DIGITAL DESIGN THROUGH VERILOG

DIGITAL DESIGN THROUGH VERILOG
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Code No: L0422
Set No. 1
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
IV B.Tech. II Sem., I Mid–Term Examinations, Jan/Feb – 2011
DIGITAL DESIGN THROUGH VERILOG
Objective Exam
Name: ______________________________ Hall Ticket No.
A
Answer All Questions. All Questions Carry Equal Marks.Time: 20 Min. Marks: 20.
I
Choose the correct alternative:
1.
Verilog HDL is used to model
A) An Analog System
B) A Digital System
2.
3.
C) A Discrete System
[
]
D)All the above
Which of the following is not an white space character
A) t
B) n

C) b
D) s
$stop is used for
A) break point
[
D) terminate the program
B) start point
C) initial point
[
D
L
R
O
]
]
4.
To provide interface by which a module can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10.
J
C) A Discrete System
[
]
D)All the above
Which of the following is not an white space character
A) t
B) n
C) b
D) s

$stop is used for
A) break point
[
D) terminate the program
B) start point
C) initial point
[
Cont......2
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]
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Code No: L0422
:2:
Set No. 2
II
Fill in the blanks
11.
To represent physical connection between structural elements __________data type can be used.
12.
Implicit continuous assignment of delay can be used in ____________ modeling.
13.
Sequential blocks in behavioral modeling are specified with __________, _________Keywords.
14.

Delay associated with a gate output transition to a '1' from other value is called _________delay.
15.
__________is used to verify design in real–life environment with real system software running on
system 16.
Delay associated with a gate output transition to the high impedance value (Z) from other value is
called ____________
17.
Event based timing control is possible with _____________modeling
18.
In Verilog, with respect to gate delay's, which delay is the minimum of all delays ___________
19.
Process of converting a high–level description of design into an optimized gate level representation
is called _____________
20.
Delay associated with a gate output transition to a '0' from another value is called __________
D
L
R
O
W
U
J
T
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Design Of Image Capture, Display, Colour Processing And...
INTRODUCTION
Aim: Throughout this laboratory we aimed to understand the processes used to achieve the
development of image capture, display, colour processing and finally object tracking. In particular,
we aim to learn the I2C protocols to program the registers used to configure the camera, how to
convert a raw image to a full colour image, detect a selected colour and then track it.
Block Diagrams and images for the image processing steps:
The block diagram in Figure 1, illustrates the processing blocks that were created to being the image
processing steps. It also shows the variables created in the code and how they interact to produce the
initial output of display an image from the camera to the screen. The clock for the 640x480 (frame
size 800x525) display image runs at a frequency of 25.2 MHz and the clock for the camera runs at a
frequency of 48.825 MHz to synchronize the display. The I2C setup, involves using I2C protocols to
program registers within the camera. It is a two wire protocol, where one wire acts as the clock to
pass from the FPGA to the device, and the other wire is the data wire which is bidirectional. The
data wire is a top level entity and requires the setup module to have 3 data connections. These are
input data from the camera to the controller, output data from the FPGA controller to the camera and
output enable (tristate control), which determines whether the data is input or output.
Producing the image on the VGA display, involves using

Disadvantage Of Vedic Multiplier
Abstract–Theperformance of system is directly proportional to throughput of the multiplierhence
multipliers are effective in many applications. The system depended throughput of multiplier and a
system became slow therefore we need to design high performance multiplier. In this paper we
implement The Vedic Multiplier and the Reversible Logic Gates and Accumulate Unit (MAC)
UrdhavaTriyagbhayam sutra for design of Vedic multiplier and the adder design is done by using
reversible logic gate. Reversible logics are also the fundamental requirement for the emerging field
of Quantum computing. . The analyses result shows that our multiplier is faster than conventional
multiplier and compares delay required for multiplier operation and also compare ... Show more
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VEDIC MULTIPLIER
The Vedic mathematics applicable over complex calculation, it reduces the typical calculation into a
very simple one. This is so because the Vedic formulae are claimed to be based on the natural
principles on which the human mind works. Vedic Mathematics is a methodology of arithmetic rules
that allow more efficient speed implementation. It also provides some effective algorithms which
can be applied to various branches of engineering such as computing.
1) UrdhvaTiryakbhyam Sutra
The Vedic multiplier is depends on the "UrdhvaTiryagbhyam" sutra (algorithm). These Sutras have
been traditionally used for the multiplication of two numbers in the decimal number system. In this
work, we apply the same ideas to the binary number system to make the proposed algorithm
compatible with the digital hardware. It is a general multiplication formula applicable to all cases of
multiplication. It literally means "Vertically and Crosswise". It is based on a novel concept through
which the generation of all partial products can be done with the concurrent addition of these partial
products. The algorithm can be generalized for n x n bit number. Since the partial products and their
sums are calculated in parallel, the multiplier is independent of the clock frequency of the processor.
Due to its regular structure, it can be easily layout in microprocessors and designers can easily
circumvent these problems to avoid catastrophic device failures. The processing power of multiplier
can easily be increased by increasing the input and output data bus widths since it has a quite a
regular structure. Due to its regular structure, it can be easily layout in a silicon chip. The Multiplier
based on this sutra has the advantage that as the number of bits increases, gate delay and area
increases very slowly as compared to other conventional

Ip Delivery For Fpgas Using Applets And Jhdl
Paper Summary The paper, "IP Delivery for FPGAs Using Applets and JHDL", describes the use of
Java applets in order to provide IP (Intellectual Property) based FPGA delivery and evaluation. As
IP–based FPGA approach has significant advantages such as it improves the productivity/quality,
and reduce design time. FPGA IP uses Java applets that allow designers to create, evaluate, test and
obtain circuits, and that too has to be done within a web browser. Several other approaches have
been introduced, which are similar to JHDL. Those can be described as follows;  Web–CAD: It
uses client–server architecture and transfers the simulation events across the network  Java CAD:
This is similar to Web–CAD. It has applets which are described in Java and uses RMI (Remote
Method Invocation) over the internet for simulating and evaluating the circuits.  JBits: This tool
does not use the internet to deliver IP cores and delivers pre–placed IP core. It is easily incorporated
with online Java applets. In Java–based applets, here "JHDL" is used as a design environment. It is
developed at BYU used for creating high–performance FPGA. JHDL libraries provide the
components and wires that are used to create the instance. The programming language used here is
Java and for simulation and compilation, Java Virtual Machine (JVM) platform is needed. Variety of
design tools it supported, such as  Schematic Viewer, allows the designer to quickly view the
structure and hierarchy of a circuit. 

