechanisms(Seki et al. 2010, Piazza and Garcia 2013) on theories
developed for synthetic polymeric flocculants, such as polyacrylamide. Flocculation mechanisms
that could be relevant for protein based flocculants include: (1) Coagulation, (2) Electrostatic patch
flocculation and (3) Polymer bridging(Gregory 1973, Sharma et al. 2006, Hjorth and Jorgensen
2012).
Coagulation is the process in which colloidal particles and other fine suspensions are destabilized or
neutralized to agglomerate induced by addition of inorganic chemicals(Tripathy and Ranjan De
2006). Electrostatic patch mechanism is adsorption of polymers onto local sites of a particle, causing
patches of local charge reversal resulting in
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Persuasive Essay On Clean Coal
Coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. When burned, it produces emissions that contribute to global
warming, create acid rain and pollute water. With all of the talk surrounding nuclear energy,
hydropower and biofuels, you might be forgiven for thinking that grimy coal is finally on its way
out. On the other hand, coal is no sooty remnant of the Industrial Revolution – it generates half of
the electricity in the United States and will likely continue to do so as long as it's cheap and plentiful
. Clean coal technology seeks to reduce harsh environmental effects by using multiple technologies
to clean. Coal is a fossil fuel composed primarily of carbons and hydrocarbons. Its ingredients help
make plastics, tar and fertilizers. A coal derivative, a solidified carbon called coke, melts iron ore
and reduces it to create steel. But most coal – 92 percent of the U.S. supply – goes into power
production .Electric companies and businesses with power plants burn coal to make the steam that
turns turbines and generates electricity. When coal burns, it releases carbon dioxide and other
emissions in flue gas, the billowing clouds you see pouring out of smoke stacks. Some clean coal
technologies purify the coal before it burns. One type of coal preparation, coal washing, removes
unwanted minerals by mixing crushed coal with a liquid and allowing the impurities to separate and
settle. Other systems control the coal burn to minimize emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides
and

Clay Soil Stabilization : Treatment Procedures That Are...
CHAPTER 3
CLAY SOIL STABILIZATION
Treatment procedures that are available for stabilizing expansive soilsinclude:
Prewetting:
Prewetting is based on the theory that increasing the moisture content in theexpansive foundation
soils will cause heave to occur prior to constructionand thereby eliminate problems afterward (Chen,
1975).
Moisture Control:
Moisture control methods are applied around the perimeter of structures inan attempt to minimize
edge wetting or drying of foundations (Das, 1990).
Soil Replacement:
Removal of expansive soils and replacement with nonexpansive soils is onemethod to provide stable
foundation material (Nelson and Miller, 1992).
Compaction Control:
Expansive soils expand very little when compacted at low densities and highwater contents, but
expand greatly when compacted at high densities andlow water contents ( Abduljauwad, 1993;
Chen, 1975).
Chemical Stabilization:
Chemical additives, such as lime, cement, fly ash, and other chemicalcompounds, have been used in
soil stabilization for many years at various degrees of success. The effectiveness of these additives
depends on the soilconditions, stabilizer properties, and type of construction (i.e. houses, roads,
etc.). The selection of a particular additive depends on costs, benefits,availability, and practicality of
its application (Al–Rawas et al. 2002).
Wood ash was used to stabilize the clay soilin this study and a few in quantity of lime is also used in
this study.
3.1 Wood Ash

Abstract On Electronic Technology
"ELECTROSTATIC INFLUENCE MACHINE" Project Report (UDP) Submitted By: Roshni
Agrawal140280109002 Dhrunad Joshi 140280109037 Dhruval Patel 150283109072 Guided by:
Prof. U.L. MakwanaIn fulfilment for 7th Semester Of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In
Electrical Engineering (2017–18) L.D. College of Engineering Navrangpura, Ahmedabad Gujarat
Technological University Chandkheda, Ahmedabad L. D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Navrangpura, Ahmedabad– 380015 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled
"ELCTROSTATIC INFLUENCE MACHINE" has been carried out by Roshni Agrawal, Dhrunad
Joshi & Dhruval PLAGIARISM REPORT INDEX
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................... 5
Abstract....................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter
1..................................................................................................................... 1.1
Aim................................................................................................................. 1.2
Observation..................................................................................................... 7 7 7 Chapter
2..................................................................................................................... 2.1 AEIOU
canvas................................................................................................ 2.2 Empathy

Science Engineering, And Biomedical Applications
Nanotechnology has been fast expanding in the past decade. This field comprises of technologies
that largely involve materials of sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. These minute materials may
display distinct characteristics as compared to the same material of a larger form. Due to the smaller
size, altered shape, arrangement, or increased surface area, these nanomaterials may exhibit unique
properties like enhanced strength, flexibility, reactivity, or improved electrical conductivity and
absorption.1 As advanced nano–materials are produced and commercialized for extensive use in
research areas like electronics, materials science engineering, and biomedical applications, there is
also an increasing need to develop an effective environmental health and safety (EHS) risk
management system for nanoscale particles. Therefore, an accurate determination of EHS risks of
nanomaterials could be achieved by understanding nanoparticle interaction with other systems as
well as integrating nanomaterials hazard and exposure datasets.
Since nanoscale particles are orders of magnitude smaller than many larger organic molecules which
are transported through cellular membranes and barriers, these particles are not subjected to the
same degree of regulation and thus have far more potential to enter cells and tissues to cause
damage. Nanoparticles can indeed exhibit greater toxicity than a larger sized particle of the same
toxicant.2 There are several known mechanisms for nanoparticle toxicity,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ordinary Portland Cement
General
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is most widely used cementitious material and is the second most
consumed resource in the world as it forms the basic ingredient in concrete and Bricklayer Joseph
Aspdin of Leeds, England first prepared Portland cement early in the 19th century by sweltering
powdered limestone and clay in his kitchen stove [13]; this laid the foundation for an industry to
develop a binder called ordinary Portland cement. The major applications of concrete in the
construction field such as infrastructure, habitation and transportation have greatly influenced in
affecting the economic progress by improving the stability and quality of life to a very wide extent.
However, inherent disadvantages are that production of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) using raw
materials such as limestone and clay are depleting and quarrying of them is causing the source for
environmental degradation. OPC production involves a very high energy intensive and exothermic
process, as because it consumes 4Gj energy and produces about one ton of carbon dioxide, where it
significantly contributes to 5% of global carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The achieved coal is mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (nitrogen and sulphur being
minor elements) which are combustible in nature, and it also consists of impurities (10 to 40%)
existing in the form of clay, shale, quartz, feldspar and limestone. As the coal enters the furnace, the
combustible elements of the coal are scalded at the elevated temperatures, whereas the mineral
impurities of the coal chemically recombine to produce crystal clear parts of the molten ash. Later,
the molten ash enters the flue gas and by lowering the temperature rapidly the ash turns into
spherical, glassy particles. Furthermost these particles fly out along with the flue gas stream and
hence the names fly ash. Finally, electrostatic precipitator collects all the fly ash

