Polio Is An Infectious Disease Essay

Polio Is An Infectious Disease Essay
Polio is an infectious disease. This condition is caused by a virus, most often the poliovirus. This
condition spreads easily from person–to–person (contagious). The virus can spread by:
Eating food or drinking water contaminated with the virus found in human waste.
Contact with infected mucus or sputum from the nose or mouth.
Contact with infected air droplets from a cough or sneeze.
There are three types of polio:
Abortive polio.
Nonparalytic polio.
Paralytic polio.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF POLIO?
It takes 5–35 days for symptoms to develop symptoms once you have the virus. Symptoms depend
on the type of polio you have. Most people who have abortive polio either do not develop symptoms
or have only mild symptoms. These often last 72 hours or less. They include:
General discomfort or uneasiness (malaise).
Headache.
Red or sore throat.
Slight fever.
Vomiting.
Rarely, a person will get nonparalytic or paralytic polio. Symptoms of these forms of polio include:
A sudden (acute) paralysis of any extremity or all extremities (quadriplegia).
Respiratory failure.
WHAT ARE THE VACCINATION SUGGESTIONS FOR TRAVELERS?
A set of age–appropriate polio vaccines should be completed before traveling to:
Countries with active polio disease.
A region with a polio outbreak.
A region that has active poliovirus.
While polio is not common, outbreaks can still occur in some places around the
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The History of Poliomyelitis Better Known as Polio
The disease poliomyelitis is more commonly known by its alternative name "polio." The history of
this disease dates back into prehistory, but major polio epidemics were not known before the
twentieth century. The first clinical description of this disease was provided by a British physician
named Michael Underwood, in which he described the disease as debility of the lower extremities.
In the 1880s major epidemics started to occur in Europe, then made its way soon after into the
United States. The first report of multiple cases was recorded in 1843 and described an outbreak that
happened in Louisiana in 1841. The next large outbreak was in Boston in 1893 where there were 26
cases of poliomyelitis. The following year was the first recognized epidemic in the United States
which occurred in Vermont with 132 total cases, including 18 deaths. By 1907 there were
approximately 2,500 cases of polio reported in New York City alone. By 1910, epidemics of polio
were regular events throughout the developed world, mostly in cities during the warmer months. In
1916 there were over 27,000 cases including more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the United
States, with more than 2,000 deaths occurring in New York City alone. Poliomyelitis hit its peak in
the 1940s and 1950s; it paralyzed or killed more than half a million people per year.
The etiology of poliomyelitis is infection with the poliovirus, which is spread through direct person
to person contact, contact with infected mucus or

The Bubonic Plague: The Polio Vaccine
"The single biggest threat to man's continued dominance on the planet is the virus" Nobel Prize
winner Joshua Lederberg once said. Throughout history, this statement has proved to be true. In
fourteenth century Europe, the Bubonic Plague killed off almost half of the European population.
During the first interactions between Columbus and the natives, Smallpox eradicated entire Native
tribes. And in the time of the Industrial Revolution, cholera outbreaks have left millions dead. Since
their outbreaks, many of these deadly viruses have been met with cures, saving millions of lives to
come. However, for almost 3,500 years, one incurable virus had been attacking humanity: the
poliovirus.1P
Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is a disease caused by the contraction of the poliovirus. Like
influenza, smallpox and cholera, polio is a viral infection. This means that it is a disease caused by
the spread of a virus. It spreads rapidly, and usually through person–to–person contact. In addition,
this virus can also be distributed through foods or drinks contaminated by infected fecal matter.
Although polio is deadly, sometimes, contractors of polio do not show any symptoms. The ... Show
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In 1947, the NFIP was looking for someone capable in researching a polio vaccine, and there was no
candidate better for this research than Dr. Jonas Salk.7P Salk was a very experienced researcher; he
played a crucial role in the development of influenza vaccines during World War II, and also had a
deep understanding of the immune system and antibodies.8B Additionally, Salk also worked to treat
multiple sclerosis, cancer, and HIV.9C Together, in the 8 years that followed after recruitment, Salk
and the NFIP would take a stand against polio by successfully trying to put an end to polio through
the use of

A Brief Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION Polio is a viral infectious disease transmitted via the faecal–oral route. It is a
dreaded disease especially in children, it results in infantile paralysis. Polio has no cure causing
great concern due to significant morbidity and mortality. Despite global efforts to eradicate Polio, it
is still endemic in parts of the world. This paper discusses the global problems posed by the disease,
eradication strategies employed globally and regionally and the challenges in the way of achieving a
world without Polio. HISTORY Polio dates to before the 20th century when first cases of epidemics
were clinically reported. In fact, an Egyptian carving which dates back to around 1400BC depicts a
priest with a paralysed leg similar to Polio victims. In the year 1789, a British doctor, Michael
Underwood, described Polio as "debility of the lower extremities" (www.polioeradication.org). In
1840, a German doctor, Jacob von Heine established the disease may be contagious. In 1894, in
USA, the first significant Polio outbreak in infants was documented. In 1907, a Swedish doctor, Ivar
Wickman, identified different types of Polio infection and in 1908; two Austrian physicians
Landsteiner and Popper inferred that Polio is a viral infection. Several years later, research actions
were launched and in 1955, the first vaccine against the disease was created by Dr Jonas Salk.

The Rampage of Polio
During the twentieth century Americans were afraid. They were afraid of the Russians, they were
afraid of the economy, they were afraid of Hitler, and they were afraid of polio. A disease as
indiscriminate as a nuclear bomb, it struck young and old, rich and poor, white and black. It caused
fear and hysteria, confusion and anger, paralysis, and even death. By this time the United States had
endured smallpox, cholera, yellow fever, and tuberculosis; but it had never experienced a wide–
spread epidemic of a disease that seemed to specifically target children before the twentieth century.
Although polio effects people of all ages, children are the most susceptible due to their weak
immune systems. Many victims of polio were partially or completely paralyzed, and thousands died.
The "summer plague" would run rampant in the United States for nearly four decades. Before the
1890's polio was fairly common but largely unknown. The disease was very common in early
history due to a lack of sanitation but because many people contracted the disease they developed
immunity to that strain at an early age. If the infected persons lived through the early infection they
were then immune to that particular strain of polio. This meant that in excess of 90% of some
populations were immune, while less than 0.5% were paralyzed due to polio. Evidence has been
found of polio in the ancient world. Some scientists believe hieroglyph depictions of people

