Pantheon And Hagia Sophia

Pantheon and Hagia Sophia
Pantheon and Hagia Sophia Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are two extremely outstanding architectural
pieces of their times. They have been built according to the traditions of those particular times. The
materials used to built these buildings and the purpose for which they were used are all very
important aspects and have been briefly covered in this report. Pantheon The statesman Agrippa
built pantheon in 27 B.C. Then it was completely rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian. The Pantheon is
remarkable for its size, its construction, and its design. The dome was the largest built until modern
times. The present structure was probably originally built as a temple for all the pagan gods. We do
hear of it as being a law–court and a reception area for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lower level and the second level are divided by the cornis in the ratio of a square root of 2 to 1.
Exterior walls are divided into two zones by the cornis but no correspondence with the height of the
interior cornis. The hemispherical dome has the skylight oculus of 8.9m in diameter. The second
level is the re–design in 1747, which consists of a row of blind windows alternating with square
designs. The real columns and pilasters of lower level are repeated again on the upper walls as
graphic images. This kind of design technique, the repeat and the superimpose are frequently used in
high Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque and of course in modern age. Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia
was built by Emperor Constantius, son of Emperor Constantinos I, and was opened for services in
360 AD. Although very little is known about this church, it is assumed that it was a basilica–type
structure with a rectangular floor plan, circular apse and timbered roof. It was similar to St. Studios,
a basilica in Istanbul, the ruins of which still exist. Ancient sources emphasize that the eastern wall
was circular. Constantius donated gold and silver as well as religious objects to his church, but these
were vandalized by Arians during the Council of 381 AD. Hagia Sophia was first named "Megale
Ekklesia" (The Great Church) as it was the largest church in Constantinople. The historian Socrates
indicated that the church was named Sophia during the reign of Emperor
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Why Capital Was Moved To Constantinople
Why the Capital was Moved to Constantinople
Constantine founded Constantinople in A.D. 330 and built a prospering empire, but before he made
the momentous decision to move the capital he had to ensure that the original empire was still
functioning and manageable. He made sure to gain and secure the entire empire in only 18 years.
When Constantine made the choice to move the capital, the center of power shifted with it to the
East. Even though the capital was relocated, Constantine established that he would keep the majority
of Rome's customs. Both Rome and the Byzantine empire spoke Latin, had the same philosophies,
had the same laws but Constantinople refined it's laws as the Justinian Code. Also, they were strict
about religion, conquered an abundant amount of land, gave out free food and entertainment, and
had houses styled in the same fashion. Even though the capital was moved, Constantine kept
Diocletian's ideas about social and economic policies. There was one considerable difference which
was their religion, Constantinople was a Christian city. Instead of temples, they built many churches,
one of them was the Hagia Sophia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A huge part of the Roman empire was it's trade. Since most of the cities were near the
Mediterranean Sea, the empires method of trading included the sea. Byzantium was in the east,
along with the major trading centers, giving them control and a huge advantage in income and
resources. The harbors of in the Bosporus Strait were incredibly safe for ships and boats since water
surrounded them, giving them yet another advantage to see incoming ships ahead of time. Most of
the luxuries that came with Constantinople helped to provide the Byzantines with food,
compensation, the upper hand, and most importantly, protection from the enemies and incoming

Why The Rise And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Shepherd Warren
HH–215
Major Mitchell
1 May 2015
Why The Rise and Fall of The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, or the Eastern Roman Empire, was one of the largest the world has ever seen
and it remained so powerful for many reasons but like every empire, it would fall. In 330 A.D., The
Roman Emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to become the new Roman Capitol, he named it
Constantinople. The site of Byzantium was originally created to serve as a trade point between
Europe and Asia Minor but it was very helpful because of its strategic location along the Bosporus
strait. A key significance of Byzantium is in the citizens of Constantinople and the rest of the
Eastern Roman Empire who identified strongly as Romans and Christians for the first time ever. The
Byzantine Empire would be able to last so long because the ineffective leadership and barbarian
attacks that plagued the Western Roman Empire, did not really harm the Byzantine Empire due the
west being a screener for the barbarians and the East having very strong leadership through this
time. Through this time period, the Byzantine's were able to develop technology such as Greek fire
and the counterweight trebuchet. The Byzantine Empire was one of longest lasting empires ever
because of its leadership and technology over the years but it would fall because of its inability to
maintain defenses against the crusades.
The Byzantine Empire started and lasted because of the Roman Emperor Constantine.
Constantine the Great

The Roman Empire : The Byzantium Empire
The Byzantium Empire was the Eastern addition to the Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity
and The Middle Ages. Established in the Ancient Greek city Byzantion in 330 AD by the Roman
Emperor Constantine as the new imperial capital of Rome. Furthermore, he had added duplicates of
everything from Old Rome, such as the Coliseum and the Imperial Palace, not including the Pagan
temples. The Byzantines had spoken Greek and had more Greek architecture and culture than
Roman. The Byzantium Empire had survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th
century AD. Byzantine was able to remain for a thousand years before subsequently in 1453 falling
to the Ottoman Turks. The Byzantium empire was a phenomenal empire lasting almost 1,200 years,
it had survived all the other great empires. Much more impressive than age was the influence and
reach the empire had had on civilization. Christianity, literacy, beginnings of art, literature, and
architecture from the Russians, Serbs, and the Bulgarians came from the inspiration of the
Byzantines in a variable degree. Up until the eleventh century, Byzantine was a dominant power, but
by the mid–eleventh century, the Byzantines were faced with an eastern invasion from the recently
converted Muslim Seljuk Turks. The Turks had in a short amount of time conquered most of Central
Asia, including Syria, Iran, all of Mesopotamia, and Palestine. Subsequently, they were also being
attacked by the Normans from the west. This resulted

City Of Constantinople Research Paper
In 330 A.D., the Roman Emperor Constantine founded the city of Constantinople, the brilliant
capital of the Eastern Roman Empire on the Greek village of Byzantine. The city was named after
Constantine himself who became the first Christian emperor of Rome. He made Christianity a
lawful religion in Roman society. It was an impenetrable, well–fortified fortress sitting on the
Bosporus strait, which connects Europe and Asia. It became an economic and cultural hub of the
east and center of both Greek classics and Christian ideals. Constantinople was more easily
defended than Rome and was famed for its massive and complex defenses. Build on seven hills, the
city was divided into fourteen districts and stood as the center of imperial power even ... Show more
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Many Greek Christian scholars fled the city before and after the Fall of Constantinople due to the
Ottoman menace. They were welcomed in Italy with open arms. As they fled the Ottomans, they
took with them many books and manuscripts written in Greek that were later translated into Latin. It
contained information much of which was from Classical Greece nearly a thousand years before,
played an influential role in the intellectual life of the Renaissance. The Fall of Constantinople
triggered the start of the age of exploration where the new world was discovered. Christopher
Columbus was believed to be born in the Island of Chios and immigrated along with many other
scholars to Italy as his own writings were in Greek, helped shape the start of the Renaissance period.
The Fall of Constantinople, despite being a dark and terrible event, it led to the beginning of the
Renaissance that helped pull Europe out of the Dark ages into the modern life of the New