Acid Rain: the Southern Company (a) Case Analysis Essay...
Acid Rain: The Southern Company (A) Case Analysis | Production Processes and Costs | | | |
|
Executive Summary
In the year 1992, the Southern Company that held the Bowen plant, a coal–fired steam electric plant
had to decide on the various options available to comply with the amendments in the Clean Air Act,
effective 1995.
The Bowen plant was an unusually large plant with a capacity to serve the residential, commercial
and industrial demands of 1 million people. The Bowen generators consumed 8.338 million tons of
coal and generated 21,551 million kilowatt–hours of electricity. During 1990, Bowen plant emitted
over 30 tons of sulfur dioxide per hour, an important precursor of acid rain. In 1990, Congress
passes the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this, they will be generating excess of allowed emission level in Phase 1 (1995–1999) and would
have to buy those allowances. Starting Phase 2 (year 2000), they would be in a state to sell the
allowances. * Switch to low–sulfur coal from Kentucky or West Virginia. The emissions would be
lower than the amount permitted in Phase One, but in Phase Two they would have to buy
allowances.
To calculate the total costs involved for each of the three options, I have considered only those
factors that are not common in all. I have calculated only the excess of cost that might be required to
deploy an option.
The current operating costs and all costs that do not change amongst the options have been left out
as these costs would remain same and will have no effect on the decision.
Data Requirement or Sources
The data used to perform analysis has been taken from the case study only. The factors available are:
* Switching cost of coal: switching from high sulfur to low sulfur. * Costs or revenue involved with
buying or selling, respectively, the sulfur dioxide emission allowances. * Depreciation on capital
costs * Capital costs involved to upgrade the plant with scrubbers or existing machinery. *
Additional operating costs * Energy consumptions (Revenue lost) when using scrubbers. * Federal
and state taxes

Electrostatic Precipitators
One World
Electrostatic Precipitators
Electrostatic precipitators are machines designed to reduce pollution in industrial applications.
Typically fitted to the stacks of factories and power stations, electrostatic precipitators are designed
to filter out dust particles from exhaust gases produced by industrial work. 99.9% of the dust
particulates is captured by the precipitator, reducing the amount of dirty air passing into the
atmosphere. ("Introduction to Precipitators", 2oo7) Air pollution is a major problem in Hong Kong
and across the globe. Power stations generate tonnes of pollution every year, deteriorating the air
quality of the city. The waste they create is filled with dust and particulates, which can be
detrimental to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be prevented by the use of electrostatic precipitators. Once air particulates have been
removed, a significant part of the risk of damage to people have been removed as well. As stated in
the quote above, one hundred thousand lives in Europe are lost annually due to ailments and
illnesses caused by or complicated by particulates. Using electrostatic precipitators prevent more
deaths from taking place.
Particulates and air pollution are also very harmful to the environment. Excessive air pollution and
emissions of gases such as sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain, which acidifies the soil, rendering it
unsuitable for growth of crops and greenery. Much of the harmful gases come from manmade
sources, such as power plants, factories and vehicles. Particulates also a cause of smog, which can
cause plenty of ill effects. Exposure to the ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide contained in the smog can cause inflamed lung passages and pain while inhaling. Cleaner air
can help a city economically. In recent years, many expatriates have returned to their country of
origin due to the deteriorating quality of the air in Hong Kong, reducing the skilled workforce
available in the city. In 2005, US$300 million was lost due to medical bills and lost productivity
caused by the bad air pollution. Prospective new hires are even turning down job offers because of

Fossil Fuel Power Station
A fossil–fuel power station is a type of power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas
or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity. Central station fossil–fuel power plants are designed on a
large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical
energy used.
Fossil fuel power stations have rotating machinery to convert the heat energy of combustioninto
mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam
turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustionengine. All plants use
the energy extracted from expanding gas – steam or combustion gases. A very few MHD generators
have been built which directly convert the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unloading one of these trains takes anywhere from an hour to an hour and a half. Older unloaders
may still use manually operated bottom–dump rail cars and a "shaker" attached to dump the coal.
Generating stations adjacent to a mine may receive coal by conveyor belt or massive diesel–
electric–drive trucks.
A collier (cargo ship carrying coal) may hold 40,000 long tons of coal and takes several days to
unload. Some colliers carry their own conveying equipment to unload their own bunkers; others
depend on equipment at the plant. Colliers are large, seaworthy, self–powered ships. For
transporting coal in calmer waters, such as rivers and lakes, flat–bottomed vessels called barges are
often used. Barges are usually unpowered and must be moved by tugboats or towboats.
For start up or auxiliary purposes, the plant may use fuel oil as well. Fuel oil can be delivered to
plants by pipeline, tanker, tank car or truck. Oil is stored in vertical cylindrical steel tanks with
capacities as high as 90,000 barrels (14,000 m3)' worth. The heavier no. 5 "bunker" and no. 6 fuels
are typically steam–heated before pumping in cold climates.
Plants fueled by natural gas are usually built adjacent to gas transport pipelines or have dedicated
gas pipelines extended to them.
[edit]Fuel processing
Coal is prepared for

Oil Embargo By The Organization Of Petroleum Exporting...
Oil embargo in 1973 by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) focuses
attention on the energy crisis and results in increased demand for coal as a preferred alternative to
oil in the United States Europe, and much of the rest of the world [Speight 2013]. At that time there
were a large number of oil power plants in the world which had suddenly become very expensive to
operate led to the introduction of larger coal–fired power plants [Jeffs 2010]. While Middle East
countries which has the largest proven reserves of crude oil; fuel oil as well as crude oil are an
available and economically feasible fuel in power and water desalination plants (Fig 1). For
example, Saudi Arabia which has the largest known oil reserves in the world, consume annually
more than 40 million tons of crude oil and heavy fuel oil [Husain and Ahmad 2015] in both sea
water desalination and power plants. The produced ashes were collected using electrostatic
precipitators installed in the major facilities and dispose into landfills. While Egypt consume
annually approximately 7 million tons of heavy fuel oil in electric power plants to generate
electricity, generation more than 4000 metric tons of oil ashes [Mohammed et al 2016]. All the
Egyptian power plants are not fitted with electrostatic precipitators and situated in the densely
populated region. In addition, most of the ashes are not used for anything but landfill. However,
little attention has been paid to the environmental effect