Polio History
Eradication of disease through the simple administration of a shot seems like the perfect solution to
a complicated problem. Right? The presence of the polio virus had been a growing cause of hysteria
throughout the course of history. With cases documented back into the 1700's, the thought of polio, a
virus that causes extensive paralysis, wrecked havoc on the minds of every mother and father in the
world. This fear grew as the spread of the virus continued to span the globe. Parents everywhere
from New York City to the African Congo were constantly concerned that their children would be
the next to fall ill. During the height of the Polio scare of the early 20th century, scientists
knowledge of the poliovirus expanded and they were able to ... Show more content on
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(CDC https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056803.htm) As the vaccine from heaven
quickly spread throughout the world in an effort to eradicate the destructive virus, children from all
corners of the globe began to believe they were safe from the dangers of contracting polio. The sigh
of relief from these children's parents could practically be heard from space. However, just as the
polio vaccine had become trusted and strides were being made to eradicate this virus for good, a
batch of vaccines produced by Cutter Labs caused a hitch in the breath of parents once more. April
1955 marked the administration of a batch of polio vaccines which, in the process of inactivating the
live polio virus, had been defective. This caused those who had been administered the vaccine,
primarily young children, to then become infected with Polio and be subjected to the harsh effects of
the disease. The parents who had been more than willing to allow their children to be administered
this vaccine felt betrayed by the doctors, scientists and government officials who mandated that their
children were to be given this

Analysis Of Jonas Salk And The Conquest Of Polio
Section One: Critical Summary over Splendid Solution: Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio:
Jeffrey Kluger is a number one New York Times bestseller for his coauthoring of Apollo 13, but
Splendid Solution: Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio, much like the name suggests, is the story
of Jonas Salk and his great contribution to society with the polio vaccine. Kluger walks through
Jonas Salk's life starting with his father and mother, what they did, how they lived, and where they
were from. Kluger transitions into Salk's childhood and his serious nature. Kluger states: "Salk
was...a serious boy, troubled by sometimes curious things. Rules seemed to grate him the most. Not
that he didn't expect a good rule when he came across one." (25). Kluger flows well into talking
about Salk's education, Salk meeting his wife, them getting married, and all places that Salk worked
in the different aspects of his life. Kluger does add bits and pieces of Basil O'Conner's and Franklin
Delano Roosevelt's lives, in relation to polio and Jonas Salk's life at that point in his career. Kluger
goes into some detail about Salk's creation of the influenza vaccine, but his main focus was on the
polio vaccine. Salk used some of the techniques he learned from creating the flu vaccine and applied
them to the polio vaccine. Some of those techniques worked, while others did not. Kluger goes into
a lot of detail into Salk getting started working on the polio vaccine and who funded his research.
There was

Polio Vaccine Research Paper
Vaccine–derived polioviruses: This is a very rare strain of poliovirus that is create by the mutation of
the virus in the OPV. The OPV enters the intestine and multiplies. After it get absorbed into the
bloodstream it activates the immune system. When the patient is excreting the virus it can change
and be genetically altered. To get paralysed from this type of poliovirus is very rare. THe paralytic
type of vaccine–associated poliomyelitis only occurs in 1 of 2.7million. If a community is not fully
vaccinated then the viruses will survive longer and will undergo more mutations as long as it is
being spread around. If there is a case of vaccine–derived poliovirus, the oral vaccine will be given
to prevent the spread of the disease from the patient. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood can be tested for antibodies. An analysis of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid can be collected to
test for paralytic polio. The fluid will be tested to observe the cells for consistent changes like those
of brain infection.
Vaccine: The only prevention that is available and effective for widespread use is the polio vaccine.
It helps to provide immunity to polio and blocks transmission of the virus. There are two main types
of polio vaccine. The first attempted immunization was made by purifying a specific section of the
blood plasma. This was not ideal or widespread use because the supply of blood plasma was too
much.
IVP(Inactivated polio vaccine): This vaccine is made of a dose of an inactivated (dead) poliovirus. It
is grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue and is inactivated. The vaccine provides immunity to the
bloodstream through antibodies and stops the progression of the virus into the nervous system. A
more potent version of this vaccine is used in North America. Generally only given to children
because they are more at risk and adults are mostly immune and not exposed to the wild poliovirus.
Since it is not a live virus it cannot cause vaccine–associated polio paralysis. It does not protect the
intestines as well as OPV and the virus can still multiply inside the intestines. It five times more
expensive than OPV and requires a healthcare professional and the right

Polio Vaccine in America
The Polio Vaccine in America
When my daughter was a baby, and we decided to delay vaccination, a friend of my mother–in–law
seemed thrilled with our decision. However, she advised to look into the polio vaccine because there
wasn 't much they could do if someone did contract polio. During my research, I have found that the
polio vaccine is all but completely unnecessary for anyone in the United States. Let 's take a look at
some of the most interesting information I have found.
Taken directly from the CDC website:
Is polio still a disease seen in the United States?
The last cases of naturally occurring paralytic polio in the United States were in 1979, when an
outbreak occurred among the Amish in several Midwestern states. From ... Show more content on
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Not only that, but we are paying them to inject poisons into our children, how sick is that? What
does formaldehyde do exactly?
Low to moderate exposure to formaldehyde can irritate the eyes, nose, mouth, throat and skin, and
cause headaches. Formaldehyde may be carcinogenic, and toxic or fatal to humans at high
concentrations." In addition, they state that "Formalin waste is toxic due to the presence of
formaldehyde and methanol. When poured down the drain, it kills some of the biological organisms
used for sewage treatment.
Carcinogenic, there 's that pesky cancer thing again. Oh, and it kills the good "biological organisms"
making the immune system weaker, this stuff just keeps getting better.
2–phenoxyethanol is another chemical used in the production of this Polio vaccine. It is a hazardous
material considered harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause
reproductive defects. This is worthy of note because, like other vaccine package inserts, this one
clearly states that long–term studies on the vaccine 's effect on fertility have never been done.
Additional chemicals present in the Polio vaccine are neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin.
So now we can add possible infertility to the list of reasons to just say no to the polio vaccine. Call
me crazy, but I don 't want my child to be a lab rat for testing vaccination related fertility problems.
I

