Downloaded 640 times
More Related Content
Similar to Tuberous sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis
- 1. Tuberous sclerosis complex Dr. AmolLahoti Resident, Dept of Radiodiagnosis & Imaging NKP SIMS & LMH, Nagpur
- 2. Group of CNSdisorders characterized by • brain malformations or • neoplasms • skin • eye lesions. The term is derived from the Greek root phako, which refers to the lens phakomatosis means -tumor-like condition of the eye (lens) Neurocutaneous Syndromes / Phakomatoses
- 3. Neurocutaneous Syndromes • Neurofibromatosis(types 1 and type 2) • Tuberous sclerosis • Sturge-weber syndrome • Ataxia-telangiectasia • Von hippel-lindau disease
- 4. Tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC) Bourneville or Bourneville-Pringle disease. Characterised by classic clinical triad (vogt triad) • Facial lesions ("adenoma sebaceum“) • Seizure • Mental retardation.
- 5. Clinically: Epilepsy affecting 80– 90% infantile spasms simple or complex partial seizures EEG +ve in 75 % of patients Cognitive deficits 44 – 65% Autism and behavioral problems
- 6. Skin Eyes Brain Heart Lung Kidney Tuberous Sclerosis Complex(TSC) multiple benign hamartomas:
- 7. GENETICS Autosomal dominant Incidence 1 : 6000 livebirths Mutation in TSC-1 (Hamartin) or TSC-2 (Tuberin) +ve family history in 7 – 40%
- 8. Cell Proliferation complex hamartin TSC1 tuberin TSC2 Hamartin-Tuberin complex Centralregulator of cell cycle TSC: loss of inhibition to cell cycle
- 9. Diagnostic criteria Major Features Identifiedclinically Facial angiofibromas or forehead plaque Non-traumatic ungual or periungual fibroma Hypomelanotic macules Shagreen patch Multiple retinal nodular hamartomas Cortical tuber Subependymal nodule Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma Cardiac rhabdomyoma Lymphangio- myomatosis Renal angiomyolipoma Identified on imaging
- 10. Minor Features Multiplepits in dental enamel Hamartomatous rectal polyps Bone cysts, Cerebral white matter migration lines Gingival fibromas Non-renal hamartoma Retinal achromic patch Multiple renal cysts
- 12.
- 17.
- 19.
- 20. Diagnosis Possible TSC 1 major2 or more minor Probable TSC 1 major plus 1 minor Definite TSC 2 major 1 major + 2 minor
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24. Cortical Tubers • Corticaltubers are firm, whitish, pyramid-shaped, elevated areas of smooth gyral thickening, with or without central depressions, that grossly resemble potatoes ("tubers") • On CT scan, Seen as hypodense cortical/subcortical masses within broadened and expanded gyri Calcifications in cortical tubers increase with age • Tubers in older children and adults demonstrate mixed signal intensity on T2/FLAIR
- 25.
- 28. Subependymal Nodules • appearas elevated, rounded, hamartomatous lesions • located beneath the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles, along the course of the caudate nucleus • Are small(generally < 1.3cm) nodular "bumps" that protrude from the walls of the lateral ventricles. • In the unmyelinated brain, SENs appear hyperintense on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI. With progressive myelination, the SENs gradually become isointense with WM • They often calcify with increasing age • An enhancing or enlarging SEN—especially if located near the foramen of Monro—is suspicious for SEGA. • Calcified SENs appear variably hypointense on T2WI and are especially easy to detect on T2* sequences
- 32.
- 34. Subependymal Giant CellAstrocytoma • seen almost exclusively in the setting of TSC. • well-circumscribed • solid intraventricular masses • located near the foramen of Monro. • SEGAs are WHO grade I tumors that often cause obstructive hydrocephalus. most SEGAs are unilateral, bilateral tumors occur in 10-15% of cases
- 38. Genetic Criteria • Theidentification of either a TSC1or TSC2pathogenicmutation in DNA from normal tissue is sufficient to make a Definite Diagnosisof TSC
- 39.
