Developing An Understanding Of Diabetes Care. To Understand

Developing An Understanding Of Diabetes Care. To Understand
Developing an Understanding of Diabetes Care
To understand diabetes you need to understand what should happen to the food we consume. Any
food we eat or drink passes into the stomach and digestive system where it is broken down into
carbohydrates, protein, fats, and vitamins. The carbohydrates are then broken down into glucose
which is then released into the bloodstream. Once this happens the glucose level increases in the
blood so the body's reaction to that is for the pancreas to release a hormone called insulin. Both the
insulin and glucose then travel via the bloodstream to all the cells in the body where the insulin then
enables the glucose to enter the cells. We need glucose to reach our cells as it provides fuel for
energy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Type 2 diabetes some insulin is being produced. Diabetes.org.uk (2017) states 'In Type 2 diabetes,
the body doesn't make enough insulin, or the insulin it makes doesn't work properly, meaning
glucose builds up in the blood'. It usually occurs in older, overweight people and symptoms develop
over a longer time period. Symptoms can include excessive thirst, going to the toilet to pass urine a
lot more than usual including having to get up in the night to do this. Feeling tired all the time.
Unexplained weight loss. Genital itching, thrush, cuts and wounds not healing as quickly as they
should, and blurred vision. This is not an exhaustive list as there are rarer symptoms that can
develop. The treatment for controlling Type 2 diabetes depends on the level of glucose found in the
blood. This can be by diet and/or medication.
There are several risk factors which can contribute to a person developing Type 2 Diabetes. These
are: Family history i.e. a first degree relative (Mother, Father, Sibling) who has diabetes. Age –
middle age (over 40) onwards or over 25 if Asian. Obesity – once a person is classed as obese (over
20% above ideal bodyweight). Waist circumference – men over 37 inches and women over 311/2
inches. Ethnicity – Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in the Asian, African–Caribbean or Black
African community. Diabetes.org.uk (2017) states 'Type 2 diabetes is 2 to 4 times more likely in
people
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Symptoms And Treatment Of Sleep Deprivation
Introduction Sleep is a major component of human life, taking up almost a third of an individual's
lifetime and allowing the brain to process an individual's experiences, thoughts, and memories.
Proper sleep is vital to maintaining good health, as it is associated with maintenance of many of the
body's processes such as metabolism and disease prevention. This has become difficult as this
modernizing world is completely changing the lifestyles of societies, and therefore the patterns of
human sleep, due to school work, shift work, or even to the increasing presence of technology in
households (Worthman & Brown, 2013). This potentially leads to sleep deprivation, which is
associated with dramatic changes in health if it occurs for long ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Shortened sleep duration, consisting of less than five hours of sleep a night, has been correlated with
an increased chance of developing diabetes later on in life. (Najafian et al., 2013). The focus of this
experiment was to understand how changes in sleep duration could affect glucose metabolism in an
animal model, based on similar previous human studies. The goal of the researchers was to study
changes in glucose metabolism in rats that occur due to chronic sleep deprivation over a long period
of time. They developed a hypothesis that allowed them to predict that chronic sleep deprivation for
extended periods of time will significantly decrease insulin sensitivity and impair glucose
metabolism. Analyzing the rat's tolerance for glucose and sensitivity to insulin allowed the
researchers to observe changes in metabolism due to sleep deprivation. The experiment consisted of
two groups of twelve female rats, a control group (CON) and the group undergoing chronic sleep
deprivation (CSD). The rats were five months old and weighed between 286 grams and 324 grams.
They were split into 6 different cages and were allowed to get accustomed to the lab conditions for a
week, in which the CSD group was placed in their specific modified multiple platform method
(MMPH) water tank for 30 minutes every day. The MMPH consisted of a water tank that either had
circular platforms, for the CSD group, or a grid, for the CON group. Both the cages and water tank
experienced a 12–hour phase

Diabetes Mellitus : A Debilitating And Chronic Disease
Diabetes Mellitus is a debilitating and chronic disease in which life long care and rehabilitation is
required. According to the World Health Organization, diabetes affects over 300 million people
worldwide, and continues to rise each year. There are three main categories of diabetes; type 1, type
2 and gestational diabetes. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is related to insulin, which is a
hormone secreted by the cells of the pancreas. (WHO) Insulin is responsible for maintaining an ideal
glucose level in the blood. Due to abnormal insulin metabolism, the cells and tissues can't make use
of glucose from the blood, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. (WHO)
Diabetes is associated with a number of medical complications, which includes amputations of
extremities, blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, hypertension, neuropathy, stroke, and can cause
plaque built up within the arterial walls. However, diabetes, along with the complications associated
with it, are preventable through a healthy diet and regular exercise. Weight loss improves insulin
resistance and reduces the risk of developing hypertension. Smoking is another risk factor for the
development of diabetes. Smoking increases the abdominal fat accumulation and insulin resistance.
Sleep deprivation can also lead to diabetes. It may impair the balance of hormones regulating food
intake and energy balance. (ADA)
People who live with diabetes must be aware of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar

Glucose And Glucose Lab Report
To investigate blood glucose concentrations following food input. This was done by analysing blood
glucose concentration data from individuals ingesting various types of food following several hours
of fasting. To also examine glucose tolerance test in a clinical context and to further explain glucose
concentrations in the body. Results The students who continued fasting after the 12hr fasting period
has almost equal amounts of blood glucose concentrations (BGC), during the 90mins period, with
averages ranging from 4.3– 4.7 mmol/l. This was the negative control. The average BGC of students
who ate 100g white bread elevated after 60 minutes. Students who ingested 100g of lean chicken
after fasting, had a lower BGC than the white bread. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Molarity of glucose in Lucozade (M) = moles of glucose/ litres of solution (370ml = 0.37L) =
0.2498 / 0.37 = 0.6751M of glucose in Lucozade. 70% of 50kg = 35kg = 35L 0.6751M is in 0.37L
In 35L = 0.37 / 35 * 0.6751 = 0.00714 moles per litre. = 7.14mmoles per litre is the maximum
concentration of glucose that could be achieved assuming no glucose uptake into cells. Glucose
Tolerance Test From the graph, it can be concluded that student 4 is diabetic. After the
administration of a standard dose of glucose, this student seems to have a very similar plasma
glucose concentration (PGC) to that of a diabetic from the population average glucose tolerance test.
After 30 minutes, the plasma glucose concentration of student 4 seems to be higher than that of a
diabetic, as it's 14.2mmol/l, however it slowly decreases overtime but remains relatively high at 120
minutes. It is possible that student 1 has impaired glucose tolerance, as after 30 minutes of ingesting
the standard dose of glucose, the PGC is seen to be the highest amongst all individuals. However,
the PGC normalises after the sudden drop over time but there is still a likelihood of this person
developing diabetes, because of the initial abnormal plasma glucose concentration. Blood Glucose
Concentrations Possible metabolic fates of glucose absorbed from the gut Glucose is a
monosaccharide, which is the simplest form of sugars. It is absorbed by