Equator Versus A Thermal Actuator In Biomedical Applications?
Question 5
How would you compare a MEMS electrostatic actuator versus a thermal actuator in biomedical
applications? Use appropriate physical, thermal and/or empirical models where necessary.
As microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) become more prevalent, including in biomedical
applications and more specifically in applications relating to movement of electrodes, it is important
to examine some of the most common actuators used to accomplish this task, specifically
electrostatic and thermal actuators. While both methods accomplish the same task of moving the
electrode forward or backward, they do so via different means. As the name implies, electrostatic
actuators rely on the electrostatic forces in order to move the electrode. This is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two actuators have different actuation voltages, power consumption, response time1, and force
output4. Electrostatic actuators have a high actuation voltage, low power consumption, and a fast
response time. On the other hand, thermal actuators have a low actuation voltage, high power
consumption and a low response time1. Compared to the electrostatic actuators, the thermal
actuators are able to generate forces that are three orders of magnitude higher, higher forces making
it easier to move the electrode within tissue4. Due to the nature of the devices with movable
electrodes in which these actuators are being used, it is difficult to make the space around the
actuators hermetically sealed, allowing for moisture to get inside. This can pose a problem since
enough moisture can interfere with the actuation of both types of actuators. Another advantage that
the thermal actuators have over the electrostatic ones is that the thermal actuators are able to better
handle the mechanical vibrations that are present during chronic implantationn4. One disadvantage
of using thermal actuators in implantable devices is the fact that the actuators themselves can heat
up to several hundred degrees Celsius. While the temperature only remains that high for a few
hundred milliseconds and only a few microns from the actuators4, if the actuators are actuated at a
high enough frequency, this can lead to a sustained high temperature of over one hundred degrees
Celsius, which can lead to tissue damage if implanted into the

Construction Industry Council ( Cic )
Steel has been one of the key materials for a modern society from the past to these days, while its
manufacture is one of the main contributors of carbon emission in the world. In order to drive the
construction industry to apply more sustainable materials, Construction Industry Council (CIC) has
launched a voluntary and Hong Kong–based Carbon Labelling Scheme for Construction Materials
covering Cement, Reinforcing Bar, and Structural Steel. Steel, being a very significant material in
building industry in Hong Kong, has a considerable carbon footprint throughout its life cycle.
There are two different routes of steel making, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) and Electric Arc
Furnace Steelmaking (EAS).
Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is a primary steelmaking method, in which convert carbon–rich molten
pig iron into steel due to oxidizing action. Oxygen was blown into the melt under a basic slag. It is
the most powerful and effective steel making method. The converter used for steel making is called
as Basic Oxygen Furnace. There is about 67% of steel in the world is produced using Basic Oxygen
Steelmaking. The process of Basic Oxygen Steelmaking was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer
and commercialized in 1952–1953 by Austrian VOEST and ÖAMG. The modern furnace takes a
charge of up to 350 tons iron and converts it into steel within 40 minutes.
The advantage of using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is cost efficient, as it doesn't burn fuel. However,
it requires the separate creation of

The Green Curve Of The Graph
Our planet is experiencing a level of climate changes previously unreached. Through the analysis of
ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains and ocean sediments (EPA, 2016), scientists
have been able to piece together the Earth's climate for roughly the last million years (some claim
several millions of years). Through this research and the study of historic environmental events, it
has been determined that the Earth's climate changes from warmer to cooler over thousands of years
due to natural reasons such as changes in solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and natural changes in the
emission of greenhouse gases (EPA, 2016). However, in the last ~150 years or so, this trend has
deviated severely due to human causes. This graph obtained from the EPA (EPA, 2016), shows the
change in global temperatures from the last century. The green curve of the graph depicts the natural
factors that influence climate on Earth. The blue curve of the graph depicts the natural factors plus
the human factors that 's influence climate on Earth. Through the inclusion of human factors, there is
a drastic increase in temperature change. Many greenhouse gases are fund pollutants (Tietenberg &
Lewis, 2015), which can be reintegrated back into the environment over a period of time. However,
during the time it takes for them to be recycled back, these gases sit in the Earth's atmosphere. The
increased emission of greenhouse gases has caused a greenhouse effect (EPA, 2016). Heat from the

Technology And Environment : Technology
Technology and Environment Technology has become so helpful to our lives in so many ways.
Technology is convenient and efficient. It aids us to live life more conveniently by allowing us to do
more in less effort. It, then, becomes rather difficult to undermine the importance in which
technology plays within our lives. Many people have benefited from the invention of technology
and would most often find it complicated to do without. Year after year, technologies become
reinvented through new ideas and the betterment of equipment and tools. Thus, if an old technology
does not suffice, a new one will easily come in favour shortly after.
Because of the rather innovative current forms of technology, new and advanced technologies are
forming at an impeccable pace. The expressions, "I would die without Internet" or "I could not ever
live without my cell phone" imply that life would be hard to live from the lack of such technologies.
However, such expressions become rather ironic because life is already in harm's way due to
technology itself. The relationship between technology within society and environmental grounds
are problematic. Technology serves as an efficient function to our lives yet can become detrimental
to our health which is demonstrated through Ronald Wright's theory of the progress trap and theories
of environmental degradation (Cameron, par. 5). However, the repair and reversal of a damaged
environment depends largely on technology through means for

Physics : Particle Shape Distribution
3.2.3. Particle shape distribution Particle shape is the recognised pattern of relationships among all
of the points forming the external particle surface (Luerkens et al., 1987). Particle shape is one of
the most uncontrollable factors in powder technology. Different production techniques (e.g.
nonsolvent precipitation, spray drying, freeze–drying, etc.) for one material will practically
continuously lead to the production of particles of different shapes, and even particles that have
experienced similar treatments may exhibit different shapes. Most pharmaceutical solid particles are
diverged from the spherical shape (Hickey and Concessio, 1997). Nevertheless, all equations that
compute the interparticle forces (either van der Waals, capillary or electrostatic forces) are built on
the unrealistic situation, which assumes that particles of a predetermined shape interact under
theoretical conditions (i.e., an interaction between perfect spheres with perfectly smoothed
surfaces). Therefore, any effort to deduce an equation that accurately calculates the interparticle
forces between the real irregular–shaped particles would prove to be unrealistic. Nevertheless, a
qualitative assessment of the particulate interaction within a powdered system is possible using the
simple principles generated from perfect situations. Particle shape could have a significant effect on
powder charge (Murtomaa et al., 2004a). (Chakrabarty et al., 2008) argued that the possibility of a
particle

Cause Of Air Pollution Essay
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletiondue to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in
the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1]
An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog
results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur
dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions
that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants
that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
 Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly
known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high
concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a
pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
 Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) – similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
 A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the
Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.
 A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to

