Four Social Psychological Principles Of Clown Sighting.pdfFour Social Psychological Principles Of Clown Sighting

Four Social Psychological Principles Of Clown Sighting
In recent years, clown sightings have become quite common to see in news and social media. It is a
phenomenon in which a group of people dressing up as evil clowns in incongruous settings near
church, at parking lots and forests. While the majority of incidents are reported as pranks with no
evidence of criminal activity, some incidents led to arrest as they involved assaults to individuals,
threats to school and even robberies. This phenomenon of clown sightings is constantly occurring in
the world around me globally and could be explained by four social psychological principles: group,
deindividuation, groupthink and group polarization.
Before understanding the social psychological principles applied to clown sightings, we need to
know what group means as clown sightings usually happen in groups. A group is three or more
people who interact and are independent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to
influence each other. In the clown sighting situation, people usually do it in a group with three or
more people and they interact with each other with a goal to dress up as clown either for fun to
prank people or actually doing act that is aggressive and threatening to others, like robbery, to
achieve their goal of getting other people's money for instance.
Deindividuation is the most important principles to explain clown sightings. Deindividuation means
people often abandon normal restraint when in groups. This is because in group they lose sense of
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Duane Morris Case Analyses Essay
Duane Morris Case Analyses 1. What factors have led to Duane Morris's success? What prompted
their late–1990s growth spurt? 2. How should Duane Morris plan to integrate their new acquisition?
3. What are the biggest risks faced by the firm in the next 5–10 years? Duane Morris strategy
evolved over time while leveraging its history. The strategy was shaped by its environment,
resources and leadership. The degree of congruence between the people, the tasks, the informal and
formal organization was relatively high, which led to a successful growth and profitability. * Duane
Morris compensation structure is one factor that was well aligned with the company's strategy from
formal organization perspective and led to its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This probably contributed to better retention. On the other hand, this process is more slow and
conservative, potentially leading to the firm missing out on great opportunities. * The people it hired
were well aligned with its straregy. They spend significant amount ensuring the person they are
interviewing understands the culure and will be a good fit. 1. Client have multiple touch point
provides better service for the client interms of expertise, but at the same time could prevent any one
lawyer leaving and taking away that client as they client appreciate having all these other lawyers as
well. This is aligned with the firm strategy and helped their success of growing and not losing
clients. 2. Another business approach is their ancillary businesses and its success growth. The
separation from Duane Morris, called another name, so it limits their exposure. In addition, if things
go terrible wrong, it is not their client anyway bc 85% to 90% of the ancillary businesses' customers
were not law firm clients. Also this business was not the same cyclicality so it allowed to diversify
its revenue stream. Duane Morris' growth in the late 1990s was prompted by the macro environment
change at the same time they embraced their history of team work and listening to each other,
resources that are good at team work and

Group Dynamics And Its Developmental Stages
Abstract There are different stages through which a group passes, both as natural and in a school
atmosphere. According to the Oxford Dictionary, 2015, Group Dynamics, is the study or use of the
processes involved when people in a group interact. This paper will look to examine group
dynamics and its developmental stages in the context of a group randomly selected to make a class
room presentation which involved researching, forming of information to present findings to the
class. It will also look at how group goals were developed and if the group goals were specific and
understood. Group communication patterns will also be examined and its effectiveness discussed.
We will also take a look whether group power occurred and whether or not ... Show more content on
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One of the group members suggested that the entire group read the specific article and come ready
to discuss what each member understood from the article. After a group discussion of the article,
another member suggested that each member select a question they felt comfortable answering and
presenting in class. The group members also agreed a deadline as to when everyone needed to write
up their part of the presentation and turn it in to one members of a group who would gather the data
and enter it into a power point presentation format. Everyone in the group agreed that they would
email me their written part of the presentation. Prior to the classroom presentation, the group
reviewed the data entered in the power point, edited it and agreed as to the order of the information
that would be presented in class. Finally, the group gathered prior to the presentation and made last
minute edits to slides. The group agreed that there were too many slides and agreed to reduced them
to a minimal amount. After agreeing to the final PowerPoint presentation the group rehearsed the
information to be presented prior to the class meeting. This group did not experience the storming
effect. No one in the group believed that they were being judged and everyone was able to share
their opinion and views. As one member of the group stated that this was one of the easiest group
she had ever been in because everyone got along and no arguments over the project emerged.

The Role Of Groupthink Through Erosion Of The Deliberative...
Groupthink Why it is dangerous By: Ryan M. Kelly It is well–known that sound decision making is
the foundation for any group, business or single person making every day decisions regardless of the
business size and or person. There are many forces, both negative and positive, that affect the
decision making process. One of great importance is the presence of groupthink. Groupthink is
described as conformity, as group cohesiveness overrides individual creativeness. This idea has
attracted the interest of scholars, who still to this day research its negative impact. Studies have
shown groupthink compromises the integrity of the decision making environment. The compromise
leads to sub–par decisions, and negatively impacts the decision making process. They further
demonstrate that less than optimal decisions, when continually made, correlate directly to a group's
performance and or downfall. This paper will discuss the negative effects of groupthink through
erosion of the deliberative process within a group. The decision making process/environment
depends on two major factors. One of the factors considered is the information provided. The other,
is the groups dynamics. This paper will show various ways in which decision making processes are
faulted by groupthink. The information following will be divided into six sections, each dedicated to
a different part of groupthink. The reason is to clearly show the different causes and effect of
groupthink in

Participative Leadership Style Analysis
One skill that will help me develop as a leader is utilizing the participative leadership skill when
needed. Participative leadership shares decision making with group members. According to the text,
participative leadership encompasses so many behaviors that it can be divided into three subtypes:
consultative, consensus, and democratic (Dubrin, 2010). Out of these three subtypes being a
consultative leader can be very helpful. Consultative leaders confer with group members before
making a decision. However, they retain the final authority to make decisions. Participative
leadership not only encourage teamwork but the participative style is based on management
openness because the leader accepts suggestions for managing the operation from group members.
Another skill that I would like to further develop is selecting the best leadership style. There is no
one best or most effective leadership style. The text states that, a study of 3,000 executives revealed
that leaders who get the best results do not rely on one style. Instead, they use several different
styles in one week, such as being autocratic in some situations and democratic in others (Dubrin, ...
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The associates can feel delighted of their contributions and attempt to make more. I will practice this
method when making miniscule decisions at work. I will ask the associates what they think about
the situation and allow any feedback. This goal is attainable because most people will like to give
their input whether it is needed or not. Involving associates is a realistic approach. It will allow them
to think they were the ones who made the decision. I will know that I mastered this method when
my associates are more engaged in their work. I can have this skill mastered with continuous