Define Glucose Tolerance Test
Glucose tolerance test is one of the ways to monitor diabetes it evaluates a how individuals body
controls the level of sugar. It helps to monitor diabetes and gestational diabetes of pregnant women.
Before taking a blood is taken an individual is asked not to eat or drink up to 12 hours. Moreover,
for the individual with type 1 could monitor the blood glucose by the healthcare professional from
two to six months. Also, the patients could monitor their own blood glucose level at their home. A
blood glucose meter is a device which is small that makes sure to measure the concentration of
glucose in the blood where the high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) and low blood sugar
(hypoglycaemia) is detected. By monitoring regularly it will ensure the patients if the blood glucose
is normal and stable. According to the NHS 4–6, mmol/l is a normal blood glucose level before
taking a meal and 10 mmol/l or less after taking the meal. (Diabetes.co.uk, 2017c)
Newly diagnosed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthy eating is vital if the individual is diabetic they need to be aware how their level of blood
sugar is affected by the food. An individual should know managing about counting carbohydrates. A
food carbohydrate has the largest effect of level of blood sugar. An individual who takes insulin at
mealtime it is vital they are aware the total of carbohydrates in the food. Exercising regularly is
another strategies. It is vital to exercise regularly as the level of sugar is lowered and an insulin is
efficiently used by a body. An individual should aim to exercise about 30 minutes each day of
aerobic activity example cycling and walking. Moreover, limiting alcohol is an alternative strategy.
An alcohol will worsen diabetes difficulties. However, if an individual has their diabetes controlled
drinking occasionally is fine 14 units for a week is advised for both men and women. (Information
et al.,

Sleep Deprivation And Its Effects
Sleep is a major component of human life, taking up almost a third of an individual's lifetime and
allowing the brain to process an individual's experiences, thoughts, and memories. Proper sleep is
vital to maintaining good health, as it is associated with maintenance of many of the body's
processes such as metabolism and disease prevention. This has become difficult as this modernizing
world is completely changing the lifestyles of societies, and therefore the patterns of human sleep,
due to school work, shift work, or even to the increasing presence of technology in households
(Worthman, 2013). This potentially leads to sleep deprivation, which is associated with dramatic
changes in health if it occurs for long periods of time. Insomnia ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Najafian, 2013). The focus of this experiment was to understand how changes in sleep duration
could affect glucose metabolism in an animal model, based on similar previous human studies. The
goal of the researchers was to study changes in glucose metabolism in rats that occur due to chronic
sleep deprivation over a long period of time. They developed a hypothesis that allowed them to
predict that chronic sleep deprivation for extended periods of time will significantly decrease insulin
sensitivity and impair glucose metabolism. Analyzing the rat's tolerance for glucose and sensitivity
to insulin allowed the researchers to observe changes in metabolism due to sleep deprivation. The
experiment consisted of two groups of twelve female rats, a control group (CON) and the group
undergoing chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). The rats were five months old and weighed between
286 grams and 324 grams. They were split into 6 different cages and were allowed to get
accustomed to the lab conditions for a week, in which the CSD group was placed in their specific
modified multiple platform method (MMPH) water tank for 30 minutes every day. The MMPH
consisted of a water tank that either had circular platforms, for the CSD group, or a grid, for the
CON group. Both the cages and water tank experienced a 12–hour phase shift between light and
dark and were kept at room

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or
its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the
amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the
category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the
woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive
a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As nutrients are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta
transport. Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are
associated with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such
as insulin; play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue (insulin
resistance) occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The
majority of pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes
Mellitus; although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump, 2012, p.
552). Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs in GDM; this can result in many issues such as
birth trauma, macrosomia, neural tube defects, prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal
hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia. Also, women who have had a history of obesity and GDM; are
prone to obtain cesarean section, hypertension, future diabetes, pre–eclampsia, urinary tract
infection. Clinical symptoms can also be seen in the children of the women with GDM, for example:
macrosomia, birth trauma, increased risk for respiratory distress, and developmental problems.
Another factor to keep in mind is if the mother has had bariatric surgery;

The Diabetes Epidemic in Amerca Essay
Type two diabetes will significantly and permanently affect the life of an individual. A change in
human lifestyle caused a striking increase in the quantity of diabetes diagnoses. No cure has been
discovered, only ways to decrease the risks. Type two diabetes alters an individuals' life forever;
therefore, people should beware the danger of an unhealthy lifestyle even before diagnosis
(Zimmet).
Type two diabetes is a condition in which the body either creates too little insulin, or cannot
appropriately utilize the insulin it create. In order for the body to go through the process of acquiring
energy, it must have insulin. After food is broken down, the insulin carried the energy created in the
breaking down process to all the cells. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes ratings of the United States have increased by 32 percent over the past 20 years (Centers).
When it comes to symptoms of diabetes, it stands as one of the most difficult topics. Symptoms
fluctuate greatly. One person who might have increased thirst and blurred vision may be entirely
different from another. Fatigue and slow healing infections are the most prominent symptoms
among diabetics. Other symptoms include but are not limited to blurred vision, increased urination,
thirst, and appetite, and erectile dysfunction. There have been certain diagnoses with no symptoms
whatsoever. An individual must get tested to be sure of whether or not they are diabetic (Type).
There are four ways to get tested for the disease. The first test someone can do is called the fasting
blood glucose level. This is fasting for twelve hours before getting glucose levels tested. The second
test is the A1C test. This test is used for diagnosing pre–diabetes. In this test, levels are diagnosed by
percentages as normal, pre–diabetes, and diabetes. The next test is the oral glucose tolerance test.
Lastly, the random non–fasting glucose test is a less trusted test. This test takes symptoms into
consideration along with needing to be proved with a fasting test. (Type)
Diabetes is not extremely harmful in and of itself. It's similar to aids in the fact that is makes the
diabetics more susceptible to other problems. For example, type two

A Brief Note On The Blood Glucose Concentration
In order to determine whether someone is diabetic, it is necessary to measure the person's ability to
handle a certain load of glucose, thus it is important that they have not eating anything that will
interfere with the results. Initially, a fasting glucose blood tested is performed. If an individual has
high resting blood glucose level, it indicates that their body is unable to produces insulin to regulate
normal level of blood glucose.
After administrating a small glucose dose, it takes approximately 2 hours for blood glucose levels to
return to normal, and much longer to end up in urine. Therefore, it is more accurate and quicker to
measure the blood glucose level blood
Figure 1 demonstrates that the blood glucose concentration is increasing and reaches its maximum
concentration in the first hour of ingesting the glucose load. This is representative of the amount of
time it takes for glucose to be absorbed and distributed around the body.
Figure 1 demonstrates that in the glucose rest group reaches it maximum blood glucose
concentration at 60 minutes, this time is representative of the amount of time it takes small intestine
to absorb and distribute it around to the body. However, in the glucose exercise group the maximum
glucose concentration occurs at 30 minute. This is due to the fact that glucose consumed is used
immediately by skeletal muscles, and more glucose is required to fulfil the energy requirements.
Therefore, glycogen is broken down to glucose which is