Technology
Technology has become so helpful to our lives in so many ways. Technology is convenient and
efficient. It aids us to live life more conveniently by allowing us to do more in less effort. It, then,
becomes rather difficult to undermine the importance in which technology plays within our lives.
Many people have benefited from the invention of technology and would most often find it
complicated to do without. Year after year, technologies become reinvented through new ideas and
the betterment of equipment and tools. Thus, if an old technology does not suffice, a new one will
easily come in favour shortly after.
Because of the rather innovative current forms of technology, new and advanced technologies are
forming at an impeccable pace. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such remedies such as recycling, purification, treatment, and management of wastes can diminish
the issues of a detrimental environment.
Purification of water not only allows for cleaner drinking water but also a distilled flow of water
throughout the environment. The contamination of bodies of water is dangerous to the environment
as pollutants become forceful. The reason for water pollution varies among different levels. In
relation to technology and the environment, it reveals that a large cause for water pollution is
thermal pollution. Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural bodies of water in which
destructs the quality of water (Langford, p. 78). The reason for temperature change is due to human
influence. Water is often used as a coolant by industrial manufactures which then returns the water
to its natural environment at a higher temperature causing a decrease in oxygen supply. Species
within the damaged marine are living in a highly harmful habitat and species often tend to die.
Thermal pollution, mainly caused by power plants, is a form of environmental damaging caused by
technology. However, technology is instilled for the purification and repairing of contaminated
waters. To reduce the thermal pollution technology is needed for control. In order to fix this problem
the temperature of water must reach a lower level which calls for cooling towers

Reducing Acid Rain Through Mining And Smelting Industries
Tarlin Saini
Ms.McCuaig
SCH3U1–01
24 November 2014
Reducing Acid Rain through Mining and Smelting Industries http://miningandacidrain.weebly.com
What is Acid Rain?
Acid rain is rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air and has low pH levels that
can harm the environment. It is a type of acid deposition that can appear in many forms such as, wet
deposition, which can be rain, sleet snow or fog that is more acidic than normal, and dry deposition,
where gases and dust particles become acidic. (Epa.gov) Acid deposition in wet and dry forms, falls
on buildings, cars and trees and makes lakes acidic, which then leads to the danger of plant and
animal life. Dry acid deposition though, can be inhaled by humans, which can then cause health
problems. (Epa.gov)
How is Acid Rain Created?
When fossil fuels are burned to create electricity pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides are released into the air. They then mix with oxygen and water in the air to form acid rain.
These chemicals can travel long distances in the rain before being deposited. (Epa.gov)
There are several different pollutants that can lead to acid rain such as SO2, SO3, NO2, and CO2.
These pollutants react with water to create acids as shown below.
Sulfur dioxide + water  sulfurous acid
Sulfur trioxide + water  sulfuric acid
Nitrogen dioxide + water  nitric acid + nitrous acid
Carbon dioxide + water  carbonic acid
Although Mining does not directly create acid rain, it does lead

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
OF LABSA
Sulphonation – The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation
is an exception. Treatment of benzene with "oleum" (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid)
will give the sulfonic acid, the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig
– 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot
aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall
neutral and therefore more stable than other, positively charged intermediates. Hence, under forcing
reaction conditions, the energy difference in progressing in either the forward or backward sense
from the Wheland intermediate is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bulk Density: 700kg/dm3 approx... The regeneration is carried out by heating with air at 150 degree
Celsius. A checking about the effective regeneration is made by verifying the Silica gel indicator
through the sight glasses, as well as by verifying the outlet temp., of the regeneration air on the
recording thermometer. When the regeneration is accomplished the silica gel mass has a temperature
quite near 150 degree Celsius. Therefore it is necessary to cool the silica gel thus allowing it to
adsorb the humidity of the air crossing it. Note – The four way valves are provided with a drive by
pneumatic cylinders which are remote controlled energizing some solenoid valve suitably. Air
drying and cooling Air that is utilized in the production of LABSA has to be cooled first and then
dried to ensure its feasibility for further reactions. Air is cooled by passing it through a heat
exchanger containing the coolant mono–ethylene glycol; at a temperature of 0 to –2 degree Celsius.
The coolant ensures condensation of air to around 5 degree Celsius. After cooling air to the required
temperature it has to be dried to remove traces of moisture present in it. For this purpose air is
passed through a cylinder filled with silica gel. The silica–gel brings the dew point of the water in
the air down to stay –40 degrees Celsius. This means that the air is dry as if the air was cooled down
to –40 degrees Celsius. In practice two cylinders with silica–gel are used; one for

Electrostatic Essay
ELECTROSTATICS – I – Electrostatic Force 1. Frictional Electricity 2. Properties of Electric
Charges 3. Coulomb's Law 4. Coulomb's Law in Vector Form 5. Units of Charge 6. Relative
Permittivity or Dielectric Constant 7. Continuous Charge Distribution i) Linear Charge Density ii)
Surface Charge Density iii) Volume Charge Density Frictional Electricity: Frictional electricity is
the electricity produced by rubbing two suitable bodies and transfer of electrons from one body to
other. + ++ ++ + ++ + + ++ Glass Silk + ++ + + ++ + ++ – – – – .– – Ebonite Flannel Electrons in
glass are loosely bound in it than the electrons in silk. So, when glass and silk are rubbed together,
the comparatively loosely bound ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Otherwise the law is 'Inverse Square Law' only. Units of Charge: In SI system, the unit of charge is
coulomb (C). One coulomb of charge is that charge which when placed at rest in vacuum at a
distance of one metre from an equal and similar stationary charge repels it and is repelled by it with
a force of 9 x 109 newton. In cgs electrostatic system, the unit of charge is 'statcoulomb' or 'esu of
charge'. In cgs electrostatic system, k = 1 / K where K is 'dielectric constant'. For vacuum, K = 1. F=
q1 q2 r2 If q1 = q2 = q (say), r = 1 cm and F = 1 dyne, then q = ± 1 statcoulomb. In cgs
electromagnetic system, the unit of charge is 'abcoulomb' or 'emu of charge'. 1 emu of charge = c
esu of charge 1 emu of charge = 3 x 1010 esu of charge 1 coulomb of charge = 3 x 109 statcoulomb
1 abcoulomb = 10 coulomb Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant or Specific Inductive
Capacity or Dielectric Coefficient: The dielectric constant or relative permittivity or

Case Study : Investing Of Responsible Growth Essay
7.4.6. Hindalco: Investing in Responsible Growth Hindalco puts a lot of efforts in saving the
environment by following all the rules and regulations set on the land on which the company is set
up, but also exceed in expectations the development of energy efficient activities. Greenfield and
Brownfield expansions are the planned systems to guarantee growth. Initiatives Enhancing material
efficiency and process/equipment productivity, backed by pollution prevention practices, as well as
adoption of cleaner technologies for Brownfield projects Conserving resources, minimizing and
recycling wastes, with systematic collection of scrap, which is then subjected to safe
storage/disposal and re–use Implementing the 'zero–discharge' concept, putting up state–of–the–art
facilities to increase processing, reuse and recycling of waste water Reclaiming mined–out land
systematically by laying topsoil and using this land for a forestation or agriculture Controlling
emissions through dry scrubbing and electrostatic precipitators, and discharges through effluent
treatment plants Greening of red mud waste ponds using a unique bio–treatment process, converting
wastelands to green zones Promoting industrial reuse of wastes like spent pot lining, fly ash, spent
caustic, waste phosphor–gypsum, slag etc Adopting environment–friendly fuels such as natural gas
Completion of mapping of its carbon footprint across all locations, as well as reports of greenhouse
gas emissions