Polio Virus Essay
Polio Virus
Introduction
The polio virus which causes poliomyelitis in humans is an enterovirus which belongs to the
picornavirus (small, RNA) family. Polio virus is rapid, acid–resistant, stable, highly tissue specific
and consists of a single–stranded, positive RNA. Polio virus is able to reside in the throat or
intestinal tract of humans. Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious infectious disease which has three
strains, poliovirus 1 (PV1), PV2 and PV3. Polio virus, although rare in developed countries, can be
found in many under–developed countries due to the uncommonness of vaccinations there. Polio is
known as a disease of development. The oldest known record of polio is in an Egyptian stone
engraving of a young priest from 1350 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Receptor–mediated endocytosis is thought to take the receptor into the cell. Polio virus is tissue
tropic, meaning it replicates only in specific tissue types, generally lymphoid tissue in the pharynx
and intestine. After uncoating, polio virus, which is an RNA virus, takes a single RNA molecule in
its protective capsid. This RNA can be converted directly to a protein in the cytoplasm. The virus
must then replicate its RNA using viral RNA–directed RNA polymerase. After replication of its own
RNA, the virus must package the new RNA into capsids in order to infect more cells.
Transmission
After replication in the mouth and intestine, polio virus spreads through the body via the blood.
Polio virus is contained in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. Transmission to the central
nervous system and neuronal cell destruction is seen in a small number of infected individuals.
Damage
Polio virus affects humans by a lytic cycle. PV1 which is usually associated with epidemics causes
paralysis and consequently the most deaths. PV2 normally causes meningitis and a less severe
paralysis. PV3 is usually associated with sporadic cases of polio virus. The majority of polio cases
include only diarrhea symptoms or the individual is completely asymptomatic. Five percent of polio
cases show flu–like symptoms of fever, malaise, headache, nausea, sore throat, upset stomach, and
achy muscles. In one percent of

The Global Eradication of Polio Essays
The Global Eradication of Polio
The possibility of the eradication of polio worldwide is an imminent and exciting prospect as the
"goal" year quickly approaches. In 1988, the World Health Assembly, which governs the World
Health Organization, set the goal of eliminating polio from the world by the year 2010. Many
organizations have joined the effort along with the World Health Organization: the Center for
Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, Rotary International, Global Health Network, the US
Agency for International Development, National Immunization Day, and the International
Broadcasting Bureau. Together, these "worldwide polio partners" have implemented a strategy to
completely rid the world of this disease. It is a difficult ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, and multiplies in the throat and intestines. It may
remain unmanifested for anywhere from four to thirty–five days. Once the virus is in the intestines it
has the potential to spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream, and infiltrate into the
central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the virus can spread out along the nerve fibers
and begin to destroy the nerve cells, or motor neurons, resulting in limpness in the arms and legs.
This is known as acute flaccid paralysis and this symptom of polio (also a symptom of several other
diseases) is used to uncover new cases which may have been misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all
(WHO 1999). This is a necessary procedure in that it helps to cover all the bases in the pursuit of
eradicating poliovirus from the earth.
It is important to note that paralysis does not occur in all polio cases. Acute poliomyelitis manifests
itself as a two–phased disease in a small proportion of its victims. The first phase is minor, a "non–
specific febrile illness" (Prevots 1999). All patients with polio experience this phase, and only a
small percentage develops the second phase, "aseptic meningitis and/or paralytic disease" (Prevots
1999). The aseptic meningitis is inflammation, caused by the virus, of the meninges of the

Polio : A Infectious Viral Disease
1.0 Understanding Biology
1.1 Introduction
Poliomyelitis, also known as Polio is a highly infectious viral disease that directly invades the
nervous system and can cause permanent paralysis (WHO, 2015). The causative agent for Polio is
the poliovirus, which is a single strand RNA. Polio is transmitted through faecal–oral contact and is
usually found in places with very low sanitation (Victoria State Gov. 2007). Another mode of
transmission is coming into direct contact with someone who is infected (Polioeradication.org,
2010).
Figure 1 – Diagram of poliomyelitis
1.2 Symptoms and Effects on the Body
Polio is classified by two different categories, symptomatic and asymptomatic. Asymptomatic polio
is the most common case of this disease and it displays no symptoms of the disease being present
(Cdc.gov, 2014). Symptomatic polio displays symptoms of the disease but can be broken down into
mild forms which is called nonparalytic or abortive polio or paralytic polio which is the severest
case possible (MNT, 2015). In symptomatic cases of polio you can often experience fevers, head
aches, vomiting and discomfort and pain in the limbs as well as difficulty breathing (WHO 2015).
The poliovirus can cause many negative effects on the body including paralysis. The virus invades
and attacks the nervous system of the infected person and causes irreversible damage.
1.3 Treatment and Prevention
Although there is no treatment to cure polio there is treatment to be able to

Dbq Essay On Polio
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a disease that attacks the nervous tissue in the spinal cord and the brain stem
resulting in paralysis (Document One). Polio is caused by the poliovirus, but it is unknown how this
virus is acquired. The virus enters the digestive tract and stays in the intestines for up to eight weeks,
and then attacks the lymphatic system, the blood stream and eventually travels to the brain and spine
(Document Four). Once it is infected in one's body, the disease is highly contagious and can be
spread through contact of saliva, food, germs, or feces (Document Two). "The poliovirus causes
most of its infections in the summer and fall. At one time, summer epidemics of polio were common
and greatly feared" (Document Four). This may

The Discovery Of Polio Vaccine Essay
In the early 1900s, scientists and medical personnel did not have an answer to poliomyelitis,
otherwise known as polio. However, a breakthrough was reached when Jonas Salk managed to
developed the first vaccine, which he brought to the public in 1955 after testing the drug on himself,
family, and others. Salk developed a killed–virus vaccine through tissue–culture methods discovered
by the scientist John Enders. Unfortunately, Salk's vaccine was not the cure that the scientific
community, and the world, had hoped for, as the results of the vaccine took a critical turn for the
worse shortly after release. According to Naomi Rogers, Cutter Laboratories, one of the original
mass producers of Salk's polio vaccine, released many faulty vaccines which resulted in greatly
diminishing Salk's reputation:
"Both Salk's and the Foundation's reputations were briefly tarnished by what became termed the
Cutter incident. Within fifteen days of Francis's April 1955 report, the Foundation's worst fears
seemed to be realized when cases of paralysis were reported among children who had received the
vaccine. After federal officials from the Communicable Disease Center established that these cases
were the result of vaccination from a batch prepared by Cutter Laboratories of Berkeley, California,
Surgeon–General Leonard Scheele halted the vaccination program for a week." (Rogers 180)
The fears brought upon by the Cutter incident led to the rise of alternative research, in particular that
of

Polio Literature Review
Critical Review – provide a literature review of the public health significance of the health issue
talked about in the case study. Please use 6–8 references and include them in a separate reference
page (750–1000 words).
Polio, or poliomyelitis, is an infectious disease that manifests as a variety of symptoms, the most
severe of which is paralysis which can lead to permanent disability and death. Some people show no
symptoms at all. Children who recover from polio at a young age may develop new symptoms later
in life ("CDC Global Health – Polio – What Is Polio?," n.d.). Polio was considered a disease of
developed countries for much of the 1900s. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, prevalence of polio in
schoolchildren in developing countries across the world was found to be much higher than in the
United States (Modlin, 2010). By 2000, polio has been mostly eradicated around the world, with the
number of cases having fallen by more than 99%. Today, there are only a few countries that still
have new cases of polio each year and the total number of reported polio cases is, on average, less
than 100 each year ("CDC Global Health – Polio – Updates on CDC's Polio Eradication Efforts –
March 18, 2016," n.d.). Vaccination exists for polio, with two forms currently in use. The live
poliovirus vaccination is more effective and widely used in endemic regions, while the inactive
vaccination is used in areas where polio has been eradicated (Modlin, 2010).
Polio and the history of

