The Uk And London Are The Home Of Global Menswear

The Uk And London Are The Home Of Global Menswear
1. Introduction
'Britain, the UK and London are the home of global menswear'
(Menswear: British Fashion is GREAT, 2004, 6:41) Caroline Rush, chief executive of the British
Fashion Council stated in a video to promote and celebrate British Menswear.
London, as the capital of the United Kingdom and often used synonymous as representing the
country as whole, is regarded by many as the capital of menswear, claiming to have invented several
items crucial for contemporary Western menswear and the long–standing tailoring tradition of Savile
Row. As the statement above, London is also a pivotal point for fashion. Ironically, both are often
referred to separately. Menswear contains more than the fickle, superficial phenomenon of fashion –
as it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After giving a brief introduction about how dress can be and is applied to fuel and represent
nationalist sentiments in relation to gender, I outline what has been interpreted as Britishness in
dress and its use in the fashion industry. In the last chapter, I return to the exhibition in the Museum
of London and critically analyze its conception.
2. Dressing a nation
Nations, despite their localization in certain geographical and geopolitical territories, are always
imagined communities because national boundaries do not necessarily coincide with ethnic and
cultural identities of all members of a nation. Due to nations' artificial construction they are subject
to constant formation and change. To '[foster] a sense of identification' (Kaiser, 2012, p.52) within
such a conglomerate of multiple identities of its inhabitants, often certain forms of dress are
introduced and used to create and establish coherence and uniformity within the nation and
difference to other nations (ibid p.52f).
2.a National femininity
With dress employed as a way to express and strengthen national identification of its inhabitants
many nations chose rural, 'traditional', ethnic or peasant attire, perceived as unchanging and static,
as a most appropriate representative (ibid. p.53).
Especially in the aftermath of colonialism in the
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The Languages Of Spain And The United Kingdom
European societies have strong sentiments towards using language and its history as the means of
shaping regional identity against national identity. This essay thus discusses the languages of Spain
and the United Kingdom. Spain's 17 autonomous regions are grounded in historical tensions of
peripheral, or regional, and nationalist movements, and the struggles to demarcate ethnic values
from the civic. It amounted with the Castilian language as the assimilating tool of Franco's
nationalistic regime. Such history has remained an impetus in modern Spain's example of pursuing
language plurality for regional and cultural identification. The UK presents a different policy,
contrasting Spain's regionalism with a monolingual framework. One reason of the pervasive English
monolingualism is the Anglican Church's historical repression of Cornish. It fostered the stigmatism,
eradication and abandonment of this Cornwall tongue, and forced superiority and common usage of
English instead. Alike to Spain, history is a lesson to modern UK's example of growing acceptance,
particularly in the exponential revival of its regional languages. Hence, this essay explores historical
tensions between national–official and regional languages, language education, and fears concerning
language preservation. These themes clearly shape both Spanish and British culture towards
distinctive pursuits of regional identity.
Spain's 17 autonomous regions establish pursuits of regional identity above national

stop the violence (SPAIN) Essay
Basta. Enough. This word exemplifies the growing attitude toward the violence in the Spanish
nation caused by the cultural differences between its Spanish and Basque inhabitants. The 2.1
million people of Euskadi, the Basque area of Spain, speak a different language than typical
Spaniards, have a separate culture and society from that of Spain; and have a history of their own.
Throughout the decades, these major cultural differences contained within the borders of Spain have
continued to cause conflict between the Spanish people and the people of the Basque area. Many
within la comunidad autónoma del país vasco, the autonomous community of the Basque country,
have long been seeking to free it from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time, they had won 12%of the votes in the last general election, down from 14% from the
election before.
The violence of the ETA remained backstage for a few months until February, when it continued its
violence in the shooting of Alberto Jimenez Bercerril, the deputy mayor of Seville, and his wife,
Asuncion Garcia. This was significant because it was the first time the terrorists had targeted non–
Basque officials and also because it suggested that all governing politicians might become targets of
ETA attack. The shooting incited much protest in Seville, as Jimenez was the fourth official of his
status to be murdered in less than a year.
Global attention focused back on HB and the ETA the following month, only this time putting them
as the victims of political treachery. CESID, the Spanish secret service that became the successor to
Franco's military intelligence service, were caught illegally bugging the offices of Basque
separatists. This greatly damaged the government's anti–terrorist movement, and proved their
promise to reform the secret service to be merely a joke. CESID had set up a listening post above
HB offices, and fled when their wires were discovered by a telephone engineer. This discovery
infuriated the regional government, run

Witchcraft And The Inquisition
A common Basque saying goes, "before God was God and boulders were boulders, Basques were
already Basques." This saying highlights the Basque's enduring inhabitance in the mountains
between Spain and France. The existence in the Pyrenees is remarkable considering the population's
repeated persecution. The bombing of Guernica is one of the most notorious instances of Basque
persecution, which was Pablo Picasso's inspiration for arguably his most recognizable painting,
Guernica. Another period of persecution in the Basque region was the Inquisition during the early
seventeenth century. Pierre de Lancre initiated the Inquisition on the French side in 1609, which
swiftly spread to Logroño, a region on the Spanish side, by 1610. The Inquisition ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in 1631 Friedrich Spee, published criticism of the persecution in Germany after being
confessor of the witches sentenced to death. Spee wrote about a woman named Gaia who was
accused of witchcraft and subject to torture. "For not only is there in general no door for her escape,
but she (Gaia) is also compelled to accuse others, of who she knows no ill, and whose names are not
seldom suggested to her by her examiners or by the executioner, or of whom she has heard as
suspected or accused or already once arrested and released. These in their turn are forced to accuse
others, and these still others, and so it goes on: who can help seeing that it must go on without end."
Spee's account echoed the idea associated with communal witchcraft of being the accused and then
the accuser; the concern was not specific to the Basque

The War Of The Great Depression
WWI was a war that devastated millions. The causes of this war, and any war, are important to study
because they greatly impact the future. Studying the war allows the future generations to learn from
mistakes. The nations that fought in the war include: Russia, Great Britain, France, and Austria–
Hungary. The nations were affected by the cost of war, and the deaths. WWI launched the great
depression. WWI started in 1914 and ended in 1918. The effects of the war had a tremendous affect
on the nations. The most significant causes of WWI were: Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism.
Nationalism is, in the simplest of words, pride in your nation. Although, it goes deeper than simply
being proud of who you are and where you are. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This brings to light that not only does nationalism have to do with the nation, but it also has to do
with divine right. Divine right is the idea that God has chosen deliberately for someone or
something to rule over everything. The idea of divine right provides a sense of legitimacy for
whoever, or in this case whatever, claims it. Additionally, If the nationalist nation feels as if they are
under the power of God, they will be much more obliged to attack whoever opposes them.
Especially if they feel that you are offending their God. Pride in one's nation along with divine right
is a definite cause of war because it causes anger and frustration.
Imperialism is the act of extending a country's power and influence through diplomatic or military
means. Imperialism is best explained as a virus in the human body. The virus being the imperialist
nation, and the body's immune system being the army of the homeland. The virus wants to invade
the body successfully and in order to do that it has to attack the body. The Virus can either disguise
itself and go in peacefully working out a way to stay, or it can attack the body directly and make you
sick. Sickness, in this case, is success by the imperialist virus. Imperialism fueled World War I
because it caused certain nations to crave more land. Imperialist nations are the cause of war
because they