The Effects Of Lithium Batteries On Medical Devices
Introduction
With the rise in the aging population, there has been an increase in demand for implanted medical
devices, such as pacemakers. Approximately, 70% to 80% of all pacemakers are implanted in people
65 years old or over (Bradshaw, Stobie, knuiman, & Briffa, 2014). Lithium batteries have dominated
as the main source of energy for implantable medical devices. The limitations of lithium batteries
have become apparent. The batteries have a limited energy capacity; therefore, this limits its use in
smaller devices, which in terms reduces its lifetime. Due to the short lifetime of these batteries, they
must be replaced every–so–often (Rasouli & Phee, 2010). The need to replace and recharge batteries
leads to surgeries and discomfort for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1998, Paradiso implemented this into the creation of a prototype shoe. The heel of the shoe had a
spring magnetic generator. Each time the person walked approximately 1 watt was produced. The
disadvantages were that the person had to have the ability to walk and it caused discomfort.
Additional adjustments were made to the idea as the years progressed. In 2001, Paradiso placed the
piezoelectric elements on the heel and under the toes. Kornbluh placed them on the heel of both
shoes (Hannan et al., 2014). But, each one faced the issue of the patient needing the ability to walk.
Electrostatic Energy
Electrostatic generators use electrostatic induction to produce electricity. It converts mechanical
vibrations into electricity by moving the transducer in against the electrical field. The conversion
occurs with either fixed charge or fixed voltage. This method is adequate for micro–implanted
devices that use low power (Hannan et al., 2014).
Magnetic Induction Generator
There are two types of magnetic induction generators. One based on relative motion where the
generator is fixed. Another, that uses body motion. In the second case, the generator is installed with
the inertia force of the weight. Hoska conducted an investigation comparing the two types (Hnnan et
al., 2014). He found that the second less vulnerable to constant movements and more vulnerable to
vibratory movements, which can be explained due to the fact that the second type uses inertia.

Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Essay
Methods to Reduce Air Pollution
Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less–than–desirable substances have
been vented into the air. One of the first air–pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth
century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air–pollution
regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution
continues to be a serious local and world–wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of
one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property.
In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this
is not the case. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial
processes, power plants that are both coal and oil–fired, residential heating, and transportation. But
coal burning is the greatest source.
Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources.
TABLE 1
National U.S. Emissions Estimates–1990
(Million metric tons/year)
SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES
Transportation
Highway 1.3 0.6 30.3
Aircraft 0.1 0 1.1
Rail&Sea 0 0.3 1.9
Off–Highway equipment 0.1 0.1 4.4
TOTAL 1.5 1 37.7
Stationary fuel combustion
Electric utilities 0.4 14.2 0.3
Indusrial furnaces 0.3 2.3 0.7
Commercial 0 0.4 0.1
Residential 1 0.3 6.4
TOTAL 1.7 17.2 7.5

Industrial processes 2.8 3.1 4.7
Solid waste disposal 0.3 0 1.7
Miacellaneous
Forest fires 1.1 0 8.1
Other burning 0.1 0 0.6
Misc. Organic solvents 0 0 0
TOTAL 1.2 0 8.7
OVERALL TOTAL 7.5 21.3 60.3
Only 13% of the total is generated by transportation. Industrial sources account for nearly three
times as much as 37%. Fires account for just about as much particulate emissions as transportation.
That amount is matched by combustion from sources, which include the generation of all heat and
electricity.
Emissions
When coal was the main source to generate energy, power plants and homes accounted for much
greater

The Determination Of Marine Oil Ashes : A Comparative...
Determination of selected heavy elements in Arabian oil ashes: a comparative study between ICP–
MS, AA, INAA and EDXRF
Abstract
A large amount of oil ash is generated in Egypt and Saudi Arabia each year as an industrial waste.
Most of these ash are landfill and often lead to a dispersion of heavy elements in the surrounding
groundwater and soil. In many countries, like Egypt, little attention has been paid to the
environmental effect of fly ash. In this study, the concentration of vanadium, nickel, iron, lead and
zinc in oil fly and boiler ashes collected from six thermal power plants have been assessed with
ICP–MS, AA, INAA and EDXRF. Samples were digested using different acid and alkali fusion
methods. EDXRF were confirmed to be a technique of choice for the precise and accurate
determination of the major elements in oil ashes. Three internal reference materials from oil ashes
were prepared and used to examine the capabilities and validations of the method. Vanadium, nickel
and iron content were found to be within the average worldwide value, while lead and zinc were
significantly high in Egyptian oil Ash.
Keywords
Fly and Boiler ash; Egypt; KSA; ICP–MS; AA; INAA, EDXRF
1. Introduction
Oil embargo in 1973 by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) focuses
attention on the energy crisis and results in increased demand for coal as a preferred fossil fuel
alternative to oil in the United States, Europe, and much of the rest of the world. At that

Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
Pollution happens when chemicals and other outside substances leech into the ground, air and water.
These pollutants contain poisons that adversely affect environments and the living animals inside of
them. Although natural well being and security gatherings work to build attention to the threat
contamination presents, if contamination proceeds at its present rate, the future impacts could crush
to human populaces and the earth.
.Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or solid dispersed through ordinary air) released in a big enough
quantity to harm the health of people or other animals, kill plants or stop them growing properly,
damage or disrupt some other aspect of the environment (such as making buildings crumble), or
cause some other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contamination from regular events is not all the time .Air pollution is mostly occurred due to human
disturbances not the natural causes.
Human activities are of different types such as manufacturing industries, burning fossil fuels, and
household waste. When we consider a run of the mill assembling plant, we will see that there are
long tubes (called smokestacks) raised high into the air, with loads of smoke and exhaust leaving it.
Waste incinerators, producing businesses and force plants emit abnormal amounts of carbon
monoxide, natural mixes, and chemicals into the air. This happens all around where people live.
Petroleum refineries additionally discharge heaps of hydrocarbons into the air. Second main reason
of air pollution is burning fossil fuels. After the modern age, transportation has turned into a key a
portion of our lives. Cars and trucks, trains, shipping vessels and planes all burn fossil fuels and
produce harmful gases. Outflows from vehicles motors contain both essential and auxiliary poisons.
This is a major reason for contamination, and one that is extremely hard to oversee. People depend
intensely on vehicles and motors for transporting individuals, great and administrations. Exhaust
from cars contains risky gases, for example, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and
particulates. All alone, they cause extraordinary mischief to individuals who breathe them.
Moreover, they

