Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Feedstock In Anaerobic...

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Feedstock In Anaerobic...
Mixing
The feedstock in an anaerobic digester should be mixed as mixing has many advantages such as the
following (Gerardi, 2003):
Reducing scum and grit build–up
Prevents temperature differences occurring throughout the digester
Maintains the chemical and physical equality of the feedstock throughout the digester
Brakes up products and waste such as metabolic waste which would be produced throughout the
feedstock digestion
Minimizing toxicity by braking up toxic materials entering the digester
.
Conclusion for Parameters
From researching the most important parameters it has shown that all parameters are linked together
in turn affecting each other and in turn affecting the AD efficiency. An AD system should be
operated carefully controlled and closely monitored so to create optimal conditions for the bacteria
to grow, these factors should be considered when designing and operating the digester. For the two
main digestion process mesophilic and thermophilic it was found that different values are required
for certain parameter such as temperature and pH values which depends mainly on the feedstock
used in the AD process, from researching different reports there are no specific set figures for the
values of the parameters as they vary slightly from report to report and depends on the use and
desired outcome of the AD process. Parameters such as volatile solids, nutrients & toxics and carbon
to nitrogen ratio show the importations of monitoring the mixture of feedstock in the digester and
feedstock being fed into the digester ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.3.4.1 Types of Feedstock Sources Suitable for AD
A list of common sources of feedstock suitable for AD is as follows (Environment E. C.–G., 2001)
which is according to European Waste Catalogue.
Agricultural by–products and residues such as excess milk from milking
Animal slurry and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Opportunities for Building a Farm-based Anaerobic Digester...
Considerations and Opportunities for Building a Farm–Based Anaerobic Digester System in Ontario
Don Hilborn, Engineer, By–Products & Jake DeBruyn, Engineer, New Technology Integration
INTRODUCTION
Anaerobic digester (AD) systems produce electricity and heat from the biogas produced from
organic inputs. Farm–based AD systems represent a significant opportunity for farmers to capture
new value from agricultural product and byproducts, and from some off–farm organic inputs. As
farm–based green energy becomes a new on–farm product, more and more farmers will be looking
at ways to finance and build AD systems.
This InfoSheet presents some key opportunities and issues currently identified by the authors. It is
based on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interested agricultural and agri–food operations may apply for funding to conduct feasibility and
design work for biogas systems, for 70 per cent of eligible costs up to a maximum of $35,000. There
is also funding available for 40 per cent of eligible costs of construction of the biogas system. The
maximum total feasibility and construction cost funding is up to $400,000 for each biogas system.
Funding is on a first–come, first–served basis for qualifying projects.
More detailed information is available on the program website at www.ontario.ca/biogas as of
September 2007. This information can also be obtained from OMAFRA's Agriculture Information
Contact Centre, 1–877–424–1300, or by e–mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca.
Environmental Farm Plan
The Canada–Ontario Environmental Farm Plan (EFP) has environmental cost–share opportunities
for Ontario farmers. Manure treatment systems, including anaerobic digesters, may be eligible for a
cost share of 30 per cent up to $30,000. This program may last up to March 31, 2008. There are a
number of eligibility criteria, including the need for an up–to–date Environmental Farm Plan that is
deemed appropriate.
For more details contact:
Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, 1–800–265–9751, www.ontariosoilcrop.org
Northern Ontario Heritage Fund, Northern Energy Program
The Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines' Northern Energy Program supports:
Renewable energy planning

Methane Production Inside Cattle: A Case Study
Jeff Arnold Methane Production Inside Cattle 4
Methane Production inside Cattle
Looking at the variety of gases that are now trapped inside our atmosphere one always seems to
point at the largest one Carbon Dioxide (CO2). With the United States being the largest producers of
beef in the world and knowing that through enteric fermentation methane (CH4) is produced, I
wanted to truly understand how methane is produce at such a large scale. As humans we need to
truly understand how our actions and ways of life are impacting our surrounding environments.
Domesticated ruminants are responsible for the production of 86 million metric tonnes (Tg) of
methane per year, alone beef cattle contribute 55.9 Tg and dairy cows 18.9 Tg per year (Hook, S. ...
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(1996). Methanogens. Retrieved April 30, 2017, from http://faculty.college–
prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/Bacteria3/methanogens.htm
N. (2014, March 21). Retrieved April 30, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3NG5foxD2HI
Hook, S. E., Wright, A. D. G., & McBride, B. W. (2010). Methanogens: methane producers of the
rumen and mitigation strategies. Archaea, 2010.
B. (2016, October 06). Methanogenesis – Boundless Open Textbook. Retrieved April 30, 2017, from
https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless–microbiology–textbook/microbial–
metabolism–5/anaerobic–respiration–49/methanogenesis–316–7648/
Jones, M. (2014, February). Ways to Reduce Methane Production in Cattle. Retrieved April 30,
2017, from

The Effect Of Gamma Ray Irradiation On Sludge Settleability
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Physical characteristics 3.1.1. Effect of gamma–ray irradiation on
sludge settleability In static sedimentation tests, a distinct sedimentation interface between the
supernatant and sludge was observed for all samples with different irradiation doses, whereas the
expected rapid improvement of the irradiated sedimentation rate was not observed (Fig. 1). These
trends agreed with the results of Meeroff et al (2004). According to the sedimentation curves, there
are two periods during static sedimentation process: (1) the initial hindered settling period, in which
the interface between the supernatant and sludge decreases at a constant velocity (u0) relying on the
sludge concentration; (2) the succedent sludge compression period, in which the settling velocity of
the interface gradually declines (Wu et al., 2009; Iritani et al., 2015). For the untreated sludge, u0 is
10.36 mm·h−1 and SV720 is 37.1%, as shown in Fig. 2. For irradiated sludge, the sedimentation
velocity was slightly increased to 11.55 mm·h–1 at doses up to 15 kGy. SV was continuously
decreased with the increasing dose and a 19.4% reduction rate was achieved at 15 kGy. According to
the Stokes Law, the observed changes in u0 and SV were probably due to particle size decrease and
sludge density increase after irradiation (Yu et al., 2010). In addition, a portion of solid matter was
dissolved by irradiation, which could promote SV decrease. The improved settleability demonstrated
that

The Environmental Environment Of The Environment
Due to the extensive amounts of plastic and manure waste thrown into the environment without
properly being composted and recycled, it is causing ecological damage, which is affecting humans
and other species. Environment is the main home of mankind and species thus making it the most
important aspect in life, without our ecology we wouldn't be having oxygen, plants and trees.
Everyone must give importance to wellness of our environment. Wellness of the environment is
directly proportional to the wellness of health in human beings and every other species that lives in
our environment, if our atmosphere is polluted or damaged it will affect others and us as well. We
can improve our environment if we use the technologies for the right ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Digester machine will help reducing its carbon footprint by creating compost from food waste,
and other businesses should follow its lead to be greener and possibly save resources that are not
committed to future waste costs. Digester's machine helps reduce pollution.
– Gautham Sabari Sundararajan
NAME: GAUTHAM SABARI SUNDARARAJAN
SUBJECT: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING (ENG11122 G)
DATE: APRIL.15.2015
REPORT TYPE: RESEARCH PAPER
TOPIC: DIGSTER MACHINES THAT CONVERTS WASTE INTO ENERGY
Table of Content:
Title page..................................................................................................................... 1
Executive summary ..................................................................................................... 2
Benefits of Having Digester machine that help the environment............................ 3
1. Producing energy from waste.................................................................................4
1.1 purpose of the machine..............................................................................4