American Culture Research Paper
Basque Culture I grew up in a small town, which was highly populated with individuals of Basque
descent. My grandfather severed in the military and was stationed in Basque Country. Despite the
large Basque population surrounding me, I knew very little of the culture and traditions commonly
found within the Basque Country. "The homeland of the Basque people, commonly called the
Basque Country, is located on the Bay of Biscay at the western end of the Pyrenees mountain range,
straddling the border of France and Spain. The nearly 8,000–square–mile Basque Country is divided
into seven administrative districts, four in Spain and three in France. Basque culture is distinctive
from that of the rest of Spain in many ways" (Thomas, par. 1). This assignment has allowed me the
privilege to interview and spend time with Maria Begona Narvaiza–Peck. I was able to experience
the Basque culture through conversation, photographs, museum, and meals.
Begona, as she prefers to be addressed, immigrated to the United States with her family in 1975, she
was nine years old at the time. Her father, who was a sheepherder, moved to the United States ahead
of the rest of the family. He was working to earn passage for the family to be reunited once again.
The family was soon sponsored and began saving money for flights to America. She recalls this took
quite a long while, as her father made only $200 a month. Once saving the money they needed, her
mother and siblings began their journey to America

Analysis of Remarke´s All Quiet on the Western Front
A major reiterated theme of Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front focuses on Bӓumer,
the narrator, and his comrade's accurate view of World War I and how greatly it contrasts to the
ideas of the older generation who persuaded the youth to join the war for defending Germany. An
analysis of Bӓumer's attitude toward the war reveals that the world of his former authority no longer
exists. His first encounters on the front shatter his trust and belief in the views and teachings of the
generation that should have been their mentors, directing this inexperienced "Iron Youth" (18) into
the world and preparing him for what would have been his future life. Now, Bӓumer realizes that, if
he survives the war, he can never return to ideas or desires of his youth nor ever truly re–enter into
the lives that the generations before and after him belong. The older generations, consisting of
Bӓumer's parents and teachers, receive the war with a joyous enthusiasm of a chance to display
German might and honor, though no one had an idea of what the soldiers, their children, would have
to endure. They, especially Bӓumer's teacher Kantorek, took every possibility to persuasively
impress this patriotic idea upon the younger generation: "that duty to one's country is the greatest
thing" (13). This generation, the ones who were to equip and direct the younger so that they may
survive in this world, was basically sending their sons in blindly and completely unprepared for the
true horrors of

The Enigma Of Nationalism By Yael Tamir
Nationalism has become one of the most powerful uniting–and occasionally separating–powers of
the modern age. Throughout history, there were numerous countries that exemplified both sides of
this classic European belief. However, as time has passed, this pride and promotion of one's country
has developed far beyond the scope of Europe. Nationalist feelings fester in all parts of the globe
now, and with that comes more complicated expressions of the sentiment, as well as carefully
crafted governments that exist for the sole support of nationalist fervor.
According to Yael Tamir, author of The Enigma of Nationalism, "a nation.., may be defined as a
community whose members share feelings of fraternity, substantial distinctiveness, and exclusivity,
as well as beliefs in a common ancestry and a continuous genealogy" (4). During this period, many
classic liberals used this idea of a nation to support change throughout all of Europe. By insisting
that nations come together, they achieved huge social upheaval and reform, of which the aristocracy
and conservatives were completely against. However, the use of this unifying force had its
consequences. For example, the creation of the first Prussian constitution at a National Assembly in
1848 granted a larger, unified Prussia (the German empire) built on a somewhat democratic model.
However, along with the democracy came the development of a three–class system. This ensured
that the Junkers, the wealthiest men who paid the most taxes,

More Autonomy Or Independence For The Basques : Yes Or No
More Autonomy or Independence for the Basques : Yes or No
Karlos Apeztegia, a former ETA member, said "As a kid I saw or culture was forbidden and I
thought we couldn 't accept this. I became more politicised as I grew and decided we needed to
organise in order to change the situation." In the reverse, Nerea Llanos, General Secretary of the PP
(Conservative and Christian democratic political party) in the Basque Country said "Talking about a
peace process is admitting there 's been a war, or two camps fighting each other, and that 's not the
case." The two different beliefs of these two people show the polarizing situation about the Basques,
the ETA, and whether the Basques should achieve independence. While the Spanish government
does not want the Basques to have their own country, the Basques should be given more autonomy
and be able to vote on whether they want independence or not.
To begin with, the Basques have wanted independence for years. They say that they had more
autonomy in a time where they had a system called the fueros. In this system the balance of power
was tipped towards regional councils and not Madrid. The councils could tax the people, send
soldiers to serve the Spanish crown, review laws enacted by the national government, and commute
death sentences that were passed by the national government ("Basque Country"). After the first
Carlist War, the fueros system pretty much ended. Power was transferred from the regions to Madrid
and in 1856 Madrid

Essay on Foreign Direct Investment: Country Risk...
Table of Contents
A. Introduction 3
B. Political Indicators 4–11
C. Economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spain has no official religion. The constitution of 1978 disestablished the Roman Catholic Church as
the official state religion, but still recognizing the role, it plays in Spanish society. More than 90% of
the population is at least nominally Catholic.
Through out the risk assessment, ratings are given before the risk indicator summary. These rating
are given for current status and a status five years from now. Please keep in mind that the scale is
measured from 1 – 7, 1 being the best and 7 being the worst.
B. Political Indicators
1. Political Stability Current Rating: 2
Forecast 5 Years: 3
Right now under the Jose Maria Aznar Lopez's administration free market enterprises are being
advocated to boost the economy. The government intends to make further progress in changing labor
laws and reforming pension schemes, which are key to the sustainability of both Spain's internal
economic advances and its competitiveness in a single currency area. Adjusting to the monetary and
other economic policies of an integrated Europe – and further reducing unemployment – will pose
challenges to Spain in the next few years.
Political tension in the Basque Country has eased tangibly since the mainstream Basque Nationalist
Party (PNV) achieved its greatest ever victory in the