Nordic Countries Built on a Culture of Equality and...
The notion of consensual politics in Nordic countries is built on a culture of equality and the
importance of persistently trustworthy behaviour which are based on a common set of values
(Delhey and Newton, 2004). These Nordic countries include Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and
Denmark. The following values, institutional and political characteristics are typically highlighted
when making reference to these countries: egalitarianism by means of universal and generous social
insurance systems, solidarity, public welfare service systems, proactive labour market and finally
agreed industrial policies which maintain a level of consensus within Nordic politics (Strandberg,
2006). These characteristics have been one of the main reasons for the development of their
comprehensive welfare provisions, which creates a sense of solidarity among these countries
(Kuhnle, 1991: Peterson, 1994 cited in Lee Miles, 1996). This paper will start by assessing and
defining the existence of consensual Nordic politics today by discussing how it had been in the past,
and then looking at the future of consensual politics in Nordic countries. Also in this essay the two
countries, which will be compared, are Finland and Sweden showing, which state has maintained a
consensual form of policy making and which have had more of a decline and how it got to that
point. It will then go on to explain the reasons for the decline and what sort of reforms can be done
in order to ensure a rise in consensual

Power, Decision-Making, And Decision Making In A Family
For my interview, I talked with my mom and dad, Sharla and Bruce Zwanziger. My parents have
been happily married for 21 years now. The unconditional love that they show for each other every
day makes me hope that someday I have a marriage just like theirs. I interviewed my parents about
power, decision–making, and conflict management in their relationship. For the first question, I
asked my parents how they approached power, decision–making, and conflict in their relationship.
After asking this question, my mom replied with "I think we both have very easy going
personalities, so when it comes to conflicts, we both talk about different options and listen to each
others ideas." (S. Zwanziger, personal interview, June 25, 2017.). My dad replied with "Yes, I
definitely agree with that. We both have different ideas sometimes, but we make sure that we are
open to each others ideas as well as our own." (B. Zwanziger, personal interview, June 25, 2017.).
As I watched them answer this question, I noticed that they both paid very good attention to each
other and let one another state their opinions, just like how I would imagine their conversations
about solving a conflict would be. Just like my parents, Galvin, Braithwaite, and Bylund (2015),
believe that decision–making in a family involves more than just one individual (p. 197). They agree
that whatever decisions that are made will affect the entire family, so everyone in the family should
have a say in what the decision is

Chp 9 Case Study 360 Review at GE Essay
Week #5 – Case Study 360–Degree Appraisals at GE Davenport University Topic Paper – HRMT
700 Cecile Morris Week #5 – Case Study 360–Degree Appraisals at GE Recap and Analysis General
Electrics' Durham, North Carolina assembly employees have a unique work environment in which
they build the GE90 jet engine for Boeing. The 9 engine build teams consist of approximately 18
employees who own the entire process of assembling some 10,000 parts perfectly to create one
complete engine assembly. The teams are self managed, doing everything from ordering parts and
tools to scheduling vacation and overtime. The success of the teams comes from their founding
method of agreement by consensus decisions making. In fact, ... Show more content on
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Root Problem The root problem with Ms. Sims proposal is that the implementation goes directly
against the culture of consensus agreement on making decisions for the teams and the plant. Since
this would be considered a major change, it should be brought to a task force for review and
solution, or at minimum be brought to the attention of all employees. In the past, Ms. Sims has
experienced issues of missed trust with the assembly teams and this direct approach with HR for the
implementation a new performance measure stands to have an equally negative effect. Alternative
Ideas In order to address the root problem, HR would like to propose some alternative ideas to Ms.
Sims proposals that could include awareness of GE corporate use general of 360 degree
performance measures in other locations. Investigations on the benefits from other GE plants should
be presented to employees to gain a better understanding and buy–in of the proposal. Knowing the
culture of feedback that exist within the plant, Ms. Sims could call for a task force to investigate the
benefits of 360 degree feedback and make a direction decision on the use of 360 degree appraisals.
In consideration of alternative ideas, Ms. Sims should consider

How Assumptions of Consensus Undermine Decision Making
Cover Letter People are always trying to come to a consensus that they know something or someone
before they get the true in–depth details. This more often than not leads them to making false
assumptions. False assumptions are a misuse of statistics and occurs when a statistical argument
asserts a falsehood. At the end of the day these false assumptions lead us to looking stopid in the end
as we were proven wrong. What I want to know is what always proppels us to want to jump to
conclusion before we get to know someone or something. In my essay I will explain why people
jump to conclusion and what ways we can help ourselves not make these false assumptions.
Jumping to conclusion We always think we know something or someone better than we actually do.
More times than not these assumptions or educated guesses what many people call them are more
often wrong the majority of the times. We always try to go with our gut feeling on something that
propels us to jump the gun and make a false assumption which makes us look like a fool at the end
of the day. In my last two essays I proved the point how we make false assumptions that propel us to
jump to conclusion and how more times than not our conclusion that we make is false. After doing
an extensive amount of research im writing to figure out why we make these false assumptions that
propel us to jump to conclusion. The personal assumptions that undermine people's decisions
making are unconscious. In "how assumptions of

Participative Leadership And Human Resource Management Essay
The aim of this report is to present the findings of how a Participative Leadership (PL) style could
work in the Hospitality industry. This will also include research on the advantages and challenges of
implementing this style; and how it would aid effective kitchen communication and human resource
management.
What is Participative Leadership?
Participative Style is where decisions are made with the most feasible amount of participation from
those who are affected by the leaders' decision (Grimsley, Participative Leadership Style: Definition,
Theory & Examples, 2015). It requires the leader to ask on the team to share ideas and observations
in order to come to a decision. Although the team has input into the decision, the leader ultimately
has the task of the final decision. Participative leadership can be divided into three subtypes because
it encompasses so many forms of behaviours.
Consultative leaders use skills, ideas and experiences of others, although the leader still retains the
final decision making power (Brown, 2007). Consensus leaders strive for consensus. All team
members who will be involved in the consequences of the final decision have the ability to provide
input. A decision is not made final until all team members at least support it. Democratic leaders
being one of the most used style of leadership around the world, confer final authority on the group.
It redistributes the power and authority to the group by taking a vote on the final decision (Grimsley,

Team Communication Skills
Team Communication Skills In addition to good individual communication skills, the team itself
needs to form communication skills. Cohen (2008) looks in detail of the communication skills the
team should establish for good overall communication. In addition, the article also goes to explain
how commutation plays a role in conflict resolution, and what group rules the team should create
when conflict occurs. As a team, creating a protocol for conflict management is important. This
includes how the team should communicate and behave during a conflict as well (Cohen, 2008).
There are several important elements to include in this structured process. The first element is
allowing members to speak up and to express feelings with respect. Secondly, is to intervene early to
decrease the severity of the problem. Moreover, when the conflict occurs it is critical to establish a
goal as to what all team members want and for it to be understood. Finally, the team should always
remember to empathize with the other members, demonstrate appreciation, and try to understand
another's perception (Cohen, 2008). It is important, however, to remember that reducing conflict can
be simple if the team follows an appreciative process. Bushe (1998) goes on in explaining this
concept, and explains by using this process it helps the team amplify what they can do, and focus on
the positives within a situation. Skills parts of the appreciative process are positivity and being
positive to the team,