Professional Engineer Summary Statement Competency
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Summary Statement Competency ElementA brief summary of how
you have applied the elementParagraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressedPE1
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory–based understanding of the
underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the
engineering discipline I selected the project as this allows me to experiment and upgrade my
knowledge in the field of my interest. My studies in the days prior to commencing the project helped
me in gaining this project. My experience during this project was described in this career episode,
"AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE". During my term in the organization as an Engineering
student, I was responsible to control the vehicle by sensing the obstacles that come across using the
IR Sensors. In this report I have mentioned each and every measure and details about my experience
though out the project. The project "FPGA implementation of programmable Digital frequency
synthesizer for digital Communication applications" was done as part of my Bachelor's education. I
selected the project as this allows me to experiment and upgrade my knowledge in the field of my
interest. My studies in the days prior to commencing the project helped me in gaining this project. I
attended basic classes about VHDL Tool and learnt

Parallel Computing Of Cryptography : A Literature Review
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN CRYPTOGRAPHY
A Literature Review
Presented to
Sharmin Khan
Department of Computer Science
San Jose State University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Class
CS 200W
By
Rachel Gonsalves
May 2016
Abstract
In today's world a lot of data is being exchanged via the internet. Sensitive data such as official
documents, bank details, credit card information, as well as personal information is being sent
online. To maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of this data, it needs to be
encrypted. Cryptology deals with cryptography and cryptanalysis, i.e., encryption and decryption of
information. To keep the data safe from intruders, various cryptographic algorithms are
implemented. Parallel processing enhances the speed of these systems and makes it more efficient.
Parallel computation can be performed using multicore processors by parallelizing the execution of
algorithms in multiple cores. The main area of focus will be the parallelization of Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, which is widely in use today. The paper reviews the
implementation of AES algorithm on multiple cores and the speedups observed in the process.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 4
2. Cryptography 5
3. Advanced Encryption Standard 5
4. Message Passing Interface 6
5. Parallel Processing System 8
6. Results and Performance 9 6.1. Encryption 9 6.2. Decryption 11
7. Conclusion 13 References 13

Unit 1 Comm-3011
The list of tasks to be completed is: COM–3011 Verification; Sample Rate Decimation; VITA–49
Packaging; Ethernet Transmission; and Software Functionality. COM–3011 Verification
The COM–3011 operates by first mixing the received signal with 125 MHz, thus the data is now
contained on it. The centre frequency is chosen by mixing a user specified radio synthesiser
frequency with the 125 MHz together. For example to obtain a centre frequency of 100 MHz, the
user would specify 225 MHz or –25 MHz. The bandpass filter will reduce the bandwidth to 40 MHz
or 20 MHz either side of centre frequency [12]. This sample is the duplicated and the second part
delayed by 90 degrees to form an in–phase and quadrature features. Sample Rate Decimation
For the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This packet contains information such as the frequency of the samples and bandwidth. This is only
transmitted once until the information changes. For the implemented solution, the system will only
transmit this context packet at the beginning of the transmission and will not transmit unless the
system is rebooted. Ethernet Transmission
Using the COM–5102, the SDR will transmit the radio signal, this pulg in will add associated MAC
addresses and UDP headers onto the project automatically [15]. The VHDL code has values that can
be changed slightly to accommodate UDP or TCP transmission. For the project, UDP headers will
be used. Software Functionality
This is the section of the work being undertaken by the software engineer. The software must
contain a custom driver to unpack the VITA–49 packet outlined before. This driver will be written to
work with a Ubuntu Linux distribution. The unpacked data will then be handed to GNU Radio
Companion and the signal processed. The FFT, dynamic peak algorithm, spectrum display and list
of signals are default tools that can be downloaded from the file repository [16]. The module will
require a custom module called an "out of the tree module" to use that data brought in from the
VITA–49 packet: "out of the tree" modules are custom modules made by a user for the graphical

Requirements And Scope Of Application
CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
SPECIFICATION (SRS IS TO BE PREPARED USING RELEVANT MATHEMATICS DERIVED
AND SOFTWARE ENGG. INDICATORS IN ANNEX AAND B)
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.1 Purpose and Scope of Document
Our software module determines the garbage levels in the bins of a particular location.The main
parameters used in our software are the sensor values and GSM module (for
communication).According to that user gets the information where to dump trash and administrator
gets the idea which bins are getting filled faster so according to that more bins can be provided and
garbage collection in that area can be accelerated.The goal of our module is to automate garbage
management and keep the city clean and hygienic. 6.1.2 Overview of responsibilities of Developer
Building a prototype of an intelligent bin which will continuously monitor the level of garbage
present in the bin with the help of sensors. There are two different types of sensors used in this
model:
HX711 sensor : It is present at the bottom of the bin and it will measure the weight of the bin and
garbage present in it. This value will be converted to digital value with the help of an ADC.
HC–SR04 : Used to measure the detect the level of garbage. It works on ultrasonic waves similar to
that of a sonar based on proximity the level of the garbage will be detected. There are multiple
sensors installed based on the size of the bin. Using the current positions of the sensors the bin will
be calibrated. The value

Universal And Programmable Routers ( Upr )
2. UNIVERSAL AND PROGRAMMABLE ROUTERS (UPR)
The design of UPR routers is in par with the increasing capabilities of single chips in VLSI
technology. At macro level the programming of this router is very efficient for statistically and
dynamically reconfigurable systems. In parallel computers, it is common to use custom made
routers. Researchers have started designing routers for good performance recently. These universally
programmable router that are statistically and dynamically adaptable are believed to be very
essential in the parallel computing field. Universal routers are essential for two reasons. First
because of their static adaptability they are used to construct any parallel computer independent of
channel width and topology. Second the channel width and the topology of a parallel network can be
reconfigured more than once to match the requirements through implementation taking advantage of
its dynamic adaptability.
A programmable and adaptable router is proposed which can be used in any design independent of
the chosen interconnection network. A programmable lookup table is used by this router to map
processor addresses to physical network routes. These lookup tables maintained in the router makes
it easy to modify the network topology based on network failures, requests from the application
algorithm and changing workloads.
The UPR makes routing decisions locally based on the destination address in the packet header and
availability of outgoing channels. If

Fpga Based Implementation Of Digit Recognition
FPGA BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGIT RECOGNITION Under Supervision of : Dr. Pavan
Chakaraborty. Group members: IEC2012015 IEC2012028 IEC2012041 IEC2012089 IEC2012090
Table of Contents About platforms used: 4 Xilinx ISE: 4 Web Edition: 4 MATLAB: [matlab] 4
Feature extraction: 5 Algorithm speed up using FPGA implementation: 6 [parallization abitlity of
NN] 6 Conclusion 7 Result: [Verilog outputs] 4 References 7 About platforms used: Xilinx ISE:
"Xilinx ISE[xilinx] (Integrated Software Environment) is a software tool produced by Xilinx for
synthesis and analysis of HDL designs, enabling the developer to synthesize ("compile") their
designs, perform timing analysis, examine RTL diagrams, simulate a design 's reaction to ... Show
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More than a million engineers and scientists in industry and academia use MATLAB, the language
of technical computing. [3]" Feature extraction: The method of feature extraction is based on the
spatial distribution of the black and white pixels in the image space. We are assuming that the
difference of distribution of pixels for each digit are sufficient enough to classify them. All of
extracted features are integer and could be implemented with only add and subtract operation on
FPGA [4]. We divide the image into multiple horizontal and vertical sections and the analysis of
accuracies can be done using this table. [insert the table of trade off] It can be observed that as we
are increasing the number of sections, the accuracy is also increasing. Taking consideration of
efficient use of hardware resources four horizontal and four vertical sections can be chosen safely.
[figure showing 8 blocks] To count the number of pixels in each section 8 binary ripple Algorithm
speed up using FPGA implementation: [parallization abitlity of NN] Conclusion For the
implementation