The Effects Of Diabetes On Body Uses Blood Sugar Essay
Diabetes mellitus is refered to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar
(glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it is an important source of energy for the cells that
make up your muscles and tissues. Having diabetes, it does not matter the type, means there is an
excessive amount of glucose in the blood, although the causes may differ, high levels of glucose can
lead to serious health problems. The actual term diabetes is that the body is unable to produce any or
enough insulin, which causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This occurs in both type 1 and
type 2 diabetes, which are both similar the structure of the autoimmune disease but differ from each
other in that type 1 is an acute dysfunction of the pancreas usually occurring at a young age, and
type 2 is progressive due to increasing inability of cells to respond to insulin, usually due to life
style.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as
juvenile diabetes. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. In type 1 diabetes,
the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and
other food into energy needed for daily life.
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes begins with production of antibodies which leads to the
death of beta cells then a decline in insulin secretion. Type 1 diabetes occurs as a result of the body
's immune system attacking the

Essay on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time
during pregnancy. It is usually a short–term type of diabetes and the most common health problem
with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother.
GDM accounts for 5–7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During
pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is
used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones
which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother's insulin
in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also known as diabetes (Baby Center, 2011). Some of the most common signs and symptoms
of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. These symptoms cause a ripple effect and one
causes another to happen. Polyuria is excessive urination that is very common in diabetes. This
happens when excess sugar builds up in the blood, during which the kidneys work harder to filter
and absorb the extra sugar that cannot be reabsorbed. This excess sugar is excreted in the urine
along with large losses of water. This is also known as osmotic diuresis. This causes frequent
urination and also can cause dehydration (Mayo Clinic, 2010). The dehydration then causes
polydipsia, also known as excessive thirst. This is also caused by the increased level of blood
glucose. This again, is caused when water is pulled from the cells and also from the large loss of
water. When you lose sugar with polyuria you also lose calories which cause polyphagia. The body
tents to hold on to the sugar and prevent it from reaching the cells which makes the body use fat
stores and cellular protein for energy. This then leads to excessive hunger (Mayo Clinic, 2010).
Other common symptoms can include glucosuria which happens when glucose is seen in the urine
despite what the blood sugar may be. When there is too much glucose in the body the renal system
cannot remove all the sugar.

Exercise Test Of Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
Following the establishment of fasting blood glucose levels subjects in the oral glucose tolerance
test consumed a 10 ounce beverage that contained 100 grams of glucose. Over the next 2 hours
subjects repeated the same method as used in the control test to test their blood glucose levels 4
more times. These 4 tests were conducted at 30 minute intervals and all readings were recorded for
later examination.
Physical Exercise Test After recording their fasting blood glucose levels subjects in the exercise test
group transitioned to the gym. At the gym each individual engaged in 45 minutes of moderate
exercise. Although no strict controls were put in place to regulate the type or intensity of exercise
conducted individuals generally engaged in a reasonably strenuous amount of exercises. Most
individuals conducted either cardiovascular exercise such as running and biking or strength training
such as calisthenics or weight lifting. Immediately upon completion of the exercise period, subjects
returned to the laboratory to conduct a second blood glucose test. Utilizing the same method as
described in the control test the subjects examined and recorded their post exercise blood glucose
levels. All data from both sets of tests were then compiled and recorded in a Microsoft excel file.
The results were then examined by calculating the mean and standard deviation for each set of data.
In order to test our null hypothesis, the results of the oral glucose tolerance test were

What is Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia is the condition where the blood glucose level is abnormally high and often related
to diabetes mellitus. It is also the hallmark of diabetes Type 1 and Type 2. There are several causes
of hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetic patients have hyperglycemia because the patients do not have
enough insulin while Type 2 patients usually have enough insulin but is not efficient as it should be.
Other than that, lack of exercise and stress may as well cause hyperglycemia. One interesting cause
of hyperglycemia is dawn phenomenon where hormones are highly produced around 4.00 a.m. to
5.00 a.m.. Everyone has experiences this condition. However, this is unfortunate for diabetic patient
as they do not have normal insulin response to modulate to this condition. Diabetic patients'
specially Type 2 blood glucose level will normally increase significantly on early morning before
breakfast (fasting glucose). This is due to more production of glucagon than insulin. Glucagon
signals break down glycogen into glucose therefore increasing the blood glucose level. Another
cause of hyperglycemia is pancreatitis where inflammation occurs on the pancreas. The
inflammation may has caused by gallstone where it has block the pancreatic duct, high
consummation of alcohol and trauma. Besides that, Cushing's Syndrome may also contribute to
hyperglycemia. Cushing's Syndrome is the prolong exposure of cell tissue to hormone cortisol.
Symptoms of hyperglycemia that are obviously seen are frequent

Pre-Diabetes Research Paper Outline
What is Pre–Diabetes?
When you have pre–diabetes, your blood sugar levels are high but not high enough to have diabetes.
Pre–diabetes can lead to other serious problems, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Now is
the time to take action to manage your pre–diabetes. This may help to prevent other problems.
Pre–Diabetes is a warning sign of increased risk for:
Type 2 Diabetes
Heart Disease
Stroke
Blindness
Did you know.......?
Out of 86 million American adults, more than 1 out of 3 have pre–diabetes
How is Pre–Diabetes diagnosed?
These blood tests are used diagnosing pre–diabetes:
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) – This test checks your blood sugar levels after an 8–hour fast. This
means that you should not eat or drink anything but

Gestational Diabetes : The Prevalence Of Gestational Obesity
Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy According to the American Diabetes Association, the prevalence
of gestational diabetes is as high as 9.2% in pregnant women due to obesity or being overweight.
Not only can it be harmful to the mother, but it can also be harmful to her baby. Gestational diabetes
can increase the chances of pregnant women delivering a baby that weighs more than 9 pounds.
Having gestational diabetes can also increase the mother's chance for needing a cesarean section
delivery. Some other risk factors that the mother can be a candidate for developing gestational
diabetes by is having a family history of diabetes (especially if a parent or sibling has diabetes) and
having gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies. Pregnant women don't need to have had
diabetes before in order to develop gestational diabetes. They can just have high blood glucose
levels during pregnancy to get gestational diabetes. There is a process in which the baby has to go
through inside their mother's womb. The placenta is what supports the baby as it grows. Hormones
from the placenta help the baby develop. But these hormones also block the action of the mother 's
insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the
mother 's body to use insulin. She may need up to three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes
starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without
enough insulin, glucose