Reducing and Controlling The Impact Factory Production on...
According to the observation, the factory gave attention to bring improvements on the
environmental consequences. Some of them are the factory invest on a new plant (line two) with
maximum dedusting mechanisms such as filter bags with additional dedusting systems. In addition,
the factory planned and starts to construct biomass as a source of energy. It decided to use 40:60
ratio of biomass to coal during clinker production. This implementing of biomass as source of
energy can reduce impacts of coal dust and other coal related problem to the surrounding
environment. Moreover, the factory established environmental regulatory body as occupational
health and safety. One of the experts assigned in the division is environmentalist. This shows ...
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Typically the dust control bags in the new line have maximum controlling efficiency.
Comparatively, according the data from the employee and community survey there is a significance
impact dust particulate to the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is better to rethink on the filter
bags performance. In addition, regular maintenance and quick replacement of filter bags is
necessary. Practically the ESP found in the old line in addition to some filter bags has less
performance on dedusting. Dust emission is observed continuously due to malfunction of this
device. Therefor this ESP way of dedusting is better to change or supported by other dedusting
device. While the factory starts to investigate and allocate budget on the improvement of the ESP, it
is delayed to implement. It needs urgent decision making to substitute it.
3. Management of transformed materials. Some of the sources of dust emission are the way how to
handle materials especially the transformed materials such as pet coke and black coal. The factory
transformed from pet coke and black coal coming from South Africa to local black coal. Some of the
pet coke and black coal from South Africa accumulated without function and poor handling in the
factory compound. It is better to take measures on these transformed materials urgently.
4. Road Safety. Some of the roads are not fully covered

Air Pollution And Its Effects
Air pollution has been around for centuries now, but it has not been until recently that it has become
an issue. Air pollution is a problem that is more severe than the general public understands it to be
for several reasons. I chose this topic because its effects on the health of the general public have
become more prevalent over the years. It has become a concern to me because my health is affected
as well. Not only does it impact our health and well–being, air pollution is causing multiple
environmental disturbances, including contributing to global warming and global dimming. The
existence of air pollution has been around since the early days. Air pollution is the introduction of a
harmful or poisonous substance in the air. There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural order controls the levels of these gases present in the air; emission is balanced out by uptake
through sinks. For example, oceans, plants, and trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to
even out the return of the gas going into the atmosphere.
However, the start of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s introduced an imbalance in the
levels of greenhouse gases. Deforestation around the globe depleted the number of trees and plants
necessary to keep the balance. The Industrial Revolution also marked a new age in which factories
became the primary production source of manufactured goods. The iron and textile industries grew
tremendously. In order to meet requirements, factories, power plants, and machines became
necessary for the mass production of manufactured goods ("Industrial Revolution," 2009). The
operations of these factories, power plants, and machines required the burning of the fossil fuel coal,
which is now one of the main sources of sulfur dioxide deposits in the atmosphere. The growth of
the transportation industry also promoted the levels of pollution in the air. Most vehicles, including
trains, cars, boats, and planes, utilize fossil fuels. Thus the amount of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere have drastically increased ("Water and Air Pollution,"
2009). The impact of the Industrial Revolution shows the effects of human productivity to be more
potent for air pollution than natural emissions.

Charles Augustin De Coulomb And The Theory Of...
Charles Coulomb
Charles–Augustin de Coulomb was a French physicist. He was born on June 14, 1736 in France in
the town of Angouleme. He was born and raised in a small home near France de Revone for 7 years
until he started going to school. His parents were Henry Coulomb and Catherine Bajet. His father
was a lawyer and his mother came from well–known and well–established aristocratic families in
France. Throughout his life, he studied the fields of philosophy, literature, language, botany,
chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics. The thing that he is most known for is developing
Coulomb's law, which described the electrostatic forces of attraction and repulsion. His law would
serve to be very essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism. The impact that his
work had would go on to leave a legacy behind in the field of electromagnetism, geotechnical
engineering, and friction for centuries to come. Unfortunately, he would later on in life fall ill with a
serious, life–threatening fever and would die on August 23, 1806 at 70 years old. (1)
Though he studied many fields throughout his career, the fields that he were known best for were
the fields of electromagnetism, electricity, and friction. Coulomb was best known for developing
Coulomb's law in 1784, which described how charges will either attract or repel each other.
Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two point
charges is directly proportional to the

Sample Physics Exam
University of the Philippines
College of Science
PHYSICS 72
SET A
Second Semester 2010–2011 First Long Examination
National Institute of Physics
2nd Sem AY 2010–2011
Physics 72
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the best answer and shade the corresponding circle on your answer sheet.
To change your answer, cross–out and sign your original answer and then shade your new answer.
No computational devices allowed (e.g. calculators, mobile phones). Following instructions is part
of the exam. Useful formulas: Area Sphere (radius = r) Cylinder (radius =r, height = h) 1. Volume
Useful constants: e me εo k –1.60 x 10–19 C 9.1 x 10–31 kg 8.854 x 10–12 C2/Nm2 8.988 x 109
Nm2/C2
Consider three identical metal spheres, A, B, and C. Sphere A ... Show more content on
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Electric fields passing through a Gaussian box (pointed inward) as shown in the figure to the right.
Which of the following is a possible charge system inside the box? A. +4e and –3e B. 3e, –4e and
+2e C. 16e, –23e and +7e D. +13e, –34e and +20e E. Cannot be determined 12. Find my charge.
Two parallel infinite line of charge are separated by a distance 2L. A point P is located at exactly
midway between the two lines of charge as shown in the figure. The charge density of line of charge
1 is +3λ. What should by the charge density of charge 2 if the net electric field at point P is given by
A. +3λ B. –3λ C. +(3/2)λ D. –(3/2)λ E. 0λ €
 E = 0?
3|A

13. Rank the E–field. Consider a solid with a total charge Q and radius figure. Rank the points W,
X, Y and magnitude of electric field. Point Y the conductor. A. Y=X=W>Z B. Z>Y=X=W C.
Z>Y>X=W D. W=X>Y>Z E. Y>Z>X=W
conducting sphere R as shown in the Z according to the is on the surface of
14. Concentric. Consider two concentric metal spheres. Spheres 1 and 2 are both hollow as shown in
the figure. A negative point charge (–e) is located at the center of the two spheres. Initially, spheres 1
(S1) and 2 (S2) have charges +2e and –e respectively. At static equilibrium, what is the charge at the
outer surface of sphere 2? A. –e B. +e C. –2e D. +2e E. zero 15. Applications of Gauss's Law. A
point charge –Q and an infinite line of charge with linear charge density +λ are situated a distance
2L from each other. What is

Quality Control : A Modern Cement Works Essay
QUALITY CONTROL
Consider a modern cement works – it probably produces 1000 – 4000 tonnes of cement a day. Raw
materials are dug from the ground and are intrinsically variable – for example limestone from one
end of the bench might well contain more clay or silica than limestone from the other end. Fuels are
also variable – coal varies in ash and sulphur contents and these days, a works may also burn
ancillary fuels such as solvents or car tyres. Variation in raw materials and fuels are likely to result
in changes in kiln conditions and consequently, to some extent at least, to changes in the cement
quality. Of course, some changes may be for the better, but unless they are maintained consistently,
the result may create variability in the final product.
To maintain consistency in quality, rigorous testing of the final product, by online analysis of raw
materials and clinker and improved monitoring of kilns, mills etc is done. Of course, all this has
been made possible by the advances in computer technology in recent years. For example, until
fairly recently, chemical analysis would be done by conventional "Wet Chemical Analysis". A
sample of clinker or raw material would arrive at the laboratory and over the following few hours
and days in some cases a chemist would have crushed it, dissolved it, heated it, titrated it and do
whatever else was required by the analytical method, for each element. In a modern works this is
automated; a machine grabs the sample, crushes it,