Informative Essay On Polio
"Hi, my name is Destani and I will be reporting live from New York City. I am reporting about a
new disease called polio that is spreading rapidly. According to other states New York is the first
state with a large epidemic of polio."
In 1894, there was an outbreak of polio in Vermont. In New York there were over 9,000 cases of
people with polio. 2,343 of the 9,000 cases of polio people died from this disease and 1,000 children
were left paralyzed. People are terrified of this disease and this disease has no label on it.
"New Yorkers are completely terrified of this disease. People started calling this disease the "infant
paralysis." We don't know what caused this or how it's spreading so rapidly. We advise everyone to
stay away from human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children who didn't live in New York was not allowed to enter the town for their own health and
safety. Animals were killed because people were afraid animals would spread the disease.
Thousands of animals were killed a day. 80,000 pets were killed for humans health and safety.
"Everyone is asking questions about this disease. Where did it come from? Why does it mostly
affect children? How is it spread? How do we get rid if it? All of these questions have no answer,
but we are trying to figure out why. This is your reporter Destani and I hope everyone stays healthy
and disease free."
In 1916, over 27,000 cases of polio were reported nationwide. In 1952, 57,628 cases of polio were
reported in the United States. Polio mostly affected children, but it did affect adults and teens. Polio
is very contagious and can be spread by nasal and oral contact. Also, can be spread by contact with
contaminated feces. Polio had epidemics every few years. Most people who had polio recovered, but
others suffered temporary or permanent paralysis and sometimes death. In the United States, the
polio vaccine is recommended at 2 and 4 months of age. They are also get the vaccine again twice
before entering elementary

The Polio Vaccine Through The Eyes Of Its Creator
Academy of Achievement. "The Calling to Find a Cure." Academy of Achievement.
http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int–1 (accessed November 18, 2009)
"The Calling to Find a Cure" provided an informative interview with Jonas Salk. It told the story of
the creation of the polio vaccine through the eyes of its creator. Salk also describes his childhood
and the events that lead up to his medical breakthrough.
Latour, Bruno , Steve Woolgar, and Jonas Salk. "Introduction." Laboratory Life. 1986.Reprint.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 11. Print.
It showed the way that Jonas Salk studied polio and how he came to the conclusion that the vaccine
was correct. He also taught that it is a life taking job and that polio vaccine was a difficult task but a
successful one.
Salgado, Sebastiao. The End of Polio: A Global Effort to End a Disease. Illustrated edition Ed. New
York: Bulfinch, 2003. Print.
This shows pictures of the terrifying times that many went through with polio. It brings in reality by
putting a visual image on the subject. After understanding these photos, it is known that polio was
and is completely preventable.
Secondary Sources
"Albert B. Sabin." American History. ABC–CLIO, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2009.
The article "Albert B. Sabin" expands the history of the polio vaccine and provided more
information about the man who created the oral, live– virus vaccine. This is important because
without Albert B. Sabin's

Polio Vaccine : An Infectious Disease
"A 1916 Polio epidemic in the United States killed 6,000 people and paralyzed 27,000 more" ("Polio
Vaccine"). This lead to the creation of the polio vaccine that has helped to prevent polio for a very
long time. The IPV and OPV vaccines played a huge role in all of this. Jonas Salk, who created the
IPV vaccine and Albert Sabin, who created the OPV vaccine saved millions of people all around the
world from polio (Petersen, Jennifer B). The IPV and OPV polio vaccine helped eliminate polio
from the United States and helped prevent polio in other parts of the world ("Polio Vaccine"). Polio
is an infectious disease that has killed and paralyzed many people (Birth of Jonas Salk and the death
of polio in India). It has taken the lives of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disease has killed and paralyzed many. One of polio's fatal symptoms is paralyzing muscles
that help you breathe ("Polio Vaccine").
Jonas salk invented the IPV vaccine. He was born October 28, 1914 to Russian parents. His parents
had no education but wanted him to be successful so they encouraged him to work hard. "In 1939 he
received a Medical Degree from New York University College of Medicine. In 1942 he joined one
of his professors at the University of Michigan School of Public Health" (Petersen, Jennifer B).
Jonas and his professor developed vaccine for influenza, which was Salk's first invention. Then he
traveled to Pittsburgh and became a Professor. There, he also became head of the virus research lab.
He worked on a vaccine there. He used the killed virus to prevent people from contracting it. On
July 2, 1952 he vaccinated 42 children who did not have polio and his trials succeeded. On April 12,
1955 Salk vaccinate 1.8 million children and right after he announced that his trial were effective
and that the vaccine works (Petersen, Jennifer B).
The polio vaccine helped to prevent polio all around the world. It was invented in 1955. It
eliminated polio in the U.S. and is trying to do the same in other parts of the world. There are 2
types of vaccine: The IPV and OPV vaccines. The IPV vaccine, created by Jonas Salk, and the OPV
vaccine, created by Albert Sabin. Both of

Polio Summary
Polio was a deadly disease that struck the United States hard with various epidemic breakouts
throughout the country. There are many books written about the disease and how it was controlled.
Polio is a well–researched topic in today's medical world but in this book, Heather Green Wooten,
takes it one step further. She placed the focus of the book in the south, a place where the disease
struck almost last yet it claimed many lives. It specifies on the state of Texas. In addition to that, she
combined the disease epidemic with the social and economic development of the state in the
twentieth century. The book follows a well–organized chronological order stating by the early cases
of polio and its spread. Then it talks about Franklin D ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of the chapter is to provide the readers with some background information. Along with
this, it also shows how panic overtook the American communities. The uncertainty of what the virus
was or where it came from caused a paranoia in many cities. The initial reaction was to quarantine
victims and keep them away from the general public. The spread of the epidemic from northern
states to Texas is accredited, according to Wooten, by the mass immigration into Texas by residents
of other states during the oil industry's boom in Texas in the early twentieth century. This exposed
many people to polio as they moved into cities and the coastal area of Texas became more and more
urbanized. The high standards of American hygene made polio a death threat. The body did not have
the ability of fighting a small dose of the disease as new born did when hygene in the country was
not so clean. By not being exposed to the virus the body did not produce the adequate antibodies to
fight it off. When it struck at a later age the body was defenseless and so the epidemic started. The
result of the urbanization of Texas and the many polio outbreaks helped the area create many
hospitals and lead the fight against polio. The book also highlights the life of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
who also suffered of polio. Wooten describes how the president acquired the disease and

