Increase Of Working Memory During The Same Period

Increase Of Working Memory During The Same Period
increase of working memory during the same period (Jha, 2010). The study also found that in
addition to the gains in working memory capacity, the group that meditated had increased self–
reported positive affect. Positive affect is how we experience feelings and emotions, in other words
it is our moods. Because affect is a psycho–physiological construct that involves alertness and
motivational intensity, the benefits of mindful meditation on positive affect is invaluable for a
soldier's effectiveness.
Cognitive Flexibility Cognitive flexibility like working memory is part of the higher–order
cognition of executive functioning. The definition of cognitive flexibility varies slightly depending
on the viewpoint, but they all address the main point of having the ability to adjust situational
thinking. The ability to control thinking has significant importance because it directly affects the
ability to bypass the automatic pathways of prior learning and look at things from a different
perspective. Cognitive flexibility not only includes the ability to change thoughts about something,
but it also allows for changing what is thought about. Essentially, it permits the redirecting of
attention in response to changes in stimuli, rules or demands. Greater cognitive flexibility also
increases the capability of simultaneously attending to two aspects of a situation. While
investigating the benefits of mindful meditation, researchers found, "Based on our own data, we
may
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Experiential-Humanistic Psychotherapy
Building upon the philosophy of cognitive–behavioral therapy is a relatively recent form of
psychotherapy known as experiential–humanistic psychotherapy (Hollon 901). Experiential–
humanistic psychotherapy adds to cognitive–behavioral therapy the fundamental principle of
humanistic psychology, that is, self–actualization (Hollon 901). Self–actualization is defined as the
expression of one's creativity and the realization of their capabilities (Hollon 901). Given the limited
amount of time that the scientific and medical communities have had to study this type of
psychotherapy, it is not surprising that there is precious little data in regards to its efficacy in treating
anxiety and mood disorders (Hollon 901). Having stated that, experiential–humanistic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though most of these nonpharmacological treatments, like deep–brain stimulation (DBS),
psychosurgery, and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), are experimental and off–label in nature, there
does exist two nonpharmacological treatments for psychiatric illnesses that have been documented
as effective (Li 41). The older of the two is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly referred to
disparagingly as shock treatment (Li 41). This form of therapy involves the production of
generalized seizures due to large–scale neuronal discharges via the application of short electrical
impulses through the scalp (Li 41). Data shows that modern electroconvulsive therapy is successful
at managing treatment–resistant depression in roughly half of patients (Li 41). However, given the
level of side effects (such as memory loss and decreased cognition) associated with this type of
treatment, electroconvulsive therapy is used exclusively as a last resort (Li 41). It was for this reason
that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a form of therapy in which electromagnetic
induction is utilized in order to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons in the brain, was developed (Li
41). In repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromagnetic induction is attained by
attaching a pulse generator to a magnetic field generator, which is then placed near the head of the
patient (Li

Essay Of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Williams et al (2014) compared MBCT with both cognitive psychological education, and treatment
as usual, he compared the success rate of the therapy in preventing the relapse of MDD in people
currently in remission phase following at least 3 previous episodes. It was consequently found that
MBCT provided significant protection against the relapse, for participants with increased
vulnerability due to adverse psychological history, but showed no significant advantage in
comparison to an active control treatment and usual care over the whole group of patients with
persistently recurring depression. Coelho et al (2013) provided a detailed outline of the evidence
that supports the claim that MBCT is a recently developed class based program designed to prevent
the relapse and recurrence of Major Depression. . The evidence from the randomized trials reviewed
by the authors, suggests that for patients with 3 or more previous depressive episodes, MBCT has an
additive benefit to usual care. J. R. van Aalderen, et al (2011) examined the efficacy of mindfulness–
based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) for recurrent depressive
patients and found that MBCT resulted in a comparable reduction of depressive symptoms for
patients. Analyses also suggest that the reduction of depressive symptoms was mediated by
decreased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the current study MBCT was associated with statistically significant reductions in depression
from pre to post treatment. The gains were maintained over time and treatment variables like booster
session attendance and compliance to mindfulness practice correlated with better depression
outcomes. The study showed a strong negative correlation between ruminating thoughts and mindful
attention which is consistent with the application of Metacognitive Attention during