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Group Decision Making
ABSTRACT Biodiversity management requires effective decision making at various stages.
However decision making in the real world is complex, driven by multiple factors and involves a
range of stakeholders. Understanding the factors that influence decision making is crucial to
addressing the conflicts that arise in conservation. Decisions can be made either by individuals or by
groups. This precise context has been studied extensively for several decades by behavioural
economists, social psychologists and intelligence analysts. The observations from these disciplines
can offer useful insights for biodiversity conservation. A systematic review on group versus
individual decision making is currently lacking. This systematic review would enable ... Show more
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A business has no mechanism to allow voices of reason to be heard if the decision–maker acts
impulsively or fails to explore all angles in a decision. What you gain in efficiency you may lose in
thoroughness and effectiveness. An individual, especially one in power or who stands to gain
financially, may have conflicts of interest in his decisions. Group Decision Pros In group decision
scenarios, you have a chance to pull in ideas and thoughts from people with multiple backgrounds,
talents and points of view. Many companies use work teams because this collaborative process can
lead to more ideas and better quality decisions. You also have potential "devil's advocates" who
bring potential flaws of a decision to the table. Another benefit of group decision–making is the
development of a team–oriented, positive work culture where employees feel involved. Group
Decision Cons Group decision–making can be inefficient. It takes time for groups to thoroughly
discuss pros and cons of each potential decision. Groups are often influenced by dominant members
or voices. This may lead to groupthink, which ultimately gets in the way of intended benefits of
group decisions. Group members may also have varying levels of experience and knowledge about
the decision, mitigating the value of their contributions to the

The Responsibilities Of General Manager
A general manager has many responsibilities, some of these responsibilities include recognizing,
upholding, and improving the means of the organization to keep it running smoothly and
successfully. This is difficult for just one person to take care of all these responsibilities, thus
majority of companies have multiple managers depending on the size of the organization. A general
manager is typically responsible for external and internal synergies changing environmental factors,
government laws, taking care of customer needs as well as employees. General Managers have to
keep in mind the resource subordinates so that they can accomplish all the required needs for the
firm to be successful. A major responsibility for general managers is to organize a strategy for the
organization. For the manager to accomplish this step, he/she has to be up to date with the external
environment and internal resources to know what the goals are needed to be. A manager's role is to
plan, organize, lead, and control. Managerial behaviour can be described in many ways. Behaviour
is how we act in a certain situation as well as what is motivating us at the time being to act in that
particular way. Behaviour has three main categories; customary or conventional, moral behaviour,
and legal behaviour. Customary behaviour is described as how individuals are likely to act in the
society. It can be described as what the people around you see as appropriate. Moral or ethical
behaviour can be a branch

Cultural Differences: Similarities Between American And...
Each of the cultures is a set of beliefs, values and attitudes that shaped by local conditions and
values based on the various sector of history, cultural issues, economics and politics, geographical
and also personal characteristics and beliefs. In the other hand, globalization is overwhelming and
spread tremendously through the world, individual in different countries starting to have similar
tastes and preferences towards the products, yet, the business strategies and cultural issues are
overlapping. Moreover, people possessed several of cultural senses and beliefs in views, opinions,
and perhaps in decision making, that there will be more understanding and the ability to cope with
different cultures. There are similarities between American and Chinese which is in business ethic
values, assimilation of current cultures, punctuality, and consensus: 1. Business ethic values Ethical
behavioural is which how a people act in a same way to define right and wrong with an indifferent
situation. Even though American and Chinese obtain totally different cultures but there is a very
similar in conducting ethic codes in business practices. Based on research, more than 94% of the
American and Chinese against toward of unfollowed the company policy, illegal, bribe, and
unethical issues. Besides, they have high sense of social responsibility and environmental conscious
to create well–being to society. Both of the countries are profit and task orientated but just the
degree matter

Qdc1 Study Guide
Qdc1 Study Guide
QDC1 Study Questions
Quality Management:
Ch. 9–10, Operations Management
Click for Skillsoft Module: The Who, What and Why of ISO 9000:2000
Click for Skillsoft Module: Six Sigma: Reducing Variation to Improve Quality
List the types of graphical charts used in operations management. Flowchart, Check Sheet,
Histogram, Pareto Chart, scatter diagrams, control charts, run charts, cause and effect diagrams
Which charts are important in statistical process control (SPC)? Control Charts
Describe the uses of functional flowcharts. Diagrams show steps in a process
Describe the uses of histograms. Empirical Frequency distribution; shows the frequency of an
occurrence of a variable
Describe the uses of run charts. Used to track ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reducing defects, reducing costs, reducing delivery times, increasing productivity, imporving
cusomter satisfaction
Describe the process for establishing a process improvement team. Focus on the processes,
recognize internal customers, involve and educate employees, reduce hierarchy, use steering
committees, and be open to adjustments
Describe the responsibilities that rest with team members. Have technical knowledge of the problem
to be solved
Supply Chain:
Ch. 11, 12, 13, & 15, Operations Management
Click for Skillsoft Module: Supply Chain Logistics Management
Click for Skillsoft Module: Six Sigma: Lean Tools for Control
Describe the phases in the auditing process.
Planning Phase
Organizing Phase
Preliminary Audit Phase
Conducting Phase
Summarizing Phase
List the activities that must be carried out to complete each phase in the audit process
Planning Phase: During this phase, audit objectives and scope are developed, and management is
notified of the planned audit.
Organizing Phase:During the organizing phase, the assigned auditor organizes the audit and prepares
detailed plans. Also, the assigned auditor develops the preliminary audit program, prepares

administrative papers, prepares an agenda for the opening conference, and conducts the opening
conference.
Preliminary Audit Phase:The preliminary phase begins upon the conclusion of the opening
conference and ends with the approval of the audit program for conducting

Springfield General Hospital Case
1. What went wrong? How can you explain how the technology actually led to more rather than
fewer mistakes?
The staff was made complacent by technology and leaned on the technology to hold and reproduce
information. They never checked on the validity of the information they were receiving from the
system. They also received information from the system in a form that was not easily usable.
2. What theories of change implementation would have helped the administrators at the Springfield
General Hospital solve the problem of medication mistakes?
Springfield General Hospital should have gathered all of their essential personnel together to
analyze their issue. Once they had correctly identified the problem, they should have come up with a
solution together and properly training their personnel in the areas of change that are being changed.
Technology should not have been the answer to their problem it should have been used to enhance
whatever route they decided to take to solve the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The district leaders rely heavily on data basis that gather sort and produce usable data to help in the
decision making process. Like the individuals in the cases study, leader can become comfortable
with the data without checking the validity and the reliability of the data. If the data is coming from
MSIS database, which in managed, by Mississippi Department of Education, it is often taken for
granted that the information is valid. However, data can be received from testing companies,
educational assistance companies and district personnel. Therefore as the educational leaders make
decisions they have to consistently check the source of the data. The leadership team should make
sure that all data that is being used is valid and reliable. They should also ensure that each
department knows what the other departments are doing and their efforts are aligned vertically and