Polio Research Paper
Polio is an infectious disease caused by a special types of viruses. The United States Of America is
still at risk of introducing polio. A polio like illness has recently been discovered in California in
children that produces paralysis like in some polio patients. The last case of polio in The United
States Of America was in 1979. Polio is still a very high problem in Africa and Asia. Polio has also
been traced back almost 6,000 years ago.
Polio is caused by small viruses, RNA viruses to be exact. The viruses are members enterovirus
group of the Picornavirus family. The polio virus is known to attack the nervous system. There are 3
different types of polio viruses. Type one is responsible for about 85% of all paralytic infections. ...
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One of the main symptoms is muscle weakness and/or tiredness. Another symptom would be
vomiting. Another symptom is fatigue Also another symptom can possibly be joint pain. The rest of
the symptoms are headaches, nausea, fever, and sore throat.
If you already have polio there is no cure for it. If you take polio prevention vaccines. There are
three different types of vaccines. If you take theses vaccines the viruses could mutate. If the virus
mutates to where the vaccine doesn't work polio can possibly kill you even faster. You mainly want
to make sure that your kids and parents are vaccinated because they are most likely to get polio and
not survive.
Here are a couple more facts about polio that you might not know. Up to 90% of polio cases don't
even have symptoms. One in two–hundred people get paralysis from this disease. Five to ten percent
of paralyzed patients die. The viruses is found in saliva and feces of all of the patients that have
polio. Children five and under makeup for 50% of the polio cases but any age of people can get
polio. Polio cases have decreased more than 99% since 1988. Polio went from having three–hundred
and fifty thousand to only four hundred and sixteen. The first polio vaccine was made by Jonas Salk
in 1952 to try to prevent polio since there is no

The Epidemic Of The Polio Virus
With a substantial amount of preventive healthcare advancements behind them, the American
medical community turned its attention to the deadly polio virus plaguing America. From 1937 to
1952, known cases of Americans contracting polio skyrocketed from ten thousand to a staggering
figure of roughly fifty–seven thousand cases. Of those cases within that time period, approximately
one thousand five hundred deaths as a result of polio were recorded. In the year 1953, The National
Foundation for Infantile Paralysis provided the scientist Dr. Jonas Salk with the tools necessary to
research, and develop a working vaccine to combat the devastating polio disease. After much trial
and error, Dr. Salk was finally able to create what he felt was a successful polio vaccination, and
proceeded to conduct a field test. After resounding success, manufacturing instructions for the Salk
vaccine were sent to a series of scientific laboratories for immediate production and administration
to American children. The disaster that occurred next will forever be known through American
medical history as the Cutter Incident (named so after one of the labs that administered the polio
vaccine). This medical crisis sent shockwaves throughout America and the medical community, and
numerous lawsuits were filed against Cutter Laboratories, resulting in fewer and fewer labs willing
to accept contract work in developing vaccines.
Throughout the years, blame has been thrown at every party involved in the

A Brief Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION
Polio or poliomyelitis was derived from the Greek words "polio" meaning grey and "myelos"
meaning marrow which refers to the grey matter of the spinal cord and 'itis' meaning inflammation;
therefore poliomyelitis is inflammation of grey matter of the spinal cord (www.wikipedia.com). It is
a viral disease caused by the polio virus which belongs to the enterovirus genus; enterovirus because
it infects and replicates in the intestinal epithelial and lymphoid (tonsils, Peyer's patches) cells or
tissues, they then enter the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood and infect the motor
neurons. The replication in tonsils results in virus seen in pharyngeal secretions (Clinical
Microbiology by Mark Gladwin and Bill Trattler). The three serotypes of polio virus are type 1, 2
and 3, all three can cause and produce the same symptom with type 1 the most common form and
mostly associated with paralysis. Polio was one of the most feared childhood diseases of the 20th
century; it affected mostly children under the age of five. Most children who were infected at this
stage were asymptomatic or showed mild flu like symptoms and few paralytic complications were
seen among infected children and those who survived the polio attack developed lifelong immunity
to the virus. As improvements in sanitation were made over the years, fewer children were exposed
to polio virus infection but adolescents and adults became infected through their contact with
infected individuals and

Polio Vaccines
The Poliovirus, one of America's most deadly epidemics in the US history. This deadly virus had
wiped out millions of children from 1920–1950. Most of the Polio epidemics had happen during the
summer. The first cause of Polio in the United States happen in Brooklyn, New York in 1916 when
according to Heaven Emerson the public health commissioner said "90 italian immigrants under the
age of 10 had moved to Brooklyn where the outbreak appeared, and that immigrants were the first to
get it because they were dirtier and poorer." From that summer in 1916, Polio had scared the entire
population in New York. Parents were taking extreme measures to ensure their kid would not get
Polio. Polio affected children the most. Children were put in quarantine, ... Show more content on
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Jonas Salk's discovery was ground breaking. It was a rare moment in the medical world what Jonas
Salk did. He unlocked a new door in the medical for the next generation of doctors to find the next
great vaccine. One of example of Salk's lasting impression is Albert Sabin who used Salk's original
vaccine to create a better, newer, and more effective vaccine. Other people had tried to find a polio
vaccine but Salk's was the first effective one. Even after Salk found the Polio vaccine he was not
done doing research. In 1963 he founded the Salk institute for Biological Studies. From there Salk
did research for a HIV vaccine until his death in 1995. Salk's ideas are still being used today for HIV
research. Some countries to this day still use the vaccine he created in 1955. His Institute today is
still one the most important biomedical research labs in the world. In 1986 Jonas Salk created The
Jonas Salk foundation a non profit organization that is committed to the advancement and creations
of vaccines, to end diseases and illnesses the cause harm to people, and overall to improve and
promote the general well being of the human race. In 2014 which was the 100th anniversary of his
death. Salk was celebrated worldwide for what he did in the medical and for what he did to the
people. Jonas Salk was selfless man, he did not create the vaccine for money or the

Taking a Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION Polio is caused by a virus and it used to be a common cause of Encephalitis.
Polio was once considered a middle class, because good hygiene could delay exposure of a person
to the virus until late childhood, the adolescent years or adulthood, when infection would produce
most severe symptoms. Infections in early childhood generally results in asymptomatic or very mild
disease. In the great 1916 polio endemic in New York City, 9,000 cases of paralysis were reported
and nearly all in children less than 5 years of age. The Central Nervous System disease occurs only
in less than 1% of those infected. After an initial 1 to 4 days of fever, sore throat and malaise,
meningeal signs and symptoms appear, followed by involvement of motor neurons and subsequent
paralysis. There are useful and successful vaccines; the structure and replication of the virus are both
understood, and efforts to eradicate the disease by the year 2002 had driven the incidence of polio to
the lowest point in history. The disease is completely preventable by vaccination and has been
disappearing in resource rich countries since the vaccination campaigns were first carried out in the
1950s. The global eradication initiative reduced the number of polio endemic countries from 20 to
10 countries between the year 2000 and 2001. By the year 2005, monovalent oral live vaccines
where introduced and progress was made in eradicating polio from West Africa and Central Africa,
with the exception of Nigeria. A