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Research Paper
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044190/
I found this article very interesting as it talks about the benefits of meditation and how great it
affects our brain as well as how much it required to gain its maximum benefit. It also discusses how
mindfulness–based medications could aid in treating various conditions such as depression, stress,
anxiety and chronic pain.
The psychological concept in this article relates mindfulness–based cognitive therapy. This form of
therapy helps relapse or reoccurrence of certain conditions, mainly depression, anxiety and stress.
This therapy or how the article would refer to as meditation, teaches individuals how to become
more aware of thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations rather than causing

Biases In Helping Profession
People may think mindfulness is a fad but it still has two strong goals that can provide a medical
purpose which include facilitating good well being among co workers and medical staff, and more
efficient healing with the patients (Hutchinson 2009). However, I can see how people may not want
to be involved in helping professions because there are many biases that occur in the helping
profession. One example of bias is the one surrounding disability (Pfeiffer, Guinan, Ratliffe, and
Robinson 2017). There are so many negative views of disabled people which influence public policy
and other people's actions (Pfeiffer, Guinan, Ratliffe, and Robinson 2017). I can see how if someone
is not equipped to handle this kind of bias, they would not be

Types Of Treatment For Anxiety Disorders
Introduction Anxiety disorders are distressing, and impairing conditions, associated with significant
social costs (Palazzo, Altamura, Stein, & Baldwin, 2014). There are many different types of
treatment for anxiety disorders. Some are more effective than others. The studies within this paper
will further tell us about anxiety disorder, different types of treatments, and treatment effectiveness.
The Purpose of the Studies The purpose of the study by Palazzo, Altamura, Stein, and Baldwin
(2014) was to find published literature on health literacy about psychotropic medications. The study
also includes some difference between public beliefs and clinicians' opinions. It is said that anxiety
symptoms and disorders often lead to the development of other mental and physical disorders. It was
proved that mental literacy is effective in encouraging a help seeking attitude. Unfortunately little is
known about how to enhance knowledge about psychotropic medications. Depression and an
anxiety disorder in young patients and in clinicians' opinions showed that there are difference
between public beliefs and clinicians' opinions. Norton, Abbott, Norberg, and Hunt (2015) studied
mindfulness and acceptance based treatments for social anxiety disorders. The advancement of
mindfulness and acceptance has been associated with psychological supplementary wellbeing.
Individuals avoid or endure situations with intense anxiety, which leads to impairment in life
functioning.

Mindfulness : The Practice Of Mindfulness
The concept of mindfulness has its origins in Eastern spiritual meditation practices. Instructions on
the principles and practice of mindfulness are at the heart of the teachings of the Buddha (Thera,
1962; Gunaratana, 1992; Hanh, 1999). Mindfulness involves "paying attention in a particular way:
on purpose, in the present moment, and non–judgmentally" (Kabat–Zinn, 2013, Introduction
section, para. 6). The practice of mindfulness focuses on observing and accepting thoughts and
emotions as they are without trying to change them. Mindfulness helps the individual to be fully
aware of the present moment, without being carried away by thoughts and emotions, without
succumbing to an automatic pattern of reaction. Following his own spiritual ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
MBSR is an 8–week training in mindfulness meditation which consists of weekly 2.5–hour group
classes and one day–long silence retreat. MBSR has been found to be effective in the management
of stress, physical illnesses, and psychiatric disorders with a range of clinical and non–clinical
populations (Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004; Cramer, Lauche, Paul, & Dobos,
2012; Lauche, Cramer, Dobos, Langhorst, & Schmidt, 2013). MBSR was later combined with
elements of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy (CBT; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) to create
Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002), which has
been shown to reduce relapse rates in depression (Kuyken et al., 2008; Ma & Teasdale, 2004).
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosalh, & Emery, 1999), independently
developed at around the same time as MBSR, utilizes acceptance, mindfulness, and behavioural
strategies to increase psychological flexibility. Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT; Linehan,
1993), originally developed to treat individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder
(BPD), also incorporates mindfulness skills throughout the treatment program.
Mindfulness for eating disorders
Cognitive–behavioural approaches are considered to be the "gold standard" in the treatment of
eating disorders (Fairburn, Cooper, &