Audio Amplifier System With Digital Delay Effects
Introduction
CE 3.1
The project "Audio amplifier system with digital delay effects" was completed as a major aspect of
the Bachelor of engineering degree from Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology.
Chronology : 2009
Geographical location : Bangalore
Organization Name : Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Project Name : Audio amplifier system with digital delay effects
Title of Position : Student
Background
CE 3.2
This career episode briefly outlines my commitment for the effective work in completing my task
and the duties where I dealt with specialized issues according to my learning. I have taken required
care in furnishing all the details of veritable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CE 3.3.1
In our project, we implemented these effects using the concept of digital delay. Four types of effects
are produced using a digital signal processing kit TMS320C6713 which is programmed using C
language. I converted an analog signal to a digital signal and processed for the desired effect using a
Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The enhanced output from the DSP is then converted back to an
analog signal and fed to a speaker. Digital circuitry was a perfect fit for the process of storing a
signal and then playing it back at a specified time interval. It also solved the problem of losing the
high frequencies on longer delay times.
CE 3.3.2
I looked at the delay and realized that it is used as a sound enhancement and also can be used on
virtually any instrument and on vocals. I researched why delay is used in this application and
electrical signal move at a much higher speed than sound. I learnt Delay is an audio effect which
records an input signal to an audio storage medium, and then plays it back after a period of time.
Audio storage refers to techniques and formats used to store audio with the goal to reproduce the
audio later using audio signal processing to something that resembles the original. I used the FIR
echo algorithm that calculates the current output buffer value by adding the current input buffer
value to an input buffer value that occurred a certain amount of time in the

Literature Review On Fuzzy Logic
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
L.A. Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets [33] In 1965 the concept of fuzzy logic was first introduced by the Professor
Lotfi A. Zadeh in the University of California, Berkeley [33]. Fuzzy logic is a powerful design
system for implementing the artificial intelligence in the controller which provides simple and
intuitive method for software engineers to implement logic in complex systems. This concept had
been given in one amongst his research papers under the name Fuzzy logic or Fuzzy sets.
George J. Kilr and Bo Yuan [32] Fuzzy logic is a way to formalize the human decision capacity of
imprecise reasoning, or approximate reasoning. Such type of reasoning represents the human ability
to find out the reason approximately and judge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alhanjouri, M. and A. Alhaddad [25] The washing machine controller which was proposed by
Alhanjouri and Alhaddad‟s takes the type of dirt and degree of dirtiness as inputs and the wash time
is the only output of the system [25].
Ahmet Y¨or¨uko˘glu and Erdinc Altug [7] The fuzzy controller based washing machine is designed
using neural network which is based on fuzzy logic, neural network and its learning algorithm [7].
Wang Ai–zhen , Ren Guo–feng [8] They determine the wash time by observing the input variables
like Turbidity and turbidity change rate. In this paper the values are obtained from , the sensor of the
washing machine i.e. Turbidity and turbidity change rate which is then passed to the information
processing system , to process, the information was sent them to the controller. The value of input
parameters are translated into fuzzy variables by the process of fuzzification, using MCU,
accordance with the fuzzy inference rules and, the result is the fuzzy value. After defuzzification the
crisp value, the washing time is obtained which we modify by the concept of soft computing neural

Cyclic Redundancy Check
FPGA Implementation of Cyclic Redundancy Check Ruijie Zhang Abstract–In the communication
system, in order to reduce the error rate of the communication line transmission, error control
method requires the use of high performance. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) error detection has
excellent anti–jamming performance in communications and monitoring. In the situation above,
parallel CRC algorithm and hardware description language Verilog VHDL are adopted to realize the
principle of CRC check code. Keywords– FPGA; CRC; Parallel; VHDL. I. INTRODUCTION I n
the digital data communication system, due to the fact that the channel transmission characteristics
are not well and noise interference, the receiving terminal receives the digital signal which to be
able to have the distortion. Error code are appeared unavoidably Cyclic.Thus we must take effective
measures to make the receiver can detect the error and take measure to correct. Error control code is
widely used to reduce the bit error ratio. Redundancy Check is a kind of algorithm, and it can be
used comprehensively in the engineering domain .Due to the strong detection capability, the encoder
is easy to implement. Redundancy Check which based on the reminder of the polynomial
division.When the message is received, the computer recalculates the remainder and compares it to
the transmitted remainder. If the numbers do not match, an error is detected. We know that the CRC
code can be divided into two types. First one is

A Quick And Effective Solution For Prototyping Sdr Based...
A Quick and Effective Solution for Prototyping SDR–based Wireless Systems – Part 1
Authors: Andrei Cozma (ADI), Di Pu (ADI), Tom Hill (Xilinx)
Abstract
There is a significant gap between the concept of a wireless system and the realization of that
working design. Bridging this gap typically involves teams of engineers with a variety of different
skill sets (RF, SW, DSP, HDL, embedded Linux, etc.), and in many cases projects get de–railed early
in the development stage because of difficulty in coordinating the efforts of these varied design
entities.
In this four–part paper we will examine the advances in platforms and tools which allow developers
to quickly simulate and prototype wireless systems while establishing and maintaining a ... Show
The third part will describe and showcase how to use Hardware in the Loop (HIL), capturing signals
with the target transceiver, but still doing the signal processing on the host in Simulink for
verification. The fourth part will show how to take the algorithm developed in part 2, verified in part
3, and use MathWorks HDL Coder and Embedded Coder to generate code and deploy it in the
production hardware, and finally we'll operate the platform with real–world ADS–B signals at an
airport.
Introduction
With the exponential growth in the ways and means by which people need to communicate,
modifying radio devices easily and cost–effectively has become business– critical. Based on this
requirement, Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology has been widely employed recently, since it
brings the flexibility, cost efficiency and power to drive communications forward [1]. The purpose
of a SDR system is to implement as much as possible of the modulation /demodulation and data
processing algorithms in software and reprogrammable logic so that the communication system can
be easily reconfigured just by updating the software and the reprogrammable logic and not making
any changes to the hardware platform.
With the advent of the System on Chip (SoC) devices like the Xilinx® Zynq® All Programmable
SoC that combine the versatility of a CPU and the processing power of an FPGA,

The Preferred Subject Of Interest Is Electronic Systems...
The preferred subject of interest is Electronic Systems Engineering. Linking this post graduate
program to the undergraduate degree I acquired, I surely found this course is a combinational
package of all skills, abilities and competences that I will be possessed after successfully
completion. Interestingly, it contains perfectly every module which I intend to undertake at this level
of degree. Moreover, not only it focuses on one–core–side of Electronics but both sides' analogy and
digital combined with specialization in control and micro–electronics the two areas I aim to mostly
focus on. Main influences I had in relation to this selection were from past classes in electronics and
control systems, projects I conducted and encountered through engineering events, seminars given
by various electronics specialists and even other colleagues with the same area of interest.
Overall, this program consists of more than enough knowledge of different areas in Engineering
(Electronics, Control, Management, Business, Economics, etc.) for a graduate to benefit from
comprehensively, simultaneously and equally. In addition, what attracts me the most the 'Co–
operative Education' program associated with each postgraduate course and successful stories I read
about in your website. How it is beneficial for me to proliferate the required knowledge I might need
throughout my study period, add new skills to my personality and gain more experience to help me
on the labour force. Not to mention