Teamwork
BSBWOR502B Ensure Team effectiveness 1.1 Describe what differentiates a group of people from
a team. A team is generally organized, with specific goals and usually with specific roles for
different members of the team. A team is a group of people that works together for a common cause
or goal. A group is just a collection of people with something in common, such as being in the same
place or having a shared interest. 1.2 Explain why it is important to establish a clear team purpose.
establishing a clear purpose/goal is important so the group understands what it is trying to achieve.
Without a clear goal or purpose, the team may not be able to identify when the task has been
completed or finished. With a clear goal, the team can unify and ... Show more content on
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Ensure that they are SMART. Define the KPIs and standards for each goal. Define the timeframe for
each goal. Select 1 goal and create an action plan which clearly documents how you will achieve
this goal. Detail the methods/ processes that you will engage in, the resources that you need and
risks or constraints. 3.1 Describe the stages that a team goes through during its life cycle. The stages
that teams normally go through range from forming to disbanding. the stages cannot always be
clearly identified: this is likely to be the case if a team operates for a few days or if a team has
changes in its membership. In the first case, there may be little 'storming' and in the latter there may
be a considerable amount of it. Managing a team means managing it through the ups and downs of
the team process from beginning to end. The idea of different 'stages' of team development

Goup Decision Making Essay
Group Decision Making
Let?s define what is Group Decision Making, decisions made by committees, think tanks, teams and
groups. They may include borrowers, lenders, producers, buyers, scientists and other experts,
environmentalists, and real estate developers and so on.
Decision making skills is one of the most important aspects of management. It involves personal and
interpersonal skills, fact finding, logical thinking, creativity, analytical ability, sensitivity to others
and assertiveness
What are the key steps in making a decision?
Whether decisions are straightforward or complex, a systematic approach will lead to success.
? Setting objectives
An objective is a specific step, a milestone, which enables you to ... Show more content on
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? Evaluating options
? Selecting the best option
What techniques can I use when making decisions?
These might include:
? Brainstorming
A brainstorming session is a tool for generating as many ideas or solutions as possible to a problem
or issue. It is not a tool for determining the best solution to a problem or issue. Before beginning any
effective brainstorming session, ground rules must be set. This doesn't mean that boundaries are set
so tightly that you can't have fun or be creative. It does mean that a code of conduct for person to
person interactions has been set. It's when this code of conduct is breached that people stop being
creative. The best way to have meaningful ground rules is to have the team create their own. Try
performing a mini–brainstorming session around creating brainstorming ground rules. It should
provide a nice opportunity to practice the skills necessary for an effective brainstorming session.
This also allows the team to take ownership of acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Only if the
team hasn't addressed the key ground rules should you (as the facilitator) add to the list. Once the
ground rules list is generated be sure to gain consensus that the session will be conducted according
to them, and post them in a highly visible location in the room.
? Lateral thinking
Lateral

Vital Strategic Management Processes
A strategic leader can utilize decision–making teams as a powerful asset in successfully coping with
the environment. Such teams improve their decision making by using a process of consensus, a
process useful when developing national security strategy, military strategy, or strategic planning in
other public or private sectors. Knowing how to forge consensus for policy development and
implementation is critical to successful management and leadership. Being able to manage strategic
consensus has been identified as one of the effective methods for the execution of strategy. Within
an organization one of the fundamental priorities consists of understanding commitment (Floyd and
Woolridge, 1992), as this is often reflected in important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cormick.G et al, 1996 states consensus is a process of those who have a stake in the outcome to
reach agreement on actions and outcomes that resolve or advance issues related to environmental,
social, and economic sustainability.
Key attributes to successfully participation include humility, willingness to listen to others and see
their perspectives, and willingness to share your own ideas but not insist they are the best ones.
Decisions are a part of everyday life and can be made in a variety of ways, but most of the time they
are either made individually or in a group setting. Both individual decision making and group
decision making have their pros and cons, and can even determine the type of individual a person is.
There are major differences between group decision making and individual decision making. When
participants are in a group, decision making could not only consist of one person's opinion, however
everyone's opinion which could become vital for the final outcome. This could go two ways either it
makes it easier for a final decision to be reached, or make it even harder to reach a final decision.
Group decision making can also be positive because there is more brain power involved which can
ultimately lead to a quick and more efficient type of decision making.
Consensus is a method used to find a solution where everyone in the team agrees and is used in
company's such as housing operatives, activist

The School Of Public And Environmental Affairs
Change is to make the form, nature, content, future course, etc. of something different from what it
is or from what it would be left alone (notes). Change is a continuous occurrence throughout the
growth of organizations and their success can be correlated with how adaptable the organization is
to these changes. SPEA's current organizational structure is not working effectively, so in order to
remedy this problem, we must change the organizational structure within SPEA. I have created a
plan that will solve the communication problems within SPEA while simultaneously enhancing the
structure and culture of the organization.
The School of Public and Environmental Affairs currently operates as a mechanistic, or
bureaucratic, organization. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patt will then approve the task and then Patt will inform student workers of their new duties. This
means the flow of communication goes from the middle to the top level and then directly to the
bottom level. The vertical communication that is evident in a mechanistic organizational structure is
currently functioning in the form of an upside down checkmark. In addition to this disruption of the
organizational structure, there is also the exclusion of the top level in its entirety. The advisors will
disregard Patt and communicate their needs with the student workers directly, which in turn makes
the organization operate on a disconnected basis. SPEA is attempting to run a centralized,
formalized, and mechanistic organization; however, their actual organization is extremely informal.
The first step to creating an organization that functions properly is to fix the structure of the
organization itself. After analyzing the current formalized organizational structure within SPEA, I
decided that it did not need to be changed; however, it needed to be adjusted in order to make it
operational. SPEA should maintain their mechanistic structure with distinct levels of authority for
the sake of the student workers, so that they are aware of who they are answering to. In order to
make this structure more effective for the student workers, we need to further centralize the
organization. For instance, we should