Basque Society, Language and Culture
There are many groups of people throughout the world, who have either managed to keep their
system of values and traditions relevant or have been forced to conform to the modern ways of the
region they inhabit. The Basque people are a group of indigenous that claim the foothills of the
Pyrenees Mountains around the Bay of Biscay in northern Spain and southern France for thousands
of years. Indigenous people are originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. By
analyzing and interpreting their language, communication, religion, transition to modernity,
differences between french and spanish borders, and their history we will be able to better
understand them. Throughout the years, advances in international thinking and action has been
significant on indigenous rights and issues including the adoption to the UN declaration on rights of
indigenous people in 2007.
There are several Basque provinces along the french and spanish border. Northern provinces include
Labourd, Basse–Navarre, and Soule are in france, while the southern provinces are Navarra, Alava,
Vizcaya, and Guipuzcoa which lie in spain (Ott 5). During the later half of the nineteenth century
the Basque population was well over 1,000 people but currently consists of 376 people. Most people
of this indigenous group like their forefathers are pastoralist and cultivate small farmlands scattered
across the valley. . Although much of this tribes history is unverified it is said that they are

The Basque Region
The Basque region is in the northern part of Spain and Southern France. The Basque language is
completely different from any other language. Neither the language nor physical characteristics of
the people are comparable to any other culture, and not similar to French or Spanish. The Basque
people are mostly in Northern Spain and therefore are perceived for the most part, as a part of Spain.
In 1492 when the Catholic monarchies led the conquest of Spain, they found that the Basque had a
completely separate culture from the Spanish. Because of this they allowed them political autonomy
and rights to protect their culture. In 1876 the Spanish government abolished these. This was the
start of the Basque Nationalist Party, whose goal was to preserve the rights of the Basque people.
Because the Spanish took their rights away, it created negativity between them starting in the 1800's.
Then in 1939 Francisco Franco came to power in Spain. Under Franco, the Basque people suffered
great losses of their rights. They were banned from the use of their language and other cultural
practices. While Franco was in power the new Basque nationalist group was formed. University
students founded the ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) in 1959. ETA stands for Basque fatherland and
liberty. These students did not believe that the Basque Nationalist party was doing enough. They
saw their people suffering under Franco and wanted more to be done. They started by using small
amounts of violence to get the

Terrorism After Ww2
Terrorism after World War Two took on the rise of Nationalistic and Endemic terrorism. "Terrorist
campaigns were aimed at the security forces, and they also targeted audiences in the imperial
homelands" (White, pg. 161, 2012). The British government was a major player in the cause of this I
believe from regions in Cyprus and Kenya. Occupation by the Brits gathered the rise of the original
ethnic groups within those regions to fight against this occupation. "This resulted in an
uncomfortable conflict of interests with the NATO partners of the United Kingdom and Turkey, and
it threatened the stability of the alliance" (White, pg. 162, 2012). France also invaded North Africa
and some French citizen moved to that region as a result of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
138, 2012). These long–term separatists are different from the religious group as are the ethnic and
nationalistic groups. They usually have a clear mission. The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA)
fought against Spain for a long time and just ended its fight in 2011. Ethnic terrorism is as its name
states that it's a fight between different ethnic groups within a region. Examples of these are the
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). They want to
make a statement of the identity, and be recognized as such. Unfortunately this can take on a violent
nature and become terrorism as it has in the past. "Modern terrorism is associated with the 1916
Easter Black Rising, the Black and Tan War of 1919 to 1921" (White, pg. 139, 2012). Sri Lanka has
suffered terrorism in the form of this type by groups of the Sinhalese, and the Tamils. Ireland had
been occupied by the British for an extremely long time and this has caused terrorism in Ireland.
"Irish nationalists, long angered by the colonial rule of England, incorporated terrorist techniques
into their revolt against British rule, and their experiences evolved as weapons technology
improved" (White, pg. 139, 2012). "Ethnic Terrorism in separatist movements ranges through many
parts of the world.

Pros And Cons Of Eta Under Franco
4. The people's support to ETA To discover if the ETA under Franco was a terrorist group or a armed
opposition is necessary to know if the people supported ETA. Demonstrations against the violence
used by the government against members of ETA are expressions of sympathy and support. If the
people showed sympathy and support for ETA, is an indication of that ETA was not a terrorist but an
armed opposition group. As I said earlier there were large protests when Sarasketa had condemned
him to death. There were no protests only by people but also by the municipal administration of San
Sebastian. As a show of support many Basques attended the Extebarrieta funeral, he never before
held a funeral in which many people were present. In December 1970, nine members of ETA were
sentenced to death. In Spain and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The men were tortured and abused women. (1993: 264– 265)
Franco used violence against the Spanish people but especially against the inhabitants of the Basque
Country. Not only came strongly against ETA members but oppressing all Basque people and left
detaining and torturing anyone. Because of these disproportionate reprisals the people opposed the
authorities and felt more sympathy for the ETA. Probably it is better to say that the people began to
be more anti–Franco instead of being more pro–ETA. From 1956 to 1975 there was a state of
emergency five years in the Basque Country in which thousands of people were indiscriminately
detained and interrogated, torture was no exception. The defendants, real or supposed, were
condemned to death or to life imprisonment. Because of such excessive retaliation Franco's
repression strategy action– action it was ETA success. For the Basque population oppression meant
a shame collective undeserved and as a result the people still bent more to protect the ETA against
the authorities. (Visser 1982:

The Cultural Differences Of Irish Identity And Individual...
Many countries and people from different parts of the world established individual identities
throughout the course of the twentieth century which greatly impacted globalization. Identity relates
to self–image and is crucial for the development of culture. "A person's identity is defined as the
totality of one's self–construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the
continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself
as one aspires to be in the future, " (Weinreich, 1986). The way that people view themselves in the
past, present and future can alter the course of history for generations and dictates international
relations for years to come. Globalization, or the way that people interact with one another whether
through ideas, culture, money or socially is dependent upon preserving individualism which has not
proven to be the easiest task to master. The cultural differences related to the Irish living on the
British Isles, the Basque population in Spain, Serbs under Ottoman rule, as well as Moroccans under
French control can still be felt in many ways today and have impacted people and nations around the
globe.
Analysis
The Irish have a longstanding history of struggle when it comes to establishing identity and
independence. As we witnessed with Irish immigrants coming to the United States in the 1800s,
difficulties were experienced in the British Isles which created a sense of tension and brought about

How Far Does the Disaster of 1898 Account for the Growth...
How far does the disaster of 1898 account for the growth of Catalan and Basque nationalism?
The humiliating defeat of Spain to America during the Spanish–American War of 1898 dealt a
catastrophic blow to the Spanish nation. In the subsequent Treaty of Paris signed on December 10th
1898, Spain relinquished its remaining colonial territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The
disaster evoked heavy criticism of the Restoration government and its inherent corruption amongst
many groups within Spanish society and served as a catalyst for the emergence of new political
forces seeking to contest against the ruling oligarchy, most notably Catalan and Basque nationalism.
This essay will argue that the disaster of 1898 was largely accountable ... Show more content on
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As such, Catalonian regionalist demands tended to assume a subordinate position in relation to the
greater demands of Spain and its profitable empire. However, the crisis of 1898 engendered the
breaking down of Catalan acquiescence with the Restoration system. The loss of Spain's colonial
territories brought with it the loss of colonial markets that had existed as prime export outlets for
Catalan industry. In the last decade of the nineteenth century Spanish exports to its colonies had
more than doubled from 146.1 million pesatas in 1891 to 365.4 million in 1897, with the value of
Catalonian produce to the colonies reaching a peak of 124 million pesatas in 1895. For the region's
major textile industry, the markets of Cuba and Puerto Rico accounted for one–fifth of the entire
output of its cotton mills. In surrendering control, by 1902 the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico and
the Philippines now received just 6.2% of Catalan textile produce, a decline from 22% in 1896.
Within Catalonia, a feeling that defeat had been caused by years of faulty centralism by a corrupt
administration ended any trust Catalan business had placed in the Restoration system to protect its
interests. In the spirit of the Regeneracionismo movement, Catalan business interests represented by
organisations such as the Fomento del Trabajo proposed a number of reforms designed to regenerate
the region in order to compensate for the loss of its vital export outlets. Yet, the