Fossil Fuel Power Station
A fossil–fuel power station is a type of power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas
or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity. Central station fossil–fuel power plants are designed on a
large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical
energy used.
Fossil fuel power stations have rotating machinery to convert the heat energy of combustioninto
mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam
turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustionengine. All plants use
the energy extracted from expanding gas – steam or combustion gases. A very few MHD generators
have been built which directly convert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
temperatures too low.)[3]
The Carnot cycle is the theoretically most efficient closed thermodynamic cycle for conversion of
heat energy into useful work, and practical fossil–fuel stations cannot exceed this limit. In principle,
fuel cells do not have the same thermodynamic limits as they are not heat engines.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[edit]Coal
The Grand Canal of China allows convenient access to this power station inYangzhou
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the
largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United
States. This contrasts with natural gas and petroleum, the largest deposits of which are located in the
politically volatile Persian Gulf. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most
applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportationand the natural gas not used for electricity
generation is used for space, water and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid
fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible.[citation
needed] Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal–derived fuels. Coal can produce
more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.
As of 2009 the largest coal–fired power station is Taichung Power Plant in Taiwan. The world's most
energy–efficient coal–fired power plant is the Avedøre Power

Discuss The Arguments For Banning Sulphuric Acid
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 ↔ 2PbSO4 + 2H2O The reaction of lead and lead oxide with the sulfuric
acid electrolyte produces a voltage. The supplying of energy to and external resistance the battery.
When a lead acid battery cell produces energy, it converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
During this process, Lead is oxidised at the anode according to this equation: Pb(s) → Pb2+(aq) +
2e– The reduction process in lead acid batteries occurs at the cathode, as shown above. Lead (from
lead dioxide) is reduced at the cathode by protons in the sulphuric acid: PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2e–
→ Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) In order to galvanise iron or steel, sulphuric acid is used to remove oxides.
An oxidant is a reactant that oxidises or removes electrons from other ... Show more content on
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The main sources of pollution caused by this process are process wastes and emissions of
contaminated air. Acid rain is one of the emissions that contributes to pollution. The process of
smelting sulphide ores produces sulphur dioxide gas; this chemical reacts in the atmosphere to form
a mist, which then falls to earth as acid rain. To reduce this effect, new technology has been created
and plays an important role in reducing smelting related pollution. Previously, old smelting
machines were the cause of most of the sulphur dioxide generators. Using machines such as
electrostatic precipitators, almost all of the sulphur is captured prior to the emission and returned to
the

Methods Of The Collection Of Aerosols
Methods of the collection of aerosols for analysis
Analysis of the composition of aerosols is very important for the development of many different
industries and areas of study; however this analysis is challenging because aerosol particles can be
difficult to collect.1 Aerosol particles can be collected onto a substrate and then analysed. The
collection surface can be a porous medium such as a filter operating at a low flow rate whereby
some or all of the particles suspended in the aerosol flow are retained. In many applications particles
from the gas flow are extracted by an externally applied force e.g. in a centrifuge or electrostatic
precipitator. The collection process should result in the sample taken being representative of the
aerosol in its original state therefore it should not be chemically changed in the process.
Characteristics such as mass, number concentration and size distribution of particles should remain
unchanged however it is difficult to prevent these changes.2
Aerosols consist of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium; therefore the particles must be
filtered and/or extracted into solution to prepare for chemical analysis. However carboxylic acid and
carbonyl containing compounds present in aerosols react with commonly used organic solvents such
as methanol over a timeframe of minutes to hours. Although an extraction solvent can be selected so
that it does not react with the aerosol particles, the solvent used will be dependent on the

Fly Ash Manufacture And It ' S Sustainability
UNSW@CANBERRA
FLY ASH MANUFACTURE AND IT'S SUSTAINABILITY
Energy Requirements and Carbon Dioxide emissions associated with the manufacture of Fly Ash
Callum Johnston z3327290
Table of Contents
Synopsis 2
Introduction 2
Fly Ash 2
Manufacture 2
Types 3
Energy Requirements 4
Mining 4
Transport 4
Preparation 5
Combustion 5
Sustainability 5
Concrete Sustainability 5
Future Sustainability 6
Carbon Dioxide Emissions 6
Conclusion 8
Bibliography 9
Synopsis
Millions of tons of fly ash is produced each year, with less than 50% of that total material being
recycled and used in other applications. Fly ash is a fantastic substitute in the construction industry,
supplementing the need to use a pure mix of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a finely grained substance that is captured and recycled at power plants with a variety of uses in
the construction industry. Fly ash is most commonly used as a pozzolan as an admixture for Portland
cement in concrete production. According to the IEA Clean Coal Centre, there are over 2300 coal–
fired power stations worldwide, where 620 of those plants located in China . Coal generates 54% of
the world's electricity and is the single biggest CO2 air polluter . Due to these statistics, it is obvious
that a significant amount of fly ash is also produced worldwide. The manufacture of fly ash requires

a considerable amount energy including the transportation of raw materials, electrical energy
involved in the operation of equipment and the energy required for the combustion inside a power
plant. With this, the production of fly ash produces air pollutants. These are NO2, SO2, particulates,
mercury and CO2. These pollutants have significant impacts on the degradation of the natural
environment. Due to this, there has been a significant drive to using alternative sustainable fuel
sources in order to reduce worldwide harmful emissions. However, because fly ash is simply a by–
product of power generation, not the end product, it is in fact an environmentally conservative
product, one that should be promoted in the construction industry. If the percentage of fly ash
recycled could be increased, it would

What Is Fly Ash?
Fly ash (FA) is a byproduct of the combustion of pulverized coal in electric power generating plants.
Upon ignition in the furnace, most of the volatile matter and carbon in the coal are burned off.
During combustion, the coal's mineral impurities (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, and shale) fuse in
suspension and are carried away from the combustion chamber by the exhaust gases. In the process,
the fused material cools and solidifies into spherical glassy particles called fly ash. The fly ash is
then collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic precipitators or bag filters. Fly ash is a finely
divided powder resembling Portland cement. Most of the fly ash particles are solid spheres. Ground
materials, such as Portland cement, have solid angular particles. The particle sizes in fly ash vary ...
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Only 10% to 30% of the particles by mass are larger than 45 μm. The surface area is typically 300 to
500 m2/kg, although some fly ashes can have surface areas as low as 200 m2/kg and as high as 700
m2/kg. Fly ash is primarily silicate glass containing silica, alumina, iron, and calcium. Minor
constituents are magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and carbon. Crystalline compounds are
present in small amounts. The relative density (specific gravity) of fly ash generally ranges between
1.9 and 2.8 and the color is generally gray or tan. ASTM C 618 (AASHTO M 295) Class F and
Class C fly ashes are commonly used as pozzolanic admixtures for general purpose concrete (Fig.
3–4). Class F materials are generally low–calcium (less than 10% CaO) fly ashes with carbon
contents usually less

