Memory And The Brain Essay

Memory and the Brain Essay
How does memory work? Is it possible to improve your memory? In order to answer these
questions, one must look at the different types of memory and how memory is stored in a person's
brain.Memory is the mental process of retaining and recalling information or experiences. (1) It is
the process of taking events, or facts and storing them in the brain for later use. There are three types
of memory: sensory memory, short–term memory, and long–term memory.
Sensory memories are momentary recordings of information in our sensory systems. They are
memories evoked through a person's five senses: sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch. Although
sensory memory is very brief, different sensory memories last for different amounts of time. Iconic
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Some scientists believe that parts of long term memory are permanent while others will eventually
weaken over time. (3) Long term memory can be divided into three sections: procedural memory,
declarative memory, and remote memory. Procedural memory includes motor skills such as learning
how to ride a bike or how to drive a car. "Such memories are slow to acquire but more resistant to
change or loss." (4) Declarative memory is used to remember facts, such as names, dates and places.
It is easy to learn but also easy to lose. Finally there is episodic memory, which is the record of
events that a person stores throughout his or her experience. Recent studies show that these events,
as soon as they occur, are sent to a temporary part of the brain called the hippocampus, and that over
time they are moved to the neocortex for permanent storage. (5).
When speaking about memory, one needs to look at the parts of the brain that are involved in
memory storage. The hippocampus is a place in the brain that is used to
"transfer memories from short–term to long term memory". (1) It also helps store spatial memories
with the thalamus. The thalamus is a "collection of nuclei that relays sensory information from the
lower centers to the cerebral cortex". (7) In addition to spatial memories, the thalamus helps store
emotional memories with the
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Learning and Memory Essays
xxLEARNING AND MEMORY Learning is the process of gaining knowledge or skills through
study, experience or teaching. It is a process that depends on experience and leads to long–term
changes in the possible behaviour of an individual in a given situation, in order to achieve a goal.
Memory is a property of the human mind. It describes the ability to retain information. There are
different types of classifications for memory based on duration, nature and retrieval of items. The
generally accepted classification of memory is based on how long you can remember an item or
experience (memory retention), and identifies three types of memory: sensory memory, short–term
memory, and long–term memory The sensory memory corresponds ... Show more content on
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It forms a part of the limbic system and plays a part in memory and navigation. The name derives
from its curved shape, which supposedly resembles that of a seahorse. Doctors and scientists dispute
the exact role of the hippocampus, but agree that it has an essential role in the formation of new
memories about personally experienced events. Some researchers prefer to consider the
hippocampus as part of a larger medial temporal lobe memory system responsible for declarative
memory. When a long–term, declarative memory is made, certain neuronal connections in the
temporal lobe are strengthened, and others are weakened. These changes are fairly permanent,
however some may take weeks or months before they are complete Skill memory or procedural
memory however, is processed in the cerebellum and then the information is passed the basal
ganglia which store memories of this type and are also responsible for co–ordination and refining
movement . Diagram of parts of the human brain Diagram showing the location of Hippocampus in
the temporal lobe The first process of memory is attention. There is much more information around
you than you can process at any one time. Thus, you must make choices (conscious and
unconscious) regarding the information you will remember. Once information is acknowledged, it
needs to be encoded in order to be remembered. Encoding refers to translating incoming information
into a trigger

Face Recognition
Re
Face Recognition Paper
Adriana Zachry
Psych/560
November 13, 2012
Christopher Wessinger
Face Recognition Paper
Face recognition develops slowly through life. Recognizing a face can be a difficult for the
individual and also for the brain system that processes. The complexity of recognizing individual
faces can be a difficult task at times. Recognizing faces also includes looking at an individual's
emotional expression and then, being able to take that information and processing it. This can be
more complicated because facial recognition also includes the processing of emotions and emotional
content. The brain can easily recognize a face without encountering any complications.
Facial identification is essential for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order for a person to recognize a face, the face features must be encoded in the long–term
memory first and then retrieved from the brain. The encoding process is a very important part of
recognition memory because it determines if the persons face will be recognized later on. It depends
on the strength of the member whether the person will be remembered by recollection judgment, or
is known by familiarity judgment. However, whether the brain remembers a person, place, or thing
depends on the strength of one's memory or whether they were paying full attention to details.
"Configural system is always necessary for face recognition, and appears to support what remains of
face identification even in prosopagnosic people who have an intact part–based system" Rivest, J.J.,
Moscovitch, M.M. & Black, S.S. (2009).
Long term memory is information that is permanently stored in the brain for later use.
Long–term memory is made up of both semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory is all of
the information that one accumulates over a long period of time that is not linked by time or place.
This includes information related to who, what, and why. Episodic memory acts as the memory for
when and where (Argumosa, M. A., 2010).
Finally, face recognition starts at infancy and is utilized throughout one's life. A person must utilize
their long term memory for face recognition. A person must give their full

My General Psychology Instructor : Lois Lowry Essay
Professor Reed, my general psychology instructor, assigned a list of novels for the class to choose
from to write a book report. The author of the book I choose is Lois Lowry. This is a very short, but
interesting book, in my opinion. This book has 256 pages, 10 million copies, and was published by
Mr. Houghton Mifflin, in 1993. Mr. Mifflin also encouraged Ms. Lowry to write approximately 30
other children 's books. Her reasoning and inspiration for writing such a questioning of authority
novel such as "The Giver", came from the controversial issues she encountered with her aging
father, who long term memory was quickly fading. Without his long–term memory, he could no
longer recall the things that caused him pain. She realized, if you 're unable to remember the
physical and emotional pain, it is impossible to understand what it feels like; so in reality, you
haven't experienced it. How can you be plagued by regret or grief if the things that caused it no
longer exist? This novel was awarded the prestigious Newberry Medal in 1993, along with one other
novel she wrote. The name of the novel is what caught my interest and what intrigued me the most.
Just from something as simple as a name I knew I would be able to relate to this novel, in some kind
of way. I was right! Equally important, the main character is an eleven–year–old by the name of
Jonas. He is like no other child in this monotonous world. The protagonist of this book, has the
ability of perception that is