Consensus Essay
Understanding consensus and its role in a business
As mentioned earlier in the introduction, consensus is a general agreement that is made within
different groups. Consensus is another word for consent, which means to give permission. It is part
of the process of decision–making where everyone within the group has a say and agrees to support
a decision in the best interest of the business as a whole. Consensus builds a relationship within the
workforce and this helps them find a solution that meets the needs of the group and work together to
strategically make the best decision suited for the company.
Consensus can work in different surroundings, whether it is a small or a large business, or even in a
local community. The end goal is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Facilitator comes from the word facilitate which means ease a process or to make easy.
Consensus is such an important phase for any business that wants high–quality decisions. It comes
along with many advantages, which are as follows:
– Creates added ownership and commitment that leads to a more effective execution as the entire
group takes action on the plan/project.
– Create a more shared understand through discussion that links differences.
– Broad participation engages and authorises the whole of the group.
– Distributes the power within a group equally.
– Increases cooperation and teamwork.
– Create better decisions made within the group that are more representative of a larger community
The fundamentals of consensus decision–making used within a business
When is comes to using the word consensus there are several different meanings to it. Often referred
to as "consensus decision–making" and there is many common elements that may define consensus
decision–making, this includes:
– Agreement seeking: Consensus decision–making is the process in which it seeks a general or a full
agreement. When an organisation agrees to use consensus they set themselves the target of
producing as much of an agreement as possible. Different organisations might different rules of
decisions, such as the benchmark for how much of an agreement is required to finalise a decision.
However, all groups that use the process of consensus strive to ensure that it reaches a full

Critical Analysis of Everest Simulation Results
Critical Analysis of Everest Simulation Results
INTRODUCTION
The Everest simulation allows participants to explore varying forms of communication, leadership
and different attributes of teams to determine what alternative best suit the given situation. The
simulation entails decision making processes, which must be effectively executed in order to
maximise team efficiency and attain set goals. The simulation involves ascending towards the
summit of Mount Everest along with other team members, each with predefined roles. The
interdependent nature of the task requires members to work in collaboration to achieve goals and
later evaluate the outcome and the shortcomings that may have hindered success. This report
explores communication, leadership and groups and teams as themes for examining the outcomes of
the task, as well as determining what implications this experience holds for future teamwork based
activities.
COMMUNICATION
Communication, the exchange of information amongst people, is a key feature of management. The
level of effectiveness and efficiency of communication amongst team members can contribute to
success or failure in the task. The Everest simulation was one such group task that required all team
members to engage in effective communication in order to plan and execute the task. To maximise
the outcome, it was necessary to choose the correct form of communication at different stages of the
task. In the planning stage we used both face–to–face and mobile

Leadership As An Effective Leader
The world of healthcare, its delivery and services are forever evolving; and in the interim so is its
infrastructure and workforce capacity (Klienman, 2003). Healthcare executives must be equipped
with the proper skills in order to be effective leaders in the field. Dye and Garman (2006) highlight
various critical competencies all healthcare executives should harness in order to be influential
leaders in their present or future leadership role. Some competences may come natural to
individuals, while others have to be developed and strengthened over time. Leaders are faced with
challenges such as ethical dilemmas, budgetary cuts and organizational restructuring. Furthermore
they are also responsible for sustaining employee morale, being a visionary and a role model within
their respective agencies. However, the key to their success in being an effective leader is based
upon a foundation of the ability to influence and an understanding of their ethical approach to
decision–making (Grenny, Patterson, Maxfield, McMillan & Switzler, 2013).
Based upon what I have learned throughout the course, I define influential leadership as an
individuals' ability to affect their team positively through motivation and inspiration to achieve
organizational outcomes. Leaders should not use their authority in an abusive manner through
negative influence; in turn it should be used to empower their employees and to make them feel
appreciated for their work. Influence is a vital asset when it

A Meeting At The Glenwood Landing School Auditorium
Community Non–Nursing Meeting Shameila Bacchus York College, City University of New York
Nursing 406 Dr. Margarett Alexandre 10/19/2016 The meeting was held at the Glenwood Landing
School Auditorium. It was hosted by the North Shore Schools Board of Education. It convened at
six– thirty p.m. on Thursday October 6th, 2016 at 60 Cody Avenue, Glen Head, NY 11545. This
meeting discussed issues, concerns, and matters that addressed the needs of the schools, students
and community. The purpose of the North Shore Board of Education is to serve as a liaison between
the community and the Board regarding legislative matters that have a direct bearing on fiscal or
educational aspects of the North Shore Central School District. The Board of Education consists of
seven individuals whose primary responsibilities include: establishing general policies consistent
with the laws of New York State and the rules and regulations of the State Education Department. In
this meeting even though there was one official leader; Superintendent Dr. Edward Melnick, there
were other group members; the Legislative Action Committee (LAC) who played important
leadership roles. The LAC is composed of seven community members with varying interests,
experience and expertise. Dr. Melnick was the designated leader. He possessed good instincts
allowing the leader group members in the decision making process by requesting and considering
their opinions and proposals. His communication

Desert Survival Essay
[pic] ORIENTATION TO THE DESERT SURVIVAL SITUATION
The following is a list of goals the online Desert Survival Situation has been designed to address:
[pic] To demonstrate that teams are able to produce decisions superior to individual decisions. The
phrase "two heads are better than one" sums up synergistic decision making–the concept that groups
of people working together make better decisions than individuals working alone. The Desert
Survival Situation enables participants to experience this phenomenon first hand.
[pic] To teach the interpersonal and rational skills involved in synergistic problem solving.
Synergistic problem–solving is function of: 1) Working with others cooperatively; and 2) Using the
knowledge and expertise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although you may have worked extensively with some of the members of your team, others are
largely unknown to you. In this regard, this exercise perhaps simulates most closely a newly
instituted cross–functional task force.
How the Simulation Will Unfold
You will be notified of your assignment to a team prior to the start of the exercise. Although the
exercise does not take place until Week 4, this gives you several weeks to establish a communication
protocol among team members. This is important so that when we start Week 4 and the simulation,
you are ready to go. There is a collaboration phase that requires you discuss the exercise and reach
consensus as a team. If you can't communicate with each other, then you can't fully participate in the
exercise.
This exercise will proceed in three phases. Each phase has a distinct start and stop time. I have also
created a suggested timeline for accomplishing the important steps in this exercise. The timetable
can be found at the end of this document.
[pic][pic] Phase I Individual Ranking
[pic] Access the Desert Survival Situation website: at http://www.survey–
server2.com/desert_university/. As a first time user, you'll need to activate your account. And select
the class section and enter the Proof of Purchase code you received when you purchased your course
materials. Your first goal is to create your personalized