Diabetes Mellitus, Often Overlooked as Not Serious When It...
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a disease that is commonly overlooked as
not being as serious as it actually is. According to the national diabetes fact sheet, in 2007, 71,382
people died from diabetes and doctors ruled that diabetes was a contributing cause of the death of an
additional 160,022 people. That is a total of 231,404 deaths in one year related to diabetes
(American Diabetes Association, 2013). Diabetes is definitely a disease that many should research
to learn just how serious it really is. Diabetes Mellitus has been changing the lives of humans since
2000–3000 B.C. The name Diabetes Mellitus was given by Greeks and Romans, Diabetes meaning
frequent urination and Mellitus meaning sugar in the urine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This test indicates to the doctor whether or not the body is processing glucose correctly. Diabetes is
diagnosed with this test if after two hours the blood glucose level is greater than or equal to 200 mg.
There is also a Random Plasma Glucose Test, which is a blood test that can be done at any point in
the day when experiencing diabetic symptoms (American Diabetes Association, 2013). There are
four different types of diabetes, they are all related with regards to low insulin and high blood sugar,
but they are also all very different. The different types of diabetes include; Pre diabetes, Type 1
diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2013).Pre
diabetes occurs when the blood glucose levels are elevated, but not quite high enough to have a
diabetes diagnosis (American Diabetes Association, 2013). When someone is at the pre diabetes
stage it is important for them to change their eating and exercise habits in order to prevent their
blood glucose levels for elevating and eventually becoming diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is generally
diagnosed early in life, generally in children and young adults. Individuals with type 1 diabetes do
not produce insulin at all. Insulin is the hormone that secretes sugar and other foods into the energy
needed to maintain a healthy lifestyle (American Diabetes Association, 2013). Unfortunately, there
is

Statistical Analysis
Research Question: Does supplementing with 1000mcg of chromium picolinate daily produce a
favorable response in measures fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and insulin sensitivity in type 2
diabetic, American adults?
To answer this question, participants will undergo a monthly oral glucose tolerance test, and blood
draw to determine glycated hemoglobin. To measure changes in insulin sensitivity, participants will
undergo testing with hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamps once at baseline and once at study's end.
This test will only be performed twice as it involves a significant amount time.1 The data collected
will be continuous data that will include interval and ratio data and it will be analyzed
quantitatively.2 Data will be entered into a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Again, to be consistent with earlier works, the subjects recruited will be patients who were
diagnosed a minimum of six months prior and whose condition is well–controlled.1,3 The definition
of well–controlled in the existing literature is not consistent. For the purposes here, it will include
subjects who are currently using dietary and lifestyle measures to manage their disease, either alone
or in combination with low–dose oral medications. Medication type or dosage will not have changed
in the three months prior to recruitment. Subjects will be excluded if they are currently pregnant or
trying to conceive, if they are taking medication known to affect glucose metabolism, that was
prescribed for purposes other than the treatment of their diabets2,3
A–priori sample power calculations were performed using G*Power. They indicate that to achieve
80% power with a medium effect size and a confidence interval of 0.05, a sample of 30 is required.
This is consistent with some earlier research including Martin et al,2 who began with a sample of
37. Ideally, more subjects should be recruited to account for attrition, as a loss in participants bias
results and affect power.4 As such, the study here would hope to

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or
its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the
amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the
category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the
woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive
a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get diagnosed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This occurs in 90% of all pregnancies with GDM, but the risk of these women obtaining GDM in
the next pregnancy is relatively higher. GDM women after pregnancy can be diagnosed with T2DM;
this occurs in 5–10% of these women. Forty to sixty percent of these same women in the next 5 to
10 years can develop diabetes (Mahan et al., 2012, p. 679).
Etiology Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a form of diabetes; where glucose intolerance occurs
during pregnancy. As the course of pregnancy unfolds; during the first 4–5 months glucose is taken
to the fetus. In the remaining months of pregnancy; the requirements for insulin are dramatically
increased, because of the high amount of placental hormones that exceed the glucose. As nutrients
are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta transport.
Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are associated
with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such as insulin;
play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue (insulin resistance)
occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The majority of
pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes Mellitus;
although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump, 2012, p. 552).
Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs

Preventing Complications From Gestational Diabetes
Promotion of a Healthy Lifestyle to Prevent Complications from Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes, glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition occurring during pregnancy,
is a problem more pregnant women are facing. The exact prevalence rate of gestational diabetes
mellitus is unknown but in the United States it is estimated to affect anywhere from one to 14
percent of pregnancies (Desisto, Shin, & Sharma, 2014). There are several risk factors which
increase a woman's risk for gestational diabetes. Some of these risks include: family history of
diabetes mellitus, previous history of gestational diabetes, advanced maternal age, previous infant
weighing 9 pounds or more at birth, glycosuria, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ... Show more
Complications to the fetus include: macrosomia, hypoglycemia, neural tube defects, preterm
delivery, shoulder dystocia, hyperbilirubinemia, and being large for gestational age (Elkins & Smith
Taylor, 2013) (Kim, 2010). So, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the care management
strategies to promote a healthy lifestyle in obese pregnant women diagnosed with gestational
diabetes mellitus, to control their gestational diabetes mellitus without the intervention of insulin
treatment and to prevent complications from gestational diabetes mellitus.
Care Management Process
Expected Outcomes Gestational diabetes is a significant diagnosis in pregnancy but it is expected
that obese women diagnosed with gestational diabetes will be able to control their diabetes without
the intervention of insulin treatment. They should be able to do this through lifestyle changes. By
controlling their gestational diabetes mellitus, the women will be able to reduce the risk or even
prevent maternal complications and fetal complications associated with gestational diabetes
mellitus.
Assessments
The first step in managing gestational diabetes to reduce risks of maternal and fetal complications,
one must be diagnosed with it. To be diagnosed women go through a screening process. The
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Diabetes Association
recommend that all women should have their initial screening

Use of Hemoglobin A1C to Diagnose Diabetes Essay
USE OF HEMOGLOBIN A1C TO DIAGNOSE DIABETES
Introduction In 2009 the International Expert Committee, which consisted of experts from the
American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the
International Diabetes Federation, released a report that recommended the use of Hemoglobin A1c
(HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2013; International Expert
Committee, 2009). HbA1c is a widely used marker of chronic glycemia, because it reflects an
individual's average blood glucose levels over a 2–3 month time period (ADA, 2013). Also, HbA1c
is largely used as the standard biomarker for the adequacy of individuals' glycemic management
(ADA, 2013; Bao et al., 2010).
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a study done by Lee et al. (2011) the HbA1c threshold of 6.5% was used for detecting diabetes,
and it resulted in a higher point estimate for sensitivity for adolescents compared with adults, 75%
and 53.8% respectively. Using recommended HbA1c thresholds of ≥ 5.7% or ≥ 6.0% for predicting
pre–diabetes in adolescents had poor sensitivity and was a poor marker for detecting pre–diabetes in
adolescents compared with adults, whether diagnosed with FPG or 2–hr PG (Lee et al., 2011).
However, among older adult participants (69.4 ± 11.1 years old) in the study by Kramer et al. (2010)
there was a low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing diabetes, specifically type 2 diabetes, at a
HbA1c threshold of 6.5%. Similarly, in the study conducted by Nowicka et al. (2011) HbA1c of
6.5% had relatively low sensitivity and specificity for classifying type 2 diabetes. Also, there was
poor agreement between HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test criteria in classifying patients with
glucose values suggestive of type 2 diabetes (Nowicka et al., 2011).
Vehik et al. (2012) found in participants < 21 years of age that the current HbA1c threshold of 6.5%
is not a sensitive indicator for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in individuals already diagnosed with type
1 diabetes by an oral glucose tolerance test. Additionally,