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ), Group Therapy,...
A variety of problems can plague families. These can range from mental health issues in parents or
children all the way to problems involving abuse and neglect. To keep families functioning in a
healthy manner, there are many therapeutic approaches that can be used to intervene and change the
course of the familial issues. While remaining focused on family matters, I will introduce five of
these interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), group therapy, client centered
therapy, psychotherapy and mindfulness based stress reduction. By placing a significant amount of
importance on problems occurring in the present, this type of psychotherapy is appealing to patients
with a desire to learn their way to better mental health. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Facilitating this collaborative process involves the therapist acting as an educator and active
participant in therapy. The concept of the therapist as an active participant means that the therapist is
there, not just to observe or interpret, but also to engage, lead and teach. The cognitive–behavioral
therapist acts as a guide to their patients; they guide their patients toward goal completion. Through
creating, assigning and following–up on real–world applications of behavior changing techniques,
the therapist assumes the role of an educator in the patient–practitioner dyad. CBT is structured
therapy. This means that there is a standard arrangement for each session. Beck (1995) stated the
underlying principle for adherence to a defined structural model as being important to increasing
understanding of the therapeutic process for both the patient and the therapist, to preventing relapse
of symptoms after cessation of therapy and directing the focus of the session toward the most
important issues (p. 8). This structure limits the possibility of idleness in the patient's progression
due to sessions that derail, ending up off–focus and off–topic. The structure of a CBT session begins
with checking the patient's current mood, recapitulating the previous session and homework, setting
an agenda for the current session, and assigning a new homework assignment. CBT is not without
its limitations, however. For some families, there may be

The Importance Of Acceptance In Mindfulness Training
Acceptance
Acceptance allows reacting in a non–automatic way that activates more effective coping
mechanisms to make the desired change, also permitting to observe its transience. As the practice
becomes more intense, acceptance relaxes attention and allows more subtle and discrete sensations
to be detected more easily. Without voluntary acceptance, consciousness remains more rigid.
Self–observation
Improving self–observation as a result of mindfulness training can promote the use of a broader
range of coping strategies. With self–observation, relapses in addictions and compulsive behaviors
can be detected. It is not yet clear how observing one's own experience in the present moment in a
non–evaluative and non–reactive way results in a beneficial effect, whether through self–awareness,
focus of attention or acceptance.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mindfulness can produce emotional regulation by diminishing both over–involvement and
emotional under–involvement. By voluntarily engaging in higher–order mental functions like
attention, awareness or curiosity, the mindfulness technique manages to defuse intense emotional
responses through the modulation of the limbic system via cortical inhibition. (Shapiro, S. L.,
Brown, K. W. y Biegel, G. (2007) pp.105–115).
Many forms of preservation of thinking such as worry, anticipatory anxiety or rumination are
associated with increased sympathetic activation and deregulation of cardiovascular,
neuroendocrine, metabolic or autoimmune processes. If mindfulness is related to low levels of
concern and rumination, correlations with low somatic symptom levels are expected.
Applications of meditation with

The Effects Of Mindfulness Through Meditation And Yoga On...
The Effects of Mindfulness Through Meditation and Yoga and The Impact on The Brain. According
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), "1 out of 7 U.S. children aged 2 to 8 years
had a diagnosed mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder." Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (2011), stated that "25% of all U.S. adults have a mental illness and nearly 50% of U.S.
adults will develop at least one mental illness during their lifetime." Today we live in a society
where the chances of living with a mental illness are higher than in the past. Due to the lack of
knowledge and understanding, most people go unnoticed and will not receive the appropriate
treatment. As a result, many individuals who suffer from a mental illness do not have coping skill to
better handle or express their emotions appropriately. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With many psychological theories that can be found today, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT),
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Mindfulness–Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), and
Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) have been found to be central in mindfulness
approaches (Burke, 2009). These methods aim to help incorporate mindfulness skills to help tolerate
symptoms that are experienced through techniques such as meditation and yoga. Consequently,
guides the individual to change the way of thinking by being self–aware of their present emotions in
order to carry on, thereby, "mindfulness is paying attention to one's experience in the present
moment," according to, the American Psychological Association

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Definition
Tan's (2007) article, "Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy," is about using
prayers and scriptures in Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT). According to Tan (2007),
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the utmost empirically supported treatments (ESTs),
(p.101). The article noted that a recent placebo–controlled study of behavioral activation, cognitive
therapy and antidepressant medication of paroxetine of 241 adults that suffered from major
depressive disorder showed that behavioral activation is as successful as antidepressant medication
and more successful than cognitive therapy in treatment for severely depressed adults, (Tan, 2007, p
101). Tan (2007) gives an overview on behavioral therapy and its three categories,