The Effects Of Anterograde Amnesia And Its Diagnostic...
Introduction
Anterograde amnesia is a common and distinguished neurological disorder in the psychological and
neurobiological field. Media depictions of this neuropsychological disorder are not as common as
other forms of amnesia, but it is still incorrectly portrayed. Anterograde amnesia refers to the
inability to retain new information, while still having intact memories that occurred before brain
damage (Carlson, 2014). There have been several studies that focus on anterograde amnesia and its
diagnostic criteria, course, associated features, assessment, etiology, underling neurobiological
mechanisms, treatments, and future research.
Researchers mention that there are two forms of long term memory, which are declarative (explicit)
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, to further support these theories, researchers tend to conduct studies on the famous
patient case, HM, to propose the consolidation deficit theory, in which those with amnesia cannot
turn short–term memories into long–term memories (Dewar et al., 2010). However, researchers
Dewar, Della Sala, Beschin, and Cowan (2010), mentioned that HM's case does not fully explain
why a patient with anterograde amnesia has the ability to get better at cognitive tasks despite being
unable to recall having performed those tasks at a previous time. On the same hand, Duff, Wszalek,
Tranel, and Cohen (2008) mentioned that most individuals with anterograde amnesia experience
heightened intelligence, attention, skill, and reasoning levels (procedural memory).
Anterograde Amnesia does not have a specific age of onset, but can occur when one experiences
damage to the hippocampus through viral or bacterial infections, seizures, strokes, or restricted
blood flow. In a study by Clark, Broadbent, Zola, and Squire (2002), rats who had part of their
hippocampus area removed experienced anterograde amnesia as opposed to the control group who
did not when they were placed in a food judgement task. In this task, rats were given different food
each day, but there was one piece of food that remained constant. Here, the lesion rats did not gain a
preference or liking towards a specific food. Meanwhile, the control group gained a preference

H. M.: The Separation Of Declarative Memory
Back when H.M. was seven he was in an accident with a bicyclist, this began this patients journey
of medical mishaps including seizures and amnesia. At age ten the seizures start and at sixteen they
became more intense. He attempted to work but by 27 even that would be too much because of his
seizures. After much consideration Doctor Scoville was able to convince H.M. to undergo bilateral
medial temporal lobe resection, which is common knowledge but I will explain anyway. It is a
procedure done on the brain to separate the temporal lobe tissue to reduce seizures. After the
procedure Doctor Millner noticed that while the procedure worked for the seizures there was an
incredible amount of memory deficiency, to the extent of forgetting things ... Show more content on
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These were thought of as the only two types of memory but during H.M. research they realized they
were doing it wrong. Next came the separation of declarative memory into two parts; Declarative
and nondeclarative. Declarative is memory that is nonvisual and like remembering names and faces
and nondeclarative is memory such as skills, habits and emotions. The reason this discovery came
through was because in H.M.'s ability to move was not impaired but his declarative memory was
diminishing. This can be proven because of the tests ran on H.M. where he was put to the test of
identifying famous people throughout history. He did quite well for a man his age during the
decades prior to his surgery, but the same can't be said for after. By observing this they figured out
that the medial temporal lobe is not the storage for all of the brains long–term memory. Sometime
down the road they figured out that childhood memories lost their emotional

The, Dinner With Mary Morstan And Watson
Cognitive Psychology is the study of the human mind; it is how we reason, decide, and produce and
comprehend language. In order achieve this we use both mental representations and mental
processes. Like in any other situation, much of these cognitive functions are being used in the
Sherlock's Holmes YouTube video "Dinner with Mary Morstan and Watson".
At the beginning of the clip, you can hear the noise of the restaurant. Holmes closes his eyes, then
shortly afterwards Watson calls his name. This redirects his attention to the source of the stimulus,
Watson. We refer to this phenomenon as the Cocktail Party Effect. This effect describes the brain's
ability to block out unimportant stimuli in order to focus upon more important stimuli. They are
doing this in the restaurant with a room filled with people; who are having their own separate
conversations yet they are still able to ignore background conversations and focus on theirs.
Furthermore, the Stoplight Theory indicated that our attention is invoked " Like Spotlight that
highlights information within its beam, in this view, spatial attention selectively brings information
within a circumscribed region of space to awareness, and information out that region is more likely
to be ignored." (Kosslyn, 2007, p. 130) Indicating that whatever falls within our region is our main
focus of attention. In addition, while Holmes is analyzing Mary, he is able to concentrate on
individual bits of detail while placing his awareness solely

Technology And The Computer System
The brain has the capacity to recall information that was forgotten for a long space of time,
regardless of deleted information; the brain experiences some kind of traces that leave sequel
remaining in the neuron. It is the same thing that happens in the computer system after information
are deleted. For instance, after an address is programmed on the GPS to retrieve and lead to a
destination, the information is automatically encoded and released to track the direction leading to
the desired address. Just like the human brain, the computer has the capacity to capture and
memorize multiple information, and may proceed by a rapid retention after some information are
deleted. It seems like when an information is erased from the computer, it attempts to build or
download new program to prevent the definite dilution or process to save the deleted information
through new programs.
Retrospection to the GPS, it has the option to retain many destination once input to it systematic
artificial brain or memory; the memorization can be kept for a long time as long as the machine and
its mechanism would remain active in terms of operation. By determination, if you happen to delete
every single encoded information from the GPS, even though the system is renewed, you will
noticed that the machine is still remembering some of the previous deleted addresses. In reality, the
human brain is more proficient in encoding and decoding information and its memorization capacity
is more advance

Verbal Declarative Memory Study
Studies in PTSD are consistent with changes in cognition and brain structure. Multiple studies have
demonstrated verbal declarative memory deficits in PTSD.53,106–108 Patients with PTSD
secondary to combat109–113 and childhood abuse114,115 were found to have deficits in verbal
declarative memory function based on neuropsychological testing. Studies, using a variety of
measures (including the Wechsler Memory Scale, the visual and verbal components of the Selective
Reminding Test, the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Paired Associate Recall, the California Verbal
New Learning Test, and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test), found specific deficits in verbal
declarative memory function, with a relative sparing of visual memory and IQ.109–113,115–124

Episodic Memory: Declarative Or Procedural?
Memory can be declarative or procedural. A declarative memory would be concerned with
experiences and facts, while a procedural memory is related with skills, or 'how to'. A declarative
memory is further classified into episodic memory and semantic memory. An episodic memory is
based on awareness of a previous experience in a particular situation at a particular time. It is
developed throughout childhood. A semantic memory is concerned with the factual knowledge
about the world (Tulving 1983,1993,2002). The article initially explains the cognitive neuroscience
of the development of the episodic memory formation. Behavioral evidence indicates an episodic
memory emerges from childhood through adulthood. Developments in cognitive functions such