Diabetes : A Metabolic Disorder
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic
high blood sugar levels. It is caused by an absolute or functional deficiency of circulating insulin,
resulting in an inability to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into tissues where it is needed as
fuel (Ahmed, Laing and Yates 2011). The disruption in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins interferes with the secretion or action of insulin, which plays a vital role in the metabolism
and utilization of energy from the nutrients especially carbohydrates. Insulin is produced in the
pancreas and secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in the response to high blood sugar levels after
ingestion of a substance (REFERENCE).
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes can be diagnosed and monitored by either a random or fasting blood sugar test, oral
glucose tolerance test and using HBA1c. The oral glucose tolerance test, which is considered as a
gold standard, has proven to be more useful, especially in clarifying the diagnosis and considering
impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia (Blann, 2013). In addition, it may also
be diagnosed by noticeable symptoms which arise from high blood sugar. These includes polyuria
(urination), polydipsia (thirst) and weight loss (despite adequate consumption of food), visual
disturbances and at times frequent recurrent infection and exhaustion (REFERENCES). Where there
is presence or absence of symptoms known as asymptomatic, the clinician will then request for a
urine sample to check for the presence of glucose and a fasting plasma glucose level in your blood
to confirm a clear diagnosis.The finger prick test is an appropriate test for all patients, it has been
approved and backed up by the national quality assurance scheme. It enables health professionals to
carry out finger–prick Hb/c tests by matching the results found in the laboratory to the quality
assurance results. Laboratory venous HbA1c must be done to confirm the finger prick test in an
accredited laboratory.
The table below shows the summaries the 2006 WHO recommendations for the diagnostic criteria
for Diabetes

Risk Factors For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
While a universal screening strategy is the best strategy to assure that all women with GDM are
diagnosed and treated, the cost of such a strategy may prove to be prohibitive for some populations.
Known risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus include a family history of diabetes, race
(Asian, African–American, Hispanic and Native American women have a higher incidence of GDM
than non–Hispanic Caucasian women [Ferrara, 2007; Slocum and Burke Sosa, 2002]), obesity (body
mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2), high pre–pregnancy fasting blood glucose levels, increased maternal
age, parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, sociodemographic and behavioral attributes, previous
adverse pregnancy outcomes, and previous GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The risk factors selected for this study were a family history of diabetes, a personal history of GDM,
maternal age of 35 or older, a BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and a history of macrosomia in a previous
pregnancy. It should be noted that two of these criteria (previous GDM and previous macrosomic
infant) cannot be applied to nulliparous women. In this study, investigators found that the number of
risk factors identified was directly proportional to the prevalence of GDM and the incidence of
adverse events related to GDM, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, LGA infants, and shoulder
dystocia. Interestingly, 35% of the women on the study that did not have any of the risk factors
identified were subsequently diagnosed with gestational diabetes. These women also experienced
more GDM–related events, despite being treated, than women without GDM. This high percentage
is likely reflective of the low number of risk factors used in the study (only three risk factors for
nulliparous women), combined with the fact that patients may be mistaken regarding family medical
history. The patients in this study were predominantly of low socioeconomic status, which is
considered by many experts to be a risk factor for GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007). If socioeconomic
status had been used as one of the risk factors evaluated, it is likely that far fewer than 35% of
patients without risk factors would have

Diabetes : A Disease That Affects How Your Body Uses Blood...
Diabetes mellitus is referred to a disease that affects how your body uses blood sugar (glucose).
Glucose is vital to your health because it is an important source of energy for the cells that make up
your muscles and tissues. Having diabetes wether it is type 1, 2 or gestational diabetes , means there
is an excessive amount of glucose in the blood, although the causes may differ, the high levels of
glucose can lead to serious health problems. The actual term diabetes is that the body is unable to
produce any or enough insulin, which causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This occurs in
both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are both similar the structure of the autoimmune disease but
differ from each other in that type 1 is an acute dysfunction of the pancreas this usually occurs at a
young age, and type 2 is progressive and chronic due to increasing inability of cells to respond to
insulin, type 2 is usually due to life style and diet.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, type 1 diabetes was previously
known as juvenile diabetes. About 5% of people with diabetes have this type of the disease. Type 1
diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone
that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other foods into energy needed for life.
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes starts with production of antibodies which leads to the death
of beta cells then follows with a decline in

The Concentration Of Glucose And Concentration On The X Axis
A standard curve was set up with the use of glucose standards prepared in the first part of the
experiment with the absorbance readings plotted on the Y axis and concentration on the X axis. This
standard curve can then be used to help plot and find unknown concentrations for the patient and
control samples, it also allows us to determine the equation of the line (y) and the correlation
coefficient (R2) which were 2.2447x and 0.9984 respectively (Figure 1.).
To determine the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma samples, the equation of the line
provided from the standard curve (Figure 1) is used to divide against the absorbance that has been
blank adjusted. The dilution factor also has to be taken into account at this step, refer to the
calculation in Calculation 1 and is times against the previous number.
The blood glucose concentrations obtained during this practical were fairly close to the expected
(Table 3). The only results that were different was Patient 2's 60–minute sample, these results may
have come from a technical error such as, pipetting on our part. Looking back at the first duplicate
absorbance levels for patient 2's 60 minute sample there is a slight variance in the values, clearly
indicating pipetting is at fault (Table 2).
Discussion
From this practical we were able to use the glucose oxidase method to measure the glucose in two
blood plasma samples collected from two patients who had both family history of diabetes mellitus
as well as signs