1.2 other uses of the machine.......................................................................... 4
1.3 Negative impact on the environment....................................................... 4
1.4 safety and eco–friendly.............................................................................. 4
1.5 factors to consider when purchasing the digester machine....................5
2. Gas requirements and storage..................................................................................5
2.1 minimum and maximum capacity of the machine....................................5
2.2 Temperature control....................................................................................5
2.3 Gas leak protection.......................................................................................6
2.4 type of metal in digester machine...............................................................6
2.5 data

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation
along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel cell generates energy with the help of microbes
that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton
exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported through an electrode via an external circuit to
the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the
standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of –0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment
process includes physical extraction of dyes by adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–
exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another
process to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical
Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical degradations are uneconomical and
unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic,
microbial culture. But purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine
and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result in high amounts of sludge
[12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a
solution with the advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen
demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical treatment is required. RTW also has greater color
appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH,
high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–
step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the

Anaerobic Digestion : The Process Of Anaaerobic Digestion
II. Anaerobic Digestion The Process of Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion, also known as
biodigestion, is a biological process that occurs when organic matter is decomposed by anaerobic
microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This means organic matter is placed in a warm airtight
location and left for bacteria to digest. Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally in swamps and bogs but
is not difficult to mimic at a landfill site. So long as the anaerobic plant is properly monitored,
biodigestion can allow the emission of methane (CH4), which is 22 times more potent as a
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2) (ADBA), to be almost completely controlled in a safe
and low odor environment. With the high heat levels of anaerobic digestion, pathogenic organisms,
like bacteria and fungus, and harmful weed seeds are destroyed. The economic benefits of anaerobic
digestion is very dependent on the type and quantity of feedstock used, the length of time spent in
the digester, as well as the utilisation of the by–products. Stages of Anaerobic Digestion The
complete Anaerobic digestion process takes around 30 days. There are four identifiable stages of
biodigestion; Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Methanogenesis.
In anaerobic digestion, hydrolysis is the essential first step, as the feedstock present is normally
comprised of very large organic polymers, which are otherwise unusable. During hydrolysis,
enzymes produced by hydrolytic bacteria break down the

Essay on Making a Biogas Digestor for Ugandan Farmers
Introduction
For this project I am doing biogas, most farmers in Uganda don't make use of the animal waste to
generate energy for their household use. Having a biogas digester would give farmers power which
they can use for lighting and cooking. The digester produces bio–slurry which serves as organic
manure for their crops. Therefore biogas would be the most efficient and accessible form of energy
in the rural areas which constitute 80% of the population of Uganda since the animal waste is
available to them at no financial cost.
Defining the Problem
The population of Uganda is 35,918,915, eighty percent of Ugandans are farmers (CIA World Fact
book).Only 25 percent of Ugandans have access to the power grid, the remaining 75 percent have to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having electricity in rural areas can also bring business opportunities to rural areas. Education and
health in the rural areas will be improved. This will result in economic development and income
generation for women. Rural electrification also improves the technological view of the people
because they will be able to learn new techniques on computers which will improve their
intelligence.
Solution
An ambitious target is needed by the government of Uganda to provide accessible, cheap and clean
energy to the 75% of the population. The government of Uganda through the Ministry of Energy
should subsidize the cost of the bio digester unit. From records, the GDP per capita for Uganda is
1,500 Dollars therefore it is one of the poorest countries in the world (CIA World Fact book). It is
therefore very difficult if not impossible for a household to be able to afford a bio digester because a
unit cost between 700 and 1000 United States Dollars (Kafayat Adeyemi). There should be
programmes on the importance of bio digester to the farmers (savings, clean cooking, health
benefits, green or sustainable environment etc.). This will give the farmers a sense of responsibility
and involvement in the whole process. Donor funding should also be pursued. The farmers in rural
areas should invest in biogas digesters, a biogas digester would be useful because it needs raw
materials which are available to the farmers at any time.

Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management Introduction to solid waste management Solid waste is the unwanted or
useless solid materials generated from combined residential, industrial and commercial activities in
a given area. It may be categorised according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial,
construction or institutional); according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper
etc); or according to hazard potential (toxic, non–toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc).
Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human
health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A number of processes are
involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These ... Show more content on
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Other factors to consider when deciding on frequency of collection are the odours caused by
decomposition and the accumulated quantities. Descriptions of the main types of collection systems
are given in the table below. Table 1 Descriptions of the main collection systems. (Sourced from
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/issues–tools/issues/waste–
collection.html#AnchorCollection–45656) System Description Advantages Disadvantages
SHARED: Residents can bring out waste at any time Dumping at designated location Residents and
other generators are required to dump their waste at a specified location or in a masonry enclosure.
Residents and other generators put their waste inside a container which is emptied or removed. Low
capital costs Loading the waste into trucks is slow and unhygienic. Waste is scattered around the
collection point. Adjacent residents and shopkeepers protest about the smell and appearance. If
containers are not maintained they quickly corrode or are damaged. Adjacent residents complain
about the smell and appearance. Shared container Low operating costs INDIVIDUAL: The
generators need a suitable container and must store the waste on their property until it is collected.
Block collection Collector sounds horn or rings bell and waits at specified locations for residents to
bring waste to the collection

Poop Digestion Essay
Chapter 4 – Building a Better Poop Digester
Countries such as the U.S. have the resources to build elaborate biogas systems, including syngas
gasification, a much faster process than anaerobic digestion. However coming up with efficient and
inexpensive ways to harvest biogas can be tricky in places where energy is most needed and money
and resources are most scarce. This chapter would show examples of innovative digesters being
tried out in places throughout the world.
i.e.: "Future work with Afri–Flame Network: "The Potential of Small Scale Biogas Digesters to
Alleviate Poverty and Improve Long Term Sustainability of Ecosystem Services in Sub–Saharan
Africa" Main project features: This proposed action focuses on improving the efficacy of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and counts as human waste.
"Landfills are the third–largest source of human–related methane emissions in the United States,
according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Biogas from landfills is also called
landfill gas (LFG), as the digestion process takes place in the ground rather than in an anaerobic
digester. As of March 2015, there were about 645 operational LFG projects in the United States,
according to EPA. However, most of these projects use biogas to produce electricity rather than
power natural gas vehicles."
"Creative use of landfill gas (LFG) includes heating greenhouses, producing electricity and heat in
cogeneration applications, firing brick kilns, supplying high–Btu pipeline–quality gas, fueling
garbage trucks, and providing fuel to chemical and automobile manufacturing. Projects range from
small–scale community–driven initiatives to multi–million–dollar private investments."
Text Box: Some wastewater plants in the U.S. are set up to burn the methane gas for bigger energy
uses. Several cities use the resource to fuel the city buses. In the UK they are called "Bio–Buses"
and can travel almost 200 miles on the yearly waste generated by five