Types Of George Sperling And The Existence Of Declarative...
1. George Sperling experimentally demonstrated the existence of iconic sensory memory in 1960.
Briefly explain the design of his experiment, and the logic of how the results supported the existence
of iconic memory. (2 points)
In Sperling's experiment presented people with a 3 by 4 visual array and after the array was gone he
played one of three tones. A high tone meant people had to report the top row, middle tone had to
report middle row, and low tone had to report to last row. His study found that most of the
participant could remember about 75% of the letters. From the experiment Sperling concluded that
people have what we like to call a visual memory and this memory last for a few seconds that
included all items that are seen.
2. Explain the difference between the two types of declarative memories, and give an example of
each from your own life. (4 points)
Episodic memory: Episodic memory are memories for autobiographical events. Includes
information about where and when the event occurred o Ex: For example, I remember the day of
when I received my first communion sacrament, it was on a Sunday in April a day before my
birthday and it happened at my local church. It was a happy day all girls dressed in white and then
after church we went back to my house and had a little get together with the family.
Semantic memory: Semantic memories are facts and knowledge of world, also can hold personal
information about one's self o Ex: For example, I have learned that

The Importance Of Memory And Short Term Memory
Memory to be process by which we encode, store and retrieve information. Each of the three parts
of this definition, encoding, storage, and retrieval represents a different process. You can think od
these processes as being analogous to a computer's emotion (encoding), hard drive (storage), and
software that accesses the information for display on the screen.
A momentary flash of lightning the sound of the twig snapping and the sting of a pinprick all
represent stimulation of exceedingly brief duration but the may nonetheless provide important
information that can require a response. Such stimuli are initially and fleetingly stored I sensory
memory the first repository of the information the world present to us. Sensory memory can store
information for only a very short time if information does not pass into short–term memory it is lost
for good.
The information that is stored briefly in sensory memory consists of representations of raw sensory
stimuli it is not meaningful to us. If we are too make sense of it and possibly retain it the
information must be transferred to the stage of memory. Short term memory is the memory store in
which information first has meaning although the maximum length of retention there is relatively
short... (Hamilton & Martin, 2007; prime & jolicoeur 2010).
Short Term Memory has incomplete representational capabilities: the specific amount of information
that can be held in short term memory has been identified as seven items or "chunks" of

Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
"Wrongfully convicted at age 25, Calvin Johnson received a life sentence for the rape of a Georgia
woman after four different women identified him. Exonerated in 1999, he walked out of prison a
41–year old man. The true rapist has never been found, (The Justice Project)." Eyewitness testimony
is highly relied on by judges, but it can not always be trusted. Approximately 48% of wrong
convictions are because of mistaken identity by eyewitnesses (The Psychology of Eyewitness
Testimony). After we discovered this information, we became curious as to whether in a testimony,
the eyewitness' memory is more reliable after a short period of time or after a longer period of time?
According to previous experiments, eyewitness testimony is unreliable. Likely, we want to know if a
testimony that is given two to three hours after a crime has taken place is more reliable than a
testimony given after a longer period of time.
After witnessing a crime, eyewitnesses are asked for a testimony to find the culprit. Most of the time
these testimonies are highly relied on. However, according to physiological evidence 33% of the
time these testimonies are incorrect and cause an innocent victim, like Johnson, to end up in jail for
no reason (Simply Psychology). There are many influencing factors as to why an eyewitness may
not remember what they witnessed. These factors include stress causing a negative recollection of
the crime, poor conditions in which the crime occurred; so what the eyewitness

What Role Does Sleep Play On Memory Formation?
Experimental Psychology Cover Sheet 2014–15
Student Number (7–digit number): 1313711
Candidate Number (5– digit located on your StudentInfo under Personal Details): 66078
The unit code and title: PSYC20002 Cognitive Psychology
Assignment: Cognitive Essay
Due date: 06/02/2015
Question Number and Essay Title: What role does sleep play in memory formation?
Word count (excluding title, abstract, cover sheet and references):
I have checked this work through Turnitin: Yes/No
Originality statement: By submitting this work online, using my unique log–in and password, I
declare that this submission is entirely my own work. And that it does not contain any plagiarised
material. I understand that all work is submitted to Turnitin plagiarism detection software.
What role does sleep play in memory formation?
Abstract
Memory formation can be described as the process through which neuronal activity produces long–
term synaptic changes (Hebb, 1949), and involves both encoding and consolidation. Sleep consists
of rapid–eye movement (REM) sleep and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, with the latter
including slow wave sleep (SWS). Predominantly, sleep plays a role in the consolidation of new
memories, but also benefits encoding via increases in concentration (Sarode, et al., 2013). The
extent of these benefits depends on a number of factors including the duration and time of sleep
after learning (Diekelmann, Wilhelm, & Born, 2009). SWS and REM sleep also influence memory
formation, with

Long Term Memory Storage System
The skill to remember the people, events, and locations come across the path of everyday life is a
primary structure of cognition that shows behavior. The aggravation dealt with in problems (school,
friends in the halls or work, coworkers in the break room) provides as a concise reminder of our
reliance on memory. Long–term memory storage system is characterized by long duration, large
capacity, and accessibility. "Over the years, several different types of long–term memory have been
distinguished, including explicit and implicit memory, declarative and nondeclarative memory (with
further subdivision of declarative memory in episodic and semantic memory." (Mastin. 1) Long term
memory can store an incredible amount of information over an extensive period. Long term memory
is everything we remember that occurred just minutes ago. Long term memories can be kept for a
few days or many years. Although we may forget things every day, it is possible that long–term
memory essentially perishes as the years go by and can accumulate a limitless amount of
information without stopping. Many can argue if we in fact forget something at all, or it just
becomes gradually harder to recover things from our memory.
Long term memory is accountable for three areas, which are encoding, storing and retrieving.
Encoding is the capability to change information into an information structure. Storage is the ability
to collect large pieces of information. Recovering allows us to remember things