Post Polio Research Paper
Epidemics have initial devastating consequences; however, what about the patients that survive?
According to Robin Howard in Poliomyelitis and the Postpolio Syndrome (2005), the World Health
Organization (WHO) discussed a significant drop in polio cases between 1988 and 2003 due to
increased immunizations. WHO identified that although there was a drop from 350,000 to 900 cases
worldwide, polio is still considered an epidemic in six third world countries. While its important to
understand polio and its initial symptoms its equally important to understand that polio survivors
may develop significant symptoms decades later; this classified as PPS. Suffers are more likely to
have surgical procedures related to their age as a result of deterioration. Although polio has lost its
grip on the world population as an imminent epidemic threat, the potential for anesthesia providers
to encounter PPS patients is real and present. If health care providers want to avoid the cliché
"history repeats itself," its imperative to understand PPS is present and can be invisible.
Polio
Understanding post–polio syndrome cannot be explained without investigating polio. Polio, also
known as paralytic poliomyelitis, which was a devastating epidemic that resulted in patients
suffering paralysis and possibly death. Richard Underwood, a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The polio virus helped to lay the road for the sanitation reform because it was transmitted by fecal–
oral route. During the incubation phase of 7 to 14 days, replication occurred in the pharynx and
intestines before initiating an immune response. Donna Wheeler (2011), identified three subtypes of
polio: abortive, nonparalytic, and paralytic. Abortive polio symptoms are described as flu–like
symptoms and nonparalytic polio resembles viral meningitis. Paralytic polio, on the other hand
resulted in muscle pain that could eventually result in

The Discovery Of The Polio Vaccine
Ashley Anderson
Professor Giunta
CHS 113–01
23 April 2017
In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper
thought on why and how it was discovered. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached
epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease
faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but
Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients paralyzed. The majority of people who are
diagnosed with Polio don't get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar
to any other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not ... Show more content on
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These other scientists include Thomas Francis, Jr. who Salk worked with for a year in microbiology
and resulting in Francis isolating two types of influenza virus(Allaby). Microbiologist John
Enders,virologists Frederick Robbins and Thomas Weller all influenced Salk to find the
breakthrough he so desperately needed. Both virologists grown viruses in tissue taken from a living
organism using penicillin to keep the object free from infection(Allaby). This was a breakthrough
for Salk because he copied their procedure and used viruses from the spinal cords of polio patients
and grew them in another object to test on(Allaby). Jonas Silk has always been involved with
medical science throughout his entire life. He attends and graduates in surgery from the City College
of New York. In 1938 when Salk works with Thomas Francis he was introduced to finding the
influenza vaccine(Allaby). This is the event that made Salk interested in finding out more about
viruses and urges him to want to find a vaccine for a disease. Salk ended up working on a influenza
vaccine at the Virus Research Unit of the University of Michigan School of Public Health(Allaby).
From working on the influenza vaccine Salk had the opportunity to become the head of the virus
research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh in 1947(Allaby). This is where and when Salk
decides to begin his work on the polio vaccine. The testing Salk produced with the Polio virus in the
spinal cords, they revealed that there

Polio : A Dangerous Disease
Polio, full name poliomyelitis, has been a dangerous disease ever since its first appearance in the
late 18th century. It has taken many people's lives throughout the course of history. The virus's shape
is a circular–shaped agent which has spikes sticking out of various areas of this virus. Some
interesting facts about this dangerous virus is that in the early and mid 1900s, there were at least
5,000–10,000 deaths per year, and vaccines didn't come out until the 1950s. Also, today almost
every country on Earth has eradicated this disease except for Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria,
which shows how the vaccines were and are very essential to get rid of the disease for everyone. In
addition, this disease was famous for infecting Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
In 1908, polio was given it's official name, poliovirus, by two Austrian physicians Karl Landsteiner
and Edwin Popper. Before that, it was known as infantile paralysis. This horrifying disease appeared
in history in 1771, in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Unfortunately, tll a vaccine was invented in
1955, there were at least 5,000–10,000 deaths per year. But, today, the number of affected people
affected by the virus each year is 10s–100s of people. This varies in many places because if an
outbreak happens in Africa, then it will be much harder to save people than it would be if there was
an outbreak in USA because the health organizations have enough money to get the vaccines to
vaccinate people, which in Africa,

Ocean County College
Department of Biology
The Poliovirus
Submitted By,
Stephen Gorda
Date Submitted: 5–2–12
Course: Biology– 162
Instructor: Prof. Estelle Abstract The poliovirus is one of the most transmittable and most
contagious viruses that the human population has come in contact with. The structure of the
poliovirus allows it to be able to bind to motor neuron cells within a host's body and reproduce
quickly. Like all virus's, the poliovirus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarity between the poliovirus and already solved plant virus's led to a better understanding
of how the poliovirus can regenerate within a host. Although the virus was similar to other plant
viruses. The poliovirus was covered with more elaborate loops that are the site of monoclonal
antibody escape mutations (Hogle, Chow and 229: 1358–1365Filman, Science). Individual proteins
of the virus particle are produced by proteolytic cleavages from a larger precursor, yet the amino and
carboxy–termini produced by proteolysis are very distinct. By noting this, Hogle and his team were
able to conclude that proteolysis was not just making a lot of proteins from one gene, it is also
controlling the timing of assembly (Hogle, Chow and Filman, Science 229: 1358–1365).
B. Signs and Symptoms: Approximately 95 percent of people who are infected with poliovirus will
not have any symptoms, however, people who are infected and do not have any polio indicators can
still spread the poliovirus. People who become infected with the poliovirus can start having
symptoms as soon as four days after being infected, and not have any symptoms for as many as
thirty five days. This time period between infection and experiencing symptoms is referred to as
"The Incubation Period," which is when the virus begins to multiply within the cells that line the
back of the throat, nose, and intestines("Signs and symptoms of Polio." eMedtv.com. Clinaero Inc.,
2006–2012. Sunday 4–22–12). For the