A Study On Transportation Fuel Production
A study, Bismethane Transportation Fuel Production Powering the Solid Waste Sector Community–
Scale Distribute Transportation Fuel Production Facility has addressed one of the mothed about
recycling on organic wastes, and using the organic wastes to produce renewable natural gas. The
study on a project of the anaerobic Digestion, a biological mothed that decompose organic wastes
into other useful methane. There are several components be considering in this type of project; fully
permitted, a reliable feedstock supply, a reliable demand for the fuel in line with storage capacity,
the ability to deliver the fuel to user, and financing situation. the bigger concern about the project
should beget. The author addressed the cost and benefit on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Their costs are varies, the anaerobic facility cost $20 million, $9 million on compost facility, and
cost of the equipment. Additional, the tip fee is $1.25 million, compost price be $0.4 million, and
anaerobic facility's operation cost be $2 million, compost facility operation cost be $0.9 million. The
study Bismethane Transportation Fuel Production Powering the Solid Waste Sector Community–
Scale Distribute Transportation Fuel Production Facility, mentioned the city of Napa have
considered and support a 25000 ton–per–year anaerobic digesting facility project, and the city get
award $3 million funding. They intend to have the facility co–located with a compost facility with
20000 ton–per–year. The initial capital cost estimate for the facility is $15.5 million, which include
most of equipment.; however, it does not include the infrastructure cost. The benefit from the project
of anaerobic facilities. There are 100 anaerobic digestion facilities, each of facility can digest about
25000 ton–per–year of organic wastes. The project can reduce landfill with 2500000 ton–per–year
of organic wastes. Also, that reduce air pollution, the calculation on avoided emission, one of 25000
ton–per–year anaerobic digestion facility, that can reduce approximately 17,307 MTCO2e every
year; Likewise, there are 99 more of the anaerobic digestion facility. Instead, the anaerobic digestion
facility could produce natural fuel,

Case Study Of Better Group
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
4.1 General Data of BWG Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG), located in Kaeng
Khoi, Saraburi province, has constructed to responsible for industrial waste management with a
view to following government's pollution reduction policies. Furthermore, Better Group's Operation
that intends to provide all clients as ONE STOP SERVICE. Table 4.1 shows types of business of
Better Group. The operation chart and general procedure of Better Group were shown in Fig. 4.1
and Fig. 4.2, respectively.
Fig. 4.1 Operation chart of Better Group
Table 4.1 Types of business of Better Group
Company Type of Business
1. Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG) Integrated Waste Management Center at
Saraburi province: operating hazardous and non–hazardous landfill, wastewater treatment and fuel
blending ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Better Waste Care Company Limited (BWC) Supporting in waste collection and delivery to cement
kilns and the incinerator of the Department of Industrial Works.
3. Better World Transport Company Limited (BWT): Managing waste transportation with
appropriate vehicles and containers. waste transportation with appropriate vehicles and containers
and transportation routes
4. Earth Tech Environment Company Limited (ET) Supporting in waste recycling and providing
advisory service on appropriate waste disposal process and method to clients.
5. Akkhie Prakarn Public Company Limited (AKP) Supporting in waste combustion in the
incinerator which is only incinerator in Thailand which is able to dispose both hazardous and non–
hazardous industrial waste.
This incinerator is the corporation between BWG and Department of Industrial Works, located in
Bangpoo Industrial Estate, Samutprakarn

Effluents from many food processing industries,...
Effluents from many food processing industries, slaughterhouses, edible oil processing industries,
and dairy product industries contain high lipid. These lipid–rich wastes content lipids as a main
ingredient and causes problems during the anaerobic treatment of waste. One of the operational
problems associated with lipid is clogging. Besides clogging, it also causes the mass transfer
limitation forming a layer on the surface of granules by absorbtion. Due to adhesion of fat, biomass
wash out is another problem in anaerobic reactors treating any lipid–based wastewater (Cirne et al.,
2007). All these operational problems restrain the efficiency of anaerobic reactors. To overcome
these operational problems, generally the lipid content in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Liquefaction of lipid was indicated as the process–controlling factor due to their low bioavailability
in the presence of high amounts of suspended solids (Petruy and Lettinga, 1998; Sayed, 1988).
LCFA exert an acute inhibitory effect on acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens,
acetogens, and to the β–oxidation itself (Kim et al., 2004; Lalman and Bagley 2000, 2001, 2002;
Templer et al., 2006). Moreover, LCFA degrading bacteria have a very slow growth rate (Mackie et
al., 1991). As a consequence, during anaerobic digestion of lipid–rich wastes, accumulation of
LCFA is most likely phenomenon and subsequently, inhibition of the biomethanation occurs. Oleic
acid is the major LCFA in various kinds of industrial and domestic lipid–rich wastewaters (Pereira et
al., 2002). It was also reported as the most toxic LCFA (Cirne et al., 2007). Adsorption of LCFA to
the cell wall (Koster and Cramer, 1987), and binding of LCFA to cell membranes, changing their
surface property with interference in transport functions (Hook et al., 2010), have been suggested as
potential mechanisms underlying inhibition by LCFA. Nevertheless, Pereira et al. (2004, 2005)
observed mineralization of biomass–associated LCFA up to 5 g COD–LCFA g–1 volatile solids, and
concluded that LCFA inhibition is reversible which is primarily caused by physical transport

Designing a Portable Biogas Plant
DESIGNING A PORTABLE BIOGAS PLANT
BACKGROUND
The most utilized energy sources in the word have their limits in reaching the more remote rural
areas. Hence a need for a cheaper but yet easy to construct energy converter is eminent. Of all the
energy sources renewable energy is the most mobile but not the most cost efficient. A number of
systems have been developed to serve such a need but due to the high construction and maintenance
costs that immobility of such systems brings are unrealistic and unpopular.
It is has been estimated that over 80% of Zambians resort toan unhealthy practice of cutting down of
trees for use as a source of energy. This number keeps increasing over the years and has brought an
even bigger problem leading to droughts and dramatic weather and environmental changes. An
attempt by the government in form of rural electrification programs to reduce such practice has been
too slow to show any major changes.
Despite its merits, biogas has never been seen as the best solution mainly because of its size to
power ratio. Other reasons include the dangers of setting up a plant, reduced number of devices that
use methane
INTRODUCTION
Biogas is biofuel and it generally refers to the gas produced from organic matter as it is broken
down by biological means. It can be produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of
biodegradable materials. It primarily comprises of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and
small traces of volatile compounds. The figure

A Short Note On Oxidation Lagoon Treatment System Essay
3.1 REPSA I Inspection Findings
On July 7, 2015 the EPA and MARN inspected the REPSA I facility, including the oxidation lagoon
treatment system. This wastewater treatment system treats the wastewater generated from REPSA I
palm tree oil processing. The system consists of five oxidation lagoons, which included cooling
stabilization lagoons, anaerobic (an anaerobic lagoon is a deep impoundment, essentially free of
dissolved oxygen that promotes anaerobic conditions (USEPA 2002)), and facultative lagoons, with
each lagoon having a volume of approximately 3,500 m3 (925,000 gallons). A facultative lagoon is
earthen impoundment that the layer of water near the surface contains dissolved oxygen due to
atmospheric reaeration and algal respiration, a condition that supports aerobic and facultative
organisms, and the bottom layer of the lagoon includes sludge deposits and supports anaerobic
organisms (USEPA, 2002). EPA observed that all lagoons were not sealed (no concrete, liner, clay,
etc.), which may create suitable conditions for groundwater contamination.
During the EPA visit, it was observed that the REPSA I lagoons were almost full to capacity, with a
free board of approximately one foot (0.3 meters) (See photo 1, page 17). Typically, lagoons should
have a minimum freeboard of 0.9 meters (3 feet) (USEPA, 2002). The minimum freeboard design
criteria is recommended in an effort to avoid or minimize overflow during rain events of significant
magnitude. In addition, EPA and