Summary Of The Art Of Failure By Malcolm Gladwell
The Art of Failure
In the essay, "The Art of Failure" by Malcolm Gladwell we are given the meanings of "choking" and
panicking while being in a stressful situation. Gladwell began to illustrate his writing by giving us
other people's story, with the stories of Jana Novotna, John F Kennedy Jr, to name a few. Gladwell
starts off by telling the story of Jana Novotna a professional volleyball player who developed stress
when she saw who her opponent was, as she was getting near her chance of winning the
championship; she lost it when "choking" took over her.
As Jana developed choking while playing she "began thinking of her shots and lost her fluidity, her
touch" as the author said in the essay in pg. 267 (first paragraph, second sentence). The author
describes Chocking as a failure, as he says "to choke or to panic is the same to quit". Malcolm
Gladwell gives a description to what "choking" is in the world of sports. "Choking is when a person
under stress begins to focus more on how they are doing or on other things that they then begin to
lose track of what they are doing.
The author also briefly puts in the story of the New York Yankees' second baseman Chuck
Knoblauch, who developed sports "shocking" while playing in front of thousands of fans,
Knoblauch had trouble throwing the ball to first base, while stressing Knoblauch found himself
reverting to explicit mode, throwing like a Little Leaguer again", as the author said in pg. 267 (last
paragraph) Choking is also

The Lost Mariner Character Analysis
Korsakov's Syndrome and Memory Loss
Losing one's memory can be a mysterious affliction, and the causes can be quite complex. Severe
memory loss is introduced in author Oliver Sacks' collection of stories The Man Who Mistook His
Wife for a Hat, and lectures given by professor Jim Davies can help with understanding of some of
the concepts introduced in the book. In chapter two, The Lost Mariner, the patient Jimmie is
suffering from aspects of both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, which Davies explained as loss
of memory of events or facts learned before an event (the event that caused the amnesia), and loss of
ability to create new memories after the event, respectively. In more detail, and in relation to our
book (here, the target example), retrograde amnesia would consist of any loss of memory that
happened prior to an event, such as an injury or onset of disease in Jimmie's case. Dr. Davies'
explanation of retrograde amnesia helps to understand Jimmie's case, where in the year 1975 he is
unable to recall any events after 1945. As well, the explanation of anterograde amnesia as including
symptoms such as inability to form new memories, learn information or tasks, or to recall the recent
past is useful when applied to Jimmie's experience of not being able to recall events that happened
even a few minutes prior. Jimmie's suffering from both retro and anterograde amnesia, as explained
by Sacks, results from Korsakov's syndrome – a destruction of memory caused by alcoholic

The Levels Of Processing Model Essay
The Levels Of Processing Model
The Levels OF Processing (LOP) Model is an alternative to the Multi Store (MS) Model. It does
appreciate the idea that both STM and LTM do exist however it does focus on the inter– related
processes needed for memory. It looks at the way information is coded and how likely it is to be
remembered depending on the type of coding.
* The LOP model was based on a study by Craik & Tulving (1875) who tested participants on
remembering 4 different types of information. These were called "Levels of Processing. They
claimed that the level information is processed at, accounts for how likely it is to be remembered.
The 4 levels are as followed:
* · ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This uses deep semantic memory.
* According to Craik and Lockhart rehearsal was not as essential as LOP. They distinguished
between two types of LOP – Simple Maintenance Rehearsal which simply holds information but
does not necessarily lead to the transfer into LTM as information is just memorised, and Elaborative
Rehearsal which involves some kind of analysis or evaluation of information. This type of rehearsal
leads to LTM. This is why it was found that the more complex the stage of processing was
(Semantic) the easier the sentence was to remember. E.g. the Deeper semantic test was remembered
better than the Shallow because it required more analysis and they were placed in an order in which
the words linked together and made sense.
* Bransford et al also found that a more distinct sentence would be remembered more because it
stands out. This was tested using " a mosquito is like a racoon because they both have haired jaws
and legs" and " a mosquito is like a doctor because they both draw blood". Participants remembered
the second sentence better because it was humorous and this made it distinct.
* Both types of studies show that LOP model does in fact focus on the inter – related processes
needed for memory

Consolidation: The Case Of Declarative Memory Avoidation
Memory consolidation is a process of gradual stabilization that new memories must undergo in
order to persist (Müller and Pilzecker, 1900). In the case of declarative memories (or explicit
learning), consolidation initially takes place within the hippocampus before these memories become
permanently stored within the neocortex. Evidence for this time– and region–dependent systems
consolidation has been demonstrated by lesion and imaging studies in primates and rodents
indicating that recent memories are stored within the hippocampus, whereas remote memories are
stored in the neocortex (McClelland et al., 1995; Squire and Alvarez, 1995; Frankland and
Bontempi, 2005). Several lines of evidence from rodent studies suggest that the medial prefrontal

A Study On The Cognitive And Physiological Aspects Of The...
Habits and general knowledge are vital for survival, as both sleep and recollection of events: the
study of how both are combined is of distinct interest. Tests demonstrate that the hippocampus is the
main cortical region active during memory tasks, as well as during states of unconsciousness. It is
suggested that memories are somehow integrated and reverberated during the sleep state. Findings
like these lead to a greater interest in studying the hippocampus, specifically during sleep. Many
tests have been administered attempting to decode memory consolidation by examining the
behavioral and physiological aspects of the hippocampus' roles and functions. This review examines
different methods conducted as well as possible analyses that can be done to determine the role of
hippocampal function in memory during sleep. Sleep
Sleep is a natural state of unconsciousness characterized by unresponsiveness to stimuli, as well as
an apparent consolidation of memories10. It is an actively regulated process in which neuron
activity is reorganized5. Sleep is divided into two phases, Rapid Eye Motion (REM) and Non–Rapid
Eye Motion (NREM) (also known as slow wave sleep (SWS)) 6.SWS is further composed of 4
levels of sleep. These levels produce theta and delta wavelengths on an electroencephalogram
(EEG). Furthermore, the waves increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency with the succession
of each stage 10. These stages dominate the earlier part of the sleep period then decrease in