Mindfulness Meditation And Its Psychological Effects Essay
Mindfulness Meditation and its Psychological Effects Almost everyone is preoccupied with
happiness but yet the population seems to be increasingly unhappy. As society and human
experience changes we can't help but ask ourselves how can we fix an increasingly unhappy and
dissatisfied society? Mindfulness meditation is a progressively popular solution to this issue.
Mindfulness meditation stems from Buddhist tradition and is a practice that includes focusing one's
attention. Does mindfulness meditation have real psychological effects? And if so can they help
improve quality of life? Many studies have been conducted proving that mindfulness meditation
does have real psychological effects and can help individuals live a more meaningful and happy life.
This can be proven through research related to neuroscience, depression and happiness. To
understand the effects of mindfulness meditation we first must understand how it is practiced and
what the purpose of this practice is. Throughout my research I have found many definitions of
mindfulness meditation. Three of which I found to be helpful when understanding the research
conducted on the psychological effects of mindfulness meditation. One article described it as
"Generally defined to include focusing one's attention in a nonjudgmental or accepting way on the
experience occurring in the present moment". (BELLIN, ZVI J 221) Another article described the
practice as "A process that leads to a mental state characterized

Effectiveness of Relapse Prevention Therapy
Relapse prevention therapy involves employing cognitive behavioral techniques to reduce the
recurrence of relapse. One approach to relapse prevention is mindfulness–based cognitive therapy
(MBCT), which was designed to reduce rates of relapse based on systematic training in mindfulness
meditation combined with cognitive behavioral therapy methods. MBCT is an 8–week group
therapy intervention that consists of 8 to 15 patients per group and sessions typically lasted 2 hours
over 8 consecutive weeks with four follow–up sessions in the following year. MBCT for depression
also teaches people to become more aware of their thoughts and feelings contributing to recurring
depressive episodes.
Another intervention that is commonly used is relapse prevention group therapy (RP), which
believes that addiction treatment should include a comprehensive behavioral therapy to address the
psychological factors contributing to relapse. The 50 participants that were included in the relapse
prevention therapy condition for heroin dependence and addiction were divided into 4 groups of 12
to 13 people per group and one instructor lead the sessions. Group sessions took place 2 to 3 times
per week and each session would run 90 minutes long focusing on a specific topic. Relapse
prevention therapy has shown significant improvements in reducing the recurrence of relapse for
heroin and depressive episodes.
Min

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: The Best Way To Get...
Keyword: mindfulness–based cognitive therapy mbct
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy – An insight
The stress levels are increasing as the world is advancing. The joint family is split into nuclear
family and every member of the family is equally busy with their schedule. There is hardly any
bonding with the family and the person feels lonely and bore, this is also a reason for depression.
The anxiety has increased among people with the competitive world demanding for the best in every
aspect. If the work place is not friendly and supportive and an employee undergoes repeated failure
in his project; say in terms of punctuality, performance, behavior and so on he will be feeling
helpless. This helplessness and continuous failures can lead him to depression as well.
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy – The Best Way to Get Out Of Depression
Mindfulness is something like paying attention to the present neither worrying about past nor future.
It makes person to live in present situation. There will be many tiny things which we really don't
care to care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is somehow really working well for those who are suffering recurring depressions. Need to
have time and spend quality timing on Meditation and Breathing techniques as suggested one can
surely be confident to overcome their depression in no time. These techniques can be followed by
any one, like children, young, adult and old ages. Mindfulness is effective in children and young
people. The stress of mind can be evacuated with breathing and meditation techniques. There will be
solution for everything but not all the times they think for solution. Sometimes they may feel issue
has started and already happened, we cannot fix it now, where this idea leads them to depression. So
to overcome all these kinds of situations Meditation and Breathing Techniques will help a

A Community Mental Health Team While Working With A Client...
Introduction
This literature review and research proposal was motivated following a practice placement with a
Community Mental Health Team while working with a client with Generalised Anxiety Disorder
(GAD). GAD is a long–term condition that causes someone to feel anxious about a wide range of
situations and issues, rather than one specific event. GAD is a common mental health condition
affecting 1 in every 25 people in the United Kingdom, its prevalence is slightly more among women
than men and individuals between the ages of 35 and 55 (NHSChoices, 2014). People with GAD
feel anxious most days and often struggle to remember the last time they felt relaxed (NHSChoices,
2014). Feeling anxious is a normal response to stressful experiences, however when anxiety is
prolonged, inappropriate, and/or overwhelming to the point that it impacts on functioning, it
becomes a pathological disorder (Davis, 2011). The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause
significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
(APA, 2000). Studies have shown that GAD is more impairing than other anxiety disorders
(Hoffmann et al., 2009); and people afflicted with GAD have reported significantly less satisfaction
with their quality of life in particular in the domains of self–esteem, goals and values, money, work,
play, learning, creativity, friends and family (Henning et al., 2007). Thus GAD has a disabling
impact on an individual's occupation performance