What Legal And Ethical Obligations Are The Doctors
Dying is one of the worries of life. This case study is about a 78 year old Mr Barrett, who had an
accident and remains in a coma state and on the ventilator three days after the misfortune.
Intesivist's advice to the family is to remove the ventilator and allow Mr Barrett to die peacefully but
the family are against to Intensivist's suggestion. Below are lists of questions, followed by my
responses that have ethical and legal implications regarding End of Life care and DNR decisions
concerning Mr Barrett's case. What legal and ethical obligations are the doctors and nurses required
to take into account when making a decision about End of Life Care for this 78 year old man?
Caring for patients at their remaining days or hours of their ... Show more content on
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With regards to possible withdrawal to treatment, if the patient has no capacity, the substitute
decision maker (Mrs Barrett) has the right to make consent on behalf of the patient. For an instance
if that the decision maker chooses to continue the treatment, in that case, doctors are not liable for
any assault in such situations (Queensland Health n.d.). What framework can the medical and
nursing team use here to reach a consensus with the family about what is to be done and how it is to
be done? According to NSW Health (2005), building a consensus is an integral process to decide
what is the best treatment for the patient especially those who cannot decide for themselves.
Consensus should be ethically based on the following principles. First, the initial goal of care is to
preserve life. However if life cannot be preserved our aim is to provide comfort and dignity to the
dying patient. Second, the patient has the right to be informed about everything concerning their
health as well as they have the right to refuse life–sustaining treatment. Third, is to make sure that
the decisions are made equally. Thus the process and outcomes should be transparent and well
recorded. Fourth, decisions made for the treatment should be fair and appropriate to patient's values
and condition. Fifth, patient has a right to receive care then healthcare professionals have the duty to
practice in

Decision-Making in Pluralist, Hierarchical and Consensus...
Decision Making Process . Introduction Robbins (1998: 103) states that decisions are choices made
from two or more alternatives. Decisions are made as a reaction to a problem. That is, there is a
discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state requiring consideration of
alternative courses of action. This however requires any person in the position where he/she must
make decisions to consider some aspects regarding decision–making. This not only includes relevant
information but also the application of knowledge and/or skills to use this information to realize a
decision. Decision making and its processes are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such problems deserve special treatment." Rowe and Boulgarides (1992: 16) on the other hand
categorized decisions into three: (1) Routine decisions – involves the carrying out and following of
an organizations goal, prescribed policies and/or rules; (2) Creative decisions – whereby new or
novel approaches are needed to handle more complex problems; and (3) Negotiated decisions –
occurring in situations where conflict in goals or approaches to problem solving need to be resolved
by involving participants. Decision–Making Processes in a Hierarchical Political System .
Hierarchy, per Encyclopaedia Britannica's definition, is "[...] a ranking of positions of authority,
often associated with a chain of command and control. The term is derived from the Greek words
hieros ("sacred") and archein ("rule" or "order")." Combining the two words, hierarchy can be
termed as "a sacred rule or order". A hierarchy tries to place mankind in a class order within a
structure order, often defined by laws, customs, rules or conduct or other forms of structuring
mechanism. Hierarchies are used to make decisions in rational ways, to avoid confusion, to order
people around in a way that operates efficiently, and for other reasons. Hierarchy is as old as human
existence on the planet earth.

The President 's National Security Policy Essay
According to the Article II of the US Constitution, the president is the highest political figure
empowered with key executive powers such as the head of state, and commander–in–chief among
others. The president sits at the epicenter of the US foreign policy establishments. His ability to
pursue national security policy priorities depends on the quality and efficacy of decisions emanating
from the existing decision–making models. The models reflect on multiplicity of values, goals, and
interests through an interagency process of consensus building of several bureaucratic organizations.
Rational decision model critical to identify and prioritize national security policy objectives;
develop and evaluate alternatives against the objectives; select tentative decision from the most
appropriate alternatives, implement and evaluate the policy to prevent undesirable consequences.
The American system of government creates various constraining factors that exert significant
pressure, directly and indirectly, towards the decision–making processes of the national security
policies. Hence, this paper seeks to evaluate the factors that most severely constrain a president's
ability to pursue his national security priorities; with recommendations on how best, the president
can reduce the effects stemming from these factors.
Considering the political model of decision–making process, the US president is undoubtedly not an
independent decision maker. The structure of the US political system

Advantages Of Group Decision Making
There are several advantages for group decision making. For example, George and Jones (2012)
propose four main advantages over individual decision making. First, the availability and diversity
of group members' skills and knowledge give group decision making the advantage over its
individual counterpart. That is, for specific decisions the skills and knowledge of each member
within the group are pooled and the resulted expertise will be focused upon a specific problem to be
solved. Relatedly, the diversity (age, gender, cultural background) of the members who are engaged
in group decision making provides the opportunity for various perspective regarding the problem to
be solved. Maier (1967) provides additional support for this advantage. He also asserts that all team
members do not need to be similarly trained or come from the same background to obtain these
positive effects. In fact, when group makers come from different experiential backgrounds, they
may provide greater advantages to the group because they perceive problems differently and knock
each other out of ruts in their thinking. A second advantage with group decision making is related to
enhanced memory for facts (George & Jones ,2012). Since the group rely on the memory of its
members, the group decision making reduce the likelihood for forgetting information needed for
making decisions. In fact, when one of the group members forgets some important pieces of
information, the other member can remind him or

Leadership Sat Task 1 Essay
LEADERSHIP – SAT TASK 1
A1. LEADERSHIP STYLE
Leadership is the ability to organize a group of people in order to achieve a common goal. My
leadership style is participative leadership and it is to share decision making with each member of
my group. A Participative style of leadership encompasses consultative, consensus, and democratic.
As a participative leader who is consultative, it is very important that I confer with members of the
group before making final decisions on issues concerning the group. In addition, as a consensus
leader, it is important to build consensus among the group in order to encourage group discussions
concerning an issue and finally make decisions that fully reflect the agreement and support from the
members ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, when it comes to issues of consensus and democratic leaders, they are accused of being
macro managers or giving too little direction on the jobs. This style of leadership makes managers
also to feel that when they share decisions with their members it reduces their power as a leader.
A2. COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP STYLES
Comparing my participative style of leadership with autocratic leadership style and delegative
(laissez faire) leadership style, there are several differences to evaluate. The autocratic leadership
style is in contrast to my participative style of leadership even though they both ensure that tasks are
accomplished. Autocratic leaders always want to hold power and be recognized by their members
that they are in control by retaining most of the authority. They confidently make decisions, and are
not concerned or worried with group members' reaction towards decisions. The autocratic style of
leadership is task oriented because the leader ensures that heavy emphases are placed on
accomplishing task on time. The autocratic leaders tell the members what to do, controlling, bossy,
they are assertive or self–assured, and want to remain as role model for members of the group. They
can also cause members to feel bullied, unlike my participative leadership style which relies largely
on members towards decision making through consultation, consensus, and democracy to
accomplish tasks.

