study

2. Introduction
 Diabetes is a lifelong disease. Approximately 18.2
million Americans have the disease and almost
one third (or approximately 5.2 million) are
unaware that they have it. An additional 41 million
people have pre-diabetes. As yet, there is no cure.
People with diabetes need to manage their
disease to stay healthy.
 In 2013 it was estimated that over 382 million
people throughout the world had diabetes
(Williams textbook of endocrinology).

3.  Definition
 Diabetes is a number of diseases that involve
problems with the hormone insulin. Normally, the
pancreas (an organ behind the stomach)
releases insulin to help your body store and use
the sugar and fat from the food you
eat. Diabetes occurs when one of the following
occurs:
 When the pancreas does not produce any insulin
 When the pancreas produces very little insulin
 When the body does not respond appropriately to
insulin, a condition called "insulin resistance

4. Types of diabetes
3 types
Type 1(insulin depended)
Type2(non-insulin depended)
Gestational Diabetes

5. Type 1 diabetes
 The body does not produce insulin. Some people may refer to
this type as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes,
or early-onset diabetes. People usually develop type 1 diabetes
before their 40th year, often in early adulthood or teenage years.
 Type 1 diabetes is no where near as common as type 2 diabetes.
Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
 Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections
for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood-
glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a
special diet.
 Between 2001 and 2009, the prevalence of type 1 diabetes
among the under 20s in the USA rose 23%, according
toSEARCH for Diabetes in Youth data issued by the CDC
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

6.  2) Type 2 diabetes
 The body does not produce enough insulin for proper
function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin
(insulin resistance).
 Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes
worldwide are type 2.
 Measuring the glucose level in blood
 Some people may be able to control their type 2
diabetes symptoms by losing weight, following a
healthy diet, doing plenty of exercise, and monitoring
their blood glucose levels. However, type 2 diabetes is
typically a progressive disease - it gradually gets worse
- and the patient will probably end up have to take
insulin, usually in tablet form.

7.  3) Gestational diabetes
 This type affects females during pregnancy. Some women have very
high levels of glucose in their blood, and their bodies are unable to
produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells,
resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose.
 Diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made during pregnancy.
 The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control their
diabetes with exercise and diet. Between 10% to 20% of them will
need to take some kind of blood-glucose-controlling medications.
Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk
of complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger than
he/she should be.
 Scientists from the National Institutes of Health and Harvard
University found that women whose diets before becoming pregnant
were high in animal fat and cholesterol had a higher risk for
gestational diabetes, compared to their counterparts whose diets
were low in cholesterol and animal fats.

8.  Diet
 You can help get your diabetes under control if you
eat smart. The right foods can be an ally in your
fight to keep your blood sugar levels in check.
 Talk to your doctor, a registered dietitian, or a
diabetes educator about how to keep track of how
many carbs you eat, which can affect your blood
sugar, also called glucose.
 They may recommend that you use the glycemic
index. It ranks how different foods raise glucose.
Foods with a high glycemic index raise it more.

9.  Also try these tips:
 Make your plate colorful. That's an easy way to be sure you eat
plenty of fruits, veggies, whole grains, beans, nuts, and lean protein.
 Watch your calories. Your age, gender, and activity level affect how
many you need to eat to gain, lose, or maintain your weight.
 Go for fiber. You can get it from plant foods like whole grains, fruits,
veggies, beans, and nuts. Studies suggest that people with type 2
diabetes who eat a high-fiber diet can improve their blood sugar and
cholesterol levels.
 Although it’s best to get fiber from food sources, fiber supplements
can also help you get the daily fiber you need. Examples include
psyllium and methylcellulose.
 Increase your fiber intake slowly to help prevent gas and cramping.
It’s also important to also increase the amount of liquids that you
drink.

10.  What Is the TLC Diet for Diabetes?
 If you have high cholesterol along with diabetes, your doctor will
probably recommend the TLC (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes)
plan.
 The goal is to lower your cholesterol level, drop extra weight, and
get more active. That helps prevent heart disease, which is more
common when you have diabetes.
 On the TLC diet, you will:
 Limit fat to 25%-35% of your total daily calories.
 Get no more than 7% of your daily calories from saturated fat,
10% or less from polyunsaturated fats, and up to 20% from
monounsaturated fats (like plant oils or nuts).
 Keep carbs to 50%-60% of your daily calories.
 Aim for 20-30 grams of fiber each day.
 Allow 15% to 20% of your daily calories for prote

11.  Can You Have Sugar?
 You might have heard that people with diabetes shouldn't have any table
sugar. While some doctors say that, others take a more forgiving view.
 Most experts now say that small amounts of the sweet stuff are fine, as long
as they're part of an overall healthy meal plan. Table sugar does not raise
your blood sugar any more than starches, which are found in many foods.
 Remember that sugar is a carb. So when you eat a sweet food like cookies,
cake, or candy, swap it for another carb or starch (for example, potatoes)
that you would have eaten that day. In other words substitute, don't add.
Ultimately, the total grams of carbohydrates matter more than the source of
the sugar.
 Account for any food swaps in your carbohydrate budget for the day. Adjust
your medications if you add sugars to your meals.
 If you take insulin, tweak your dose for the added carbs so you can keep up
your blood sugar control as much as possible. Check your glucose after
eating sugary foods.
 Read food labels so you know how much sugar or carbs are in the things
you eat and drink. Also, check how many calories and how much fat are in a
serving.

12. What About Alcohol?
It's a good idea to ask your doctor if it's OK
for you to drink booze. If he says yes, only
do it occasionally, and only when your
blood sugar level is well-controlled. Most
wine and mixed drinks have sugar, and
alcohol also has a lot of calories.


13. MD:Rokunuzzaman
Roll:328
Batch:12th

14. References
Wikipedia
NHS direct
University of california {san diego}
Recommended related News
Medical News today
Diabetes symptoms causes and treatment
medical News today 2015