The Exploration Of Human Memory Essay
The exploration of human memory will unlock the past and future. Through the exploitation of
human memory man condemn itself to an apocalyptic world. The manipulation of the human
memory is key to man's control over the human mind. Memory can divide what humans see and
what humans can remember. Some memories may be deceitful, but it all depends on the state of
mind and past experiences of that individual. Memory isn't just a personal experience that's based
only on that person, an event can change people physically and mentally. Memory is based off of
multiple factors that occur in the brain. It's a deep subject that both neuropsychologist and
psychologist have tried to completely understand in the past decade. Author Carl Gunther said that
"Underneath the mind's perceptual process is the mysterious mechanics of memory" (Gunther 87).
In hopes of a new future where memory isn't so mysterious. Humans are digging deeper in the
unknown such as neuroscientist Bence Olveczky of the Harvard University in Cambridge
Massachusetts. To explain how Olveczky would discover a possible breakthrough in manipulating
the human mind would take time. To grasp the concept of manipulating memory one would have to
know the history and meaning of memory. Humans consider memory as the ability to remember
things, true, but is also the "ability to Encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and
past experiences in the human brain" (Mastin "The Human Memory"). Learning is

Notes On The Generation Effect
The Generation Effect
Christopher J Gonzaba
Texas A&M University
Abstract
Generation effect tests whether people remember information better when they participate and
generate the word rather than just reading them. In our study we used a lexical decision task to test
the spreading activation. Twelve undergraduate students from Texas A&M participated. Some of the
trails consisted of two related–words and some consisted of two unrelated–words. Two main effects
were used; between–subjects and within–subjects. Task type represented by between–subjects
showed whether those who generated words generated information better than non–generated
words. The within–subjects suggested whether rule type affect generated words and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Memory storage implies putting that information into either short–term or long–term memory.
Sensory memory is another type of memory but since it is less than one second memory storage has
no use. Short–term and long–term memory decide whether we are able to retrieve the information or
not (Mastin, 2010).
Sensory and short–term memory is less than one minute of storage and because of that they have no
use for explicit and implicit memory. Both are found and used to breakdown long–term memory.
Explicit memory is the use of conscious thinking for the use of recall of important facts or events.
Implicit memory is the opposite; it is the use of unconscious thinking of information and reaction.
For example, texting, walking, or writing, on does not simply stop to think how to preform those
actions (McLeod, 2007).
To further breakdown explicit and implicit memory we use declarative and procedural memory.
Declarative memory corresponds with explicit memory because it engages in conscious thinking to
recall factual information. Procedural memory corresponds with implicit memory because it is the
basic repetition of facts that do not take much into consideration. Declarative memory is broken
down in episodic and semantic memory. Episodic memory helps the retrieval of facts, events, or
experiences in ones life. Semantic memory recollects general facts and concepts that one can
typically think of off the top of their head (Mastin, 2010). Memory plays a

Sleep And Slow Wave Sleep Essay
improves procedural memory, i.e. skills and procedures [1,2] as well as declarative memory [3].
REM and slow–wave sleep
(SWS) have been implicated in memory consolidation [3–5].
Lack of REM sleep is associated with poor recall of visual location [6]. Decline in declarative
memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow–wave sleep [7]. Spencer et al. observed
similar initial procedural learning in older and younger adults; however, the older adults'
performance did not improve following sleep, suggesting that sleep dependent memory
consolidation decreases with age [8]. This may reflect the disturbed sleep and disrupted SWS in the
elderly [3,8,9]. Slow wave sleep increases until shortly before puberty and then shows a prominent
drop across adolescence, decreasing by more than
60% between ages 10 and 20 years [10]. It is critical to understand the cognitive effects of normal
sleep in order to understand the consequences of disrupted sleep. This is important since the
majority of adolescents do not obtain the recommended amount of sleep and that disrupted sleep is a
key symptom in most adolescent psychiatric and developmental disorders [11].
Backhaus et al. studied twenty–seven children with an average age of 10.1 years (range of nine to
twelve), on a learned word pairs list, employing a within subject design and two post–learning
assessments. They found that declarative memory was significantly increased immediately after an
interval of sleep, as well as with
delayed

Brain Process Memory
The brain processes memory in three stages. Think of your brain like a computer. The first stage is
called encoding. The brain records usable information in your memory. The second stage is storage.
The brain uses that recordable information and stores it to be used later. The final stage is retrieval.
The brain the recovers that recordable information that was stored to use at a later date.
There are three types of memory: sensory, short–term and long–term. First, a split–second memory
of sight, sound and other senses is sensory memory. Driving down the highway, I heard a car
speeding towards me. The car nearly side swiped me. I smelled the burnt rubber as it swerved to
miss me. I tried to quickly look at the license plate, but the car was driving fast. I caught a first
glimpse of the plate, but could not remember it. This is an example of sensory memory. Information
that is not retained is forgotten. The information that is retained is then stored in our short–term
memory.
Second, short–term memory remains in the brain for a short period of time, maybe 25 seconds
unless it is reiterated over and over again to be preserved longer in the ... Show more content on
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Long–term memory can be stored permanently. If you review material for an extended period and it
is significantly important to you, it can be forever left in the memory then also tough to recover.
Long–term memory has two parts. The first is declarative memory which consists of periods, details,
etc. For instance, I was born in November. It is an actual detail which makes it declarative memory.
Declarative memory is also distributed in semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory is
periods or information about the world. Episodic memory is memory of occasions at a specific time,
place or setting. An occasion in my life that I remember is the first time I met my husband. The
second is procedural memory. How to drive a car is an example of procedural

The Effect Of Priming Effect On The Dual Process Essay
Indeed, there are any other factors that affect the dual process, whether these improve or reduce the
performances, for example, repetition helps to improve the familiarity–related task (Henson, et al.,
1999). Besides, encoding the information into the deepest level will create a successful way for
recollection, but it requires a long time to occur it (Rugg & Curran, 2007, Craik & Tulving, 1975).
What is more, priming effect is a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it
easier to recall related information and make it faster the memory process (Eysenck & Keane 2000;
Rugg, et al., 1995; Paller, et al., 2007). At the same time, it has been mention that the priming effect
is under the category of implicit memory (unconscious) which is not controlled by earlier
experiences (Paller & Kutas, 1992; Paller, et al., 2007). Additionally, both familiarity and the
priming effect have the same result, because they based on the know judgment (Voss & Paller, 2006;
Curran, et al., 2006). Moreover, priming effect is related to the frontal lobe which keeps the past
memories (Dew & Cabeza, 2011; Eysenck & Keane 2000; Curran, et al., 2006). It can be said that
old/new effect is the reflection of familiarity and recollection process, and these can be better with
some strategies.
Declarative memory or explicit memory is the type of long–term memory, and it needs an effort to
bring out the information consciously (Squire & Zola, 1998). The declarative memory contains