The New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation Essay
The New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation established the Brookhaven landfill in
March 1974. Since then, residents have revealed many health concerns and other relative issues
against the placement of the landfill. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR) has been addressed in regards to a necessary public health consultation to draw attention
to these concerns. After further cooperative agreements amongst the New York State Department of
Health (NYS DOH) and ATSDR, a public health consultation was reached. Many solutions have
been uncovered; however, the outcome has yet to be determined as it is evident that a reasonable
response must be initiated through the cooperation of the government and community. The
Brookhaven landfill has created a number of problems for the citizens living near the establishment.
Not only is it an unsightly addition to the community, but the putrid stench proposes a grave
problem concerning the people 's health and real estate success rate. Numerous complaints have
been filed throughout the Bellport school districts regarding the foul and distracting odor that
engulfs the hallways. Classes have been cancelled on multiple occasions because of these problems
(1). Similar to the effects shown on Staten Island, Brookhaven town dump has caused a number of
problems in businesses. Staten Island's Fresh Kills Park was once a massive solid waste dump. Since
its transformation, the park has earned the city millions of

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biogas
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Solid Waste Management
Wastes are the substances that are not starting products through which the person has no further
utilization in account of his own profit of production, changes or consumption, and that he wants the
disposal. Solid waste may be originated during the extraction of raw material, the process of raw
material into intermediate and final object, the use of final products, and the other person activities.
Recycled residuals or re–consumed at the place of origination are excluded. The products which are
waste refers to the 3 R which is reduce, recycle and reuse which states waste management
techniques according to their demand in account of minimization waste.[6] A proper and
harmonious relation b/w ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Civil Engineering means the production of traffic in states, both external and internal trade, and this
is used in the construction of buildings, moles, bridges, aqueducts, canals, roads , river navigation
and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours,
breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the art of
navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the drainage of cities and towns.
Environmental engineering deals with environmental conditions, management of solid waste
treatment and organic waste treatment work. Environmental engineering deals with chemical
treatment, biological treatment and thermal wastes. Environmental engineering also covered the
purification of water, solid waste treatment, air and hazardous waste management and remediation
of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Environmental engineers
have a role to reduce pollution, industrial ecology and green engineering. Thus civil engineering and
environmental engineering are inter related to each

The Purpose Of Fume Purification System Essay
2.2.3 Fume purification system 10720BFor the purpose of fume purification system, two
Singaporean SKG–KFC treatment lines are employed, with a fume treatment capacity of 100,000
Nm3/h. The purification process includes semidry–SNCR, spray reactor, activated carbon lime
injection, and bag–type dust remover. Activated lime mortar will be sprayed in the spray reaction
tower for deacidification; urea solution will be sprayed in the incinerator for denitration; activated
carbon sprayed in the flue for detoxification, and the dedusting will be carried out by bag type dust
remover. The flying ash and resulting product of reaction will be subjected to solidification process.
See Table 12–6 for the amount of pollution in the exhaust after purification as per design.
1350BTable 12–6 Amount of Pollution Exhaust after Purification 6985BEmission 6986BUnit
6987BNumerical value 6988BRemarks 1.1 6989BDust 6990Bmg/Nm3 6991B10 6992BMeasured
average value 6993BHCl 6994Bmg/Nm3 6995B50 6996BHourly average value 6997BHF
6998Bmg/Nm3 6999B2 7000BHourly average value 7001BSOX 7002Bmg/Nm3 7003B100
7004BIn SO2 7005BNOX 7006Bmg/Nm3 7007B200 7008BIn NO2 7009BCO 7010Bmg/Nm3
7011B100 7012BHourly average value 7013BNH3 7014Bmg/Nm3 7015B10 7016BHourly average
value 7017BHg 7018Bmg/Nm3 7019B0.1 7020BMeasured average value 7021BCd 7022Bmg/Nm3
7023B0.1 7024BMeasured average value 7025BPb 7026Bmg/Nm3 7027B0.2 7028BMeasured
average value 7029BDioxin 7030Bng–TEQ/ Nm3 7031B0.1 10721B(Data source:

American Dream And Anaerobic Digesters
Sixty thousand pounds of wet manure is produced each day by the five thousand cows that are
located on the George DeRuyter and Sons dairy farm in Outlook Washington (Bonneville). You
might be thinking "that's a lot of crap", well you're right! The positive to all this crap is that
something can be done with it. Anaerobic Digestion is a biological method when microorganism
hydrolyze–break down– waste material when there is no oxygen present (American 1). Anaerobic
digesters can take animal wastes, such as cow manure, and through a process break the waste down
into organic molecules that can be further hydrolyzed and used as an energy source. If further steps
are taken such as, removing carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen from the substance then ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In The World is Flat Freidman states that, "a lot of new middle jobs will involve collaborating with
others or orchestrating collaboration within and between companies" (285). These jobs are needed in
a globalized world because it is no longer one company completing every part of their business.
Companies are now plural meaning that there might be one for management, one for research and
design, one for marketing and one for security (Freidman 287). Each branch might also be located in
different parts of the world. Each company and employee needs to be able to work with other
counterparts effectively to have well run systems. Specifically with anaerobic digesters dairy farms
are going to have to work with science engineers, power companies, crop growers and the
community. There is another collaboration that can occur between dairy farms with digesters, this is
between these farms and businesses that process foods or waste treatment plants. Colorado State
University wrote that these collaborations can, "be beneficial by both decreasing waste solids
content and increasing methane production capacity" (Sharvelle 3). The collaboration between the
different companies allows more waste to be removed and clean energy production to increase. This
energy will have the same benefits that were listed previously, especially eliminating

Human Nature And Nature In The Ecotone By James Clifford
Human actions do not disturb the pristineness of nature but add into the pristineness by enhancing
nature. Artificial structures, such as the landfills and flood control gates aid in protection of property,
but cause destruction of certain animal habitats. However, artificial structures in the Bay Area have
an ecotonal relationship with nature. Building the floodgates sacrifice the habitat in place of the
floodgate, but in the long term, protects more habitats. In "The Ecotone" by James Clifford, Clifford
shows the university has a symbiotic relationship with nature. In "Man, the Dominant Animal" by
RatCliffe, RatCliffe introduces how human actions go through a cycle of aiding and destroying
peregrine life. Landfills help reduce the contamination of toxic chemicals with nature. Floodgates
protect buildings against nature's floods, which create millions of dollars in damage of trees and
animal habitat. In the Bay Area, cities, such as Milpitas debate if a floodgate is more beneficial or
damaging, and San Francisco debated how to remove the contamination from the rust of old war
ships. In my interview with MetCalfe, MetCalfe claims that human machines help nature dispose of
waste through the use of anaerobic digesters. Artificial structures have an ecotonal relationship with
nature because the relationship consists of a mergence between the two communities. This is
important because humans must create artificial structures in a way that will not harm nature. In the
writing, "In the Ecotone" by Jim Clifford, Clifford argues that the "composite environment is always
being assembled and reassembled– with friction and difficulty"(Clifford 7). In other words, the
intersection between human made structures is a natural event of nature because nature continually
consists of rearrangement of members. Gathering from Clifford, artificial structures, such as
buildings, do not disturb nature but are a part of the natural ecotone. This view is important today
because many have a one sided, negative view of construction of buildings. In San Francisco protest
that the new skyscraper destroys the beauty of the city by blocking the sun. However, the skyscraper
is part of the developing city and creates many habitats for eagles