Byzantine Empire Research Paper
the Byzantine Empire encompassed the eastern half of the Roman Empire, centering at
Constantinople (today know as Istanbul). The Byzantine reign advanced for approximately a
millennium until 1453 when Constantinople fell to a siege executed by the Ottoman Empire. The
Byzantine Empire acquired its height under the reign of Justinian (A.D. 527–565), with advanced
infrastructure in the form of cathedrals that still stand today.
Traditionally, costuming of the Byzantine period took extensive influence structurally from the
Roman Empire and sourced colours and decorative aspects from the Orient and the Middle East.
Also, inheriting from the Romans, basic clothing forms allowing for movement, such as the toga,
stola and tunic essential to the hot climate of Constantinople. Byzantines modified the traditions of
Roman costume to become a style uniquely their own, through lavish embroidery and ornate fabrics.
Developing their own fashion identity the Byzantine's disposed of the toga and chose to refine the
notion of the 'dalmatica'. The dalmatica is a long flowing men's tunic consisting of wide sleeves ...
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Through trade exotic fabrics and patterns were bought into Constantinople with the wealthy eagerly
adopting the fabrics, patterns and colours of the East into traditional costume. Repeated colours on
garments of the wealthy included blues; yellows, greens and deep reds with the richest colour being
purple reserved for royalty, embellished with gold embroidery and appliqued jewels. Silk fabric
become incredibly predominant amongst the Byzantines, which first came to be from the trade route
that crossed the Middle East and was used not only in garments but in embroidery and the arts.
Eventually, the Byzantines became skilled in weaving their own silk into a fabric named Samite,
which was often sewn with gold thread woven into the

Western And Byzantine Church Similarities
The bold movement of Christianity and the slow fall of the Roman Empire constituted a new phase
in Rome and the birth of the Eastern and Western Churches that left a profound place in Western
history. The relationship of the Byzantine Church to the Romans was one that was growing
indifferent during the 5th thru 11th century of the Middle Ages. During this time three bishops stood
forth from the political with great superiority among the cities in which they ruled. The transfer of
the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople and the later eclipse of Alexandria and Antioch as
battlegrounds of Islam and Christianity promoted the importance of Constantinople. The similarities
of the East and the West were many but the differences weighed ... Show more content on
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The Eastern Orthodox Church believed this spurned the tradition that taught that God the Father is
the source of the Son and the Holy

Elizabeth Elson's Theodora Of Constantinople: Justinian
The popular Theodora, a beautiful Empress during the time of the Byzantine Empire, is a low–class
plebeian in her younger days. During the lecture, we have come across some cruel facts about
Theodora such that she was only known for her prostitution and taking over the throne from
Justinian. The portrayal of Theodora in Theodora of Constantinople by Elizabeth Elson differs from
the way we have viewed her during our time in class. Even though Theodora came from a low–class
family in Constantinople; she was able to not only prove her worth but help defend Justinian when
ruling Constantinople. Elizabeth Elson puts a daring spin to her story, adding it from a point of view
from a woman growing up and succeeding in this time period. During the time ... Show more
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Theodora's voyage could be taken as strong or weak. Elizabeth Elson makes a convincing argument
when choosing to focus on the strong end of the spectrum. Elson is a writer who emphases on
bringing out the best in women. Her other novels are about showing the perspective in other times of
history, through the eyes of a woman. As an author, giving a viewpoint of a woman through a time
when most people think of it as a man's world, really makes a big difference. Seeing through
Theodora's eyes gives you the flaws and joys in the world that men occasionally pass up. When
comparing to the novel we learned about in lecture The Secret History written by Procopius of
Caesarea, we are able to see the opposite side of things. Procopius was a great general of the time
under Belisarius. His work was the only story of Justinian and Theodora to go off of from that time.
He bashed both of them to the point where this book was considered a massive attack. A quote from
Procopius story, "To me, and many others of us, these two seemed not to be human beings, but
veritable demons, and what the poets call vampires: who laid their heads together to see how they
could most easily and quickly destroy the race and deeds of men." This makes one wonder how he
could have such a demoralizing opinion on two people who worked hard during their lives to
accomplish something most could not. Elizabeth Elson gives us the notion in a more

Great Palace In Constantinople Analysis
The second mosaic image from the Great Palace in Constantinople (500AD) is a very absorbing
piece that brings up many questions when you first look at it. Because Constantinople had a strong
tie with Chariot Racing, specifically at the Circus of Constantinople in the 6th century, it can be
assumed that this image has a connection to that. The first link is the two legs that look like horse
hooves in the top right area of the image, although you cannot tell for sure because the image is cut
off. Another association is the palm branches off to the right, which were a staple in Chariot races as
one of the prizes the victors would be able to hold and wear. The fact that there is a lot of 'empty
space' in the middle signifies that this place had an area which the horses would be able to run the
races. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The wheels the two males are pushing or moving in the image could very well be chariot wheels,
and it is also a possibility that the man on the right is wheeling out replacement wheels as the one on
the left is taking in the damaged ones, or perhaps the man on the right is wheeling out something to
bring back the charioteers body on. Although there is certainly more evidence for helpers on the
track that assisted in clearing up crashes, which this definitely could be an example of, I don't think
that we should discredit the fact that this could also be men assisting in a wheel change, similarly to
what happens in Formula One Racing, and the post could have very likely been a station that held
each racers replacement parts. This is the main struggle when interpreting images such as these with
no real inscriptions and pieces missing. One can never truly know what exactly an image is
showing, and there could be many variables as to what the artist was trying to