The Single Trial Learning : Implications For Episodic...
"Single–trial learning of "what" and "who" information in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla):
implications for episodic memory"
1. "The authors refer to "episodic–like memory" as the kind of episodic memory present in
nonhuman animals. Based on the rationale provided by the authors in the introduction of the article,
as well as on the characteristics of episodic memory postulated by Tulving, explain how episodic–
like memory is similar to and how it is different from human episodic memory?(8 points)"
"Episodic–like memory" in non–human animals is very similar to episodic memory experienced by
humans in that both retrieval methods involve retrieving memory in a short–term and long–term
approach. In the two memory cases, human and nonhuman animals, both subjects experienced
retention of some kind. Clayton and Dickinson explain that in order to be labeled episodic memory,
the retained experience must include information about "who, what, where, and when". The
difference in human episodic memory and nonhuman episodic–like memory lies in the fact that
humans can re–experience the events mentally, whereas it cannot be determined if animals are able
to re–experience the events. "However, with the King study, the data demonstrates that animals, at
least gorillas, are able to remember multiple components in each event. This explains the use of the
term "episodic–like" memory and not actual episodic memory".
2. "Describe the hypotheses that were tested in the study?.(7 points)"

Improving Recall Of Declarative Memories Essay
Napping: Improving Recall of Declarative Memories in Children Velo–Vincent van Houden UC
Berkeley Introduction Sleep has an undoubtedly profound effect on cognitive function and memory
consolidation in young children. Policy makers have the ability to influence sleeping patterns in
children by means of scheduling of classes and funding activities – therefore research into sleeping
patterns for optimal achievement is very important when considering the structure of early
education. Extensive research exists showing the positive effects of napping on cognitive
performance tasks but there is still somewhat of a gap in the quantitative information of adolescent
napping via actimeter or electroencephalograph when analyzing the results of declarative memory
recall as well as controlling for the effects of social interaction in lecture settings. Research on
preschool children illustrated that sleep spindles in midday naps enhanced learning for memories
acquired earlier that day (Kurdziel, Duclos & Spencer, 2013). A similar study conducted with
adolescents showed that napping enhanced the duration of declarative memories which
demonstrates the continued benefits of napping through development (Lemos, Weissheimer &
Riberio 2014). A later study showed that nap schedules modulate children's motor learning in finger
tapping exercises and facilitate skill retention for younger children (Ren, Guo, Yan, Liu, & Jia,
2015). In another study, infants who were in a nap

My Thoughts On My Brain
Before this psychology class I never really thought about how our brain works and the different
components that it controlled. I just kind of figured it was there and it did things automatically
beyond my control. I knew that your brain in the key component of your body that made everything
function and controlled every little detail of our bodies. The brain is something that's always been
just the brain to me, there was no real detail beyond that. I never really gone in depth with the
different things that it controls and how it works. Memory, sleep, learning, emotions, etc. has always
been just words that I knew the basics of. The way our memory works has always been something
that I never thought about in great detail. I always just thought it was something that our brain did
automatically. I just knew that I had moments in my life that always pops up or I could think about
in my head. There would be small flashbacks from when I was younger that to this day I still
remember. I remember waking up on Christmas morning when I was three and running down the
stairs. I remember falling off my bike when I was five because I was too scared to ride down a hill. I
remember all these things and never really knew why I remember so many random portions of time
while everything else was just kind of jumbled up into this ball of stuff I don't remember. There
would be these memories that are so vivid and clear while others would be kind of fuzzy.
It is also a way to recall information

False Recognition Vs False Memory
"We remember what we understand; we understand only what we pay attention to; we pay attention
to what we want," is a famous memory quote stated by an actor, Edward Bolles. Memory is a broad
term that reflects different processing abilities on how humans encode, store and retrieves
information. There are numerous domains in the human's memory ability with the storage and
retrieval of short–term and long–term information. For many centuries, theorist has tested recall and
recognition capabilities on the human's memory functions. Memory retention is our ability to retain
experiences based on the mental process, through the organization of information through meaning,
where relations between new information is associated with the previously stored ... Show more
The results indicated that the recognition test had accuracy hits than false recognition, whereas, the
recall test had a higher range of false recall. As a result, false memories could be created during the
recall. Prior memory consumption with a long interval break over time can affect one's performance.
A study was performed on the long–term recall and recognition of past learned material. The results
showed higher memory retention in earlier years and decrease retention after 3 years (Noice &
Noice, 2002). Brand names are known to influence memory responses. Lerman and Garbarino
(2002) research compared words versus nonwords, relevant versus irrelevant words, and words
cueing an advertised attribute versus words cueing unadvertised attribute. They found recall was
significantly higher for words brands names and words related to advertised attributes were higher
in the recall group. In addition, the recognition accuracy was higher for non–words than word names
and higher for irrelevant words. Rare word and attachment to common words can affect one's
memory performance. Dewhurst, Brandt, ND Sharp (2004) study found rare words have an
advantage over common words in recognition

How Is Retroactive Interference Affect Memory?
Throughout my time in high school so far I've noticed a definite need to develop a solid study
technique to follow. During middle school and even a majority of classes in early high school the
subjects came naturally to me and I didn't have to put a lot of effort into studying to pass tests.
However with four ap classes this year and college to look forward to next year good study
techniques are integral to success for me. This unit has really helped me get more insight into the
brain and the best ways to study to benefit my memory. Memory is the ability of the brain to retain
and to use knowledge gained from past experience is essential to the process of learning.
One type of memory, procedural memory, is how to perform an action, in sequence. ... Show more
It's a memory technique to help your brain better encode and recall important information. The
mnemonic peg system, is a memory aid that works by creating mental associations between two
concrete objects in a one–to–one fashion that will later be applied to to–be–remembered
information. Typically this involves linking nouns to numbers and it is common practice to choose a
noun that rhymes with the number it is associated with .These will be the pegs of the system. These
associations have to be memorized one time and can be applied repeatedly to new information that
needs to be memorized .Rote memorization is simple repetition of the stimuli over and over again
without any real cues or understanding. Rote is one of the least effective, but most widely used
mnemonics. This I use when I'm remembering a phone number to dial so I repeat it over and over in
my head so I don't forget it. Chunking is a term referring to the process of taking individual pieces
of information and grouping them into larger units. By grouping each piece into a large whole , you
can improve the amount of information you can remember. I use chunking when I remember my
social security number by chunking the first three numbers, then two numbers, then the last three.
All of these devices I can utilize to improve my studying habits and