Diabetes is a Metobolic Disease with High Amount of Blood...
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a metabolic disease caused by high amount of blood glucose. There are two possible
reasons that bring about the high amount of blood glucose: the insulin production of the pancreas in
inadequate, and the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin. Diabetes affects the way the
body uses food for energy and growth. The food we consume is converted into glucose and enters
the bloodstream as a source of food. The insulin released by the pancreas helps regulate glucose in
the blood and how glucose is used.
People with diabetes have an insulin failure that causes the elevation of the blood sugar (glucose)
levels. Diabetes causes short–term symptoms, such as excessive thirst, and long–term symptoms,
such as organ failure and damages.
What is Insulin? Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps our body cells absorbs the
glucose found in our blood. The glucose that is not absorbed from the blood is stored in the muscles
and liver as glycogen and stops the use of fat as a source of energy. Types of Diabetes Prediabetes is
a stage where a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be
classified as diabetes. Prediabetes usually happens before a person gets diagnosed with Type 2
diabetes. The body is becoming more and more resistant to insulin, and this stage may already
damage the circulatory system and the heart.
Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes that covers up 90%–95% of all

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm )
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and caused
by insulin resistance in the body. Risk factors of GDM include maternal age, ethnicity, family
history, BMI, and deficiency of vitamin D. To be diagnosed with GDM, a woman must go through
two screenings tests called the glucose challenge test and glucose tolerance test with high blood
glucose results. Proper management such as a healthy diet, physical activity, and medications are
needed to prevent complications for the mom and newborn. Complications include fetal
macrosomia, preterm labor, hypoglycemia, and a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) in the future. It is exceptionally necessary for healthcare professionals to educate their
patients to prevent an increase in the number of cases of GDM and to further prepare the patients on
what to expect if they are diagnosed with GDM in the future and to avoid any negative emotions.
Keywords: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, nursing, pregnancy
Effects Gestational Diabetes Has on Women and Newborns Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is
a type of diabetes that only occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away after the delivery of the
baby (Shin et al., 2013). GDM is diagnosed when the results of the screening tests done during 24–
28 weeks gestations show high blood glucose levels (Wang et al., 2012) due to insulin resistance
(Senti, Thiele, & Anderson, 2012). Insulin is a hormone produced

The Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes
According to the American Diabetes Association, the prevalence of gestational diabetes is as high as
9.2% in pregnant women due to obesity or being overweight. Not only can it be harmful to the
mother, but it can also be harmful to her baby. Gestational diabetes can increase the chances of
pregnant women delivering a baby that weighs more than 9 pounds. Having gestational diabetes can
also increase the mother's chance for needing a cesarean section delivery. Some other risk factors
that the mother can be a candidate for developing gestational diabetes by is having a family history
of diabetes (especially if a parent or sibling has diabetes) and having gestational diabetes in previous
pregnancies. Pregnant women don't need to have had diabetes before in order to develop gestational
diabetes. They can just have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy to get gestational diabetes.
There is a process in which the baby has to go through inside their mother's womb. The placenta is
what supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. But these
hormones also block the action of the mother 's insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin
resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the mother 's body to use insulin. She may need up to
three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use
all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be

The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( Ogtt )
Introduction
The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to measure the response of the body to glucose.
More specifically, the test has been used for decades in the clinical as well as experimental
environment as an 'index of the efficiency of the mechanisms regulating the concentration of
glucose in the blood' (Baird et al., 1959). It has proved to be an important tool in the diagnosis of
diabetes mellitus, and is commonly used in the screening of gestational diabetes in women. Diabetes
mellitus is characterized by a hindered ability to remove blood glucose during carbohydrate intake
due to either a decreased amount of secreted insulin, as seen in Type 1 diabetics, or a lack of
response to insulin, as in Type 2 diabetics. (Mayo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diluted serum samples, previously collected from three patients during the tolerance test, were then
dispensed according to the time they were taken. The patients had been asked to fast overnight, and
the following morning were requested to ingest 75 g of glucose administered via solution, after
which blood samples were taken from the brachial vein at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes
for measurement of blood glucose levels (Kim et al., 2016). Following this, 200 μl Glucose Reagent
(containing buffer, hexokinase, glucose 6–phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD+, ATP and Mg2+) was
added within a period of 90s to each of the samples of glucose standard as well as serum samples.
All mixtures were finally incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes, and the serum glucose level
of fasting for the three subjects retrieved using a colorimetric method. (Kim et al., 2016)
Results
The standard curve (Fig. 1) generated using the resulting absorbance of the glucose standard
displays the variation in absorbance at 340nm with the amount (nmol) of standard present in the
sample. A linear trend is clearly visible, with a calculated gradient of 0.0156. Different patterns were
observed for the variation in glucose concentration of serum samples taken from the three patients at
equal time intervals over a period of 180 minutes

Insultine Essay
Abstract Page
Impact of Anticholinergics on Insulin Response to Oral Glucose Load in Patients with Impaired
Glucose Tolerance
Background/Objective(s): Postprandial insulin secretion is determined by rate of glucose absorption,
rate of gastric emptying, and the rate of insulin–driven metabolism via 'incretins'. Preliminary data
in healthy individuals have indicated a cholinergic basis to incretin–effect however no data exists in
patient with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We aimed study insulin responses in IGT subjects
and healthy controls during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), using an oral anticholinergic
hyoscine butyl–bromide (HBB). HBB has high affinity for muscarinic receptors of GI tract smooth
muscles and has strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following screening of 25 subjects, 10 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) patients met study
requirements. 10 age, gender and weight match healthy subjects were selected as comparator. In
females, all tests were performed within 10 d of the anticipated onset of menses. Baseline
characteristics of study participants have been described in Table 1.0.
Samples size of this study was chosen on the basis of practical considerations rather than statistical
estimation. However, according to our experience, the calculated sample size will most likely allow
to detect large differences (if any) in parameters (> 50%) between the treatments groups.
Protocol & Sampling
The study was conducted as randomized, open label, parallel–group trial. Subjects (n= 20) were
asked to avoid any strenuous exercise and maintain their customary dietary intake for 48 h prior to
testing days. After an 8h overnight fasting, all tests began after cannulation of the cubital vein kept
patent by slow infusion of isotonic saline. They underwent an OGTT (glucose 75 g; t =0 min) with
and without pretreatment with HBB (20 mg PO single dose; at t = –30 min) three days apart. Serial
blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 & 120 min for PG and insulin estimation. Changes in
vital signs were monitored throughout test procedure, on both test days.
Blood samples were then collected in glass tubes and

Risk Factors : Description Of Gestational Diabetes...
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening
Description of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnant women who do
not have a prior history of diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association, 2016). It occurs in
approximately 7% of pregnant women across the world and 6% of pregnancies in the United States
(Caissutti & Berghella, 2017). GDM occurs when there is insulin resistance leading to glucose
intolerance or high levels of glucose in the blood. According to the American College of Obstetrics
and Gynecologists, most cases of GDM resolve once the pregnant female delivers the child (2016).
Risk Factors for Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Several risk factors have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perinatal complications include shoulder dystocia, death of the infant, nerve palsy, fetal
macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, congenital or metabolic abnormalities, and bone fracture
(Garrison, 2015). The effects of being born to a mother with GDM have the potential to impact the
child for the rest of his life. The child is at future risk for becoming obese, developing metabolic
syndrome, or developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Given the multitude of maternal and perinatal complications associated with GDM, primary
guidelines emphasize the important of preventing the development of GDM. Weight loss and
aerobic exercise prior to becoming pregnant can decrease one's risk of developing GDM (Garrison,
2015). Women should attempt to continue participating in physical activity throughout pregnancy
and prevent excessive gestational weight gain. Furthermore, another critical component in the
prevention and treatment of GDM is provider recognition of the vital requirement of screening
pregnant females, as well as accurate recommendations as to the timing of screening, and
identification of those females who are at high risk for development of GDM.
Screening Guidelines for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Despite the prevalence of GDM, universal screening guidelines for the diagnosis of gestational
diabetes