Question 1:. The Fall Of Constantinople In 1453 Was The
QUESTION 1:
The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the siege of Constantinople (New Rome), the capital of the
Byzantine Empire which took place in 1453. The siege was led by the seventh sultan of the Ottoman
Empire, the 21–year–old Mehmed the Conqueror, ruler of the Ottoman Turks, Sultan Mehmed II
and his invading army who defeated an army that was commanded by Constantine XI Palaiologos.
Consequently, the defeat of Constantinople on 6 April 1453, led to a 53–day siege. This event
marked the fall and the end of the Roman Empire, a sovereign state that had ruled for over 1,500
years. It was a tragedy that broke the tie between Orthodox churches and the others especially the
Christian Empire because the Christian Empire believed in the ... Show more content on
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The first crusade was initiated by Pope Urban II on November 27, 1095, where he called upon the
nobility of the Franks of Western Europe, to help save their Christian brothers the Byzantines, in the
East against the attacks of the Muslim Turks. In addition, he encouraged them to liberate Jerusalem
from the Muslims who had dominance of Islamic culture and rule since Jerusalem was captured in
A.D. 638 from the Christian Byzantines. The response by Christians to Urban's speech was
perpetuated by series of violence, vengeance, and reconquest, in which Christians and Muslims
engaged acts of savage brutality leading the war for the Holy Land. Jerusalem was saved from the
Muslims with subsequent establishment of several crusader states which lasted for more than two
centuries. They created an enduring and distinguished legacy for the cultures of both the Islamic and
Christian worlds.
The First, Second and Third Crusades founded led to the emergence of military/religious orders. For
example, The Teutonic Knights, Knights Hospitaller, Knights Templar and other military orders
were founded during these periods. However, the Teutonic Knights transformed into a great military
order with massive influence in the Holy Land.
The Crusades also resulted in major political changes. The recapturing of Jerusalem from the
Muslims played an important role in the development of national monarchies, leading to the
establishment of the Crusader

Byzantine: Causes And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Have you ever wondered how an empire would cease to exist? Or what the people in and around the
area were doing during its dying days?. What happens in one place affects others and can be
partially caused by the actions or non–actions of neighbors. What if there were "modern type"
insurance companies in existence at the time that an empire collapsed? Could they be forced to pay
claims for the "wrong death" of a ruler or for loss of property (the empire, buildings?) And, what if
survivors could sue the neighbors for damages. Could they prove any person, country or institution
was at fault? It was all the rulers fault for the split of byzantine.
On May 29, 1453 the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium)
ruler let ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The wealth of Constantinople was gone. walls of the city. Turkish mercenaries became the principal
military reliance of the imperial government. A deeper disgrace has rarely been inflicted upon the
Christian name, than when the Empress regent Anne of Savoy and John Cantacuzene, in their civil
struggle for the possession of the throne from 1341–1346, both depended for success upon Turkish
allies.The hour of doom to the ancient Empire of Constantinople, though long delayed, was now
near at hand. The time had come when the last mission of that Empire could be performed. The final
bang was made on the 29th of May. After a short but terrible struggle, the Emperor fell bravely
fighting in the post of extremest danger; the Turks surmounted the walls, and the ancient Empire of
the East was no more. Suffice it to say that the city was abandoned to the passions of the soldiery, its
remaining wealth was stolen, and vast multitudes of the wretched people, after suffering cruelty of
their captors could inflict. When the Turks departed they left behind the empire which was in bad
conditions, empty

Byzantine Empire Dbq
People say that the Byzantine Empire is compared to an accordion. Well, it is. Comparing all of the
civilizations and empires we learned about, I find that the Byzantine has a history, where people
living in that empire rise at on time and fall inconsiderably during another time. The Byzantine
Empire is an empire ruled by Emperor Justantine, and Constantinople was the imperial capital of the
Byzantine world until it was invaded by the Turks in 1453. Now, how does the imperial capital,
Constantinople, Hagia Sophia, Justinian, and the Crusaders involve in the Byzantine Empire? I find
that geography and the achievements of the Empire can be two strong reasoning's on how and why
we should study the Byzantine Empire. The geography of the Byzantine Empire is quite a lot. I find
that Constantinople was located on a peninsula, and it was surrounded by harbors. So, we could
infer that they chose to change the capital of the Byzantine Empire in order to get protection. So,
you can understand that the Byzantine Empire was located near the eastern frontier for more
protection. Plus, if Document A very closely, you could see a map of the Byzantine Empire in 1050.
During 1050, you could tell there was a spot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you discover and analyze the documents, you could discover about their famous Byzantine
church, Hagia Sophia. With their achievement of building their church, you could further research or
investigate how the church was split into the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
You could investigate about how the Roman Catholic was headed by Pope, and the Eastern
Orthodox Church was headed by Patriarch. If you look closely at document D, we observed that
Byzantine Emperor, Justantine has created the Justinian Code to reform the Roman Law. With
greater, specific achievements that were achieved in the Byzantine Empire, we could learn more
about how and why we should study the Byzantine

Essay on Constantinople's Fall
Diocletian's reforms established the rule of four, called the Tetrarchy, where in four emperors
controlled the newly redistricted Roman Empire. Unbeknownst to Diocletian this particular reform
would be a recipe for civil war. In the year 306, one year after Diocletian abdicated, Constantine I
elevated to imperial rule over the western Empire after the passing of his father and then Augustus;
Constantius. During Constantine's reign he quickly gained popularity and consolidated his power
while the rest of the emperors competed and quarreled amongst each other. Eventually the empire
was overtaken strategically by two emperors Licinius and Constantine. This peace did not last long
however, and in the year of 324 Licinius surrendered to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constantinople's evident luxury was not the most surprising aspect of this metropolis, but its ability
to endure was. "By medieval standards it was a huge city, with something around 375,000
inhabitants in 1200" (Harris 108). Constantine the Great introduced a new gold coin called the
solidus that was made standard for not only Byzantium but all of the Mediterranean. To keep this
infrastructure going, the tried and true taxation of the people was a necessity. In any instance
taxation is a burden but paying taxes insured circulation of even the most valuable of coins to any
ones hand. Value and rarity also drove policy making in this area of the Mediterranean, so much so
that garments and fabrics were reserved for classes of society and in extreme cases solely to the
Byzantines. Concisely Constantinople and its wealth have sustained due to its prime trade route
real–estate and its goods, the inhabitants not only knew this but let it instigated their social
conceptions of themselves. Culture in Constantinople was an amazing thing; artist, writers, and
architects exerted a powerful cultural pull and dominated economic life in the Mediterranean.
Travelers and merchants were especially spurred by the monasteries and churches. Hagia Sophia or
the Church of Holy Wisdom "A Russian 14th–century traveler, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for
St Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it" (Panorthodox)

Byzantine And Justinian Leadership Style
A leader is someone who that has a strong voice opinion and is easy to like. that is what people want
today, but back in the byzantine empire the people did not get to choose the person they want as a
ruler. Two leaders that were not chosen but were brought up to royalty were constantine and
justinian.
One famous Byzantine Emperor was Justinian . Justinian ruled from AD 527 to 565. Justinian
created a set of laws called the Justinian code. Justinian had a goal of reuniting the Roman Empire.
He sent out armies to battle the barbarians who had taken control in the West. Justinian's Roman
armies were very successful. Some of his achievements are He extended the Byzantine Empire
dramatically, He codified Roman law, He also built many churches