Feasibility Paper
Feasibility Report of a
Cooperative Dairy
Manure Management
Project in
St. Albans/Swanton, VT
The Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Foods, & Markets
And The
Economic Development Council of Northern Vermont
Developed by:
Spencer Bennett, MS
P.O. Box 517,
Henniker, NH 03242
603–428–3851
Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets
Cooperative Manure Management Report for St. Albans/Swanton, VT
Page 2
Foreword:
We find this to be an exciting project with significant potential and wish to express our thanks to
Spencer Bennett and all those who helped make this report possible. With apologies to any we may
miss we wish to thank the following:
The farmers of the St. Albans Bay area
Economic Development Council of Northern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FINANCIAL PRO FORMAS................................................................ 29
6.1 ALTERNATE A: MOST CONSERVATIVE......................................................29
6.2 ALTERNATE B: GRANTS PAY 50% OF CAPEX............................................29
6.3 ALTERNATE C: SAME AS B PLUS OTHER BENEFITS...............................30
6.4 FINANCIAL RECOMMENDATION...................................................................30
7. RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................... 30
8. NEXT STAGE PLAN........................................................................... 31
Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets
Cooperative Manure Management Report for St. Albans/Swanton, VT
Page 4
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The St. Albans and Swanton, Vermont area contains an intense concentration of dairy farms. It also
is the site of the Vermont Northwest State Correctional Facility. The opportunity exists for a manure

management system that generates electricity and heat for consumption by the
Correctional facility. The manure management system will improve odor, reduce nutrient runoff, and
provide other benefits for the farms, the environment, and the community. Nutrient control and
phosphorous reduction are important goals to the area

Benefits Of Biogas And Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas and anaerobic digestion has been used for thousands of years as an energy source. Biogas
and anaerobic digestion go as far back as the 10th century BC, when Assyrians used biogas to heat
bath water (Meynell, n.d.). Most biogas comes from a process called anaerobic digestion. There are
many types of anaerobic digestion and many benefits of anaerobic digestion (Articles, 2012).
Anaerobic digestion started off with simple systems, but got a greater more complicated. Anaerobic
digestion is not commonly known, but it uses a simple biologic process to create biogas, a
renewable energy. The purpose of anaerobic digestion is to convert organic matter, like liquid or
solid waste, into biogas. Its main definition is a biological process in which microorganisms break
down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The wastes that are used in this process
ranges from manure, wastewater, food waste, fats, oils, and grease (American Biogas Council, n.d.).
Anaerobic digestion starts with various kinds of bacteria converting and breaking down certain
nutrients such as carbohydrates, sugars, amino acids, and organic acids (American Biogas Council,
n.d.). After all of the conversions take place, the methanogens in the manure or waste convert the
leftovers into methane and carbon dioxide (American Biogas Council, n.d.). When all of the
methanogens are used, the biogas is then collected and stored in a tank for usage. Biogas can be
converted into energy by burning biogas for heat in one's house, using the methane to power an
electric generator, and methane is also flared to reduce carbon footprint (Construct, 2008). There are
many different kinds of bacteria that cause anaerobic digestion. Almost 70 percent of all bacteria
found in the digestion process are encapsulated cocci and irregularly shaped bacteria that resemble
fiber digesters (Akin, 1980). The encapsulated bacteria are much stronger and have a smaller chance
of neutralization. The bacteria are both acidogenic, and acetogenic that break down the acids and
sugars (American Biogas Council, n.d.). These kinds of bacteria will break down acids, sugars, and
carbohydrates, but the bacteria will not produce methane (American Biogas Council, n.d.).
Anaerobic

Biogas is a clean environment friendly fuel. Raw biogas...
Biogas is a clean environment friendly fuel. Raw biogas contains about 55–65% methane (CH4),
30–45% carbon dioxide (CO2), traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and fractions of water vapours.
A typical composition of biogas can be seen on the following table:
Table 1: Biogas typical composition
Component Formula Concentration (% by vol.)
Methane CH4 55–70
Carbon dioxide CO2 30–45
Nitrogen N2 0–5
Oxygen O2 <1
Hydrocarbons CnH2n+2 <1
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 0–0.5
Ammonia NH3 0–0.05
Water (vapour) H2O 1–5
Siloxanes CnH2n+1SiO 0–50 mg/m3
The main compound in the Biogas mixture is Methane (CH4), which is responsible for the
combustibility of the biogas. Methane burns according to the following exothermic combustion
equation:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water is also undesirable in biogas stream to the engines since it is responsible for the corrosion
effects. It also reacts with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid which is corrosive. Hence water too
along with hydrogen sulphide must be removed during pre–treatment.
Siloxanes are silica compounds which are derive from the anaerobic digestion of materials such as
household waste and municipal wastewater. Siloxanes presence in biogas is extremely undesirable,
since they react with oxygen at high temperatures and form silica dioxide (SiO2), which gets
deposited in the engine and other equipment thus causing serious damages on them. site on data
http://www.biogas–renewable–energy.info/biogas_composition.html
http://www.biomassenergy.gr/en/articles/technology/biogas/102–biogas–typical–components
Factors Affecting the Biogas Generation
Temperature and Pressure
Fermentation Temperature will greatly affect biogas production. Methane can be produced within a
fairly wide range of temperature. Methane forming anaerobic bacteria works best in the temperature
between 29°C to 41°C or between 49°C to 60°C and pressure of about 1.1 to 1.2 bars absolute. The
temperature between 32°C–35°C are most efficient for stable and continuous production of

methane. Biogas produced outside this range will have a higher percentage of carbon dioxide and
other gases. The production of biogas is fastest during summer and it decreases at lower temperature
during winter. At 20°C the rate

Landfill At The Upcoming City Council Meeting
TO: Council members
FROM: Tammy Wilkerson, CAO
DATE: April 17, 2016
SUBJECT: Landfill Talking Points
This memo serves to outline some key talking points as you move forward in talking with the
Landfill opposition group at the upcoming city council meeting. First, let me remind you of the
importance of the inert Landfill in Tinytown. For decades, Tinytown has been afforded the
opportunity to have an inert landfill in the city that has been a great asset for Tinytown. The inert
landfill has helped expand our economic growth as well as many other benefits for the city of
Tinytown and its residents. Those benefits will be included in this memo, and can be used as you
point out to the opposition the benefits of an inert landfill.
Duty
As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to counteract their efforts to stop the purchase, I am strategically putting together
counterarguments that can be offered to support the City's need to purchase the property for an inert
landfill.
Virtue
I am asking that this issue is regarded as great importance and given top priority on the agenda in
the upcoming City Council meeting. As public officers, Svara (2015) we have a duty to convey by
virtue, moral excellence, fairness, and justice and a duty to the public interest. At the same time, I
have the responsibility of advising council and always seeking the greatest good. By virtue of my
position, I will never advice a member to take a positon that would bring disgrace on their selves or
our City, by an act of dishonesty or cowardice. My goal, Svara (2015), is to "revere and obey the
City's laws, while keeping in mind to fight for the ideals and sacred things of the City both alone
and with many." I feel this can be done with the right method in place to clarify our position as a
City and to educate the neighboring residents who at this time, will not disregard having an inert
landfill near them.
Principals
Furthermore, please keep in mind all the benefits that the inert landfill has been able to provide
Tinytown over the years. Benefits such as, keeping sales and property taxes very low compared to
surrounding areas, and a revenue source because several surrounding communities pay the Tinytown
to use its landfill.