Gestational Diabetes Essay
Gestational Diabetes
Alivia Danna
October 5, 2011
HED 3390
Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes is a disease that affects pregnant women it's a glucose
intolerance that is started or diagnosed during pregnancy. Based on recently announced diagnostic
criteria for gestational diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association, it is estimated that
gestational diabetes affects 18% of pregnancies. Pregnancy hormones can block insulin therefore
causing the glucose levels to increase in a pregnant woman's blood. Gestational diabetes starts when
your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy (American Diabetes
Association). Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not all women experience symptoms of gestational diabetes, or the symptoms are mild and not life
threatening to the pregnant woman. Most of the time the blood sugar level returns to normal after
delivery, which was the case for my mom. The one that's affected the most is the baby and it's
usually later on in the pregnancy after the baby is already formed, but while the baby is busy
growing. Untreated or poorly controlled gestational diabetes can hurt your baby. Although insulin
does not cross the placenta, glucose and other nutrients do, so extra blood glucose goes through the
placenta, giving the baby high blood glucose levels. This causes the baby's pancreas to make extra
insulin to get rid of the blood glucose. Since the baby is getting more energy than it needs to grow
and develop, the extra energy is stored as fat. This can lead to macrosomia, or a "fat" baby, babies
with macrosomia face health problems of their own, including damage to their shoulders during
birth, newborns may have very low blood glucose levels at birth and are also at higher risk for
breathing problems. Babies with excess insulin become children who are at risk for obesity and
adults who are at risk for type 2 diabetes (American Diabetes Association). Women with Gestational
diabetes tend to have larger babies therefore there may be birth injuries or the need to have a C–
section.
The treatment of gestational diabetes is simple you must monitor

Having The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
Why am I having this test?
The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is done to check how your body processes sugar (glucose). This is
one of several tests used to diagnose diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestational diabetes
mellitus). Gestational diabetes is a temporary form of diabetes that some women develop during
pregnancy. It usually occurs around weeks 24–28 of pregnancy and goes away after delivery.
You may have the GTT test after having a 1–hour glucose test with results that indicate that you may
have gestational diabetes. You may also have this test if:
You have a history of giving birth to very large babies or have experienced repeated fetal loss
(stillbirth).
You have signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as:
Changes in your vision. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you need help stopping, ask your health care provider.
The testing procedure may vary among health care providers and hospitals.
How are the results reported?
Your results will be reported as milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or millimoles
per liter (mmol/L). You will compare your results to normal ranges that were established after
testing a large group of people (reference ranges). Reference ranges may vary among different
people, labs, and hospitals. For this test, blood sample reference ranges are:
Fasting: less than 95 mg/dL
1 hour after drinking glucose: less than 180 mg/dL
2 hours after drinking glucose: less than 155 mg/dL
3 hours after drinking glucose: 140 md/dL
What do the results mean?
Results within reference ranges are considered normal, meaning that your glucose levels are well–
controlled. Results higher than the reference ranges may mean that you recently experienced stress,
such as from an injury or a sudden (acute) condition like a heart attack or stroke, or that you have:
Gestational diabetes.
Acute stress response.
Cushing syndrome.
Tumors such as pheochromocytoma or glucagonoma.
Kidney failure.
Pancreatitis.
Hyperthyroidism.
An

Public Awareness of Diabetes
Public Awareness of Diabetes Lynn A. Bailey HCA/240 August 21, 2011 Dr. Monica Reed, PhD,
MPH Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people every year, and in most cases, this is a
disease that is preventable. Increasing public awareness regarding risk factors and how this
debilitating disease can be controlled and prevented may reduce the number of cases diagnosed each
year. Throughout the years, scientists have developed a variety of treatment options and medications
that are available for individuals diagnosed with diabetes. Future treatments for diabetes may
include an artificial pancreas and stem cell therapy (Yoffee, 2009). Along with community support
through awareness programs and advances in technology and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Risk factors for DM2 consist of obesity, high or low birth weight, rapid weight gain in childhood,
sedentary lifestyle, fetal exposure to gestational diabetes, family history, and race (Schub &
Caple, 2010). Some of these risk factors may be controlled, whereas others cannot be controlled.
Risk factors that are controllable include dietary needs and lifestyle choices. Obesity is the number
one cause of DM2 among children and adolescents, and is commonly describes as body mass index,
or BMI, which is a measurement of body fat that is based on height and weight (Schub &
Caple, 2010). Obesity is a risk factor that is modifiable and may decrease an individual's risk for
developing DM2, and it may either prevent or reduce the onset. Obesity is a risk factor of DM1 as
well. Although it may not prevent DM1, healthy lifestyle choices may help manage this type of
diabetes as well. Other factors that cannot be controlled include genetics, fetal exposure to
gestational diabetes, low birth rate, some environmental factors, and race. In today's world, advances
in medicine and technology have increased the availability of treatment options for patients
diagnosed with diabetes compared to the past. Evolution of Treatment Options Over past several
years, the list of medications used to treat diabetes has increased creating more options for patients
and healthcare providers

Chromium Syndrome
Chromium is used in the body as blood glucose regulator. Chromium helps the body accept insulin
into the cells; therefore, helping the body stabilize blood glucose levels. Chromium is essential for
patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome because it helps regulate insulin levels. Therefore, a
chromium deficiency could be harmful to people who have insulin regulators. Deficiency is
common in areas that have soil that contains low chromium amounts, such as the United States. To
prevent deficiency individuals should consume broccoli, sweet potatoes, oats, and corn.
Furthermore, chromium also acts as a digestive agent. Chromium helps in the breakdown different
macronutrients. Chromium is required for the metabolism of macronutrients such ... Show more
Tunisian adults were supplemented for six months with a medley of minerals including 400 μg/d of
chromium (Anderson, 203). The effects of the mineral supplementation were measured before and
after the six month period. Three groups were created in order to measure the effects of the
supplementation. The control group only received a placebo for the experiment. The diabetic group
showed a decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances from the chromium supplement.
However, the supplement did not show a decrease in blood glucose levels, nor did it show a
decrease in HbA1C. No interactions were found between zinc and chromium supplementation.
Since no interactions were found, the data supports giving the supplementation medley together in
hopes that oxidative stress will be