The Complexity of Team Work
Introduction The complexity of teamwork is more than what Merriam–Webster defines teamwork as
"the work done by people who work together to do something". Teamwork involves good practices
and strategies utilized in a cohesive manner to get to a common goal. Therefore a clear definition of
a team must first be established in order to further understand the complexity of the teamwork
process. A team is a collection of two or more people with either similar or different disciplines
dedicated to the pursuit of a specific goal (Gilbert, 2004). Hence, the determinant in the level of
participation from team members for a functioning team is a joint commitment (Gilbert, 2004). The
successful use of team practice aims to better serve respected ... Show more content on
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Decision by Majority Vote/ Rule The most common methodology is decision by majority vote/rule
(Lecture Day 4, 2014). Decision by majority vote/rule differs because a sole person does not have
the final say. In majority vote/rule more than 50% of the group needs to reach a consensus in order
to finalize a decision. This methodology is most appropriate when the implementation of a decision
does not need the commitment of all members (Lecture Day 4, 2014). Many literatures support the
conclusion that majority vote/ rule, although convenient in its speed, is incompetent. Kerr and
Tindale (2004) suggest that this methodology leads to an individual bias. They continue by arguing
that decisions are put in a position of A or B, it presents the option in which decisions are solely
based on which option outweighs the other. This process minimizes discussion as team members
may fall into a majority. Miller (1985) supports this argument as he states that even if the formal rule
is meant to remain unanimous, the informal rule may be to support decisions made by the majority.
Ultimately what determines a decision by majority is the amount of information team members have
in regards to each alternative. If one option provides more details versus another that is vague, it is

Foreign Policy-Making Process Model
1. Invent your own model Current system of the US foreign policy decision making process is best
defined by Hilsman's model. My model aims to offer a different approach to the existing policy
making process model. According to my model; the main actor in foreign policy decision making
process is the National Security Council (NSC) instead of the President of the United States. By
putting the NSC to the center of my model, I aim to balance the president's seemingly extreme
power in the foreign policy making process and prevent the destructive effects of internal conflicts
and rivalries among bureaucratic institutions to affect foreign policy decision making process.
President's status is second to the National Security Council, the President's ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it cannot be always a beneficial option for the US that its decision making process is led
by a one leading figure. There are good examples such as Franklin D. Roosevelt but conversely,
there are negative examples in the US foreign policy such as; George W.Bush and Barack Obama,
which shaped and applied erroneous policies that undermined the US role in the post–Cold War
international system. The NSC's structure in Classic model is controversial for me. The NSC
members are designated by the president and this might allow unchallenged and without balanced
foreign policy strategies under crusader type task oriented leader such as George W.Bush. The
congress can check the president's appointments but this will also lead a slow–down and can be
regarded as a sign of weakness by the possible international challengers of the US. In addition to
this, the current role of the NSC in Hilsman's model can also lead lack of coordination and open for
bureaucratic rivalry under presidents such as Barack Obama. As I stated above, bureaucracy's role in
USFP is also too broad. In Hilsman's model, bureaucracy is able to affect the decision making
process and diminish the effectiveness of foreign policy strategies due to inter–institutional rivalry.
People's role is quite limited in this model with only election of the president. The public does not
have any role to determine its country's foreign policy staff. Although the congress can check the
president's appointees, this usually leads an administrative crisis and considered as a weakness by
the challengers of the

The Team Start Up Guide
The Team Start Up guide has been prepared to give some guidance to Team Leaders and/or
Sponsors working with newly–formed teams. These steps have been used successfully, in part and in
their entirety, with different types of teams. For best results, we recommend that a block of time be
set aside for this activity when a team first begins meetings. The Start Up guide will take a team
through the first steps of its process in which the goal is "Defining the Project's Purpose and Scope.
The Start Up will also establish a healthy foundation for the team's work. Products of this stage
include: A clear and common understanding of the team's charter Ground rules and operating
procedures Defined roles A vision of the desired outcome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Planning the Start Up Meeting If the Team Leader and Sponsor is to be effective, they should meet
in advance to discuss the team, its make up, and its task. Be sure to inform each other of any
potential problem areas or sensitive issues that the team is to tackle and discuss how you might
handle them. The Sponsor should begin by asking, "Tell me about your team", or "tell me about
your project" to gain a sense of what the leader requires. Review this package together and explain
what you expect to do. Based on your discussion, develop and select the questions for data gathering
exercise. Discuss the agenda regarding methods, tools, and responsibility of materials, set–up and
leadership. And, of course, the Team Leader and Sponsor should establish ground rules for how they
will work together. Room Preparation The Team Start Up requires a space large enough to hold the
team and several flipcharts and allow team members to move around freely. You team will be using
flip charts so there should be adequate wall space to hang the flipchart papers. The following
materials might be needed: Flipcharts and lots of paper Have pens/pencils available Plenty of water
based markers in a variety of colors Tape Name/Tent cards (Optional if everyone knows each other)
Post a "Parking Lot" for potential solutions, future action items, and other concerns that will be
addressed at a later date. The Team Start Up Meeting At this stage all players introduce themselves,
the

The Curious Case of Dax Cowart Essay example
The concept of autonomy in the medical practice brings many different views. Autonomy is the
ability individuals have to be self–governing. In these different views there exist two schools of
thought, one is the belief that people are born with the ability to do what they want their body and
no organization can tell them what to do with their body, like the government. On the other hand,
some people believe that it is more complicated and conditional on mental competency so that
person can make rational decisions. However, the majority of people seem to advocate for
autonomy. A particular largely uncontroversial discussion arises with the case of Dax Cowart, who
had his right to autonomy taken from him in a tragic accident and is ... Show more content on
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We came to this decision because we felt that if a few professional psychiatrist can render him
mentally competent than he should be allowed to make his own decisions because it is moral. This is
moral because people should be allowed to do what they want with their body, and as Cowart says it
is, "the right to control your own body is a right you're born with..." (Cowart 2). However, this is
refuted when that person cannot make rational decisions because that person would be mentally
incompetent. People that are mentally incompetent are incapable of making decisions that are in
their best interest. We also discussed his mother and how all she cared about is for him to receive
treatment which we thought was a bit selfish. This is a typical parental perspective considering that
parents do not want to outlive their children. However, she should have sought out what was best for
him and what he was going to be happy with and not her. As a group we also felt that he should have
received better pain treatment especially since Cowart found out later that they could have done
more for his treatment. If someone is in as much pain as he was and when a doctor is confronted
with the request to die, that doctor should be doing everything he or she can to bring down the pain.
My decision was that he should not receive the treatment because no matter how you look at it you
cannot argue with autonomy as long as that person is competent. However, I