Application Of Field Programmable Gate Array
Proc. of the Second Intl. Conf. on Advances in Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering ––
CEEE 2013 Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978–981–07–6260–5 doi:10.3850/ 978–981–07–6260–5_25
"FPGA BASED SINGLE PHASE MULTILEVEL INVERTER"
Ms. Anuja Murar Nazare
Student M Tech (Digital Systems )
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,
Rajaramnagar–415416
Email ID:anu.333.me@gmail.com
Abstract–
The application of Field programmable Gate Array(FPGA) in the development of electronics circuit
control scheme has drawn much attention lately due to its shorter design cycle, lower cost and
higher density. This paper presents an FPGA based gate signal generator for single phase multilevel
inverter employing an sinusoidal PWM switching strategy to control its output voltage. The
XILINX FPGA based single phase multilevel PWM inverter was constructed by adding a bi–
directional switches to the conventional bridge topology. The inverter can produce three and five
different output voltage levels across the load. FPGA is chosen for the hardware implementation of
switching strategy mainly due to its high computation speed that can ensure the accuracy of the
instants that gating signals are generated. VHDL language is used
to model the inverter switching strategies The PWM pulses was downloaded in
FPGA(XC3S400PQ208) from Spartan 3. In addition to FPGA, Xilinx/modelsim software was used
for simulation and verification of the proposed

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Magnet Synchronous Motor
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has significantly attracted the
attention of researchers due to its simplicity of design, ability of operation at wide range speeds,
high efficiency and high power/torque density. Hence it has been increasingly used not only in
several industrial sectors but also in household appliance and electrical vehicle applications [1–3],
[10]. However, a conventional PMSM control needs a sensor to measure the rotor position and rotor
speed for ensuring the precision Field Oriented Control (FOC) and speed control, but such sensor
presents some disadvantages such as drive cost, machine size, reliability and noise immunity.
Speed sensorless control for PMSM drive has become popular in research topics in literatures [4–
15]. It can be categorized into unmodel–based approach and model–based approach. The former
approach, such as the High–Frequency Signal Injection (HFSI) [4–7], is suitable for low–speed
running or standstill condition of PMSM. The latter approach has Back Electromotive Force
(BEMF), Sliding Mode Observer (SMO) [8–9] and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) [10–12] which
are suitable for medium or high–speed running condition of PMSM. The EKF is basically a full–
order stochastic observer for the recursive optimum state estimation of a nonlinear dynamic system
in real time by using signals that are in noisy environment. Comparing with SMO, EKF can directly
estimate the angular speed and it has high convergence rate which can give more rapid ... Show
The EDA Simulator Link provides a co–simulation interface between Simulink and HDL
simulators–ModelSim. EDA Simulator Link enables us to use MATLAB code and Simulink models
as a test bench that generates stimulus for an HDL simulation and analyzes the simulation's

Nt1310 Unit 5 Algorithm
VII. ALGORITHMS USED In the following, we present three different algorithms to reduce the
total power consumption. Each of these algorithms establishes a different method to process the
variable precision data held in the operands buffer. In the following, the specified throughput Tp for
the proposed 32 × 32 bit multiplier is 64 F (Mbits/s), where F is the multiplier's operating frequency
A. Algorithm A In the first algorithm, the multiplier throughput Tp = 64 F is kept constant by fixing
the operating frequencies (f32−, f16−, or f8) of each precision–data group (32–, 16– or 8–bit) to f32
= F, f16 = F/2, f8 = F/4 (5) B. Algorithm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pcompu_overhead is reduced due to the complete removal of voltage transitions. C. Algorithm
C The aim of algorithm C is to find such an optimum for reduced power consumption. To reduce
complexity, we will only try to find to minimize the dynamic power dissipated as a result of the
computation. P=V2fC (9) =Cm32V2min32f32+Cm16V2min16f16+Cm8V2min8f8 (10) =Ӽ( f32,
f16) (11) The comparison of above three algorithms for 8, 16 and 32 bit operands with
corresponding voltage and frequency are tabulated in table I TABLE I Algorithm and its
corresponding voltage and frequency BITS OF OPERANDS ALGORITHM

The Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging System
DESCRIPTION:
PRINCIPLE OF ULTRASOUND IMAGING SYSTEM:
The main principle of ultra sound imaging system is to transmit ultra sound burst signals into the
particular organ and produced echo is processed for imaging.
The entire system is mainly classified as two PCB boards:
i. FPGA based transmitter board and control. ii. AWG and transceiver.
 The system architecture mainly includes
i. Transducer array ii. 8–Channel Transmitter iii. 8– Channel Transceiver iv. High voltage pulse
v. Digital TX beam former vi. FPGA device vii. User interface (Computer) viii. Analog front
end(AFE) ix. Signal processing modules
a. Transducer array. Medical ultra sound imaging transducer are excited in two modes
i. Linear array mode ii. Phased array mode
Linear array mode: Subset of transducer elements are excited
Phased array mode: All elements are excited to focus at the sharp ultra sound beam at the defined
focal point.
 For the transducer array; the parameter piezo–electric element (electric charge generated with
respect to the applied mechanical stress) pitch size is to smaller than that of half of the wavelength.
Figure () : PIEZO–ELECTRIC EFFECT REPRESENTATION
 In transducer arrays, ultra sound transducer are arranged in the form of an array
DIAGRAM
A large piezo–electric element by crystal is divided into smaller active elements. These elements are
placed in different compartments which can be prevented

VHDL Research Paper
VHDL has a rich and interesting history1. But since knowing this history is probably not going to
help you write better VHDL code, it will only be brie y mentioned here. Consulting other, lengthier
texts or search engines will provide more information for those who are interested. Regarding the
VHDL acronym, the V is short for yet another acronym: VHSIC or Very High–Speed Integrated
Circuit. The HDL stands for Hardware Description Language. Clearly, the state of technical a airs
these days has done away with the need for nested acronyms. VHDL is a true computer language
with the accompanying set of syntax and usage rules. But, as opposed to higher–level computer
languages, VHDL is primarily used to describe hardware. The tendency for most ... Show more
This problem is compounded as the size and complexity of your circuits becomes greater. There are
two primary purposes for hardware description languages such as VHDL. First, VHDL can be used
to model digital circuits and systems. Although the word model" is one of those overly used words
in engineering, in this context it simply refers to a description of something that presents a certain
level of detail. The nice thing about VHDL is that the level of detail is unambiguous due to the rich
syntax rules associated with it. In other words, VHDL provides everything that is necessary in order
to describe any digital circuit. Likewise, a digital circuit/system is any circuit that processes or
stores digital information. Second, having some type of circuit model allows for the subsequent
simulation and/or testing of the circuit. The VHDL model can also be translated into a form that can
be used to generate actual working circuits. The VHDL model is magically3 interpreted by software
tools in such a way as to create actual digital circuits in a process known as synthesis. There are
other logic languages available to model the behavior of digital circuit designs that are easy to use
because they provide a graphical method to model cir–cuits. For them, the tendency is to prefer the
graphical approach because it has such a comfortable learning curve. But, as you can easily imagine,