Polio And Its Effects On Children
" I got it [polio] when I was a little girl. My parents watch as I slowed down and my hand stopped
working. We couldn't afford the surgery to fix it, but I finally better. But my hand is a constant
remember, but I refuse to let it stop me."(6) Poliomyelitis, deriving from Greek meaning grey and
marrow. Which more than likely refers to the spinal cord, along with the suffix –itis or
inflammation.(4) For a time, Poliomyelitis was once was called infantile paralysis because of its
primary effects on children; However, Poliomyelitis was later shortened into Polio.(4) Polio is an
extremely infectious disease caused by a virus that can attack the nervous system. The Polio can
survive and thrive in the throat and intestinal tract of it's host.(5) It's most often spread through
personal contact with the excrement of an infected person.(5) Also, it is possible that the virus may
be spread through bodily fluids, such as saliva. While 95 percent of persons infected by the
poliovirus will have no symptoms;(4) four to eight percent of infected with the polio virus have
minor symptoms such as: Fever, Fatigue, Nausea, Headache, Flu–like symptoms, Stiffness in the
neck and back, and Pain in the limbs.(5) These symptoms will usually subside after 2 to 5 days.
However, a small group with polio will develop very serious symptoms such as Paresthesia, which
feeling of needles in the legs. Or Meningitis, which infects the covering of the spinal cord and or the
brain. However, this only affects

Near Eradication of Polio
The eradication of polio was very close in the year 2012, however incidence levels has caused a
seventy percent increase in new cases [1]. In this paper I will argue that Canadian individuals do
have a moral obligation to support the effort of polio eradication using Singer's moderate principle
and John Stuart Mill's ethical theory of Act utilitarianism. Polio is virus infection that occurs in the
throat and intestines through environmental contaminations such as water by stool and feces [7]. The
virus in most cases occurs in children aged five and under and leads to the invasion of the nervous
system which can cause irreversible paralysis [12]. In 1988 a proposal called Global Polio
Eradication Initiative was put forward by the World Health Assembly to eradicate the disease which
included partners such as "WHO, Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), UNICEF, and supported by key partners including the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation" [12]. Since this proposal, cases of polio have dropped from 350,000 yearly to a global
low of 223 cases in 2012 [1, 7]. Since 2012 "only parts of three countries in the world remain
endemic for the disease–the smallest geographic area in history" [12]. However, with only one
percent of the world infected with polio, it reappeared in countries and cases increased by seventy
percent [1]. Canadians should not take the matter lightly because the course of the disease can
change quickly. In an interview

The Epidemic Of Polio During The Egyptian Era
From the late Egyptian era to the early 1900's, humans were perplexed about why people were
suddenly getting paralyzed without warning. It wasn't until research skills and technology
accessibility improved that scientists were able to grasp the idea that it was all caused by the
Poliomyelitis virus. Polio began ravaging through the world in the twentieth century, crippling
children, and, even after the discovery of numerous vaccines, is still relentless enough that it infects
children today. Poliomyelitis, also called "infantile paralysis" (Swanson 1), is a virus that has been
around for over 3,000 years, but had troubled scientists right up until the early 1900s when they had
the resources to fully research it. This virus is part of the enterovirus division, meaning it attacks
through oral ingestion and gains access to the body along the gastrointestinal tract (the tract that
leads from the mouth to the anus). From the G.I. tract, it then enters the blood, through which it
travels to and attacks the nervous system. Once the virus fully destroys a neuron, the neuron then
cannot regenerate and therefore ends the connection between the other neurons around it. This left
the infected hosts with twisted limbs, extreme muscle pain and spasms, and, in extremely severe
cases, the inability to perform vital life functions. Polio can be classified into three different types,
depending on which part of the nervous system it decides to attack. Spinal Poliomyelitis was the
most

The Polio Vaccine Essay
The Polio Vaccine
The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it
saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United
states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The
highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus. When
hygienic conditions were poor polio attacked infants. The disease was spread by contaminated water
and contact with fecal contamination. Many infants died when the conditions were poor. But as
conditions improved the virus spread differently. It was spread more through playmates and family
members, the contamination came from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dean William McEllroy talked Salk into joining the university full–time. Though the school's
research budget was a grant from the American Society for the Study of High Blood Pressure in the
amount of $1,800, he saw the opportunity to do two things. One was to continue the work he was
doing on influenza, second was to begin working with the polio virus. A few months after arriving in
Pittsburgh, Salk was visited by the director of research at the National Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis. The director asked Salk if he would be willing to participate in a polio typing program. "I
had no experience working with polio, but it provided me with an opportunity. . ." Salk said in an
interview. This gave Salk a chance to get funding, equipment, a laboratory facility, and to hire a staff
to work for and with him. Salk's previous work gave him the idea that a killed virus could in fact
work when others thought it couldn't. To type the polio virus Salk infected monkeys with polio by
injecting it into them or feeding it to them. If a monkey survived it built up antibodies to protect
against the virus. The monkeys that survived were then given another type of virus to see if the same
antibodies protected against the second type. If it did, it told Salk and his assistants that the two
types were related. If it did not, that told Salk that they were not related. Eventually

Causes Of Resistance To Polio Vaccination
Resistance to Polio Vaccination As is the case in other instances of vaccine hesitance, the resistance
to Polio vaccination in India can be best associated to a lack of trust, both in the vaccine and in the
people providing it. This lack of trust can be tied to a number of causes, of which many apply to
only certain communities within India. This paper will examine four of the largest causes of distrust
in the Polio vaccines; historic mistrust, frustration with the repetitive nature of the vaccinations,
doubts on the effectiveness of the OPV and problems caused by the OPV. Together these factors led
to an environment of distrust in which many people were reluctant to be vaccinated or to let their
children be vaccinated. One of the leading causes of mistrust for the vaccination efforts is the
mistrust that many communities feel towards the motivation behind the Polio vaccination push. This
mistrust of government and NGO initiatives is built upon the histories of many of these regions. Of
particular importance is the lack of basic health infrastructure in many communities across India.
This lack of basic infrastructure, along with rampant poverty, led to widespread problems with
diarrheal diseases, malaria, tuberculosis, malnutrition, and lack of sanitation (Coates et al, 2013).
This caused the residents of these communities to grow suspicious of why the government suddenly
pushed for the Polio vaccination without addressing these problems which affected far more people
in

Overcoming Polio : Peg Kehret : Overcoming Polio
Peg Kehret: Overcoming Polio Peg Kehret, a victim of polio, was paralyzed from the neck down,
but regained full movement of her limbs and learned to walk again within seven months. She was
diagnosed with three different types of polio at the age of twelve (Kehret 27). Polio, a deadly
disease, killed many until the vaccine was created in 1955 by Jonas Saulk. It is now eradicated in
most countries, but still exists in Asia, India, sub–Saharan Africa, and multiple republics of the
country previously known as the Soviet Union. The symptoms of polio begin like those of a
common cold or stomach flu; the treatments for polio are simple, but not always effective. Polio is
spread through contaminated water and surfaces, and travels the digestive tract before infecting cells
inside the intestines (Blaser). Within seven to thirty–five days of exposure to the virus, most people
will experience nausea, headaches, a sore throat (Silverstein et al. 4), a mild fever, and fatigue for
approximately three days. After recovered one percent of the victims of polio will experience a high
fever and severe headaches.Their muscles will become weak, stiff, and painful. They might also lose
nerve reflexes to muscles, foreshadowing paralysis (Blaser). There are three different types of polio
a person could develop. Spinal polio is the most common, affects the nervous system, and often
causes paralysis. Paralysis is caused by cells filled with viruses bursting. The bursting of cells
releases more