Bio Gas from Spent Wash
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of greatest pride for me that I have done my project work from United Spirits Limited
Rosa, Shahjahanpur (UP), a part of world famous UB Group. This work of mine is the result of my
concern regarding the biggest challenge facing all over the world i.e. industrial waste like spent
wash
I want to share my deepest gratitude to Mr. Devender Saxena Manager Personnel Management,
United Spirits Limited Rosa, who allowed me to do my project work, and gave proper information
about the industry.
I am very much thankful to Mr. D.S. Yadav Senior Process Manager, United Spirits ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the treatment of this waste there is a spent wash based biogas generation plant with capacity of
about 400 cubic meters/day. This plant can produce the maximum of 15000 N cubic meter of bio gas
per day in favorable conditions, this amount of
Biogas is sufficient for running of boiler used for electricity generation of various processes of the
plant. There is a large bio composting field, where bio composting is done by using raw material
Press Mud and treated effluent from the bio gas plant, this practice enables the industry for Zero
Waste Discharge, a dream for every industry.
WHAT IS BIO GAS
In present scenario the cost of conventional energy is increasing day by day and demand for such
energy sources is also rising so it has become necessary to utilizing bio–gas as a fuel for domestic
and industrial purpose is the most economical reliable and time tested method for conserving energy.
Bio gas is also known as swamp gas, sewer gas, fuel gas, marsh gas, wet gas and in India more
commonly as gobar gas. Bio–gas consists of 60–65% methane (CH4), 35–40%. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) and traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ammonia (NH3).
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOMETHANATION
The first person to observe the phenomenon of Biomethanation was Alessondro Volta of Italy was
back to 1776 he wrote to a friend to that consumables air was being produced continuously in lakes
and ponds in the variety of Como in northern Italy. Volta

Issue of Food Waste
Food waste is an issue that needs to be addressed right away. It is a continuing problem which plays
a major role in harming the economy and the environment. The amount of food waste in America
has increased by fifty percent in the last forty years. There has been minor effort: buying only the
amount of food that will be eaten and feeding animals with unwanted food. These efforts, however,
cannot affect America on a scale that the government can. The government should take actions and
levy tax on food waste produced by Americans. Tax regulations will result in reduced amount of
waste, and the government can spend more on feeding those who are starving all over the world.
Putting tax on food waste will minimize food waste, benefiting the U.S. economy and the
environment. So, what is food waste? Food waste is a deliberate disposal of edible items. The
excessive amount of food waste has a negative impact on the U.S. economy and the environment.
Annually, the United States throws away 25% of all produced food in landfills. Food waste costs
America 43 billion dollars, a quarter of U.S. water consumption, and 300 barrels of oil production
each year. With 43 billion dollars, two billion people can be fed, and the wasted water can provide
for nine billion people. Decreased amount of food waste can result in eliminating world hunger.
Aside from the economic damages, food waste also has a horrifying effect on the environment. Food
waste produced methane. Methane is a greenhouse

Persuasive Essay On Recycling Crisis
It is configured that about 70,000 tons of plastic ends up in the state 's landfills each year and only
an estimated 20 percent gets recycled ("New Recycling Law to Promote Better Habits."). Recycling
is an important way to help keep the earth clean and reduce pollution in the air, grounds, and water.
In the state of North Carolina recycling is only required in restaurants, but is recommended in
homes and stores despite the fact it is not already mandatory. Recycling materials is shown to reduce
wasted materials and save the state money in production costs (Davis). Recycling in North Carolina
should be mandatory all over the state in homes, businesses, restaurants, and stores because it
reduces pollution, wasted materials, greenhouse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the birds in these situations become sick, the disease is spreadable to humans and other
animals in the area.
Another hazardous item found in landfills is methane. In landfills nearly two–thirds of this waste
material can be traced back to household matter, material decomposes in landfill sites causing them
to release methane gas. Methane is a very potent greenhouse gas, nearly 20 times more effective at
trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide ("Landfill Pollution").
The same hazardous fumes that can be found in landfills are also found all over the state of North
Carolina along the road ways and in cities. Litter consists of trash and household toxic substances
that are improperly disposed of on land or in water, over time the trash collects and creates pollution
which lead to hazardous fumes as the trash and waste decompose.
Decomposition of trash in landfills and litter on the streets lead to greenhouse emissions that are let
into the atmosphere. Greenhouse emissions, such as methane nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides,
hydrogen and various other gases are also produced in small volumes, these gases can be a problem
in the atmosphere for upwards of 50 years (Skye). In an article written about the environmental
effects landfills can create, Jared Skye wrote:
"Landfill gases do not remain on–site. When released in the air, gases find their way

Sources for CH4 Emissions in the Algae Pathway, AD...
There are two potential sources for CH4 emissions in the algae pathway, the AD process and biogas
clean–up. Based on a literature review (Liebertrau, et al., 2010; Flesch, et al., 2011), we assume a
total fugitive CH4 loss of 2% for this pathway. Biogas flaring efficiency was observed to be less
than usually expected, averaging 81% CH4 combustion in the flare with a range of 48% to 99%.
This range is usually assumed to be 90% to 95%. However, the N2O emission from the N–
containing sludge was ignored because chemical fertilizers replaced by the biogas residue are
associated with the same issue.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil Application of Digestate Solids
The nitrogen in the digestate might be converted to nitrous oxide (N2O), a GHG even more potent
than CH4, after application to soil. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) task force on
greenhouse inventories emission factor for direct N2O emissions from organic fertilizers is 0.01 kg
N2O–N per kilogram of applied N where each kilogram of N2O–N equates to 44/14 g of N2O
(IPCC, 2006). Direct N2O emissions from ﬁeld application of digestate were estimated in this
manner and added as a GHG burden. Emissions from transporting digestate to the ﬁeld assumed the
digestate was dewatered by centrifuge to 30 wt% solids.
Integrating all factors over 100 years, Bruun et al. (2006) computed that the scenario with digestate
substituting for a portion of the mineral fertilizer had additional emissions of 0.013 to 0.017 kg