What Is Askatasuna?
Euskadi ta Askatasuna, better known as ETA, were a terrorist group that existed in the Basque
region of Spain and in the southwestern part of France. Founded in 1959, it originated as a group
that promoted the traditional Basque culture. What started as an organization that wanted to spread
Basque pride, ended with a terrorist group that had a goal of getting independence for the Basque
Country. While the ETA terrorist group was in action, they killed an estimated 857 people, 576 of
which were located within the Basque region (Martin–Peña).
The ETA developed from the idea that the Basque culture was not being appreciated by the Spanish
and their anger towards the Spanish government that was taking advantage of them. In the 1940s,
Spain was a country that was struggling, both economically and to get back on its feet after the
Spanish Civil War that had taken millions of lives. In an effort to help the country, they attempted to
put the burden of growth upon areas of the country that were already developed, the Basques being
one of them. They then invest that money into other areas of the country to speed up growth, which
allowed for Spain to have the fastest growing economy in Europe by 1960. It also caused it to have
problems that would ultimately lead for the creation of the ETA. The resistance started forming after
the civil war had ended. The Basque government had had headquarters in France and felt as if Spain
had come and torn them apart from their country and their

Essay on The Cuban Revolution
Understanding the Insurrection and Seizure of Power [1952–1959]
Marifeli Pérez–Stable looks back at the Cuban Revolution through a sociological lens in her book
The Cuban Revolution. Pérez–Stable claims that Cubans held national independence and social
justice as goals ever since the end of the nineteenth century. Radical nationalism remained important
in Cubans' view of themselves and their ideals. Thus, Pérez–Stable argues that the origins of the
Cuban Revolution of 1959 lie in the independence movement against Spain and the frustrations
from the unfulfilled goals they had kept since before the turn of the century (Pérez–Stable 1998, p
4).
In the introduction of The Cuban Revolution, the author lists six factors which made ... Show more
had lost its Platt amendment that had put Cuba in a position of "mediated sovereignty" since 1901,
but with the sugar quotas, a relationship of dependence was still in existence.
The Cuba That Might Have Been
Pérez–Stable concludes the first chapter of The Cuban Revolution with a section entitled: "The Cuba
That Might Have Been". She talks about how the transformation of monoculture appeared to be in
the future, how U.S. capital was on the rise into Cuba, how tourism was booming into a significant
new industry, and how a few other industries were in a position likely to succeed in the 1960s. In a
quick change of direction, Pérez–Stable doubts the likelihood of successful national capitalist
development and stable representative democracy. Despite the claims made in Jorge Silva's
conclusion that Pérez–Stable believed stable democracy would have been probable, Pérez–Stable
makes it clear that the positive economic trend that Cuba seemed to be following, would not have,
"fostered a national capitalistic society with a stable form of representative democracy (J Silva)."
Pérez–Stable comes right out and states, "The road not taken would have been unlikely to foster
national capitalist development and stable representative democracy (Pérez–Stable, p 34)."
Furthermore, Silva falsely claims that Pérez–Stable neglected to mention the

The Basques Of Santazi : Disappearing World
In the Basque country (and in Basque communities in the United States), identities are formed in
different ways depending on your family background, especially where you are from. Basques living
in traditional, rural communities live very different lives than Basques living in urban Basque areas,
or Basques living in North America. While there are many differences between the identities of the
people in these different communities, they all have their Basque–ness in common. In rural Basque
areas, families live "traditional" lifestyles in small villages. Most Basques in these villages own
farms, which have been passed down through the families for generations. The film The Basques of
Santazi: Disappearing World really demonstrates how Basques live in these rural communities. This
film is set in Santazi which is a small village in the French Basque country. In the film, we learn
about Basques' dedication to their farms, how farms are inherited, the relationship between first
neighbors, and gender roles. These themes of the film are representative of rural Basque culture. The
Basques in these rural towns are very dedicated to their farms. They make their money off of their
farms, but it is also bigger than just that; their farm is part of their house, and it is passed down
through generations. We see in The Basques of Santazi: Disappearing World and also in AMAMA:
When a Tree Falls how the farms are inherited, although it is different in both movies, and both
examples seem

Bolshevik American Revolution
(pg. 457) The Bolsheviks had complete control of the revolution. They left the army in control of the
alcohol, and they got drunk. Later, the army men sold liquor to civilians, and the civilians destroyed
the community. Gorkii noted that the violence was not about a revolt, instead it was more like wild
animals taking over.
(pg. 458) Gorkii realized that violence was taking over and the children were making fun of people
getting killed. What are we teaching the children who will be in control of our future? The
Bolsheviks used violence to get rid of the troubled minority.
(pg. 459) The Bolsheviks used violence as a main priority to solve problems. The never thought
about the financial damage that it caused. In the 20th century, the nonviolent ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
466) The Basques was saluted by Adams because they were becoming peaceful and nonviolent.
Basques became independent and they were no longer united. The military did not want to cooperate
with the Spanish state. They stopped being leaders of a wonderful cause and became enemies of
people who wanted a stabilized society. People who lived by the sword, died by the sword.
(pg. 467) The Bolsheviks used violence as a cleansing ritual. Death should not be feared and
murdering is considered a sport and a source of power.
(pg. 468) In 1949, Chelvanayakam decided to use Gandhi's nonviolent approach as a promise to the
Tamils, and he expected nothing else. After twenty years, violence was in complete control in Sri
Lanka and the promise never took place. Violence became a culture and it was impossible to have
political order. Violence can discourage or weaken the antagonist, but is inefficient in grasping on to
its agenda. "Shooting your way to power may destroy the old order, but you cannot free your people
until they give you their consent" (Ackerman & Duvall, 2000:

Foreign Direct Investment:: Country Risk Assessment of Spain
Table of Contents
Pages
A. Introduction 3
B. Political Indicators 4–11
C. Economic Indicators 12–18
D. Social Indicators 19–23
E. Overall County Total 24
F. Works Cited 25
A. Introcution Spain 's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded
command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial
revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and
political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating
Civil War (1936–39). In the second half of the 20th century, it has played a catch–up role in the
western ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Views of Political Leaders Current Rating: 2 Forecast 5 Years: 3
Jose Maria Anzar is Spain 's Prime Minister since 1996. He is part of the conservative People 's
Party. Since taking power, there wre many fears that government policies would become more strict
and secular–minded with Catholic traditionalism. Mr. Aznar has been straight, efficient, clear–
headed, honest. Building on foundations laid by his modernising Socialist predecessor, Felipe
Gonzalez, he has steadily freed Spain 's economy and overseen one of the fastest growth rates in the
EU. In Europe, his Spain is taken seriously; Mr. Aznar makes much of its new ascendancy in Latin
America, where it has overtaken the United States as the biggest investor. Mr. Aznar says Spain
deserves to join the G8 group of rich countries. One of his biggest downfalls though is his handlings
with the Basque community and popular rise. A big reason is that even the non–violent Basques are
a tricky lot, while the terrorists of ETA are militarily hard to beat because they have enough popular
support. Mr. Aznar has himself been obtuse, by unwisely alienating the majority of Basques who do
not back ETA. In order for the Basque to be truly independent, Spain 's constitution would have to

be ammended, the constitution that the Basque favored when voted. The Basque claim it was a
minority that voted in 1978. In any case, as an economist, Jose

Pablo Picasso's Guernic Close Visual Analysis
Utilising, "The Study Diamond: effects, techniques, context and meaning" (The Open University,
2013, p. 76), this essay will argue through close visual analysis from an art history point of view that
Picasso's Guernica is a form of protest. The essay will also argue that Guernica's meaning has
changed to include becoming a symbol of peace and continues to fulfil its purpose as a form of
protest.
A large mural, Guernica is an example of Synthetic Cubism painted by Pablo Picasso (1881–1973).
Created using the medium of oil paint on canvas with a narrow palette consisting of the neutral
hues: white, grey and black; the formalist qualities of Guernica can have harrowing effects on the
spectator, "But to see it in real life, in its full size, is an even stronger emotional experience. Some
people have said they experienced an instant rush of many powerful, fearful emotions" (The Open
University, 2016, Block 3, 2.2.2).
Stark colour value distribution in Guernica's figures creates the effect of palpable tension.
Correspondingly, light grey contrasts with a dark grey or black background. A feature of Synthetic
Cubism, "There ... colours are muted, often virtually monochromatic greys or browns." Clarke (cited
in The Open University, 2016, Block 3, 2.2.4). The doorway at the centre of Guernica depicts a
figure carrying a lamp illuminating a scene of carnage within. This distinct contrast of colour
enhances the effect of Guernica's dark corners and can evoke feelings of impending doom.

The Importance Of Cross Culture Communication
The importance of different languages and cross culture communication are imperative when it
comes to adequate care for patients in the nursing field. The transcultural framework states that
communication is "....a continuous process by which one person may affect another through written
or oral language, gestures, facial expressions, body language, space or other symbols" (Giger and
Davidhizar, 2008, pg. 20). There are many barriers in nursing when it comes to communication with
patients from different cultures. The need for an interpreter would be crucial for patient diagnoses
and outcomes. Finding the appropriate tools and resources is heavily depended on to achieve quality
health care of different ethnicities.
Model Applied to Basque Children and Families The Basque community as a whole are a very
close, tight knit family– regardless if it means they are related by blood or not. The Roman Catholic
religion populates for about 94% of the Basque country. Aside from religion, activities outside the
home such as sporting events and traditional festivities throughout the year are ways they define
their culture. It is important for them to keep these going from generation to generation. Every
culture has the same framework model, but with differences depending on location geographically.
This paper explores the Basque culture and how their beliefs and values on children and family
affect the way they live. As mentioned in Galanti's text there are four "C's" of

A Patriotic Hero- The Contrast
Royall Tyler was an intelligent man, that although he wasn't specifically interested in writing
dramatic fiction, has been claimed as the first to ever create an authentic American play. His ability
to write clearly and professionally allowed the first American play to become a huge hit in it's time
and still stands as one of the best drama's to read and watch today. This is seen in a comment made
by Amanda Dollack, "this play offers a fantastic glimpse into the American culture during Tyler's
time, while being universal enough to still be relevant even in our day. We can all relate to the
characters and know people in our own lives who resemble these characters" (Dollack Web.). The
dramatic composition "The Contrast" shows the audience a detailed connection to the historical
background of early America and the influence of countries upon America and the citizens views of
such.
Ever since the making of the colonies of America, large city areas such as New York and
Massachusets were idiolized as America's industrial and fashion capitals of the U.S. As such,
influences from Great Britain and France were strong compared to other places in America. "The
Contrast" shows how strongly an impact other countries had on America within the cities and how
patriotism was slightly lacking. This was shown in the fashion of the ladies (Letitia and Charlotte),
contrast of a city man (Jessamy) versus a man from the country (Jonathan), and the actions and
words of a man well traveled (Mr.

Essay on European Nationalism Case Study---Catalan
European Nationalism Case Study–––Catalan During the development of Europe, Nationalism
played an important role. Initially, in the 19th century, a wave of nationalism swept the whole
continent of Europe from romantic nationalism to a variety of European countries .Subsequently,
there were some new countries in the different ways to initialize their movement on nationalism,
such as "the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" and the Liberal requirement that a
legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial
domination."(Paul Halsall, 1998). Since then, the concept of "nationalism" ascended to the historical
stage. In this essay, the main research will be focused on the Catalan ... Show more content on
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Eventually, in the early 20th century, as a result of promotion to the movement by some clandestine
political leaders, "the first modern political party in Catalonia, Lliga Regionalista, was founded
.Later, it formed an alliance with other Catalanist forces later, grouped in the so–called Solidaritat
Catalana, and won the elections with the regionalist program that Enric Prat de la Riba had
formulated in his manifesto La nacionalitat Catalana (1906)."(Daniele, 1997). Over all, essentially,
this movement tremendously promoted the autonomy and independency for Catalonia. In
conclusion, Catalan Nationalist movement is regarded as a movement of nationalism in nations
without states. "Crucial to the development of nationalism in nations without states is the existence
and position occupied by the potential elite" (Guibernau, 2000) .During the whole Catalanism
movement and development of Catalonia, it is obviously that intellectuals play an essential role in
provoking this progress, especially in the maintenance of the Catalan language and culture. Initially,
in the result of long–year repression by Catalans, there was a wide gap between intellectual elites
and the masses, which threatened the survival of the Catalan language and culture but gradually
through three main phenomena, which are the Nova Canco, the Assembly of Catalonia and the
proliferation of 'solidarity actions', this individual elite movement into a mass