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pdf
RDF(refuse derived fuel)
Abstract
If we focused on solid waste management (SWM) the waste produced was collected and dump in
dump yard which causes many environmental pollutions and health hazards. In solid waste
management land filling is a major problem. Many difficulties arise while extending the land for
land filling. In order to overcome those problems Refuse–Derived Fuel (RDF) is one of the best
options. Refuse–Derive Fuel is obtain from municipal waste and it is one of the alternative fuels. It
is the process of converting waste into useful energy. By doing so the problem with solid waste
management get reduces and RDF can be substituted for coal in boilers. This paper deals about the
manufacturing and application of RDF in India. Solid Waste Management is collection of waste
which is generated by every person in the society. Mainly the solid waste consists of Household
waste, Industrial waste, Agricultural waste and Bio Medical waste. Those wastes consist of
biodegradable waste, recyclable waste, inert waste, electrical and electronic waste, composite waste,
hazardous waste and toxic waste. Those wastes must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then it is converted into pellets into required size and shapes normally 30mm capsules. A refuse
derived fuel (RDF) pellet having about 11% or more particulate calcium hydroxide which is utilized
in a combustion able mixture. The pellets are used in a particulate fuel bring a mixture of 10% or
more, on a heat equivalent basis, of the RDF pellet which contains calcium hydroxide as a binder,
with 50% or more, on a heat equivalent basis, of a sulphur containing coal. Combustion of the
mixture is effective to produce an effluent gas from the combustion zone having a reduced SO.sub.2
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of effluent gas from similar combustion materials not
containing the calcium

Review Paper On ' Shreyas Shah '
Review Paper on Microfluidics Shreyas Shah San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
smsvapi@gmail.com Dr.Samuel Kassegne San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
kassegne@mail.sdsu.edu Abstract–Accurate and high throughput cell sorting enabling technology in
molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology and medicine. We classify these technologies as either
active or passive. Active systems generally use external fields (e.g., acoustic, electric, magnetic, and
optical) to impose forces to displace cells for sorting, whereas passive systems use inertial forces,
filters, and adhesion mechanisms to purify cell populations. Cell sorting on microchips provides
numerous advantages over conventional methods by reducing the size of ... Show more content on
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Meanwhile, the growing interest in theranostics and personalized medicine, in which treatments are
tailored to the prognoses of patients, is further driving the demand for rapid and high performance
cell sorting. This review will survey recent developments in microchip cell sorting by organizing
each technology into one of three principal categories based on its primary cell recognition
modality: (i) fluorescent label–based, (ii) bead–based, and (iii) label–free cell sorting. Within each
category, several subsections are provided to further categorize each technology by the physical
principles governing the sorting process. We emphasize more recent technologies, especially those
that integrate multiple functions on the same device toward a fully integrated point–of–use device.
II. FLUORESCENT LABEL–BASED CELL SORTING Fluorescent label–based cell sorting relies
on fluorescent probes or stains to identify cells by type. In traditional FACS, fluorescently–labeled
cells organized in a laminar flow stream encounter a focused laser beam that scatters into a detector.
The fluorescent signal is then analyzed to assign each cell a type for discrete sorting, whereby in the
case of FACS, each cell is encapsulated into an aerosol droplet that is charged and

Particulate Matter Essay
ABSTRACT:
Particulate matter removal from the industrial flue gas sources is one of the biggest challenges of the
modern industrialized period. Particulate matter is a mixture of both solid and liquid that is
suspended in air and is normally emitted into the air by the direct source of emission [1]. Particulate
matter is of various sizes but PM10 and PM2.5 are commonly used to explain the PM concentration
in the air and is normally required to be reported as an air pollution control standard. Particulate
matters (PM) causes various health–related problems if their level is not controlled in the air. In a
joint report, prepared jointly by European Centre for Environment and Health and WHO [1], PM
matter especially smaller PM2.5 causes serious health risks and as a result, it is noticed that the life
expectancy in 25 European countries has decreased about 8.6 months. There are variety of
equipment used to control the particulate matter in the emission sources such as settling chambers,
wet scrubber, electrostatic precipitator, filters and cyclone separators. Cyclone separators are most
widely used to remove the particulate matter from the pollution source because of their low capital
and operating cost, and simplicity in operation, however, their low efficiency is one of the major
challenges.
This paper will review and cover the major research that is taking place to increase the overall
capture efficiency of the cyclone separator without compromising the pressure drop and the life of
the cyclone separator. The efficiency of the cyclone separator can be increased by mainly by
increasing the velocity, changing the geometry or applying some external force such as electrical or
magnetic force. The major focus of research in the history was on the modification of geometry and
shape of the cyclone separator, however, changing the geometry has its own limitations, that are
mainly pressure drop (energy cost) and life of a cyclone [15].Modern researchers have changed the
approach of increasing the efficiency by adding electrical and magnetic forces that will increase the
efficiency without affecting the basic design of the cyclone separator and this is the main area of
interest of this paper. Moreover, the paper

Incineration Essay
cineration is the process of the destruction of waste by converting the organic material to carbon
dioxide and water vapour by fire leaving only the ash and non–combustibles to dispose in the
landfill
(http://www.saincinerator.com). Ash is the incombustible inorganic residue after the waste has been
destructed by means of incineration. Incineration is another method that is used for reduction of
waste in the form of burning waste leaving smaller amount of ash. The incinerators can be in the
form of oil, gas, coal fire or when burning high BTU waste such as paper, need no auxiliary fuel
(http://www.sainincinerator.com).
Incineration can also refer as waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste
for recovering energy (http://www.wrfound.org). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MSWI generates residues such as bottom ashes; particulate matter carried over from the furnace and
removed from the flue gas without injection of sorbents, and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues.
The aim of this study was to assess the characterization of MSWI from facilities with different air
pollution control systems. Analysis of traces metals from ash was performed by two different
procedures, which differs according to method used. The objective was to obtain by total digestion
attack with results obtained by an extractable digestion procedure, emphasizing differences that can
arise depending on digestion protocol performed, which often is not well specified in legal or even
scientific papers. To analyse total heavy metal (Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Ni, and Cu, approximately 1g per
triplicate of each sample was digested using an HNO3 /HF/HCIO4 mixture in teflon flask.
In their results high content of CaO has been confirmed by the analysis. In this study two types of
incinerator facilities, first generation (mass burn, electrostatic precipitator as air pollution control
system) and second generation (RDF, semi–dry APC control system have been characterized. It

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