The natural rubber industry products have a large demand...
The natural rubber industry products have a large demand globally for their various uses in different
applications. Rubber is used to manufacture products in every field, from automobile parts, medical
devices, plumbing, electrical, stationary, etc. India is ranked third in the world producers of natural
rubber [4]. In the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka agriculture is one of the main occupations
of the locals. Rubber, Arecanut, Paddy, Coconut, etc., are commonly grown in this region of which
the rubber industry is the most polluting. The rubber industry pollutes through the wastewater
generated during manufacture and also air emissions depending on the drying process adopted. The
rubber industry is vast as it consists of farms, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The liquid latex contains around 60% of dry rubber and it varies with the climate, i.e. the water
content in the latex increases during the monsoon season.The latex is used to produce five main
products, namely Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS), Air Dried Sheets (ADS), Block Rubber, Crepe
Rubber & Concentrated Latex. These products are further used to produce other rubber products for
various applications such as tyres, gloves, insulations, tubes, etc. In Dakshina Kannada region,
Ribbed Smoked Sheet & Air Dried Sheets are the commonly produced of the five types, and are
similar except for the method adopted for drying. These are produced from small scale farms to
large scale plantations.
1.2.1. RUBBER SHEET MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
In the production of Ribbed Smoked Sheets and Air Dried Sheets, latex from the trees is carried
back to the rolling house for processing. In certain cases where the plantation is located far away
from the rolling house, ammonia is added to the latex to prevent early coagulation. Early
coagulation of rubber particles before the processing stage leads to the production of low grade
sheets and hence an economic loss. If ammonia is added to prevent early coagulation, then higher
amounts of acid are required during the coagulation stage. At the rolling house the latex is mixed
with water in a ratio of 2:1 to improve its consistency, and formic acid (5ml each tray) which helps
in coagulation. A mixture of 2 litres rubber

Speech On Good Choices
Thank you for an opportunity to participate in the webinar on Good Choices, Bad Choices:
Environmental Rights and Environmental Protection in Ontario. The webinar was very informative.
You have highlighted many important environmental issues. For instance, it is very regrettable that
was not found a solution for mercury contamination in Northwestern Ontario area. As you
mentioned, mercury is highly toxic and can cause extremely serious health effects.
The mercury contamination can be present as a result of the broken fluorescent lamp in any
household, office and industrial site. Mercury vapour can be released into the air even at room
temperature. The mercury air concentration after breakage of the fluorescent lamps can lead to a
health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Waste reduction in the circular economy is vital for climate change mitigation. However, non–
recyclable waste products (e.g. contaminated plastic, paper, diapers, medical waste, waste biomass,
anaerobic digestion and industrial byproducts, etc.) are very difficult to recycle and reuse. Using
appropriate Waste–to–Energy technologies, non–recyclable waste can be converted into higher
value clean energy products, diverted from landfills and prevent contamination of air, water, and
land. The circular economy could be based on emerging technologies of the applied Waste–to–
Energy technologies and not limited to recycling. Therefore, "Ontario's Strategy for a Waste–Free
Ontario: Building the Circular Economy" could include the use of effective waste–to–energy
technologies in the circular economy to extract energy from non–recyclable waste. The waste
feedstock can be a cost–effective and environmentally sound supply of clean energy source and
replace a portion of fossil fuels. The waste potentially can be transformed into various forms of
clean energy products, such as electricity, hydrogen, liquid synthetic fuels, and "green" chemicals.
The circular economy could be based on emerging technologies of the applied Waste–to–Energy
technologies and not limited to recycling, incineration and anaerobic digestion. Incineration is a
wasteful use

Agricultural Solid Waste For Energy Potential And...
Livestock Manure Waste–to–Energy Potential and Most Sustainable Use in North–American
Midwest Cattle Farms
Alina Hong
Gregoire Mazars
Matthew Garamella
Oliver Schwartz
1
Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................3
Introduction / Background......................................................................3
Use of manure as fertilizer.......................................................................4
Use of manure as waste–to–energy...........................................................7
Anaerobic digestion..................................................................................8
Combustion.............................................................................................16
Gasification.............................................................................................17
Methods...................................................................................................21
Results.....................................................................................................22
All states..................................................................................................22
Nebraska..................................................................................................24
Texas.......................................................................................................29
Oklahoma................................................................................................37
Kansas.....................................................................................................39
Discussion...............................................................................................44
Bibliography............................................................................................45
2

Abstract
This paper looked into the potential for agricultural solid waste–to–energy projects in cattle and
dairy farms of the US Midwest. The use of animal dung, or manure, as fertilizer is historically well–
developed in the Midwest. Waste–to–energy projects, on the other hand, have taken off only recently
and may be able to address a portion of energy demand in these states while reducing landfill input.
Some agricultural waste is simply burned without any further purpose

The Waste Of Waste : The Consequences Of Food Waste
Looking around the kitchen, there are long forgotten leftovers, smelly meat, spoiled milk, rotten
fruit and vegetables, an opened bag of chips now stale, and a plethora of miscellaneous food that
will only end up in the trash. There is one recurring theme in most people's kitchens: food waste.
Food waste happens when food is intentionally discarded at all stages of the food supply chain. We
are all guilty of wasting food, whether it be from not knowing or possibly not caring about the
massive consequences of our actions. According to a recent study, 40% of food gets wasted in
America (Gunders 4). This alone demonstrates the enormous impact of food waste not only on
society but on the environment. People do not realize the massive carbon footprint that develops
from wasting food, how harmful it is to the environment, or how it contributes to climate change.
The problem is present at all stages of the food supply chain, and needs to be handled appropriately
with farmers, workers, retail, and consumers. Although most people do not think twice about tossing
uneaten food in the trash, this simple action is devastating to the Earth, and measures need to be
taken in order for food waste reduction to happen.
To begin, food waste has been an ongoing issue for numerous years. With new developments and
changing times, this issue has gotten increasingly worse. According to a research study, food waste
has increased by 50% since 1974 (Hall et al. 1). There are a multitude of factors

Australian Food Waste
At present, much of the edible food of Australia is being needlessly thrown away. This problem
should be controlled, due to the fact that is one of the most significant causes of environmental
disasters. In addition, it may entail issues related to hunger in both wealthy and poor countries.
Australian food waste statistics will be examined in this essay. It is also the reason why is this
problem relevant given that its population is more prone to waste food. Besides, some possible
solutions to prevent the disasters related to this procedure will be considered.
Nowadays, in Australia, 240 dollars are being wasted per person and per year, reaching the 5% of
the Australian food expenses (Baker et. al. 2009, cited in Pearson, Minehan & Wakefield–Rann ...
This might appear contradictory owing to thousand of tonnes of food which are being wasted yearly.
A recent opinion poll found that 75 per cent of people in Australia believe that their country is
immune to hunger. Nevertheless, it exists and it is a sign of poverty and deprivation. This shows that
hunger is an important and critical issue all over the world, not only in poor or developing countries.
In both, poor and wealthy countries, the cause seems to be the elevate amount of food waste
(Kruszelnicki, 2012). Nonetheless, in each one due to different reasons: in poor countries the
wastage is produced by continuous wars, precarious means of transportation and the lack of good
refrigeration, whereas in wealthy countries, it is because of the large number of restaurants, the
hectic urban life and the absence of good house skills.
According to some experts and their investigations such as McCabe (2016), there are some possible
and effective alternatives or solutions to this current problem. In terms of reducing the
environmental impact, a 'circular economy' should be applied, transforming food remains and
garbage into biofuel, bioenergy, fertiliser or biogas, using an anaerobic digestion technology called
'co–digestion', as well as thermal recovery

