nanoparticles

1. EXPERIMENT NAME:
TO DEVELOP THE CRYSTALINE STRUCTURE OF NANO PARTICLES:
INTRODUCTION:
In 1959 in USA in American physical society seminar Richard Feyman said some
important words according the Richard Feyman “there is the plenty of room at the
bottom” mean if we work on atomic level and learn to rearrange atom by atom then
we will be found new things in it. In 1974 the Japanese physicist give the name of this
technology is nano technology.
Nano technology:
It is the design production, application of systems, devices, structure by controlling
shape and size at nano scale(1nm-100nm).
Nano Science:
It is the study of material in nano range 1nm-100nm.
What is the meaning of nano?
Nano words come from Greek word means dwarf “mean a man with small height”.
Mathematically: 1nm = 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
𝒎
Nanoparticles:
The extremely small particles of any shape within the range of 1nm to 100 nm is called
nanoparticles. We cannot able to see nano particles with our necked eye.
e.g. in the cross section of human hair (having diameter 75,000nm) more then 500,00
nanoparticles can sit here. Nanoparticles are more importance (in nano technology
and science) because they show many different physical and chemical properties,
such as optical properties, electrical properties, mechanical properties, magnetic
properties etc.
e.g., we can see in our daily life gold coins have a gold colour, but gold nanorods (gold
particles) have different colour. See fig no 5.1

2. FIG NO 5.1:
Gol
d
Gold coins
Gold
pieces/particles
GOLD IN BULCK GOLD IN
NANOPARTICL

3. Colour of any material depends upon how the material interact with the incoming
light.in bulk material the reflected, scattered and transmitted light decide what is the
colour of material on which the light stick. E.g., if you have the gold of different sizes
and mass and shape all of have gold colour (for bulk material) it means for bulk
materials the colour is independent on size, shape, and its surrounding. However, for
nanoparticles the amount of reflectance scattered absorbed and transmitted light not
only depends upon the material also depends on the size, shape and the sounding of
the material. that’s why different gold nano material has different colour.
So, now it is understood the size and shape are matter at nanoscale. Different sizes
and shape of nano particles shows different physical and chemical properties.
Due to these different properties’ nanoparticles are used in almost in all field of
science. they also have the wide variety of applications in industries such as in
(medicine, electronics, paint, textile etc) future products.
Crystalline solid:
The solid which is formed due to the regular arrangement of atom is called crystalline
solid. See fig no 5.2
Crystal structure:
LATTICE+BASIS= CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. see fig no 5.3
Lattice:
it is the infinitesimal regular arrangement of points in 3-dimentions in which every
lattice point has identical surrounding.
Basis:
Basis me be single atom or group of atoms, when basis attached identically to every
lattice point a crystal structure is form.
Unit cell:
Smallest building block of the crystal is called unit cell. See fig no 5.4
Type of lattice: see fig no 5.5
 Simple cubic lattice
Unit cell contain atoms at corners only is called simple lattice.
 Body central cubic lattice

4. FIG NO 5.2
FIG NO 5.3
FIG NO 5.4 FIG NO 5.5

5. Unit cell contain atom at the corners as well as one atom also exist at the centre
of lattice is called body central lattice.
 Face central cubic lattice
Unit cell contain atoms at the corners, enter as well as at each face of the lattice
is called face lattice.
THEORY:
Classification of nanomaterial/particles.
Nanoparticles are classified according to dimension. They are classified in to the four
categories according to its dimensions.
1. Zero dimensional (0D)
Zero dimensional particles are those in which particles are not allow to move in
any dimension.
2. One dimensional (1D)
One dimensional particle is those in which particles are allow to move only in
one dimension.
3. Two dimensional (2D)
Two dimensional particles are those in which particles are allow to move only
in two dimensions.
4. Three dimensions. (3D)
Three dimensional particles are those in which particles are allow to move only
in three dimensions.
Syntheses of nanoparticles.
SYNTHESIS OF
NANOPARTICLES
PHYSICAL
Top-down process
CHEMICAL
Bottom-up process
vapour
Laser-Ablation
Method
mechanical
High Energy Ball
Milling

6. FIG NO 5.6
Top-Down Method
FIG NO 5.7
High Energy Ball Milling
Breaking
rotation
Grinding
medium
Material to
grind
Grinding
medium
Material to
grind

7.  Top-down method:
The process of making nano structure starting with larger structure is called top-
down approach. See fig no 5.6
 High-energy ball milling:
The main purpose of this method is to make the nano powder of our sample by
grading by using vibration or rotation in grading medium. See fig no 5.7
Laser Ablation method:
When the lase stick on the target material it will decompose it the removal of nano
particles is taking place. The electron droplet is use to move away the nano particles.
See fig no 5.8
Properties of nanoparticles
When we reduce the dimensions, the following given properties change
 Optical properties
 Magnetic properties
 Mechanical properties
 Electrical properties
 Chemical properties
Surface area to volume ratio:
Nanoparticles of material show different properties compared to large particles of the
same material. see fig no 5.8
In nanoparticle the surface to volume ratio is very large.
Surface area volume Surface area/ volume
4*6 = 96 𝑐𝑚2 4*4*4 = 64 96/64 = 1.5
2*2*6*8 = 196𝑐𝑚2 4*4*4 = 64 196/64 = 3.0625
Calculate the volume and surface area:
Volume formula: 𝑣 =
4
3
𝜋𝑟3
Diameter of nanoparticle is: D = 100× 10−9

8. FIG NO 5.7
Laser Ablation method
FIG NO 5.8
4cm 2cm
2cm
2 3 6
5
4
1
laser
Electrospra
y
High voltage
Target
Mass
detec
Ionized sample
Laser ablated sample
Electrospray droplet

9. 𝐷 = 2𝑟
𝐷
2
= 𝑟
Volume =
4
3
𝜋
(100 ×10−9
)3
22 =
4
3
× 3.14 ×
(100×10−9
)3
4
= 5.24 × 10−22
𝑚3
Volume = 5.24 × 10−22
𝑚3
Diameter of nanoparticle is: D = 100× 10−9
Surface area:
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟2
= 4𝜋 (
𝑑
2
)
2
= 4𝜋 ×
𝑑
4
2
= 4 × 3.14 × (100 × 10−9)2
= 3.14 × 10−14
𝑚2
𝑺𝑨 = 3.14 × 10−14
𝑚2
The ratio increases dramatically when the nanoparticle diameter drops below to
100nm.as shown in graph see graph no 5.1
Advantages of nano technology.
They also have the wide variety of applications in industries such as in medicine,
electronics, paint, textile (in future) etc.
Textile
 Smell free
 Dust free
 Wrinkle free
Automobiles
 Lighter
 Stronger
 More fuel efficient
Computer / electronics device
 Small size
 Fast speed
 More data storage capacity

10. FIG NO 5.7
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
SA:VOLUME
NANOPARTICLE DIAMETER in nm