Diabetes Essay example
There are two types of diabetes: diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus is a rare
metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone, which is usually the result of
damage to the pituitary gland. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by enormous amounts of urine that
are produced by the body regardless of how much liquid is consumed. Diabetes mellitus results from
the production of insufficient amounts of insulin by the pancreas. Without insulin the body cannot
utilize glucose, thus creating a high level of glucose in the blood and a low level of glucose
absorption by the tissues. Diabetes mellitus is generally divided into two categories: type I called
insulin–dependent or juvenile diabetes and type II ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Institutes of Health report that undiagnosed diabetes is the reason behind millions
losing their vision. Those who are overweight face the greatest risk of developing diabetes. It is the
third leading cause of death in the United States.Other signs of diabetes include lingering flu–like
symptoms, loss of hair on legs, increased facial hair, small yellow bumps anywhere on the body
(known as xanthomas–cholesterol), and inflammation of the penile skin.
Diabetes is associated with arteriosclerosis.DIABETES SELF–TESTSType I Diabetes(Insulin–
Dependent or Juvenile Diabetes)To test for type I diabetes:1. Purchase chemically treated plastic
strips at the drugstore.2. Prick your finger and apply a drop of blood to the tip of the strip.3. Wait
one minute and compare the color on the strip to a color chart that lists various glucose levels.
(There are various electronic devices available that can analyze the test strip for you and give you a
numerical read–out of the glucose level.)There is a new device caned Glucometer 2 (Miles
Laboratories, Elkhart Indiana) that can be used at home at your convenience. You simply prick your
finger with the spring–loaded needle, apply a drop of your blood to the test strip, and place it into
the machine for analysis.
This test will give you immediate feedback on your condition.Type

Differentiating Between Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system primarily differentiated between type 1 and
type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin and was previously
seen in the younger generation which is no longer the case.1 Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent
of the two types and involves elevated blood sugar levels due to the insufficient production of
insulin. Risk factors that make an individual higher risk for type 2 diabetes include increasing age,
obesity, family history, a sedentary lifestyle.1,2 Innovative drug therapies for type 2 diabetes remain
important for the treatment and reduction of the disease.
The prevalence of diabetes according to the CDC is 26 million Americans ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Other drugs with a similar mechanism of action include empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin,
but these are not FDA approved. Since the sodium glucose transporter is located in the proximal part
of the kidney, and responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption, the reabsorption is therefore
inhibited.2 This results in decreased blood glucose due to a decrease in glucose reabsorption and
increase in excretion.
Invokana is initially administered 100 mg by mouth every day before the first meal of the day. The
dose can be increased to 300 mg every day in patients tolerating the initial dose who have a GFR
greater than 60 mL/min/1.73m2 in need of additional glycemic control.3 Adverse effects that have
been noted with this medication include increased urination, yeast infections, and negative
gastrointestinal effects.4,6 Safety considerations include dehydration, vaginal yeast infections in
women and men, and it is not advised to take Invokana if you are allergic or have severe renal
impairment and/or are on dialysis.4 It is therefore imperative that patients are screened appropriately
before being placed on this medication, and that monitoring is performed in certain disease states,
particularly those involving renal disease.
Literature Evaluation
The first study by Lavalle–Gonzaled, Janus Zewicxz Davidson J and et al. was on the "Efficacy and
safety of Canagliflozin compared with placebo and Sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on

Essay Sci 228 Week 4 Midterm
SCI 228 Week 4 Midterm
Purchase here
http://devrycourse.com/SCI%20228/sci–228–week–4–midterm
Product Description
Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following nutrients is the most energy dense?
2. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following are examples of carbohydrate–rich foods?
3. Question : (TCO 1) What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?
4. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following BESTdescribes minerals?
5. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following is an example of an organic micronutrient?
6. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following is NOTa primary function of dietary protein?
7. Question : (TCO 2) Overconsumption of ________ has the greatest potential for ... Show more
Question : (TCO 3) What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
1. Question : (TCO 4) The term complex carbohydrates refers to:
2. Question : (TCO 4) Diabetes is a condition in which the body doesn't process ________ properly.
3. Question : (TCO 4) After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the
body's cells?
4. Question : (TCO 4) Peggy Sue's doctor wants to screen her for reactive hypoglycemia. If her
doctor's suspicions are correct and Peggy Sue does have reactive hypoglycemia, what would you
expect her blood glucose concentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after she had begun
her glucose tolerance test?

5. Question : (TCO 4) Lactose intolerance is due to a(n):
6. Question : (TCO 4) ________ is a highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules found in
liver and skeletal muscle cells.
7. Question : (TCO 4) Gluconeogenesis is:
8. Question : (TCO 4) Which of the following BESTdescribes the glycemic index?
9. Question : (TCO 1–6) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using biopesticides?
10. Question : (TCO 1–6) Foods most commonly associated withSalmonella intoxication are:
SCI 228 Week 4 Midterm
Purchase here
http://devrycourse.com/SCI%20228/sci–228–week–4–midterm
Product Description
Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following nutrients is the most energy dense?
2. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following are examples of carbohydrate–rich

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( Or Juvenile Onset )
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The aetiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (or juvenile onset) is a localised
auto immunity disease caused by type IV cell–mediated hypersensitivity. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
(T cells) are responsible for the destruction of Beta (β) cells with in the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreases (Handorf, Sollinger, & Alam, 2015). Although reasons why are unknown, this is due to
T–Cell Receptors (TCR's) binding to self–antigens presented by class 1 Major Histocompatibility
Complex ((MHCs) Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) in humans) on the membrane of β cells aided
by binding cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4). CD4 a transmembrane glycoprotein present on T–cells
binds to a specific region of the MCH this is the first signal ... Show more content on
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DISC starts a caspase cascade were procaspase 8 is cleaved to caspase (cysteine–aspartic acid
protease) 8 which in turn cleaves procaspase 3 to the caspase 3. It is caspase 3 which fragments
proteins and activates caspase activated DNase (CAD) to fragment deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
within the cell by breaking down peptide bonds (Janeway, Travers, Walport, & Shlomchik, 2001).
Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes has shown to have an incident rate of 22.8/100,000 in children
under 15 while its peak age for diagnosis between 9 and 14 year of age and occurs rapidly over a
few weeks. Like its name suggest juvenile onset suggests 95.1% of people under 19 have type 1
when compared to type 2 diabetes furthermore makes up only 5–10% of all diabetes cases (Cass,
2015). As previously stated the mechanisms of why this auto immune disease occurs are unclear
however there are risk factors which increase your likelihood of developing the disease. Family
prevalence can increase your risk factor even though in 85% of cases there is no family history. With
2–4% increased change if your mother has the disease and 6–9% if your father has the condition.
This raises up to 30% if both parents have the condition linking genetics and environmental factors
to developing the disease, specifically being a heterozygote for the

Developing An Understanding Of Diabetes Care. To Understand

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