How Does Biogas Affect The Production?
As the modern world is configuring with new advances, environment preservation may take part in
these innovations. Common innovations with the environment may include solar, wind,
hydroelectric power (etc.). These advancements basically represent clean energy. In our world,
today, clean energy is used quite frequently in the world. One uncommon type of clean energy is
biogas. With other natural components, biogas can be made into a useful product. But what exactly
is biogas? What can create it? How can you use this type of fuel be accommodate daily life? Can
temperature affect the production? Biogas production generally simple, and not as complex, as other
types of clean energy. Solar power might use critical ingredients, would usually be costly. Other
conventional energies might go along those same lines. Biogas production, however, is considerably
unique. Along with composting, biogas production can either include everyday kitchen scraps, or
heavy duty agricultural excess. Inevitably, biogas production includes sources of biomass that
undergo a biochemical development. (U.S.D.E., 10 May 2016).
` With biogas' unique process, where it can actually be produced is somewhat peculiar. As stated by
the U.S. Department of Energy, 3 types of sources can be used in the production of biogas.
Landfills, livestock operations, and wastewater treatments are the most common. In landfills,
conventional electricity can be produced by the blending of household waste

Food Waste A National Issue
Beatriz Lorenzo
Mrs. Nadine Gordon
ENG 112–85
3 December 2015
Food waste a national issue
At some point during the day in the United States, countless people are throwing out some food in
the garbage, either because it's not good to eat or because they serve a lot when eating. Otherwise
maybe because the food does not look fresh or simply the date that is seen on the packages indicate
that the food is no longer safe to eat. Everyday American consumers and food businesses are
throwing away tons of edible food into the trash without any concern about the irreversible
consequences being done to the environment. The consumers need to understand the differences
between food quality and food safety, because of this misunderstanding consumers are
unconsciously contributing to the statistics of food waste, and squandering the precious natural
resources used to produce food that no one eats. Every year the volume of food waste is growing
day–to–day and endangering the environment. Furthermore, the uncontrolled loss of products as a
result of inefficiencies in the supply chain for instance: the loss of products during the harvest,
storage, transport, or perhaps because the final product doesn't meet the standard requirements from
the buyer. Therefore, it's crucial to start creating new solutions to address the problem of food waste
in the United States, and to minimize the consequences of this huge problem.
First of all, food waste produces numerous negative effects in many sectors of

Environmental Assessment Of A Landfill And The Dulverton...
Assessment Task–3 Environmental Assessment
Introduction
This report has been prepared to detail the operations and environmental compliance at the
Dulverton Landfill and the Dulverton Compost Facility based on our visit on 28th April 2016. This
report also covers the requirements of the six (6) "environmental issues of primary concern" listed in
Section 1.2.2 of the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
publication Landfill Sustainability Guide 2004.
Proponent
Dulverton Regional Waste Management Authority, now trading as Dulverton Waste Management
was established for the management and disposal of waste generated predominately by its owners ...
Land operations
Weighbridge and boom gate Site office and lunch room
Two lined leachate storage dams for collection of leachate from landfill
Two unlined stormwater collection ponds
Bulldozer for spreading and compacting waste
Fire fighting pump and stormwater storage dam
Pump to transfer leachate through pipeline to Latrobe sewerage system plant
Leachate pipeline from site to Latrobe sewerage system
Compactor for compacting waste
Vehicles for moving personnel around site
Pollution discharges and Waste
This section briefly discusses the pollution discharges and wastes generated by the Landfill, and
their control measures, in relation to air, water, noise and soil. It also covers general waste & energy
use, water use, measure to manage and minimise greenhouse gas emissions.
1) Water quality
Leachate is a massive ongoing potential issue in landfill that could pollute both surface water and
the ground water (Environmental Protection Authority 2013). There are two leachate storage dams,
which are used for the collection of contaminated rainwater from the landfill shown in figure 1 in
order to prevent the environment of the ecosystem of nearby waterways and make sure that the

contaminated water does not leave the site. This Landfill site is monitoring in a way that satisfies all
the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biogas
Due to scarcity of petroleum and coal it threatens supply of fuel throughout the world also problem
of their combustion lads to research in different corners to get access the new sources of energy, like
renewable energy resources. Solar energy, wind energy, different thermal and hydro sources of
energy, biogas are all renewable energy resources. But, biogas is distinct from other renewable
energies because of its characteristics of using, controlling and collecting organic wastes and at the
same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not have any
geographical limitations nor does it require advanced technology for producing energy, also it is
very simple to use and apply. Deforestation is a very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Selma A. Iqbal has made up on the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste to produced biogas and also
told that using of biomass fuel in our country to problem solving technique of energy oriented then
to reduce the deforestation in higher level and important of environmental issue like that greenhouse
gas emission[10]. Md. ForhadLune Al Imam told digestion time & volume of gas production (%) in
cow dung is 20–30 days & 46.03% [6]. Zihan Yong has made up on due to anaerobic co–digestion
process in which of Food Waste &straw this is to give in methane production reach at 0.392m3/kg–
vs. And increased by percentage of gas in 39% to 149%.Total amount of gas production in 1 liter
capacity at which rate of 58 m3/kg–vs & 67.6 m3/kg–vs. [13] P.VenkateshwaraRao has made study
on the bio gas is one of the most efficient and effective options among the various other alternative
sources of renewable energy currently available. It is produced through anaerobic digestion
processes where the microorganism converts complex organic matter into a mixture of methane and
carbon

Anaerobic Pond in Wastewater Treatment
DEFINITION ANAEROBIC POND Anaerobic ponds are deep treatment ponds that exclude oxygen
and encourage the growth of bacteria, which break down the effluent. It is in the anaerobic pond that
the effluent begins breaking down in the absence of oxygen "anaerobically". The anaerobic pond
acts like an uncovered septic tank. Anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the effluent,
releasing methane and carbon dioxide. Sludge is deposited on the bottom and a crust forms on the
surface as show in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 Operation of the Anaerobic Pond. Anaerobic ponds are commonly
2–5 m deep and receive such a high organic loading (usually >100g BOD/m3 d equivalent to
>3000 kg/ha/d for a depth of 3 m). They contain an organic loading that is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The biochemical reactions that take place in anaerobic ponds are the same as those occurring in
anaerobic digesters, with a first phase of acidogenesis and a second slower–rate of methanogenesis.
Ambient temperatures in hot–climate countries are conducive to these anaerobic reactions and
expected BOD5 removals for different retention times in treating sewage have been given by Mara
(1976) as shown in Table 2. More recently, Gambrill et al. (1986) have suggested conservative
removals of BOD5 in anaerobic ponds as 40% below 10°C, at a design loading of 100 g/m3d, and
60% above 20°C, at a design loading of 300 g/m3d, with linear interpolation for operating
temperature between 10 and 20°C. Higher removal rates are possible with industrial wastes,
particularly those containing significant quantities of organic settleable solids. Of course, other
environmental conditions in the ponds, particularly pH, must be suitable for the anaerobic
microorganisms bringing about the breakdown of BOD. Table 2. BOD removals in Anaerobic Ponds
loaded at 250 g (Mara 1976) BOD5/m3d. Retention Time (days) | BOD5 removal % | 1 | 50 | 2.5 | 60
| 5 | 70 | Anaerobic ponds are normally designed on the basis of a temperature dependent empirical
value for the permissible organic loading rate. Land requirements will be lowest if the maximum
possible BOD loading can be applied. The upper limit of the volumetric BOD loading is determined
by odor emissions and minimum pH threshold value at which

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