Getting An Adequate Amount Of Sleep Each Night Is A Major
Getting an adequate amount of sleep each night is a major factor when considering your ability to
have a functioning long term memory. If you're not getting enough sleep your brain will have
trouble consolidating the information that enters your head each day. The relation to the amount of
sleep a person gets, and their ability to move information into their long term memory had not been
studied much in adolescents until this study done by Katya Trudeau Potkin, who works at the
Department of Human Biology at Brown University and William E. Bunney Jr who works at the
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the University of California Irvine. Declarative
memory is a huge part in the development of adolescents both socially and ... Show more content on
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The list of pairs was repeated to the subjects 3 times back to back to back. The "sleep group" was
read the list of words at 9pm, and were asked to recall the words 12 hours later after a good night's
sleep, on the other hand the "no sleep" group was asked to recall the words at 9am, and then 12
hours later with no sleep leading up to it, they were asked to recall the words. As a result, there was
a 20.6% increase in long term memory when looking at the participants who slept before they
recalled the word pairs. (Potkin, Bunney)
The next test that Katya and William performed on the same 40 kids was called a Letter–Number
test. With this test the kids were given a long list of numbers and letters and then were asked to put
the list in ascending order, so for example if they were given the sequence "3k2d" they would write
it back "23dk". The sleep group got to sleep before they recalled the sequence, and the no sleep
group was not able to sleep. After removing the outliers of the two groups, the group numbers were
19 sleep participants, and 18 no sleep participants. The results for this test were a little different than
they were for the declarative memory test. There was no significant difference in the sleep and the
no sleep participants. (Potkin, Bunney)
With the declarative memory test, there was a big difference between the kids who were allowed to
sleep before recalling the letters, and the kids who were not allowed to sleep. This test, which is
known as

Temporal Lobe Vs. Henke: Declarative Memory
Squire et al. (2004) argue that the medial temporal lobe is essential to the system for conscious
"declarative" (conscious) memory. In contrast, in Henke (2010)' s view, the role of the medial
temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus, is to support rapid encoding of flexible associations (i.e.
episodic memory) regardless of conscious awareness. She indicates that consciousness is not a
necessary feature of hippocampus related memories. Henke also does not use the term "declarative
memory" since not all the hippocampus–dependent memory can be consciously "declared". In
addition, Squire et al. (2004) mentions that current neuroimaging research do not simply support a
division of labor within the medial temporal lobe from, but Henke is in favor

Effect Of Sleep On Declarative Memory
Article Interrogation on "Exploring the effect of sleep and reduced interference on different forms of
declarative memory" In this article, researchers used three studies to attempt to determine if sleep
affects declarative memory (Schönauer, Pawlizki, Köck, & Gais, 2014). The study seems to test an
association between the variables of sleep and declarative memory, and the study attempts to make
the casual claim that "Sleep does not preferentially consolidate a specific kind of declarative
memory, but consistently promotes overall declarative memory formation" (Schönauer et al., 2014,
para. 5). The overall validity of this experiments appears to be quite strong, as the researchers
appeared to carefully measure their variables and prioritized the different validities in order to
achieve an accurate result. Construct Validity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the study does not mention exactly how the researchers measured sleep, but it seems to be
an observational measure. In order to operationalize the effects of sleep on declarative memory,
researchers used a standard diagnostic test battery or LGT–3 and an EEG (Schönauer et al., 2014).
For the participants who were instructed to meditate, researchers used an EEG to record their brain
activity (Schönauer et al.,

Memory Is a Constructive and Dynamic System Rather Than a...
Exploring Psychology
Memory is a constructive and dynamic system rather than a passive mechanism for recording
external information. Evaluate this claim, making reference to research findings.
The concept that the memory is a constructive and dynamic system was originally introduced by Sir
Frederic Bartlett, in the 1920's. According to Bartlett, social factors influence one's ability to
remember, and in turn, can either change a person's perception of a specific memory or distort the
original memory. As opposed to the memory being a 'passive mechanism' which indicates that the
brain can store data and facts which can later be recalled without distortion and remain as they were
when they were first encoded.
Bartlett suggests ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive interview skills have been invented to combat such a constructive and dynamic system
which our memory is built on. These theories are called "context reinstatement", which is a
technique used that puts a person's thoughts back to their physical surroundings so that these senses
can stimulate certain memories. "Recalling everything", is a technique that encourages a person to
remember every detail of an event, whether they believe it to be relevant or not which, in turn, can
lead to the retrieval of important and factual information. "Recalling in different temporal orders",
uses the technique of reversal retrieval. This method asks a person to remember the events in reverse
order which puts more emphasis on remembering the facts, as this is not a natural way of thinking it
forces information to be recalled. Finally, the last method is called "changing perspective" which
asks a person to recall the events from a different perspective other than their own. This encourages
them to think in more detail and again encourages more information to be retrieved (Brace, 2007,
p126).
All these exercises have been created to help stimulate the brain into remembering and all work on
the basis that for our memories to be retrieved it is essential that we relate past experiences to
specific events. Without this stimulus our mind would not be able to retrieve memories that have
been stored

Infant Trauma
There are many types of trauma that people experience everyday in our world. People can do awful
things to each other, including violence, abuse, and neglect. Accidents happen that leave us feeling
distressed. Some threaten our sense of safety and connection. These are all experiences that take
time to heal and recover from. We must find a way to reconcile the life we had before it happened
and the life as we know it after a tragic event. The pain of the memories alone can be devastating. It
takes time and support to find a sense of self again, to feel safe in the world again. But what if the
trauma happened before life ever really began? Is there any lasting effect on a person that was
merely an infant when the trauma was experienced? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other form of memory is declarative memory (also known as "explicit" or "late" memory). It
stores sequential and contextual events, as well as factual knowledge that can be articulated (Paley
& Alpert, 2003). Procedural memories are also described and indelible and are, therefore, engraved
in your brain and body for life. Other types of memories that are described in more detail and are
classified as non–verbal are categorized as behavioral memory, somatic–somatosensory memory,
and visual memory. Behavioral memories can be seen in play therapy where the child will actually
be able to act out their experiences with dolls. Somatic–somatosensory memory presentation is
particularly relevant to traumatized newborns or very young infants, who may perceive trauma
predominantly as concrete sensory perceptions (Paley & Alpert, 2003). All of this research tells me
that we need to broaden out ways of thinking of memory. It is not simply a process in which, if you
can tell me what happened, then you remember it, if you can't, then you simply have no memory of
the event. As we have discussed in class and in Discussion Board, your body remembers. It makes
sense that we can extend this concept to "pre–memory" infancy or childhood. To consider the impact
these traumatic events can have on a person's life, we must investigate how they can change
development. Paley and Alpert