Fpgas Advantages And Disadvantages
I. INTRODUCTION With the advent of modern controls theory and in the semiconductor
technology, the use of high sophisticated technologies, advance digital controllers and embedded
systems which include microprocessors, DSPs (digital signal processors), ASICs (application–
specific integrated circuits), and FPGAs (field–programmable gate arrays).in the area of AC power
control have become global challenges nowadays[1]. Recently FPGAs have become a good
alternative answer and have been generally accepted as a tool for the controller`s platform in high
performance embedded control system[2]. This device completely give inventors the ad–liberty to
use their design customs adapted to their area of applications, by allowing both hardware and
software to be customized at very low cost[3], it has a key impact on hardware or software co–
design and they are used as devices for rapid pro–to typing, and for final products[4]. This find
application in sophisticated motor drive systems, such as fully integrated controllers, sensor less
control, sensor less control with an extended Kalman filter algorithms, and adaptive fuzzy based
controller[5]. Also in some application like Intelligent maximum power point trackers for
photovoltaic applications, Realization of active power filter based on indirect ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, these devices belong to the so called semi–custom Application Specific Integer Circuits
(ASICs). The latter low cost devices consist of predesigned (by the manufacturer) elementary cells
and interconnections that can be programmed and interconnected by the user. This has the credit to
allow rapid–prototyping solutions and make the design process more flexible and cheaper. This is
not the case for full–custom ASICs, which are manufactured for a specific application and cannot be
user

Disadvantages Of Multi Core Architecture
INTRODUCTION: Now industry tends towards multi–core processor architecture rather than single
core. Many new applications are multi–threaded like Database servers, Web servers, Compilers,
Scientific applications like CAD/CAM. In multi–core microprocessor two or more chips called
cores shared same processor die. It seems that computer has different independent separate
processes. CPU–IC has one or more chips which have separate ALUs and L1 caches. These cores
share some memory inside the CPU die called L2 or L3 caches. Cores use same main memory for
instruction and data fetch through common bus interface. Parallelism techniques for execution are
used like pipelining through dynamic scheduling. Multi–core processor can execute several threads
parallel so increase in speed of processor. OS treats cores as separate processors and splits the
process in subset of threads that can run parallel on these cores resulting in high performance. In
multi–core architecture clock rate is kept low to reduce heat and power consumption but
performance in high speed overall. Multi core architecture have many challenges like increase in
hardware complexity, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dynamic power is given by Patterson and Hennessy: Power=capacitive load * voltage * clock
rate. As the clock rate increases, thermal design power (TDP) or output power increases. To
overcome this, developers redesign the micro–architecture with changes in hardware and software
architectures[3]. Due to this, clock rate decreases from 3.6GHZ to 1.8GHZ with multi core
architecture .Intel introduces its first Pentium D multi core micro–processor in 2005 with TDP 95–
130.In 2006 Intel introduces different multi core architecture with less TDP like Yonah, Nehalem,
Westmere, sandy bridge and lvy Bridge in 2012 that is much innovative micro–processor. Intel
reduces TDP from 130–30w but with increasing no. of transistors and clock

ECT114 Week3 Homework Essay
ading Summary
These are the automatically computed results of your exam. Grades for essay questions, and
comments from your instructor, are in the "Details" section below.
Date Taken:
7/24/2014
Time Spent:
5 h , 44 min , 39 secs
Points Received:
20 / 26 (76.9%)
Number of Attempts:
0
Question Type:
# Of Questions:
# Correct:
Multiple Choice
15
12
Matching
1
1
Grade Details – All Questions
Question 1.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP1 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
Instructor Explanation:
TP1 is the output of an OR gate. The Boolean operator for the OR gate is + and the inputs are A and
B. Refer to Chapter 3 of the textbook for more information.
Points ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

Points Received:
2 of 2 Comments:
Question 10.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the correct output waveform for the circuit below.
Student Answer:
YOptionA
YOptionB
YOptionC
YOptionD Instructor Explanation:
Y should be HIGH (when A = 0 AND B = 1) OR (when C NAND = 1). YOptionD is the only
waveform that meets those criteria.
Points Received:
2 of 2 Comments:
Question 11.
Question :
Student Answer:
TP1 is the output of an XOR gate. The Boolean operator for the AND gate is  and the inputs are A
and B. Refer to Chapter 3 of the textbook for more information.
Points Received:
1 of 1 Comments:
Question 12.
Question :
Student Answer:
TP2 is the output of an XNOR gate. The Boolean operator for the XNOR gate is , the XNOR gate
requires an inversion bar over the entire expression, and the inputs are C and. Refer to Chapter 3 of
the textbook for more information.

Points Received:
1 of 1 Comments:
Question 13.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the VHDL assignment statement at X with respect to the inputs.
Student Answer:
X <= (A XOR B) OR NOT (NOT B OR C);
X <= (A XOR B) OR (NOT B NOR C);
X <= (A XOR B OR NOT B OR

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fpta
This chapter presents about the FPGA ideas and FPGA Synthesis Flow. An FPGA is a device that
comprises of thousands or even large number of transistors connected to implement logic functions.
They implement functions from simple addition and subtraction to complex digital filtering and
error detection and its correction.
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO FPGA
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device that can be designed by the
designer or the customer after manufacturing, hence it is known as "field programmable". Field
Programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are truly innovatory devices that combine the benefits of both
hardware and software. FPGAs are programmed with the logic circuit diagram or the source code in
Hardware Description Language (HDL) to determine how the chip will work. They may be used to
perform any logical function that an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) might perform
but the capacity to update the functionality after shipping provides advantages for many
applications. FPGAs contain programmable logic components also called "logic blocks", and a
hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that permit the blocks to be "wired together" like a 1 chip
programmable breadboard. Logic blocks can be designed to implement complex combinational
functions or simply logic gates like AND and OR. In most FPGAs, the logic block also consists of
memory elements, which can be simple flip flops or complete blocks of memory. They perform
circuits just like hardware performing huge area, power and performance advantages over software,
still can be programmed again economically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.4 FPGA IMPLEMENTATION USING XILINX
The FPGA that is used for the implementation of the circuit is the Xilinx Spartan 6E (Family),
XC3S5000 (Device). The working environment/tool for the design is the Xilinx ISE 14.2i is used
for FPGA Design flow of VHDL code.
4.4.1 Overview of FPGA Design

Gsm Based Remote Patient Monitoring System
GSM BASED REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
Mrs. M. V. PatH, Mrs. M. S. Cbavan Department of Electronics Bbarati Vidyapeetb University
College of Engg. Pune. Email: mv14patil@gmail.com.meenacbavan2007@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the methodology for monitoring patients remotely using GSM network & Very
large scale integration (VLSI) technique. Patient monitoring systems consist of equipment, devices
and supplies that measure, including blood pressure, body temperature, heart activity,
display and record human physiological
characteristics,
various bodily substances (e.g. cholesterol, glucose, etc.), pulse rate, respiration rate and other
health–related criteria. A patient monitoring system for providing continuous ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
[1,2,]. Micro–controllers don't make the
transducers
used
bioelectrical signals. The signals obtained from the transducers are weak signals,
which are then amplified and converted into digital form using Analog to Digital
world go round, but they most certainly help us get around in the world Micro monitoring controller
system, which based has patient several
Converter (ADC). ADC output is fed to the FPGA device.
form of variables and compares with desired values stored m processor. Processor
continuously displays these variables on the LCD Display. FPGA continuously does this work, thus
providing a real time monitoring and control of temperature Field programmable Logic array is

another way to extend the density of the simple PLD's. The concept is to have a few paths can be
implemented within a single block, where a lot of inputs and outputs are u ...
CIS
a ... ...
~ ~ a..
"0 0
.8
0.
u
=
~ .... ...
X Figure.l.l
0
as
required. Processor continuously does this work, thus providing a real time monitoring and control
of these variables .
E 0
m
iii
0
Block diagram of remote patient monitoring system.
III. IMPLEMENTATION This system is to monitor information of multiple patients in ICU/CCU
via 3G mobile
Field programmable gate array receives digital form of variables then compares with desired hard
coded values stored in the processor