- 40. • Cortical Tubers –Broad, expanded gyrus – CT: Initially hypodense; Ca++ ↑ with age • 50% of patients eventually develop ≥ 1 calcified tuber(s) – MR: Periphery isointense, subcortical portion T2/FLAIR hyperintense • Subependymal Nodules – CT: Ca++ rare in first year; ↑ with age • 50% eventually calcify • Don't enhance – MR: T1 hyper-, T2 hypointense; 50% enhance • White Matter Lesions – T2/FLAIR hyperintense radial lines/wedges • Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma – CT: Mixed-density mass at foramen of Monro, moderate enhancement – MR: Heterogeneous signal, strong enhancement
- 41. Regression of aSEGA after ~15 months oral rapamycin therapy in a 4-year-old patient with TSC
- 42.
Editor's Notes
- #9 Mutations that lead to increased mTOR activation promote cellular disorganization, overgrowth, and abnormal differentiation that may result in tumorigenesis. Targets for mTOR regulation of translational initiation and elongation. AMPK = AMP-activated kinase. TSC1 and TSC2 = Tuberous sclerosis tumor suppressors 1 (hamartin) and 2 (tuberin); Rheb = Ras homolog enriched in brain; PKB/Akt = protein kinase B; 4EBP1 = eIF-4E binding protein; p70S6K = 70kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, also called S6K; eEF2K = eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase.
- #14 Typical ash leaf macules(hypomelanotic macules); These may be present at birth, increase during early childhood and usually persist throughout life the reddish, nodular area at the upper lumbar area is a shagreen patch(subepidermal fibrosis) The most common skin lesions are hypomelanotic macules, which are ovoid depigmented areas with irregular margins that are best visualized by ultraviolet light (Woods lamp). These "ash leaf" spots are seen in over 90% of cases and may be the first visible manifestation of TSC
- #16 Multiple facial angiofibromas These small bumps are usually scattered on the central face, especially on the nose and cheeks, and sometimes on the forehead,
- #17 Periungual fibromas (Koenen's tumor)
- #19 Gingival fibromas and dental pitting
- #27 Axial cut section from the same case shows bilateral subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
- #28 Axial graphic of typical brain involvement in tuberous sclerosis complex shows a giant cell astrocytoma in the left foramen of Monro, subependymal nodules , radial migration lines , and cortical/subcortical tubers .
- #30 NECT scan shows additional calcified SENs , wedge-shaped hypodensities characteristic of the WM lesions in TSC
- #31 CECT scan shows enhancement adjacent to the foramen of Monro, suspicious for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.
- #32 More cephalad scan shows additional hyperintense subependymal nodules as well as multiple hyperintense radial bands extending outward from the lateral ventricles. More cephalad T2WI shows that the thickened radial bands are hypointense relative to the unmyelinated white matter. tubers appear as thickened hyperintense cortex compared to the underlying unmyelinated WM on T1WI and become moderately hypointense on T2WI. "Streaky" linear or wedge-shaped T2/FLAIR hyperintense bands may extend from the tuber all the way through the WM to the ventricular ependyma
- #34 T2WI shows that the WM is largely unmyelinated. The SENs are isointense with gray matter. Cortical tubers have poor GM-WM delineation.
- #36 high signal intensity on non-fat saturated sequences, and loss of signal following fat saturation Renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are a type of benign renal neoplasm and are composed of vascular, smooth muscle and fat elements.
- #37 Cardiac rhabdomyoma is type of benign myocardial tumour May be seen as one or more solid hyper echoic mass(es) located in relation to the myocardium Cardiac rhabdomyoma is type of benign myocardial tumour and is a most common fetal cardiac tumou
- #38 Chest CT scan: Multifocal pulmonary cysts characteristic of lymphangio-myomatosis (LAM)