The Importance Of Memory
Can you remember memory
Memory has always been a huge part of everyday life whether a conscious mind realizes it or not.
"Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different
periods of time." (openstax) Memory helps develop a human's mind and who they will become
through life. Psychology is the study of the human mind and how humans think. Memory is
important to psychology because memory shapes a human's character and continues to push
someone through each and every day. "Many ancient beliefs about memory were surprisingly
accurate. Plato saw how one memory can lead to another when he described a lyre that made him
think of it owner and then his friend, until a whole, rich picture of events and associations was called
up from a simple, instrument." (minninger) There are three major processes someone memory
presents every day. These three processes which information passes through are encoding, storage,
and retrieval. The first process information encounters is encoding. Encoding is the input of
information into the memory system. Encoding can occur through a conscious mind or an
unconscious mind. When the mind is unconscious the form of encoding it goes through is called
automatic processing, this is taking in little clues from the surrounding environment such as time.
When the mind is conscious and aware of what it is in taking this is called effortful processing.
Effortful processing actual requires a lot of work such as

Robber's Declarative Memory
From his working memory it takes in and outputs to his, declarative memory, and prospective
memory which are short–term memory and long–term memory (Friedenberg & Silverman, 2012,
p.112–117). For the robber, his declarative memory is part of short–term memory and long–term
memory because he is given facts and declarations and with the time being he rehearses them well
enough that they become long–term memory (Friedenberg & Silverman, 2012, p.113&117).
Basically, he rehearses facts and events in short–term memory which leads it to being more active
and having a lower chance of decaying. Thus, with this method of rehearsing, eventually the
information stays in the robber's mind for a longer period of time (Friedenberg & Silverman, 2012,
p.113&116). Robber's prospective memory contains his goals and desires that he wants to fulfil by
achieving the money from the bank (Li and Laird, 2013, p.155). Prospective memory deals with
future predictions and having a dream to achieve them (Li and Laird, 2013, p.155). Similarly,
prospective memory is part of short–term memory and long–term memory because just like for his
declarative memory, he is able to rehearse well enough his goals and desires by preventing them
from decaying, which will stay longer in the robber's mind (Friedenberg & Silverman, 2012,
p.113&116).
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, putting the correct numbers/alphabets in the keyboard and then using the keys to open the
safe etc. He uses algorithmic steps and processes to get the money out of the safe (Friedenberg &
Silverman, 2012, p.20). Therefore, procedural memory is a part of long–term memory because it it
responsible for memorizing skills, being able to do things without conscious recall (Friedenberg &
Silverman, 2012,

Essay on Week 2 Worksheet
University of Phoenix Material
Week 2 Review Worksheet
The Process of Memory
In the spaces provided beneath the flowchart, list the term that corresponds with the definition in
each box.
[pic]
1. Store____________________
2. Encoding_________________
3. Short term memory________
4. Consolidation______________
5. Declarative Memory________
6. Chunking_________________
7. Segmentation________
8. Rehearsal
Computing IQ Essay
Consider the following scenario:
Kara is 10 years old. She has been given an intelligence test. Her mental age is 13.
According to Sternberg, what is Kara's IQ? Conduct research and interpret her score.
Choose two theories of intelligence.
Write a 150– to 200–word ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smart people can categorize their strengths and weakness giving them the opportunity to leverage
those strengths and weaknesses. Successful and intelligent people have the ability to evaluate, and
analyze their abilities. This is different compared to Spearman's g factor because it elaborates how
intelligent people can be successful and excel in life (Nevid, 2015).

Learning and Intelligence
Write a 100– to 150–word response to each of the following questions.
1. Describe the main components of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is the relationship
of an automatic response with a neutral occurrence. There are many main components to classical
conditioning. Acquisition which is the learning part of classical conditioning where the conditioned
stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that
instinctively causes a response. An unconditioned response is the response to the unconditioned
stimulus that the researcher will document. A Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that may not get a
response initially however after time, develops an instinctive response. A conditioned stimulus is a
neutral stimulus after is has taught the response by training based on the conditioning. A conditioned
response is the response to the conditioned stimulus. Extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination are all a part of the classical conditioning process (Nevid,

Declarative Memory Essay
How the Brain Learns As Sousa (2017) states, "Learning is the process by which we acquire new
knowledge and skills; memory is the process by which we retain the knowledge and skills for the
future" (p. 86, 87). A person has the ability to learn many things throughout his/her lifetime.
Research states that a person can store unlimited amounts of information in forms of memory.
Declarative and non–declarative are two different types of memory that people use to learn and
grasp new concepts. Both of these types of memory are used in order for a person to gain
knowledge, develop habits, and build muscle memory. Declarative Memory. Declarative memory
describes the remembrance of facts, names, objects, and music. Declarative memory is used in ...
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Although, some of the categories can be challenged with research, most researchers would agree on
the breakdown of these categories. Procedural memory involves any type of memory that is learned
through motor and cognitive skills. These types of memory can include riding a bike, driving a car,
and knowing a procedure such as a morning ritual or habit. One can do these skills without thinking
too much about the activity. For example, when one first started driving, one was focused on the
brake and the gas as well as driving with both hands on the wheel. After a person learns how to
drive, one may forget that he/she was driving or gave no thought on what to do at a stop light. This
also applies to things such as reading, writing, and differentiating various types of colors. Although
there may be some thinking involved, the majority of the time one is simply using procedural
memory to complete these tasks. Perceptual representation system can be a part of the procedural
memory but has a slight difference. Perceptual representation can be described as the ability to put
together fragmented words and to tell whether a picture/thing can exist in the real world (Sousa,
2017). As Sousa (2017) states, "Classical conditioning (also called Pavlovian conditioning) occurs
when a

Memory And The Brain Essay

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