Justinian Dbq Essay
In 395 A.D., the Roman Empire split into the Eastern and Western Empires. Constantinople was the
capital of the Byzantine Empire and thrived under the leadership of Justinian, who was the emperor
from 527 A.D. to 565 A.D. Although the empire has some Roman influence, it is remarkably
different from ancient Rome, with there being markets and products from places unheard of.
Justinian also enforced Christianity and built the Hagia Sophia and created a new legal system, the
Justinian Code. He also rebuilt Constantinople and made it safe from invasions. Justinian created a
new Byzantine Empire through enforcing Christianity, creating the Justinian Code, and the exterior
and interior structures of Constantinople.
Justinian decided to enforce Christianity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constantinople was built by Constantine, Justinian's predecessor. Justinian built barriers on all sides
of the city to protect it from invasion. The two water barriers on opposite sides of the city had thick
walls to protect the city (Document 5). On the back side of the city where the palace and Hagia
Sophia are located, massive walls were built and the opposite side has a moat and a wall. Therefore,
the only easy entrance into the city was the Golden Gate (Document 5). Because there are walls and
barriers surrounding the city, Constantinople was safe from invasion, unlike Rome which was easily
invaded. The locations of buildings in Constantinople were very different from Rome's. The Golden
Gate, which lead into the Mese, where all of the forums, political offices, aqueducts, and significant
buildings were located (Document 5). This is completely different from Rome, because buildings
and aqueducts were scattered throughout the city. With all important places being centralized, it
makes it easier for people to be together and complete tasks more efficiently. Because Justinian has
a different mindset on how to protect and construct cities, Justinian made a new Byzantine

Byzantine Empire Research Paper
Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453 AD). It was famous for many
reasons, including beautiful art and architecture, being a vital trade location, a strong economy, and
its unique location. Many groups of people had long tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer the city, but in
1453 AD, the city finally fell to the Ottomans and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Constantinople's geographic location was its most valuable feature. This is due to the city's
geography offering it natural protection and connecting it to the rest of the world, allowing for a
strong economy and cultural and religious influences, making it a vital target to the Ottomans as a
capital for their powerful empire. The geography of Constantinople made it an ideal location to
place the capital. The geography allowed for natural protection from invaders, such as being
surrounded by water and steep hills. An early map of Constantinople by Cristoforo Buondelmonti
shows that the majority of Constantinople is not connected to land, limiting any direct access points.
This means that attempting to attack the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mehmet II wanted his empire to be culturally diverse, not just large and powerful. If the Ottomans
were to have a successful and diverse empire, they would need a multinational capital as well;
Constantinople was the key to their success. Because the city was situated at a key point along trade
routes, merchants and travellers would constantly be passing through the city. With them, they
would bring their own languages and traditions. With people from all over travelling to
Constantinople to trade, or just pass through, the city effectively became a home for cultural
diffusion. The Ottomans saw this as a valuable asset to the city. Along with the spread of cultural
ideas, Constantinople's geographic location would allow for the spread of religious ideas as

The And Disease Of The Roman Empire
Throughout history the human race has been faced with one key factor that no one civilization has
even been able to beat, not the might of the Roman–Byzantine Empire, nor the combined efforts of
the entirety of Europe and their scholars could defeat this recurring foe. Pandemics, from the Greek
'pan' meaning all, and 'demos' meaning people (Harper Etymonline.com), are these indiscriminate
killers whom care not for your social standing be it wealth, fame, or glory. Humans have contested
with disease ever since the infantile stages of the species, but the ability of it to spread was severely
inhibited by the fact that humans stayed in small groups of 10–30 people at most, giving the virus or
disease severely hampered virulence. It was not till humans began gathering in larger, more
permanent settlements such as the early Classical cities of Athens, Ramses, and Rome, that the issue
of sanitation and disease came into effect. This has not to say that our issues with sanitation and
disease prevention have stopped, rather have they been brought forward into the limelight, many
nations around the world today have issues with age old diseases and give rise to extremely deadly
new viruses of their own. To fully understand the effect of pandemics in history, then one must
consider three major plagues of our recorded history, the first pandemic 'Plague of Athens', the
pivotal 'Plague of Justinian', and the infamous 'Black Death'
The first 'pandemic' known to recorded history was the

Why Was The Fall Of Constantinople A Turning Point
The fall of Constantinople was a turning point in history because it was the end of the Byzantine
Empire and was a catalyst for advanced weaponry development. After the fall of Constantinople the
Age of Exploration started. Constantinople was the capital of a very powerful empire. The previous
attacks to the capital contributed to its fall in 1453. Ottomans that had attacked under the rule of
Mehmed II had many advantages. Warfare had changed allowing the Ottomans to obtain new
weapons.
Ottomans were able to conquer Constantinople because of many things. The Ottomans were able to
buy the super cannon from Urban. This allowed them to constantly destroy parts of the thick wall
that protected the city for hundreds of years. When the fight became

Byzantine Empire Derivation
The derivation of the expansive civilization also known as the Byzantine Empire can be traced as far
back to 330 CE. It started when the Roman Emperor Constantine I dedicated a site located in the
Ancient Greek settlement, Byzantium, to the empire and as a result the location was declared "New
Rome". Although, in the later centuries, the western side of the Roman Empire dissolved in 476, the
eastern side remained intact and survived for at least another ten centuries, which resulted in the
spawning of enriched artist tradition, literature and learning, that served as a militia buffer between
the newer European States and the threat of the Asian States invasion. Despite there stronghold and
tactfulness, the empire fell in 1453 after the Ottoman ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the location of the destination on a strait – it was rather difficult to breach the defences of the
capital. In addition to this, the eastern empire had much shorter frontier with the rest of the
European empire. The Eastern Emperors learnt from the mistakes of their Western brothers, and
were able to exert more control over the economic resources of the empire as well as muster the
sufficient amount of manpower required to combat against invasion from all sides. As a result of
these advantages, the Eastern sect of the Roman Empire was able to survive for centuries after the
corrosion of the Western

The Fall of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the
end of the Byzantine Empire. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall
of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. The city was mainly populated by
Christians and now has become an Islamic city. The capture of Constantinople stated the end of the
Roman Empire, which lasted for about one thousand five hundred years. The invasion of the city of
Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of the Middle Ages.
The downfall of Constantinople was one of the greatest fortified cities in the world. The Fall of
Constantinople was the takeover of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and happened after an
attack by the Ottoman Empire against the defending army. The commander of the attack by the
Ottoman Empire was Emperor Constantine XI. It all began when Constantine found a new capital at
the Bosporus, which he named Constantinople. Sultan Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Turks, was
the leader of the assault. The city of Constantinople was defeated by around ten thousand men. On
the opposing side, the Turks had between one hundred thousand and one hundred fifty thousand men
on their side with the advantage. This battle and attack lasted for fifty days. The Turks used huge
cannons to destroy the walls and warships were used by the Turks as well.
Around October 1448 Constantine had begun to show the qualities and