Vhdl
Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, Second Edition By Samir Palnitkar
Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR Pub Date: February 21, 2003 ISBN: 0–13–044911–3 Pages: 496
Written for both experienced and new users, this book gives you broad coverage of Verilog HDL.
The book stresses the practical design and verification perspective ofVerilog rather than
emphasizing only the language aspects. The informationpresented is fully compliant with the IEEE
1364–2001 Verilog HDL standard. Describes state–of–the–art verification methodologies Provides
full coverage of gate, dataflow (RTL), behavioral and switch modeling Introduces you to the
Programming Language Interface (PLI) Describes logic synthesis methodologies Explains ... Show
X Window System is a trademark of X Consortium, Inc. The publisher offers discounts on this book
when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, contact: Corporate Sales Department,
Prentice Hall PTR, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Phone: 800–382–3419; FAX:
201– 236–7141. E–mail: corpsales@prenhall.com. Production supervisor: Wil Mara Cover designer:
Nina Scuderi Cover design director: Jerry Votta Manufacturing manager: Alexis R. Heydt–Long
Acquisitions editor: Gregory G. Doench Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
SunSoft Press A Prentice Hall Title
4
Dedication
To Anu, Aditya, and Sahil, Thank you for everything. To our families, Thank you for your constant
encouragement and support. ― Samir
5
About the Author
Samir Palnitkar is currently the President of Jambo Systems, Inc., a leading ASIC design and
verification services company which specializes in high–end designs for microprocessor,
networking, and communications applications. Mr. Palnitkar is a serial entrepreneur. He was the
founder of Integrated Intellectual Property, Inc., an ASIC company that was acquired by Lattice
Semiconductor, Inc. Later he founded Obongo, Inc., an e–commerce software firm that was acquired
by AOL Time Warner, Inc. Mr. Palnitkar holds a Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
from Indian Institute of Technology,

Related Literature Review: Computer Engineering As A Course
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Computer Engineering as a Course
Berry (2013) stated that background in basic science, mathematics and the humanities should
include in the curriculum of computer engineering. In the program, written and oral communication
skills should be nurtured and improved. Also, team coordination in creating projects and an account
of morally upright and professional responsibilities of an engineer should be counted in any related
computer engineering program.
Digital and microcomputer applications, telecommunications, image processing, digital signal
processing, computer architecture, electromagnetic compatibility and computer insights are some
involved in the recent progresses in computer engineering. These fields ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They want to know how computers will be able to successfully work and make the computers faster,
smarter, and more efficient. They study mathematics, physics, and science to be able to learn how to
analyze, design and develop a computer hardware and software. In the articles that we collected,
these ideas should be included in the curriculum of computer engineering. The student must have a
prior knowledge about the said basic subject that is related in computer engineering. Additionally,
written and oral communication should be emphasized and developed. Also, in team project work
and professional responsibilities should be obtained. What Computer can do? Computer engineers
work to developed, designed, and testing computer hardware. Through this work, we can provide
new ideas and new systems that improve our technology. They can design and develop software
applications too that can software engineers can do. The subjects that are connected to computer
engineering course can hinder the perspective of the aspiring computer engineers. They can have
some hard time in taking up the subjects. Although it is hard, they can have developed their thinking
skills and socialization with others

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of VRLOG HDL
5.2.1 OVERVIEW OF VERILOG HDL Verilog HDL is a Hardware Description Language (HDL).
A Hardware Description Language is a language used to depict an advanced framework, for
instance, a PC or a part of a PC. One may portray a computerized framework at a few levels. For
instance, a HDL may depict the design of the wires, resistors and transistors on an Integrated Circuit
(IC) chip, i.e., and the switch level. A significantly more elevated amount depicts the registers and
the exchanges of vectors of data between registers. This is known as the Register Transfer Level
(RTL).Verilog description if found to be simpler than VHDL. Verilog was developed and presented
in 1985 by Gateway Design System Corporation, now a some piece of Cadence Design Systems, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After CTS hold slack ought to progress. Time tree starts at .sdc characterized time source and
closures at stop pins of lemon. There are two sorts of stop pins which are known as overlook sticks
and sync pins. 'Try not to touch' circuits and sticks in front end (rationale blend) are dealt with as
"disregard" circuits or pins at back end (physical amalgamation). "Overlook" pins are overlooked
for timing investigation. In the event that clock is separated then separate skew examination is
essential. Global skew accomplishes zero skew between two synchronous pins without considering
rationale relationship. Local skew accomplishes zero skew between two synchronous pins while
considering rationale relationship. If clock is skewed deliberately to enhance setup slack then it is
known as helpful skew. In clock tree optimization (CTO) protecting of clock is performed so
commotion is not blended to different signals. Yet, shielding area improved by 12 to 15%. Since the
clock signal is worldwide in nature the same metal layer utilized for force directing is utilized for
clock moreover. CTO is moderately accomplished by cushion measuring, entryway estimating,
cradle migration, level change and HFN synthesis.The endeavor to upgrade setup slack in
preplacement, in position and post circumstance improvement before CTS stages while slighting
hold slack. In post circumstance improvement after CTS hold slack

The Ripple Adder: Programming an FPGA Using VHDL Essay
ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION &
FEEDBACK
School: Architecture, Computing & Engineering
Student
Number:
Module Name:
Module Code:
Module Tutor:
Programme:
BENG HONS Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
Embedded Systems and IC Design
EE3003
Andrew Chanerley
Assessment Deadline: 08/May/2013
Assessment :
Component Number: 001
To be completed by student:
Group Number:
Word Count:
Turnitin ID:
I confirm that no part of this assignment, except where clearly quoted and referenced, has been
copied from material belonging to any other person e.g. from a book, handout, another student. I am
aware that it is a breach of UEL regulations to copy the work of another without clear
acknowledgement and that attempting to do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once processed at 120 ns, Cout1 is produced without being included in the second block, making all
the numbers produced by the blocks after it, wrong as well. Figure 2.2 – Block diagram of the state
of the 4–bit ripple adder at time 130 ns after system start

4
That is, of course, until time 129.99 ns,where the second block now "sees" the new value of Cout1
and so processes it, changing the final result into 20 (10100B) as seen in figures 1.1 and 2.2 (time
130 ns), which is also an erroneous answer.
This is due to the same reason as in figure 2.1. The Cout2 of the second block does not exist at the
time the third and the rest of the blocks are processing the applied inputs (time 129.99 ns).
This phenomenon also occurs for the third block at time 140 ns, until the final result is obtained at
150 ns, where the correct answer 24 (11000B) is finally obtained.
This is why it is called a ripple adder, as at each stage the carry out of the previous block is fed in,
after a delay into the next block, and so the carry "ripples" from the first to the last block of the
ripple adder, in stages/iterations.
These carries are stored as temporary values in the code and so are not included in the waveforms
produced. 3. Modify the test bench code to include the value of the carry–in (ci) to be a logic '1'
after 10ns.
This task was accomplished by adding the command
"ci 1001B +