A Study Of Warfare During The Modern Era
A study of warfare in the modern era suggest a progression through three distinct generations.
Although U.S. Armed Forces are still coming to grips with the third of these, strong trends point to
an emerging fourth generation. Those who would prepare for future warfare must consider the
trends envisaged here and the challenges they would present to existing forces.
As the world devolves into nations with less clear borders than perhaps any time in recent military
history with the closest example being the 100 years war in Europe and finds itself possessing of
enemies that heretofore have been much easier to classify there is a distinct change arising in the
face of war. If one thinks back to the "classic" wars of recent U.S. history one can see clearly
defined lines of this nation verses that nation and here are the bad guys and here is where we are and
where we will launch operations.
As borders blur and groupings become more difficult to define the United States finds itself at a
crossroads in history that, moving forward, will determine victory or defeat but also deeply impact
strategy. So the research question to be answered here is, "How will the United States change its
strategy and definitions of "states" and even "war" in the face of rapidly changing lines of
distinction between the two aforementioned terms?"
Some of these answers will be found in the analysis of the rapidly changing policy of the United
States war on terror, but will also be found in articles as

Nationalism in a Multicultural Society
Nationalism is exclusionary by definition. In a well–argued essay, compare the positive and negative
effects of nationalism within a multicultural or multiethnic society. In your answer, discuss the
problems that a multicultural society poses to the formation of national identity and why you do or
do not believe that nationalism is compatible with the liberal state's emphasis upon individual rights
and freedoms.
"The Age of liberal democracy is also the Age of nationalism" (Bernard Yack, 2003) . Throughout
history, the relationship between nationalism and the emergence and proliferation of the liberal
democratic state has been closely intertwined. Examples of democratic states that rose in tandem
with nationalism are the French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He carried out genocide on the German Jews in order to create the perfect Aryan race. Hitler
successfully turned the Germans against each other based on anti–Semitic ideals. "From this point of
view, nationalism and the politics of ethnic cleansing represent the 'dark side of democracy'"
(Bernard Yack, 2003) . National identity becomes horribly wrong, especially in multinational
societies, when people sometimes rank identities hierarchically, leading to the rejection of another
nation as inferior.
The modernist theories imply that until the beginning of the 19th century, almost no one had more
than local loyalties. National identity and unity were originally imposed from above, by European
states, because they were necessary to modernize the economy and society. In this theory, nationalist
conflicts are an unintended side–effect. "For state theorists, pervasive loyalty or devotion to the
polity is purposefully encouraged through the allocation of services and privileges, with the state
adjudicating disputes to bolster unity" (Bernard Yack, 2003) . Ernest Gellner, a philosopher and
social anthropologist, argued that nations are a by–product of industrialization. Modernization
theorists regard the printing press and capitalism as necessary conditions for nationalism. The
greater the group nationalism, the greater the group homogeneity of attitudes, beliefs, language
spoken and ways of behaving, the greater is the group cohesiveness. Partly as a result of

The Role of Religions in America
Did you know that according to Procon's polls, there are over 300 religions in the United States?
Monotheisms, polytheisms, pantheisms, and atheism make up these 300 religions. Although the
United States may be one of the freest countries in many fields such as freedom of the press, its
censorship level is the fourth lowest in the world according to Reporters Without Borders, I believe
that freedom of religion isn't one of its more free fields. For example, the national motto is "In God
We Trust," which shows the United States that it is a monotheistic country and not secular; no
separation of government and church, another example is the controversial "under God" in the
pledge of allegiance. Although some atheists and polytheists believe that the words "under God"
should be `removed from the pledge of allegiance, it may be argued that it should be kept. The word
"God" may only apply to Christianity and Judaism monotheists, although the United States is a
religiously free country, allowing monotheists, polytheists, and atheists to practice their religion
freely. The Pledge of Allegiance was initially written in 1892 in a magazine, but it didn't contain the
words "Under God," actually it wasn't in there until 1954. It was required to be recited in schools in
1940, it, however, was repealed three years later for "political reasons." Presently, if you attend a
public school in the United States, you are encouraged, but not required to state the pledge of
allegiance, which

Basques Social Structure
The Basques are people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north–central Spain and
southwestern France. Some people are still confused as to where they have originated from. Basques
are now mainly found in an area traditionally known as Euskal Herria, which is located around the
western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. The Basques language is also called
the Euskera. The Basque language is an extremely complex language which has no close relatives
anywhere else in the world. I will be discussing the Basques infrastructure, social structure, and
superstructure how they maintained it all. The Basques infrastructure is not an industrial hub, but
they do maintain a unique regional identity. They can use an update with their infrastructure. Houses
in the city Bilbao houses many heavy industries, such as steel plants and shipbuildings facilities.
They do not have enough railroads tracks to transport merchandise to gain more money.
Social structure in Basques is somewhat similar to America's social structure. They is equality
between sexes in the division of labor. Woman are welcome to work alongside men in the
workplace. In the urban areas women are mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They now have churches, schools, taverns, town halls, handball court, general stores, and a few
professionals such as doctors, veterinarians, pharmacists, and postmaster. The surrounding hillsides
contain farmsteads surrounded by their collective landholdings. In the late 1950s the youths of
Basques established ETA. Their goal was to have complete independence from from Spain. 20
percent of the population of Basques is involved with agriculture and 50 percent is employed in
industry. Now Basques is a mixed–farming enterprise. The farm families grow their own wheat,
corn, vegetables, fruits, and nuts and raised poultry, rabbits, pigs, cows, and sheep. They have the
best health care systems and the best education

Reflection Of The Camino
The Camino Day 1: We left the College on Saturday, the 6th of May. The flight departed at 11:45
and we didn't arrive at Biarritz until 2:50. Then we got a bus from the airport to St Jean Pied de Port,
a small village at the base of the Pyrenees Mountains. When we got to St Jean, I was taken aback by
the town. It was a mixture of old streets and building from centuries ago and modern roads and
shops. We had a mass in the local parish before we got to explore the town. It was late by then so
most of the shops were closed, but you still got a feel for the town as we strolled down the narrow
streets. A parade was commencing when we were wandering around that was celebrating the Basque
Region's heritage. They were dressed in their traditional clothes and were waving the Basque flag. I
didn't know about the Basque Region's fight for independence before then but Mr. Mccormack
explained it to me. To greatly simplify it, the citizens of the Basque Region believe they shouldn't be
members of France and Spain because they have their own traditions, customs and lifestyles that
oppose those of the French and Spanish. After exploring the town we returned to the hotel, reflected
on the day, ate dinner, and then went to bed. Day 2: The second day involved a lot more work than
the first. It was also the day we officially started the Camino. It was a bit different going from
sleeping on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The was a gigantic church up there and I had no idea why. It was made of stone and the design was
really weird. It looked completely out of place on the side of a lush, green hillside. I googled it that
night and it turn out the world–famous (sarcasm) Virgin of Arantzazu appeared to a shepard. We
went inside the Sanctuary of Arantzazu and the inside was as strange as the outside. The stone theme
carried through to the inside: behind the altar was a massive picture carved from stone depicting