Essay On The Fall Of Western Roman Empire
The Demise of the Great Western Roman Empire
The law of gravity explains that what goes up, must come down. As humans living on Earth we
comply to this law that at times can be dissimilar from objects such as the collapse of the Western
Roman Empire in year 476 AD. Rome was a massive, heavily populated, and rich empire that
controlled Mediterranean trade, which makes the collapse a big deal in history (Grant). Rome still
existed after the year 476 AD, however it was no longer a superpower in the Western world just a
power amongst many predominately in the East. The collapse of Western Rome was gradual where
there was no finite cause, yet a series of events.
The fall of Rome is described in "How Rome Fell" by Adrian Goldsworthy as a retired athlete,
whose body has declined from neglect and unhealthy lifestyle. Over the years from constant neglect
this person's body would become weak until it succumbs to disease (Goldsworthy). This portrays
exactly how gradual the collapse was of Western Rome and the several events that caused the fall.
Primarily, great empires need great leadership. The haste formation of Constantinople by
Constantine while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome was split into the west in Rome and East in Constantinople. Majority of the Roman army was
stationed in the East fighting the Persians, who were also a growing world superpower. Leaving
Western Rome vulnerable as they had to deal with invasions from the Franks, Visigoth, Saxons,
Vandals and Huns. These Barbarians were a difficult task for the Romans due to their vicious
fighting styles and with their army split in half it was impossible to protect their borders. Each tribe
took parts of western Rome. New tribes within the walls of Rome settled to benefit from the
Mediterranean transport system, which created a cultural divide with a clash of Roman and
Germanic customs and overpopulation

The Rise Of Constantinople
After the 4th century when Constantinople emerged as a great capital and church center, tensions
sometimes arose between its leaders and the bishop of Rome. After the fall of Rome to Germanic
invaders in 476, the Roman pope was the only guardian of Christian universalism in the West. He
began more explicitly to attribute his dominance to Rome's being the burial place of Saint Peter,
whom Jesus had called the "rock" on which the church was to be built. The Eastern Christians
respected that tradition and recognized the Roman patriarch to a measure of honorable authority. But
they never believed that this authority allowed the papacy to overrule another church or that it made
the pope into a universally reliable figure within the larger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They ended in failure. The papal claims to ultimate supremacy could not be reconciled with the
conciliar principle of Orthodoxy, and the religious differences were aggravated by other cultural and
political misunderstandings.
After the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Islamic government recognized
the ecumenical patriarch of that city as both the religious and the political spokesman for the entire
Christian population of the empire. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century,
the patriarchate of Constantinople, although still retaining its honorary primacy in the Orthodox
Church, lost its political power over the other Orthodox churches. With the liberation of the
Orthodox peoples from Ottoman rule, a succession of autocephalous churches was then set up in
Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia.
The Orthodox Church in Russia, seeing the advancing tide of Islamic power in the East, declared its
independence from Constantinople in 1448, five years before the fall of Constantinople to the
Ottomans. In 1589 the patriarchate of Moscow was established and formally recognized by Patriarch
Jeremias II of Constantinople. For the Russian people and their tsars, Moscow had become the so–
called third Rome, direct heir to the imperial and ecclesiastical supremacy of ancient Rome and
Constantinople. The patriarchs of Moscow

How Did The Byzantine Empire Rise And Fall?
In what ways did the Byzantine Empire rise and fall? The factors presented in this paper will
analyze four keys to this question. They are religion, military, economic and foreign influences.
After this thorough investigation, it will be shown how the rise and fall of this great Empire was
directly influenced by the four key factors listed above.
Body
Historians today call the ancient Empire located in modern–day Turkey, the Byzantine Empire. The
name Byzantine was derived from the word Byzantium, which was an ancient Greek colony located
between the Mediterranean Sea and Bosporus River. During its reign (dates), the Empire began its
economic, religious, and military changes. During the 6th century, all of Rome was considered both
eastern and western. However, by the 7th century, profound changes began and the eastern part of
the Empire became the Byzantine Empire and its western counterpart became known as Western
Rome (D. M. Nicol).
Religion
Religion played an important role in the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire. Conflicts between
various religions effected the fall of the Empire. In specific, the conflicts between Christianity and
Catholicism resulted in Byzantium not getting aid from Empires in support of Catholicism (D.
Nicol). Weaknesses presented themselves from the Holy Wars and internal struggles such as
monophysitism, which both damaged the Empire multiple times before its fall in AD 1453 (Rebecca
Ratliff).
The Christian Church also called the Western

Essay on Fourth Crusade
Role of the Papacy in the 4th Crusade
The fourth Crusade was one of the most astonishing turn of events during the Middle Ages. Each
Crusade was called for one purpose, to reconquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. With that in
mind, the fourth Crusade was disaster, not only failing to get anywhere near Jerusalem but then to
attack and conquer two Christian cities, which had been unprecedented to this time. When
discussing these points in history, it is important to discuss how such events came to be, and whilst
the sacking of Zara and Constantinople are not in question, what is in question is how much of a role
did Pope Innocent III did play in the 4th Crusade? Was he the mastermind, or was control of the 4th
Crusade taken from him? This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Crusaders, led by Boniface Montferrat, were unable to pay the money demanded from the
Venetians for the fleet they were constructing, so Doge Enrico Dandolo compromised and decided
that payment would be postponed in return for the capture of Zara, a rival city located on the coast
of Dalmatia. Although the Crusaders weren't particularly fond of the idea of being in debt, the
knights felt honour–bound to agree to the terms to get the Crusade on track and in motion, despite
being forced to attack a Christian city.
A fleet of over 200 ships set out in October 1202 and arrived to the city in less than a month, at
which point the city fell in five days and surrendered in less than two weeks. Even though Zara was
a Christian city, the Crusaders still pillaged the city, and to the outcry of Pope Innocent,
excommunicated those that had taken part in the ransacking. The Pope's anger, and very hard stance
on any Crusader that was a part of the pillage suggests that the Pope was not informed and aware of
the decision to attack the Christian city.
With the city of Zara safely in their hands, the Crusaders began to take stock of their provisions, and
soon found that the although they receieved adequate amounts of food and supplies, it would not be
enough to journey to Egypt as planned. Nobody expected the Fourth Crusade to be in such a
financial state, and were soon faced with a difficult decision, to return home, or to continue to
Constantinople. Eventually they come to