Advantages And Disadvantages Of RS-422
RS–422: RS–422 ,also known as TIA/EIA–422 is a technical standard originated by Electronic
Industries Alliance that specifies electrical characteristics of a digital signaling circuit.It is the
physical interface used for uni–directional or bi–directional communication of OBC of PNSS–1
with different units i–e DHU(data handling unit),MGT,earth sensor,sun
sensor,magnetorquer,magnetometer and with reaction wheels.It is serial communication standard
which provides asynchronous communication capabilities such as hardware flow control,software
flow control and parity check. One of the key advantage of using RS–422 standard is that each
signal line consist of two wires that are twisted together to reduce noise that results in high data
rates.The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IP of AMBA is implemented on FPGA that supports plug and play method for available IP cores
from Gaisler Research IP Library (GRLIB).Among five different interfaces within AMBA
specification,AHB(Advanced High–performance Bus) architechture has some additional features i–
e single clock edge protocol,split transactions,several bus masters,pipelined operation,large bus
width(64/128 bit) etc. Typical AMBAAHB system design consist of the following components:
AHB master: AHB master is able to start read and write operation by providing address and control
information.Only one bus master can use it at a time. AHB slave: It basically responds to the read
and write operation within specific range.Signals are transmitted back to the master which indicates
the success or failure of the data transfer. AHB arbiter: This basically ensures that only one bus
master can initiate data transfer.Any arbitration algorithm such as highest priority or fair access can
be implemented according to application requirement. AHB

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multirate Strategies
Abstract:– Multirate strategy is necessary intended for methods along with various enter along with
productivity choosing premiums. The latest improvements with mobile computing along with
transmission programs demand minimal energy along with excessive swiftness VLSI DSP methods
[4]. That Cardstock offers Multirate quests employed for selection to provide transmission running
with instant transmission technique. Several buildings designed for that design of minimal
complexity, tad parallel Multiple Continual Multiplications function which in turn characterizes this
complexity of DSP methods. On the other hand, main drawbacks of current strategies usually are
often too costly or perhaps not necessarily efficient enough. In contrast, MCM along ... Show more
That Multirate design technique is actually thorough in addition to relevant to a lot difficulties.
There are several reasons to alter the trial price of any experienced facts indicate. Multirate filtration
are interfaces involving constant & experienced facts that brings about a cost lessening parts
together with development involving indicate excellent. Much of the investigation effort involving
way back when a long time in the area involving electronic digital gadgets may be aimed towards
growing the swiftness involving electronic digital systems. Just lately, the requirement involving
portability and the modest development throughout battery power efficiency show that energy
dissipation is probably the most essential design variables. This most critical variables for you to
measure the caliber of some sort of routine are region, wait in addition to energy dissipation
although challenging large swiftness. For this reason, throughout latest VLSI systems the ability
wait product turns into probably the most crucial metric involving efficiency. This shown technique
supplies a thorough method to obtain routine technique for large swiftness functioning in a lower
provide voltage. It truly is normally acknowledged that lower energy circuits are really slower
circuits in addition to large swiftness circuits expected very good energy use. In numerous practical
application involving electronic digital indicate finalizing, there exists a difficulty involving altering
the testing price of any indicate, both growing that or even minimizing that by simply some sum [2]
[5]. Telecommunication program transfers in addition to receives the various kinds of signals e.
gary. fax, conversation, video etc. There exists a prerequisite for you to course of action different
signals in the diverse costs with similar signals bandwidth. Digital camera sound executive can be
an region which includes benefited

Essay on Gradulate Studies in Electical Engineering
"Hard work is the key to success" – an adage that I believe in. Being a mathematics teacher, my
father is my first inspiration to study science. With a mini–library he has in the house that
constituted of mathematics and physics books, I can seek out any kind of book to study. His careful
tutoring has instilled confidence in me to tackle mathematical problems. I used to perform
exceptionally well in all the exams at school level. After class XII, I went on to take IIT–JEE, the
toughest engineering entrance examination in India for admission into the world renowned Indian
Institutes of Technology. To have qualified for this examination is so far the happiest moment of my
life. After four years of exuberant journey through undergraduate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It gave me a chance to envision the amount of possible problems that can be tackled with such
heuristic algorithms.
For the course Digital Electronics, taught by Professor S.C. De Sarkar, the laboratory exercises as
well as the theory classes were used to be very challenging and demanding. We got exposed to an
entirely different kind of teaching which neared perfection. Thus a profound interest is instigated in
Digital Electronics. He also taught us Computer Architecture and this course seemed to answer
some of my doubts, which I had when I was a child, about the functioning of a computer. I achieved
the highest possible grades in both the theory and laboratory components in these courses.
Through semesters of learning I came across different exciting courses like VLSI Design,
Embedded Systems, and Wireless Communications where I learned varied aspects such as VHDL
Coding, small scale microprocessor architecture and CDMA techniques. These courses not only
provided much insight on the current technologies but also steered my interest in Electrical
Engineering.
I pursued a project "Image Inpainting" for the course Image and Video Processing which is
generally employed to cut out portions of an image without losing the homogeneity. Different
procedures like PDE based Inpainting, exemplar Inpainting are evaluated in this work. For

Statement Of Purpose In Electronics And Communication...
Statement of purpose
"Electronics gadgets and communication systems of present age have tremendously improved the
quality of life. With the tempo of events throughout the world, it has become essential to have more
efficient communication network with the latest electronic devices and circuits." The strikingly first
sentence i read while going through a brochure after passing out from my secondary education and
this curiosity pushed me to explore further with on the internet to obtain an information about the
field.
I took an admission for diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, A gained
knowledge in the diploma prior to my bachelors degree has helped me to explore the field more
rigorously throughout my bachelor curriculum. I have completed my undergraduate Bachelor's
degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from Mumbai university in June 2012.
When I was a kid I always wonder how do microwave oven works how can we pick up a well
cooked cake within a few seconds ?? How does ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wondered how can a simple logic of sensors can be implemented for the effective functioning of
trains. Here i started exploring the world of electronics by comprehending every other aspect of the
concepts developing the ability to use it in a different way so as to accomplish a traditional work in
more simplified and efficient manner. Diploma in Electronics and Communication engineering has
cleared my fundamentals of electronic devices (micro–controller, microprocessor), electrical circuits
with basic components like resistors, conductors, capacitors, ICs, encoders, decoders consequently
given a chance to integrate this components in circuit using bread boards as well as PCB designing.
I learned these concepts practically in the labs after the analysis of the theoretical

A Secure Data Acquisition System For Military Application...
Due to emerging technologies such as big data, cloud platform and use of internet in day to day
activities has led to security concerns for various end users. The transfer and storage of information
is a crucial part in many business processes, industrial activities and also in military regime. The
information could be in forms such as text data, video, audio, image or e–mail. Cryptography is a
method to ensure the security and privacy of data transfer process. Data acquisition is the process of
acquiring data accurately with minimum loss of signal being acquired and storing it for further use.
Data acquisition and information protection is important in military applications. In the paper, a
secure data acquisition system for military application is designed. The FPGA platform is used for
implementation of the system design.
Keywords–FPGA, Security, Encryption, Data Acquisition
I. INTRODUCTION
Data acquisition process involves measuring of physical or mechanical signal by converting the
analog input signals into digital form. The data acquisition is used for designing systems which
require analysis and measurement of physical signals. The Data Acquisition System (DAS) consist
of sensors, digital to analog convertor, analog to digital convertor and DAS measurement hardware.
Data acquisition systems were traditionally implemented on micro controllers and micro processors.
Now with the advent of signal processing domain and more sophisticated platforms data acquisition