ETA is a Terrorist Organization with Roots in Ethnic...
ETA Discursive Essay:
From 1959 until 2010, Euskadi Ta Aaskatasuna or ETA has been fighting for autonomy in the
Basque region on the border between Spain and France. ETA hopes to achieve political and cultural
independence. However, it utilizes terror and violent intimidation to undermine existing
governments. It is a terrorist organization that with military–style precision inflicts maximum
damage in an attempt to realize its nationalist ideals. Cease–fires and negotiations are voided. ETA
argues that in striving for nationalist autonomy it is simply an organization of "freedom fighters"
struggling to resist what they perceive to be an illegitimate government.
ETA is a terrorist organization that has its roots in ethnic nationalism. Basque separatists have long
desired independence, based on a culture that is dramatically different from that of the Spanish.
Their language (Euskara) predates French, Spanish, German and most other Continental languages,
and their customs and traditions are unique to the area. Nationalism is a prevalent theme and dates
back to the turn of the nineteenth century when the Republican government granted autonomy to the
Basque country under the leadership of Sabina de Arana y Goiri. During the Spanish Civil War
(1936–1939) the Basque people supported the Republicans. As a result, Franco targeted them,
decimating the Basque town of Guernica, killing over a thousand people. After the war, Franco
continued to oppress and discriminate against the

The Similarities Between Spanish And Basque In Catalunya
If you encounter a native of France or Spain, he will most likely speak French or Spanish, as the
national language of his home country. However, a notable number of people speak a cultural
language as well. The salience of these languages on the north vs. south side of the Pyrenees
Mountains is substantial. Catalan, spoken in northeastern Spain and southeastern France, and
Basque, a language isolate spoken in northern Spain and southwestern France, are minority
languages. Both are distinct from Castilian Spanish with their own literature, people, and culture.
While Basque and Catalan are prevalent in their respective Spanish autonomous communities, the
"border" of the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries) and Euskal Herria (Basque ... Show more
In Catalunya, Catalan is spoken fluently by 85% of the population with 97% claiming they
understand ("Generalitat de Catalunya." 6). This mutual intelligibility between Spanish and Catalan
suggests that Catalan is only a dialect of Castilian. While many people would like to say this is true,
and Spain under Franco attempted to integrate Catalan into mainstream Spanish culture this way
(Alguera 89), the Catalan is a distinct language with it's own lexicon, literature, grammar rules, etc.
It is a mandatory subject for children in public education in the autonomous community ("Catalans."
109). This contrasts the Basque Country where only 30% of the population is fully fluent in Basque
(Gobierno Vasco 17). Interestingly, although Basque is classified as a vulnerable language ("Data on
the Basque Language.") and is spoken by less than a third of the population, the highest
concentration of speakers exists in young adults, where nearly 60% of people age 16 to 24 claim to
be fluent (Gobierno Vasco 21). I think this trend is interesting because one would think the older
generations had the higher percentage of Basque speakers, and the lowest among the younger age
groups owing to assimilation to Spanish language and culture. Although Basque and Catalan are
recognized co–official languages and enjoy considerable clout and use, the situation is very different
in France.
As the symbol for the national identity of the Basques, scholars have

Self-Determination in the Basque Country Essay examples
Self–Determination in the Basque Country
The Basques, settled on the Franco–Spanish border, are a people who do not have a country that
exists as an entity of its own. They are not recognized internationally. Their borders are not
respected, and their culture is repressed. Thus the history of the Basque Country is one of
contentious protest against imposed conditions, unremitting effort in defense of its identity and a
relentless search for a means of democratizing public life. They have not been able to practice or
pursue the right to self–determination as stated in the international covenants on human rights
(above) and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples from Algeria, July 4th, 1976,
that, "Every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One could be shot for speaking the language or gathering in small numbers. Torture was also very
common with at least 100 cases reported annually and these numbers hold to present day. However
in recent years, through the medium of Basque at private language schools known as ikastolaks,
progress has been slow, but constant. Nevertheless, the number of individuals who use it daily or at
least have a working knowledge of language are still sadly disproportionate. (Astrain)
Although the language is slowly being reintroduced to communities, repression continues because
they do not enjoy any political unity, but rather an excess of political institutions and functions.
Therefore, the Basques are deeply dissatisfied with both their lack of territorial unity and the inferior
status of their language, as well as frustrated by the lack of a more participatory democracy. It is said
that, "The Basques on either side of the Franco–Spanish border vote in elections for no fewer than a
dozen different institutions," (Astrain 6). They want to maintain their cultural integrity and be able
to decide their own future, but this is increasingly difficult when there is no cohesion. Furthermore,
the Basque Country has never been taken into consideration

Narrating The Nation Picasso And The Myth Of El Greco
Robert Lubar's essay "Narrating the Nation: Picasso and the Myth of El Greco" discusses the
aftermath of the bloody Spanish–American war resulting in "El Desastre del '98" in Spain which
rocked the national psyche into a period of cultural dissonance. Following the Disaster, the nation
quickly found itself in an agitated period of conflicting ideas and divisive discourses, specifically
between Madrid and Catalonia. Essentially, class divisions, regional differences, and this lack of
national identity was what gave way to the "Myth of El Greco" in fin–de–sïecle Spain. Lubar
proposes that the 'myth' connected tradition and modernity whilst illustrating the middle class'
pursuit to construct hegemony for Catalan cultural nationalism.
The "Myth of El Greco" was deployed in context with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What the history of Spanish art tells us is that the writers of history construct these cultural
discourses and emanate artistic rhetoric in order to challenge institutions and ideologies existent in
their times; where tradition serves to extol and preserve the comfortable customs in our lineage,
modernity serves to revolutionize and counter those very social constructs. If there is anything that
has become clear to me, it is that temporality and tradition, progressivism and modernity, all exist in
an intertextual phenomena within, in relation, and in conversation with each other. As Unanomo and
Ganivet pointed out in their writings, 'tradition simultaneously informs, and is formed by, the
present'. During the era of regeneration, Castille rushed to codify culture within their targeted
political positions which could be considered as a push against the State due to political corruption,
whereas Catalonia urged a reform of economy and political culture, their position was precisely a
call to the government to amend that which they had

The Importance Of Communication In The Basque Culture
The Basque community as a whole are a very close, tight knit family– regardless if it means they are
related by blood or not. The Roman Catholic religion populates for about 94% of the Basque
country. Aside from religion, activities outside the home such as sporting events and traditional
festivities throughout the year are ways they define their culture. It is important for them to keep
these going from generation to generation. Every culture has the same framework model, but with
differences depending on location geographically. This paper explores the Basque culture and how
their beliefs and values on children and family affect the way they live. As mentioned in Galanti's
text there are four "C's" of culture. Each much be communicated properly to the patient in order to
receive optimal health care: first C) What do you call your problem? second C) What do you think
caused your problem? third C) How do you cope with your condition? fourth C) What concerns do
you have regarding the condition? (Galanti 2008).
Communication in the Basque Culture The Basque language is known as "Euskara" and is spoken
primarily in the northern central area of Spain and is known to be Europe's oldest living languages.
The languages spoken are both Basque and Spanish and both can be very complex with several
different dialects. (Organization for Economic Co–operation and Development, 2011). Nonverbal
communication such as kissing on the cheeks and handshaking upon meeting is the norm, as