How Did Hagia Sophia Change Over Time
*– to add foot notes
Constantinople, a great city founded by Constantine the Great, was an advantageous site which lied
between Europe and Asia with strategic importance. Acropolis or the City of Byzantion, a Greek
city, had already been established in 7th century B.C. long before Constantinople was founded.
Around 2nd century AD the city fell into the Romans and became the Roman city of Byzantium.
Constantine became the sole emperor(*–time period) of the Roman Empire and this city was chosen
as his new capital and became known as New Rome or Constantinople.
It was during his reign that Hagia Sophia, the Church of the Holy Wisdom of God, became the grand
building seen today.
Hagia Sophia: The 'What, When, How and Why'
Few buildings could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hagia Sophia had been associated with legends and miracles which attracted pilgrims.
Time as a mosque
In 1453 AD, the Ottoman troops led by Sultan Mehmet II after more than a month in siege. When
the city was conquered, the fate of Hagia Sophia changed along with the city. One of the first
changes the sultan made was to convert Hagia Sophia church into a mosque. It was named Aya
Sofya and the change became the first step to convert Christianized Constantinople to an Islamic
city.
Numerous changes befitting a mosque were made to the building.
Islam forbids images and virtual representation of figures. So of course when Hagia Sophia was
changed into a mosque, all the mosaics and figures were covered with plaster. They were still kept
intact however. The sultan apparently loved and valued the art and ordered that the mosaics and the
visual depictions relating to Christianity were to be kept instead of being taken down.
Minarets, another necessity in a mosque, were added in separate times. The first sultan to rule
Constantinople, Sultan Mehmet II(*) added in the first minaret. Sultan Bayezid added another in and
Sinan, a famous architect, under the reign of Sultan Murad III added in the last 2 minarets. Mihrab
was also added in facing the east direction towards Mecca, the holy city for

The Western Bank Of The Bosporus
On the western bank of the Bosporus, just north of a sinuous waterway known by locals as the
Golden Horn, stood a bustling Genoese colony called Pera. With merchants from Genoa, Venice and
Tuscany overflowing its narrow streets, one could hardly tell that these Italian traders were in fact
no less than eight hundred miles away from their Apennine homeland. As a town of itinerants, Pera
of course hosted a great many places for lodging, and it was in the room of one such lodge where we
would find our weary cartographer – a mid–aged man by the name of Cristoforo Buondelmonti.
The time: late fall, 1422.
Appearing in front of Cristoforo was a piece of creased paper, empty and trivial, yet the sole focus
of his attention. He had received ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to receiving the commission, Cristoforo had been traveling extensively in the Aegean Sea.
Though born to an affluent Florentine family, he spent the last ten years mastering the Greek
language and documenting Greek islands. Accompanying him on his trip to Constantinople was a
Thessalonian fur trader and acquaintance named John Anagnostes, who offered to guide him
through the city before leaving for the trading post in Crimea. "What lie ahead will forever linger in
your mind." John mysteriously stated as they arrived at the city by cart from the south.
Already Cristoforo could make out a wall that stretched along the horizon, which only grew in
immensity as they drew closer. Its limestone blocks soaring into the sky, the Theodosian Wall (as
John informed him) appeared far more imposing than any fortification he had witnessed in the West.
When they approached its base, though, he soon noticed the heavy damage dealt to the rampart.
"The Ottomans laid siege to the city this spring." John said. "I heard they acquired cannons for the
first time, but the defenders were able to fend off their assault after a prolonged battle." While
entering the Golden Gate, the main entrance to the capital, Cristoforo could not help but ponder the
fashion of his mapping: should he emphasize the wall's massive scale, or its wounded state? What
exactly could be accomplished by either? ... His thoughts, however, were cut short by the awesome
view

The City of Constantinople and Warfare of the Byzantine...
Constantinople was the newfound Christian capital of the eastern Roman Empire, otherwise known
as the Byzantine Empire. Throughout its long history, there have been many different attacks on the
religious capital city. Over a period of 1123 years, Constantinople was a solid city controlled by the
Byzantines apart some small upsets. Multiple attacks and sieges were attempted to overthrow the
city, however, most failed miserably. It wasn't until 1453 that the city finally fell to the Ottoman
Empire. Some victories of the Byzantines may have been caused by a weapon called Greek fire,
believed to be invented around the 650's AD (Groller). The weapon was similar to today's weapon,
napalm. Out of the many sieges against Constantinople, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the new invention of Greek fire, the Byzantines had a relatively easy time winning the wars.
These two failed sieges stopped the expansion of the Arab Empire for more than 30 years. However,
if the Arabs won, it could have started a chain reaction causing the Byzantine Empire to dissolve and
jump–start the Arab expansion into England 700 years early. The Byzantine Empire fought wars
differently then most at the time. Instead of using mass amounts of soldiers to overwhelm the
enemy, the Byzantines used strategy and intelligence gathering to find their enemies' weaknesses
and expose them. The genius of Byzantine grand strategy was to turn the very multiplicity of
enemies to advantage, by employing diplomacy, deception, payoffs, and religious conversion to
induce them to fight one another instead of fighting the empire. ... In the Byzantine scheme of
things, military strength was subordinated to diplomacy instead of the other way around, and used
mostly to contain, punish, or intimidate rather than to attack or defend in full force. (Luttwak, 2009,
p.415)
These strategies, not far off the ones used today, saved the Empire money and soldiers, a vital
resource to the Empire. In order to maintain the level of soldiers in their army, commanders were
expected to try and find a way to avoid open battles against the enemy's main attack force. They

Western Civilization Of The Byzantine Empire
Western Civilization Madison Odom
Research Paper 11/16/17
The Byzantine Empire at its peak was the most advanced in its culture, economic structure and
military. With its many expanding and contracting moments during its period of growth it was
centered around, and a major part of the Roman Empire. It was called the New Rome, and was
influenced by Greeks, Romans, and the Roman Catholic Church.(Bauer, 11) It mainly was the
purpose of retrieving much of the old Roman Empire. It was located there because it was
surrounded by water and had an excellent harbor. The Byzantine Empire withstood a long,
treacherous history that ended after 1000 (476 ad–1453 ad) years. 1453 is the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In this design it was centered with a large domed roof. The structures had high roofs and columns
made of marble, vaults with mosaics, and gold ceilings. The architecture was throughout the East
and was still used even after the fall.
The Byzantine government was controlling of all the citizens, and provided needs of the poor on
special occasions. This government was in control of anything to do with money and religious
activities. The influence for Byzantines was the Romans with their laws, but more than the Romans
they were influenced by the Greeks culture.(Hall, 168) In the beginning Constantinople was under
the rule of one person who took over the government and religious aspects of the everyday life.
Then it was split into someone ruling the government and the head of the church. The key to a great
city–state is location close to ports where trade is rich in all kinds of resources. The Silk Road was
the main stretch of land for trades of gold, clothing, and different kinds of food. The strategic
location of the Byzantines was a very important part of the growth. Set at a position between trade
routes from Asia and Europe. This was important for food and other commodities needed to survive.
The key to a great city–state is location close to ports where trade is rich in all kinds of resources.
The Silk Road was the main stretch of land for trades of gold, clothing, and different kinds of food.
The location was in a