How Traffic Lights Traffic Light Control For Collision...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ASSINGMENT TITTLE 2
1.1 RESEARCH IDEAAND CONCEPTS 2
1.2 THEORY 2
1.3 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM 2
1.4 VHDL PROGRAM 2
1.5 RESULTS 2
1.6 CONCLUSION 2
1.7 REFRENCES 2
TRAFFIC LIGHT
1.1 AIM
To design & simulate a state machine in VHDL for Two way Traffic light control for collision
avoidance.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
In this assignment the main objective is to design the two way traffic light control and simulate it on
modelsim.
1.3 RESEARCH IDEAAND CONCEPTS
Traffic has been the most challenging problem on roads throughout the world for many years. The
density of road traffic has increased rapidly in the recent years. Traffic is the major issue for many
drivers; it generally results in journey delays as Latency, wasted time while waiting, increased
pressure to reduce performance and can cause people loss of business especially in emergency
situations.
Many schemes have been designed and implemented for relieving traffic as a primary objective.
However, these schemes have a varying effectiveness, and also it is not always obvious that, it will
work best in a given situation.
The appropriate colour space was adopted and the statistical analysis of traffic lights on the various
components of this colour space was carried out. Then the segmentation threshold was obtained and
the colour segmentation was completed according to the statistics result. The morphology was used
to complete the noise processing after the colour segmentation and the connected region was

Design Automation Of Integrated Circuits And Fpga
ECE 501 Home Work Assignment Instructor: Eric J. Balster. Student: Modukuri Sri Harsha
INTRODUCTION:
VHDL – VHSIC HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE is a hardware description language
used in design automation to describe signals in integrated circuits and FPGA's. This is used to write
codes for the circuits and it is simulated. The test for the codes is done in the ALTERA. The
Simulation models are called as test bench. This Test bench is to verify the functionality of the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this we create a binary file that can program the DE2 board FPGA. Connect the power to board
and board to laptop through USB Blaster port. Here we finally test the design on FPGA.
Types of Execution: Here in this VHDL coding there are two types of executions that are used in it.
Dataflow type and Behavioral type. The Dataflow is executed using the Boolean expressions and the
signals that are given as inputs and outputs. In Behavioral type processing of signals takes place
inside the statement. In this signals are simulated in sequential order.
Designs: For F3: 00 01 11 10
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
00 01 11 10
From the above table we have 1 quad label and 4 pairs,
On solving the above K–Map we get an Boolean equation for the input A,B,C,D is given by F3:
B'C+A'B'D'+BC'D+A'BD+ACD'
For F2: 00 01 11 10
1

1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
00 01 11
10
From the above table we have 1 quad label and 1 pair and 4 singles,
On solving the above K–Map we get a Boolean

Examination Of An Ofdm Mimo Framework Under Awgn Channel
Figure 3.20 BER examination of an OFDM–MIMO framework under AWGN channel. 3.3.3
Hardware Implementation Results Through the equipment co–simulation transform, the VHDL
coding of the framework is proficient. The created VHDL codes are transported in into the ISE
apparatus to make further framework check at the RTL level. Outline blend is performed with Xilinx
's XST and the entryway level netlist is gotten. After that, place and steering are performed. The
steering deferrals are back commented to the entryway level netlist for timing examination and
configuration advancement. At long last, a bitstream is created to program the objective FPGA
board. The proposed work is actualized on a Xilinx XUPV5–LX110T assessment stage and focused
to a XC5VLX110T–1FF1136 gadget. The CLBs are 160 x 54 exhibits. The objective gadget
incorporates 17,280 cuts with every containing four LUTs and four flip–flounders, 64 DSP48E cuts,
and 148 square RAMs with 36 Kb size. There are 32 worldwide clock systems and the load up clock
could accomplish 550 MHz clock speed, which completely fulfills the framework necessities. Table
3.1 and Table 3.2 abridge the region results concerning asset utilization, and the clock and timing
results for the transmitter and recipient, separately. The timing reports created from Xilinx Timing
Analyzer instrument shows no timing clash in the configuration. The greatest frequency is
sufficiently expansive to create 40 MHz clock and drive the entire framework.

Device that Can Process the Output of a Guitar Pickup and...
The objective of this project is to design and created a device that can process the output of a guitar
pickup and automatically tune the guitar to the desired overall tuning. The core principles of the
projects would be a device that is built exclusively for tuning a guitar. The device developed from
the current project should be both gentle and durable. When the user strums all six strings together,
the vibrations are detected by a piezoelectric sensor which utilizes an algorithm to determine each
strings fundamental frequency. The tuning peg is then turned by a servo, which is controlled by a
microcontroller, to adjust the tension until the desert are detected by a piezoelectric sensor which
utilizes an algorithm to determine each strings fundamental frequency.
Since our turning device developed from this project should be compatible with all types of electric
guitar, my specific contributions to the project deals with system design, experimental analysis and
problem solving. I come up with the hardware design. Like we said before, there are other devices
out there such as Tropical Tune's Self Tuning system, so the signal processing part of our design has
proven durable. The problem we encounter the most is the one deals with actual hardware, in this
case the displacement of six tuning pegs of the different kind of guitars. The copper wire design that
allows for multiple–string tuning and is lightweight, which makes this a convenient, easy to carry
tuning device. The

State Of Statement Of Purpose For Computer Science
Statement of Purpose
[Purpose]
During my under graduation, I nurtured an idea to shape my career in the way of doing research, in
which period of time, has turned into my career goal. I am convinced that I should pursue a career in
research and teaching as my profession. I wasn't quite sure of what area of research I should get
involved in, since I was interested in multiple areas of study until my high school. Taking a multi
disciplinary undergraduate major has helped me to realize that computer science and logic are the
areas which fascinates me the most when compared to others. By the end of under graduation I am
crystal clear and confident in setting my priorities over computer science. Research at PhD level
would be the best bet to satisfy my long term goal. I opine that completing masters and doing
research at masters level would qualify me with the required skills in computer science and would
set a perfect platform for my entry into PhD. Thus, after a careful consideration of my interests,
abilities & goals, I decided to pursue masters degree in the field of Computer Science. [My
Background]
Since childhood I always excelled at quantitative and logical abilities. Thus, I had a strong
inclination for mathematics and physics. This led me to opt for mathematics, physics and chemistry
as my majors at higher secondary level (10+2). After completing high school with outstanding
grades, I was interested in pursuing my further studies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I feel that I need much more enhanced knowledge. Infact, I am more interested in doing research. In
the next five years I hope to complete PhD with intense research experience. I have a strong passion
for teaching which may lead me to take the path of teaching after PhD. But my immediate short
term goal is to complete masters with good grades and with research which would be a learning

DIGITAL DESIGN THROUGH VERILOG

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DIGITAL DESIGN THROUGH VERILOG