Letters From The Spanish Civil War
"The granting of regional autonomy to the Basque region in October 1936 proved critical in
maintaining it within the fold of the Republican cause. Some Popular Front leftists in Madrid and
Barcelona viewed the Basques with certain mistrust" (Getman and Lasanowski). This shows the
administrative weakness the Republic was facing at the time. They were looking at the complete
breakdown of their rule to the nationalist and even if they did not really trust the Basques and
Catalans they knew they needed their support in the war. The support from the Catalans and Basques
was not much but they constantly provided some support. In the book Letters from the Spanish Civil
War a young solider write about his time in the war and how Catalonia was helping the republic.
"As you know, things are going well for democratic Spain, and especially important is the step taken
by Catalonia, dissolving its autonomy and becoming an integral part of Republican Spain." This
support though was mostly done in self interest in order to gain self rule. "While Catalan and ...
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Franco "sought military assistance from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and he mounted a military
drive on Madrid. The rebels quickly termed themselves Nationalists and mounted a savage
repression of their own, which was more concerted and effective than that of the Republicans and
eventually claimed even more victims" (Darity). The rejection of these new changes brought by the
Republican parliament, who began to enforce these new laws on the people, led the nationalist party
to rise with the help of the church, conservatives and nobility. With the new constitution the church
had gone from being the second most powerful entity to being close to nothing under the Second
Spanish Republic. The nobility provided support to the Nationalists because they also had lost all
the power they once

Essay on A Short History of the Basque Country
A Short History of the Basque Country
Archaeological and ethnographic findings indicate that Basque [people] evolved from Cro–Magnon
[...] in this area over a period dating from about 40,000 years ago until distinct features were
acquired approximately 7,000 years ago. Two thousand years later the sheep, not native to these
lands, was introduced and horse and cattle farming came into being, as shown by Adolf Staffe.
These circumstances made it necessary for the people to travel periodically and cultural contacts
were thus made. This period in the history of the Basque people can only make sense if it is studied
in conjunction with the cultures of the surrounding areas, in the basin of the River ... Show more
P. Villasante says that the Basques, in calling themselves "Euskaldunak" (those who speak Basque
[Euskera]) and the country "Euskalerria", i.e. Basque speaking country, are making cultural history
in that it is the language that has moulded and given the Basque people a sense of unity, a sense of
being a nation. Antonio Tovar comfirms this and explains the situation by saying that the Basques
did not take part in the battles between Carthaginians and Romans; Silius Italicus refers to the fact
that there were Basque soldiers in Hannibal's armies. The Basque only intervened to defend
Sertorius, the Roman general who had shown respect for them. The relationship between Romans
and Basques was cordial: Pompey founded Pompaelo, Pamplona, in the settlement that was Iruna
(the city in Basque). Roman influence further north was less evident, however. This meant that the
Basque language survived in its entirety, with its multiple influences.
In the third and fifth centuries the Basques defended themselves against the Barbarians who came
south to the Iberian Peninsula. After fighting the Germanic Swabian tribes, they went into battle
against the Visigoths. The latter gained several victories over the Basques and founded Victoriacum
in the year 581 in the proximity of present day Victoria, which was in turn founded by Sancho the
Wise on the site of the ancient

Notes on Nationalism- A2 Government and Politics
Nationalism
The nature of the nation and the differences between nations and states.
– A nation can be defined as a group of people who consider themselves to have common
circumstances at birth. These common circumstances are strong enough for them to adopt collective
goals based on their national identity. Nationalism is therefore an emotional phenomenon felt by the
people.
– There are a number of typical circumstances of birth that may give rise to nationhood including
having a single common ancestor, a common historical experience, common culture, ethnic identity,
geographical proximity, religion, attachment to territory.
– A state is a political reality. It either exists or it doesn't. In contrast to the concept of nation, it ...
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Civic nationalism is much more inclusive as it's the citizenship which joins people, and citizenship
can be achieved by anyone. * Ethnic nationalism: nationhood is defined by language, religion,
customs and traditions. According to ethnic nationalists, it is not the state that creates the nation but
the nation, which creates the state. The glue that holds people together is not shared political rights,
but pre–existing ethnic characteristics. Ethnic nationalism is more exclusive as it believes that not
everyone can become a part of a particular nation–state.
The nation–state and its alleged benefits
–Maintains law and order within the territory
–Secures the state against external threats
–Develops and maintains useful relations with other states
–Regulates the currency, the operation of markets and the economy in general.
–Maintains the welfare of its people
–Promotes economic and social progress
–Protects and improves the physical environment of the country.
Relationship between nationalism and liberalism * Liberal nationalists demand that every
recognisable nation has the right to freedom from subjection to the rule of other nations and states. *
Liberalism demanded that every individual should be free, thus so should be every individual state.
* The freedom of nations and the freedom of individuals were inextricable linked, and individuals
could not be free unless the

The Terrorist Turn Adopted By Eta
However, the terrorist turn adopted by ETA was not an effective strategy to have their voice heard in
a democracy. As argued by Furlow and Goodall, a way to understand the political rhetoric of any
extremist group is to analyse their core narrative techniques. "Linking enemies to historical villains
of the past" is a common strategy for extremist groups to justify their actions. Reminding the
historical repression of the Basque identity is actually the strategy adopted by ETA to justify its
actions. Such as strategy turns out to be inefficient in democratic Spain.
At first, the heavy repression undertaken by the Franco government boosted ETA's support not only
in the Basque country but also internationally. The main strategies of ETA were ... Show more
The Franco Government answered by sentencing death penalty to any person found guilty, but this
practice only strengthened international support for ETA, which was compared to national liberation
movements (Alonso, 2011). As Spain was on the verge of democratization, ETA experienced
profound changes in its internal structure. In 1974, ETA was divided into two groups, a military one
(ETA–m) and a political military one (ETA–pm). ETA–m, the minority group, wanted to stick with
use of violence only while ETA–pm was advocating that armed struggle should be coupled with
popular mobilization (de la Calle and Sanchez–Cuenca, 2013).
The repression faced during the dictatorship along with the determinant role played by ETA in the
opposition to the dictatorship encouraged the democratic government to recognize the particularities
of the Basque identity. After passing an amnesty law for all ETA prisoners in 1977, the Government
granted the status of autonomy to the region. The Basque Country now had a Basque Parliament, a
Basque Government, their own education and health system, their own fiscal system as well as their
own police force. As a result, Basque history and language were inserted in school curriculum and
Basque newspapers emerged. But ETA wanted independence. The group thus radicalized killing
civil guards, businessmen, parliamentarians, judges and prosecutors, journalists, university
professors but also civilians in car bombing attacks. In April1995, ETA

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