The Attack on Constantinople by the Crusaders
The Attack of Constantinople by Crusaders In his account of the Crusaders' siege of Constantinople,
the Byzantine historian Nicetas Choniates, provides some compelling reports concerning the
behaviors of the Christian knights and peasants who formed the Crusader army that sought to wrest
control of the city from its defenders. In his account, Choniates makes the point that the Crusaders
little resembled the good–hearted Christians they purported to be, but were more like a barbarian
horde in the brutality of their actions when reaching the city, which was a major center of the
Christian faith at the time. Moreover, the Crusaders had even sacked another Christian city, Zara, on
their way to Constantinople. It was clear, then, that these Crusaders were less interested in wresting
the Holy Land from the Moslems than they were in taking advantage of this opportunity to unjustly
enrich themselves at the expense of anyone who happened to get in their way. Unfortunately,
Choniates also emphasizes in his account that these actions were not those of just a few overzealous
Crusaders, but were rather characteristic of the actions of all of them. For instance, Choniates
reports that, "Nor, indeed, were these crimes committed and others left undone, on the ground that
these were of lesser guilt, the others of greater. But with one consent all the most heinous sins and
crimes were committed by all with equal zeal." Moreover, the list of the types of "sins and crimes"
that Choniates

The And Sacking Of The Greatest Metropolis
The plundering and sacking of the greatest metropolis (Constantinople) in the Christian world.
Surely, this was not the result that Pope Innocent III had in mind when he called upon the leaders of
Europe in 1198 in an attempt to convince them to retake the Holy Land (Jerusalem). Since the death
of Saladin, Pope Innocent believed they were at a moment of weakness and it was a great
opportunity to take the Holy Land (Robinson). However, they would never get there. Short of
resources and men the crusaders took deals with the Republic of Venice and Alexis the IV. These
deals involved them invading Zara and Constantinople, fellow Christian kingdoms (Robinson). The
irony of such actions is astounding, considering their original mission of taking the cross in the
name of Christianity. The 4th Crusade was an eruption of tensions between the West and the
Byzantine Empire which was caused by the barbaric, greedy, and hypocritical nature of the Western
leaders and crusaders and would leave a devastating impact on the future of Byzantium. The
relationship between Byzantium and the West was severely severed by the time of the 4th crusade.
There were still animosities from the West regarding the Schism of 1054 when the Orthodox Church
split from the Catholic Church (Phillips).There were tensions caused by invasions by the fighting
between the two parties in decades previous, and also by the mannerism of passing crusader armies
in Byzantium in 1095. Significantly, there was a general

Rome: The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was an Eastern Roman that was located along Europe and Asia during
375CE. The Byzantine was a rural population. They grew fruits, wheat, and cotton. The degree of
farming mainly depended on the location. The Byzantine Empire's capital is called Constantinople,
which was founded as the second Rome. The official language spoken among the Byzantine was
Greek, to Justinian, an emperor, preserving the greek and latin language was important. Justinian
came to power in 527 CE–565 CE as an absolute power emperor. Justinian improved Constantinople
by adopting Roman architecture and building the Hagia Sophia. The architecture of the empire was
advanced as seen from the Hagia Sophia, this shows the prosperity of the empire. During

Constantine's Use Of Constantinople As A Site Of Byzantium
Constantinople was a city strategically built both on the outside and inside. Constantine founded
Constantinople on the remains of Byzantium for economic and military reasons, which were
excellently seen through in the city. With the benefits of those actions, Constantine developed a rich
and religious community for his citizens. The site of Byzantium was located on a peninsula and
therefore had innate advantages with trade and protection. Being surrounded by water meant trade
across the Black Sea from the front and two ports on the sides. This led to economic diversity and
prosperity. The water also served as a means of protection, as invaders were not likely to attack via
fleet. With danger primarily coming from one side of the city, a

Conquest Of Constantinople Research Paper
The conquest of Constantinople was wrongly justified and resulted with the fall of the Byzantine
Empire. The Fourth Crusade began when the Crusaders went to Venice to ask for ships to sail to
Egypt but was unable to afford it. In exchange for ships, the Crusaders agreed to regain the city of
Zara under Hungarian rule. The Crusaders were able to claim back Zara for the Venetians but were
excommunicated since they attacked a Christian city. Right before they were going to Egypt,
Alexius Comnenus asked for help from the Crusaders to help him restore his power in the Byzantine
Empire. In exchange for help, Alexius would provide the Crusaders, supplies, ships and necessary
help for the siege of Jerusalem. In 1203, the Crusaders would band with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the sermon, the bishops insisted that soldiers "...confess their sins and receive the communion
devoutly; and said that they ought not to hesitate to attack the Greeks, for the latter were enemies of
God." 2 Although the Crusaders were excommunicated by Pope Innocent III, the bishops still had
the power to claim the war was just under the name of God. When the Crusaders began sacking the
city they "engaged in stealing gold and silver, others precious stones..." 3 This was justified since it
was considered a "right of conquest..." 4 This wrongful justification was obviously fueled by the
agreement made with Alexius to restore power for goods. Time and time again in the conquest of
Constantinople, the Crusaders would wrongly justify their attacks in the name of God or
righteousness. The Fourth Crusade was initiated based on greed and the idea the Crusaders could
gain more for their siege of the Holy Land. The Crusaders chose to attack Zara, a Christian city to
get ships against the pleasing of the Pope. The Crusaders would get the ships but then attempt to
gain more by helping Alexius regain his power in the Byzantine empire. They justified their attacks
on Constantinople as holy and

Battle Of Constantinople Research Paper
The city of Constantinople was the center of the Christian Church, the trade capital of the Roman
Empire, and was ruled by Constantine II until it fell to the Muslims. This city was looked upon by
Europe as the strongest city there is because of the major walls surrounding it and the private harbor.
The war by the Muslims to gain Constantinople was very influential and there are many major
historical aspects from before, during and after war.
First, there were many things leading up to the war that were important. Mehmed II was an Ottoman
Sultan who deeply desired to conquer Constantinople for himself and turn it into a Muslim city. The
Muslims tried to take it many times before but were unsuccessful due to the Emperor Constantine II
defending it. The Emperor paid his enemies to keep the peace, until he ran out of money. This city
was the last of the Roman Empire and was already on its decline when, unable to pay the Turkish ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the Christians were outnumbered 10 to 1, they did not give up or surrender to the
Muslims. Mehmed II started by cutting off Constantinople from the rest of the world and shutting
down its imports and exports and controlling what goes into the bay. Once the war broke out and
even though they were outnumbered, Constantinople managed to win the first victory. The next
battles were fought viciously but neither the Ottoman or Constantine were successful. However,
when the Ottoman used cannons that could crumble the wall protecting the city the threat grew. Day
and night they shot cannon balls at the wall until they realized it wasn't doing as much damage as
they hoped, and decided to change tactics. The Ottoman then broke through Constantinople's
protected harbor and attack the city by both sea and land, in which they were successful in taking
down a major part of the wall. The Christians were slaughtered as the Muslims rushed into their city
and claimed it as their