12 Angry Men Analysis
12 Angry Men, a 1957 film directed by Sidney Lumet, based off of a teleplay by Reginald Rose,
exemplifies various forms of human communication amongst a small group of men. After the court
dispute, the jury had been announced to their destination. Twelve strongly expressive men
accumulate into a small group in the court where they will all come to a consensus on whether a boy
is to be charged guilty or innocent. The group of twelve men that gathered into this small room, all
displayed unique and strong personalities–whether it was a strong aggressive attitude, a strong
devoted will, or even a strong mouse personality. Their objective was to all agree towards one single
decision–guilty or innocent. If only one person decides to say ... Show more content on
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In the beginning of the movie, a simple vote was called upon the jury on the boy's status. The vote
casted was eleven to one, eleven guilty and one innocent. The one man that challenged the whole
group evaluated that there was a possibility for error. Due to moralistic values, the boy's life was at
stake and he did not allow the group to just cast aside a life without in depth discussion. Evidently,
the man was able to accomplish persuading the group that the boy was innocent. By having the
whole group come to one final decision, they were able to display the group decision method of a
consensus. Another communicational concept that was displayed amongst the group was leadership
and power. The leadership approach that was used throughout the film was a democratic leadership
style which "invited other members to share in decision making" (254). Since all had to come up
with an agreement to one conclusion, all members had to represent their opinions on why the boy
was innocent or guilty. All input was necessary and required to reach a consensus which is why
there was no particular leader that influenced the group throughout. There were of their own
decision with the influences of others around them. As far as power spreads amongst the group,
several methods were examined throughout the film. One of the powers used was coercive power
which "comes from the threat or actual imposition

The Five Dimensions Of The Five Factor Model Of Personality
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In reaction to globalization, rapid changes in external environments, and a desire by organizations to
remain competitive, organizations have continued to flatten, decentralize, re–engineer their business
processes, downsize, and empower their employees. To facilitate these changes and gain a
competitive edge, managers are increasingly turning to team structures. The actual team design used
to support organizational goals may include such structures as cross functional teams, functional
work teams, project teams, self–managed teams, intact work teams, employee participation teams,
problem–solving teams, maintenance or support teams, and management teams. Studies shows that
in the United States, 82 percent of companies employing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Neuroticism
Is a dimension of normal personality indicating the general tendency to experience negative effects
such as fear, sadness, embarrassment, anger, guilt and disgust.
Extraversion
These are personalities such as sociability, assertiveness, activity and talkativeness. Extraverts are
energetic and optimistic (Rothmann & Coetzer, 2003:69).
Openness to Experience
These are Personalities with an active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, and attentiveness to inner
feelings, a preference for variety, intellectual curiosity and independence of judgment (Rothmann &
Coetzer, 2003:69).
An agreeable person Is fundamentally unselfish, sympathetic to others and eager to help them, and
in return believes that others will be equally helpful (Rothmann & Coetzer, 2003:69).
Conscientiousness
It refers to self–control and the active process of planning, organizing and carrying out tasks. The
conscientious person is purposeful, strong–willed and determined. Conscientiousness is manifested
in achievement orientation (hardworking and persistent), dependability (responsible and careful) and
orderliness (Rothmann & Coetzer,

What Is The Consensus Decision-Making Right For Your Group?
Similarly, coming to a consensus when making a decision as a group allows group members to trust
each other and build better relationships. In the article, "Is the Consensus Decision–Making Right
for Your Group?", the author says, "Consensus decision–making helps build trust and a sense of
community." (Consensus). While making a group decision, the members learn how to trust
everyone's thoughts. If someone in the group shares a good idea, the rest of the members are more
likely to trust the rest of their opinions and ideas. In a Letter to the Editor, Mary Anne Dunlop, a
parent of a student from Tiberi Township School, says, "When the whole school board unites behind
a plan, the teachers, parents, and students will unite behind it as well."(Dunlop). When making a
consensus decision, the group will build a community atmosphere. Students, teachers, and parents
will agree with each other and everyone will be happy with the plan. If the board is not with the
decision completely, the community might agree with different sides of the board and argue with
each other. (Gabi) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to "Is Consensus Decision Making Right For Your Group?" The article states,
"Everyone's ideas are included, which leads to a wider range of possible solutions." (Consensus).
People will be able to find more solutions if everyone shares their opinion. Also, in "Consensus Will
Be Used to Decide School Board Policy", the article states, "with consensus, a group can bring the
best parts of many proposals together to create something new." (Stephens). With the more ideas
that people say, there could be more opportunities, it can allow everyone to share their opinion. And
that way people won't be mad about being left out in the conversation because they will say what
they are thinking.

Group Vs. Individual Decision Making
Group vs. Individual Decision Making Business success is fairly uncertain but it helps when there is
collaboration in the working environment. This means that inputs must come from all members of
the organization because everyone has something to contribute. Inputs do not merely refer to raw
materials but contributions of employees based on their opinions and suggestions about the
company's future or direction. Thus, the success of a business is not solely based on how raw
materials are efficiently converted into outputs. This is because business processes can be
automated. Automation of these processes can only add efficiency and lower costs but there are
other aspects of a business that require decisions to be made. In fact, decisions are important to
organizations and making the right ones – especially on important issues are crucial. In any
organization, decision making serves as a factor which could either break it or make it. Hence, it is
important that sound decisions are made so that the goals of a certain organization or company are
realized. Aside from that, profits and productivity are expected to increase if decisions are able to
meet the demands of business trends. In traditional organizational structures, decisions are lodged in
the topmost stages of the ladder. In other words, only the top executives make the decisions for the
company's future and direction. In some instances, only the chief executive officer will only decide
for the company. As a

Explain how continuous improvement models, knowledge...
Explain how continuous improvement models, knowledge management systems, quality systems
and sustainability principles can be incorporated into business systems
Continuous Improvement Models
To close the gap between actual and desired performance, decisions need to be made. Decision
making involves making a selection from among alternative courses of action. Implementation and
evaluation of the implementation provide feedback into the next cycle of group decision making.
Effective problem solving and decision making processes follow an ordered format, requiring you
to:
1. Examine the current situation, in measurable terms, to discover or identify the discrepancy (this
could be a problem, issue or opportunity).
2. Diagnose symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strategies for capturing and sharing insights and experiences include:
– Best practice transfer: is the process of sharing the methods of doing business that yield the best
results.
– Community of practice: a group of individuals sharing a common work practice over a period.
– Expert directories: a tool for knowledge seekers to gain access to experts.
– Knowledge brokers: knowledge brokers can be public or scientific, industry specific, or firm
specific.
– Mentoring: is the process of a more experienced person advising and guiding a less experienced
(and usually younger) person, typically a colleague.
– Post project reviews: or lesson learned debriefings occur either at the completion of a project or
activity or at strategic points or milestones during the project.
– Story telling: uses anecdotal examples to illustrate a point and transfer knowledge.
A key strategy for knowledge management is actively managing knowledge, also known as a push
strategy. Employees enter their knowledge into shared knowledge repository, such as a database.
Employees seeking knowledge can search the database.
The opposite strategy, a pull strategy, is the use of experts on an ad–hoc basis. The expert provides
insight to persons needing information.
Quality Systems

To improve quality in your organization:
– set clear, achievable, communicated goals for

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