The Erradication of Poliomyelitis: Inactivated Polio...
Introduction
Poliomyelitis, commonly known as "Polio", is an acute motor disease caused by the poliovirus that
targets the anterior horn cells of the human spinal cord, and in severe cases results in acute flaccid
paralysis (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2011), which can progress to permanent paralysis. It mainly
affects children under the age of five, although individuals of any age may contract it (World Health
Organization, 2013 [C]). Historical outbreaks, most prominently the 1916 and 1952 epidemics in the
United States, led to the development of two separate vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). Although polio has seen over a 99% decrease in cases since 1988 and has
largely been eradicated in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The grey matter has a butterfly–like shape with two protrusions: the dorsal (or posterior) horn,
which contains neurons responsible for sensory perception, and the ventral (or anterior) horn, which
contains neurons responsible for muscle control. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor
neurons, located in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain, and lower motor neurons,
located in the brainstem and spinal cord.
The muscular system, composed of 700 different muscles, makes up approximately half of a
person's body weight and is responsible for movement, posture, balance, and bodily heat generation
(Taylor, n.d.). Muscles are divided into three main categories: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle makes up the inner walls of all organs and blood vessels. It is
controlled by the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for involuntary contractions of these
structures. Cardiac muscle, an involuntary striated muscle found exclusively in the heart, is
controlled by the sinoatrial node. Contraction of cardiac muscle allows for propulsion of blood
throughout the circulatory system, a process responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients to
bodily cells. Skeletal muscle, a voluntary striated type of muscle that is composed of all muscle
connecting to the skeleton, is responsible for the majority of the heat generated by the muscular
system and

721 Polio Research Paper
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by wild poliovirus. Among the 721 polio
cases was detected during January 2006 – May 2016. This disease invades nervous system, can lead
to paralysis within a few hours or even death. The poliovirus enters the human body through oral
water or food contaminated by decal mayor of the infected person. Virus in the intestine in the
proliferation of the excreted by the feces of infected persons, and can be passed to others. The initial
symptoms of polio are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiff neck and limb pain. This disease
mainly affects children under 5 years old. There is one case of irreversible paralysis (usually legs) in
200 cases of polio infection. In paralysis, 5–10% of

Did you know that polio has been traced from about 6,000 years ago. Polio killed 3,145 in 1952.
Polio is a small RNA virus that lives in your throat. Polio is a viral illness that can cause nerve
damage and cause paralysis. A polio like sickness has recently been found in California in 2013.
Polio has caused many deaths and paralysis in human history. Polio has been a problem for the
world for a long time and man businesses are trying to get rid of it for good. The real name of the
polio virus is the poliomyelitis virus.
Polio is a small RNA virus that has three different types of polio (Type 1,2, and 3. Polio spreads
from direct contact and sometime through contaminated food or water. Polio only infects humans.
Type 1 polio is responsible for 85% of all polio victims.The polio virus can travel in your ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are supportive medicines that help with the symptoms by limiting them or reducing them.
There is a vaccine for polio that is very effective for the public. The CDC advises people to take the
vaccine to lower the chances for you to get polio. The goal for polio is that everyone will eventually
have the vaccine and the virus will be exterminated forever. Most people receive a dose of the
vaccine at the ages of 2 months, 4 month,6–18 months, and between 4 to 6 years of age. The
strategy for getting rid of polio is to give everyone the vaccination. How to prevent polio is to avoid
human contact with infected people and to avoid contact with infected food and water. Before you
go to high polio infected areas you go to the doctor and get a dose. Bed rest, pain control, and good
nutrition. The diagnosis is based on patient's history and current condition. It is possible for polio to
be eradicated completely if everyone take the vaccination, so polio can't spread to people and
eventually die out. Some of the side effects of the vaccination if your allergic are difficulty
breathing, weakness, rapid heart rate,hives and

Emergence And Eradication Of Polio
Emergence and Eradication of Polio
Viren Patel
Valparaiso University
I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others ' use of unauthorized aid. Viren Patel
Introduction
The poliomyelitis word is derived from the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus on the spinal
cord which leads to paralysis. This virus enters from the person mouth and multiplication occurs in
the area of pharynx and GI tract. Before the onset of illness, this virus present in the throat and the
stool. After the onset it will be less in throat but continuous to excreted more in the stool. By
attacking lymphatic tissue this virus enters to the blood stream and infects the cells of the nervous
system. The severity of disease depends on the site of destruction. Respiratory or brainstem
involvement causes highest morbidity and mortality (Ellen, Banks & Skein, 2014).
This purpose of this paper is to discuss about the emergence and eradication. Emergence of the polio
includes the sign and symptoms, causes, spread of the disease, deaths due to the diseases, and
countries affected by this disease. Eradication includes the treatment of the disease, WHO
guidelines, invention of the vaccines, good sanitization, and immunization.
Summary
Polio often called poliomyelitis or infectious paralysis which is an acute, infectious, and viral
disease. It spreads from person

Taking a Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION
Polio (poliomyelitis) is a viral disease also referred to as infantile paralysis. It is an infectious,
potentially fatal disease for which there is no known existing cure. This paper discusses the causes,
transmission, symptoms and prevention of polio. Further, it addresses the challenges involved in
eradicating Polio and suggests efforts to wipe out this disease.
The word "poliomyelitis" is derived from the Greek word, 'polios', meaning "grey", and myelós for
"marrow", which refers to the grey matter of the spinal cord. The suffix '–itis' denotes inflammation.
Severe infection can extend into the brainstem and higher structures, causing polio encephalitis
The polio virus is pathogenic only to humans. It is composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome
which is enclosed in the protein capsid, which enables it to infect specific cell types.
There exist three serotypes of the poliovirus, that is: Poliovirus type 1 (PV1), Polio type 2 (PV2),
and the Poliovirus type 3 (PV3) depending on the capsid protein. They are all extremely virulent and
cause the same disease symptoms. The most commonly encountered form is PV1, and it is most
closely associated with paralysis.
NATURAL HISTORY OF POLIOVIRUS
Polio has been around before mankind started studying history. Michael Underwood was the first to
provide a clinical description of the disease in 1789.
As countries developed, strides were made in sewage disposal techniques and in the provision of
clean water.

Polio Is An Infectious Disease Essay

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