The Roman Empire : The Byzantium Empire
The Byzantium Empire, was the Eastern addition to the Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity
and The Middle Ages. Established in the Ancient Greek city Byzantion in 330 AD by the Roman
Emperor Constantine as the new imperial capital of Rome. Furthermore, he had added duplicates of
everything from Old Rome, such as the Coliseum and the Imperial palace, not including the Pagan
temples. The Byzantines had spoken Greek and had more Greek architecture and culture than
Roman. The Byzantium Empire had survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th
century AD. Byzantine was able to remain for a thousand years before subsequently in 1453 falling
to the Ottoman Turks. The Byzantium empire was a phenomenal empire lasting almost 1,200 years,
it had survived all the other great empires. Much more impressive than age, was the influence and
reach the empire had had on civilization. Christianity, literacy, beginnings of art, literature, and
architecture from the Russians, Serbs, and the Bulgarians came from the inspiration of the
Byzantines in a variable degree. Up until the eleventh century Byzantine was a dominant power, but
by the mid eleventh century the Byzantines were faced with an eastern invasion from the recently
converted Muslim Seljuk Turks. The Turks had in a short amount of time conquered most of Central
Asia, including Syria, Iran, all of Mesopotamia, and Palestine. Subsequently they were also being
attacked by the Normans from the west. This resulted in

Constantinople: The Religious Importance Of Constantinople
Constantinople held religious significance, access to goods and shipping routes, and strategic
benefits; for those reasons, the Ottomans conquered the city and used them as their own.
Firstly, and most importantly, is its symbolic importance to Christians and non–Christians, like the
Ottomans. To the Byzantines, Constantinople was the capitol of their Christian empire and where
the Eastern Orthodox church was based. It was founded by Constantine the Great mainly to establish
and spread Christianity. While it held no theological relevance like Jerusalem, the state of the city
often reflected the state of the religion to its citizens. When under Ottoman siege, Byzantines felt
that their capitol and their religion was being threatened. The Ottomans

Advanced Technology In The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was one of the many great nations in human history. The Byzantine empire
was formed in 330 A.D when Constantine moved the Roman Empire capital from Rome to the
Greek city of Byzantium, in what is now modern day Turkey. Constantine eventually changed the
name of the capital city to Constantinople. Constantinople remained the capital of the empire for the
rest of its days. The movement of the capital, however, led to the division of the Roman Empire into
Western and Eastern Rome. Although the west fell, the east survived and eventually became the
Byzantine empire, which would last for hundreds of years. A combination of advanced technology,
specialized workers, complex institutions, advanced cities, and record keeping made the Byzantine
empire one of the leading civilizations of its time.
The first aspect that defines a civilization is having advanced technology. Many of these
technologies are portrayed in the city of Constantinople in its architecture and the city's defense.
One example of these defensive technologies was the use of defensive chains in several waterways,
such as the Golden Horn. These incredibly sturdy chains were set at the mouth of the waterways in
order to prevent enemy ships from sailing through the passages. Towers were another example of
defensive technology built along the city's outer walls. These towers helped to create stability in the
walls and were excellent lookout posts and great spots for archers to mount during an invasion

How Did The Use Of Constantinople Lead To The Decline Of...
In the previous 200 years leading to the demise of Constantinople in 1453, the economy of the
Byzantine Empire had begun to decline and would never recover. Recognizing the situation in 1369,
Emperor John V fruitlessly pursued economic aid from other Western civilizations. As the economic
situation of Constantinople continued to decline they became a vassal state (much like a colony) to
the Turks. As a result, they were required to pay taxes and tribute to the Ottoman Empire. They were
also required to provide military support to the Ottoman Empire. After many years of being a vassal
state to the Ottoman Empire Murad II, the empire's new leader, decided in 1421 that he would
conquer the Byzantine Empire. Murad decided to take away all rights given to the people of
Constantinople and laid siege to their city. Although Murad was not able to see the city be ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because after the other Christian civilizations in Europe refused to help protect
Constantinople from the Islamic Ottomans', they soon began to fear invasions from the even more
powerful Turks. This fear is shown when immediately after the Ottomans' took over Pope Nicholas
V attempted to lead a Crusade to take back the city but no European monarch was willing to supply
men. This lead to The Ottomans' taking advantage and attacking Venice twice. Another way the
invasion of Constantinople has changed history is that once conquered it was seen as a sign from
God because of all of the other Islamic civilizations that attempted to conquer Constantinople and
failed. This lead to the decision that Constantinople would be renamed Istanbul and become the
capital of the Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey). Also, when the city fell there was a crescent
moon in the sky which is the reason why many Islamic nations contain the crescent moon on their
flags. These are some ways that the fall of Constantinople has affected our world

How Did The Influence Of The Fall Of Constantinople?
On 29th May 1453, Ottoman forces rushed through Constantinople (Byzantium), the Christian
capital of Rome/Byzantine, attempting to overcome the Byzantine Empire and extend their regime.
Whilst a previous attempt between 1390 and 1402 lead to the Battle of Ankara, in which the
Ottomans were defeated, and other attempts in 1411 and 1422 were unsuccessful, the Turks
overcame the empire, killing the Greek emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The Ottoman Empire,
a Turkish Empire, reigning 1299–1923, caused the fall of Constantinople, resulting in significant
consequences that have heavily influenced the development of our local society as well as on a
global scale. As a result of the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire could expand and spread
the Islam religion, the Renaissance period occurred, and there was a noteworthy effect on the city
itself.
A geo–political consequence of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally under the reign of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was primarily a Greek
population, meaning that when the Ottomans overcame the Empire, an influx of Greek scholars,
artists and scientists immigrated to Italy. Sharing their knowledge of their own Greek civilization,
these scholars largely influenced the beginning of the Renaissance. This view is supported by
French historian Voltaire, who in "The Age of Louis XIV", states that it was the Italian princes who
offered asylum to Greek refugees, which constituted the starting point of the renaissance. The
Renaissance was a period from the 14th to 17th Century that is considered the bridge between the
Middle Ages and Modern History. The period influenced literature, philosophy, art, music, politics,
science and other aspects of intellectual inquiry throughout the world. Two well–known Renaissance
scholars are Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Hence, the fall of Constantinople greatly
influenced the occurrence of the

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