Psychiatric Disorder Research Paper
Psychiatric disorder or mental disorder is an anomaly which causes impaired ability to carry out the
functions of living life normally. Depending on how a person acts, feels, thinks or perceives the
mental disorders are defined. These disorders many be associated either with specific regions of
brain or functions of brains or the entire nervous system. There are a number of causes of mental
disorders and sometimes the caused are not clear. There are various services in psychiatric hospitals
for people facing these disorders. Mental health professionals also provide clinical treatments
alongside the mindfulness based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression. The two
major treatment options are Psychotherapy and Psychiatric medication. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What is meditation? Meditation is intentionally self–regulating attention from a moment to another.
It is a self–regulated process carried out by people to focus to relax and calm the body and mind.
Meditation focusses on forgetting everything and giving attention only to inner self. As exercise if
for the body, meditation is for the mind. In Latin, the meaning of the word, "Meditari" means to
think or to dwell upon and "mederi" means to heal. The Sanskrit derivation of this is "medha" that
means "wisdom". Meditation is practiced as it has positive effect on psychological and physical
health. Meditation helps increasing cerebral blood flow, keeping rate of heart and respiration
normal, decreasing muscle tension and also helps in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Meditation can be done in various styles. Some styles of meditation are Mudra Yoga, Chakra Yoga,
Sufism, Rinzai Zen, Yoto Zen and Buddhist insight meditation. There are two common and most
beneficial forms of meditation, transcendental meditation and mindfulness meditation. The period of
meditation is called as Zazen. During this period, the practitioners of meditation sit on chair or
cushion silently, without making any

Mindfulness Practice For Enhancing Educational Outcomes
Introduction Mindfulness practice has received immense attention in recent years. Specifically,
mindfulness practice has been explored by professional athletes, from organizations attempting to
improve productivity, and even politicians for stress reduction. Nevertheless, educators have begun
to explore mindfulness practice effectiveness for enhancing educational, emotional, and behavioral
outcomes for students. Fundamentally, mindfulness practice is established on spirituality principles
that teach attention focusing. Moreover, the technique facilitates open communication regarding
emotions and feelings. Thus, mindfulness practice aims to silence distractions of the mind while
enhancing awareness. As a relatively new practice, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a student making an offensive remark can disrupt the entire class as students start to
laugh. Nevertheless, mindfulness practice is unique as it focuses on emotional and awareness
support for students. Similarly, teachers can benefit from mindfulness practice as it allows them to
establish an effective buffer from distracting and stressful experiences. Thus, mindfulness practice
can be valuable for ensuring classroom focus remains on teaching and obtaining educational
outcomes. While mindfulness practice is relatively new in education, a magnitude of research has
overwhelming demonstrated how psychological wellbeing impacts educational outcomes.
Specifically, research has revealed that negative environments and feelings can lead to decreases in
academic performance and achievement (Singh et al., 2007). Examining mindfulness practice is
important because it relies on principles to improve emotional regulation, attention awareness, and
learning focus. It is practical to assume that enhancement in these areas will lead to a variety of
classroom benefits. In addition to educational benefits, the student and teacher will obtain personal
growth as their psychological capacity will be increased. Ultimately, the program is being proposed
for schools as it promotes emotional and social skill development, which will subsequently enhance
teaching and learning outcomes. The significance of the program is based on evidence that indicates
children and youth

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: A Case Study
Effectiveness of MBCT
Mindfulness–based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a recent introduction to the family of cognitive
therapy created as a relapse–prevention treatment for depression (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale,
2002). It combines cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with mindfulness to enhance one's awareness
and recognition of emotional triggers to avoid automatic patterns of thinking and behaving. Using a
process called 'decentring', MBCT teaches clients to disengage from negative feelings of
worthlessness, guilt, self–criticism and rumination by accepting rather than reacting to them.
Ultimately MBCT equips the client with the necessary tools to combat the depressive symptoms in
instances of relapse.
The aim of this section is to determine the effectiveness of MBCT to be used as a first–line therapy
for Emily by considering supportive evidence and limitations as well as exploring alternatives like
CBT and medication. MBCT was originally created to prevent relapses of depression in clients who
had experienced three or more depressive episodes, but recent efforts have been focused on making
it more accessible to first time diagnosed clients. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently the most effective and well–documented psychotherapy treatment option available for
clients diagnosed with major depression is CBT. It's widely used to treat depression across all ages
and works to change thoughts and behaviours that are likely to cause depression. Chambless and
Ollendick's (2001) meta–analysis of empirically supported treatments identified CBT as an
efficacious treatment which is the standard first–line treatment options for depressed

Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay
It is hypothesized that when the subject implements the mindfulness intervention she will
experience less rumination. In other words, by improving the participant's self–care routine we will
also improve her SWB.
Mindfulness therapy falls under the umbrella of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). CBT is an
evidenced based treatment that was derived as a way to treat individuals who are at risk for
emotional dysregulation on a more long–term basis (Craighead, 2016). Mindfulness includes
education about the client's illness, meditation techniques and drawing a connection between
specific thoughts and feelings. This is all done in an effort to teach individuals to more routinely
notice their thoughts and avoid rumination and negative thinking patterns that can lead to feelings of
negative self–worth, guilt and excessive self–criticism (Williams & Kuyken, 2012). According to
research from six randomized controlled trials with a total of 593 participants Mindfulness–Based
Cognitive Behavioral therapy was shown to reduce relapses of depression in 44% (Williams &
Kuyken, 2012).
Rumination is considered a negative attentional focus on the origin and ramifications of emotions
which lasts for an extended amount of time ( Nolen–Hoeksema, 1991). Rumination is often
correlated with symptom of depression and anxiety. Specifically, rumination is operationalized as
repetitive and intrusive thoughts about a previous personal experience. The rumination period can
last anywhere from a day

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Mindfulness based stress reduction and Mindfulness based cognitive theories are clinically based
group therapy methods that use standardized techniques and manuals. MBSR deals with the
education of stress and also on training that helps in coping assertiveness and strategies. The
component of mindfulness includes sitting meditation, body scanning – assessing deep thoughts of
own body state and also Hatha Yoga (asana that are designed to align muscles, skin and bones.
Mindfulness based stress reduction includes developing a number of attitudes, impartially
witnessing own experiences and accepting the present. Mindfulness based cognitive theory is based
on mindfulness based stress reduction. It combines the mindfulness framework with practice and
principles of cognitive therapy. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent
depression is a very good answer to patients' sufferings.
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What is the aim of Mindfulness based cognitive therapy? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This therapy includes yoga stretches or yoga asana and simple breathing exercises to help
individuals accept the present moment and forget the past and help them getting in touch with
changes occurring in mind and body from one moment to another. Apart from yoga and breathing
exercises, psycho education on anxiety and depression are also a part of the MBCT program. The
exercises included in this therapy demonstrate how feelings, behavior, thinking styles are associated
with each other. It also guides individuals to take care of self when they are not in a state to think
and react in anxiety and low mood. Thus, this therapy should be used when seeking help to treat
psychiatric

The First Wave Of Psychological Therapy
Mindfulness
The first wave of psychological therapy focused on the clinical application of behavior principles.
The second wave introduced cognition into therapy and linked the idea of irrational thoughts to
behavioral issues (Hayes, Follette, & Linehan, 2004). The third wave is the most current theory
which focuses on traditional cognitive–behavioral concepts with the addition of mindfulness
techniques and the acceptance of thoughts (Hayes, Masuda, Bissett, Luoma, & Guererro, 2004).
This third wave of cognitive–behavioral therapies includes such methods as acceptance and
commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT;
Linehan, Armstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991), mindfulness–based cognitive therapy
(MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002), and mindfulness–based stress reduction (MBSR;
Kabat–Zinn, 1994). These various techniques differ from traditional therapeutic methods in that they
focus on accepting problematic thoughts and emotions for what they are rather than trying to change
the thoughts and emotions (Greco & Hayes, 2008, p.16).
What is mindfulness?
Mindfulness can be defined as focusing in the present through the self–regulation of attention to
allow for increased awareness of one's mental events and experiences characterized by acceptance,
openness, and curiosity (Bishop, Lau, Shapiro, Carlson, Anderson, Carmody, & et al., 2004, p. 232).
A key component of the third–generation therapies are mindfulness

Examples Of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
Mindfulness based cognitive therapy Meaning– Mindfulness–based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an
emotional treatment planned to assist in preventing the decline of depression, particularly in
individuals with main depressive disorder (MDD). The practice of Mindfulness involve being aware
of one's individual awake experience from a first–person outlook. The ability of mindfulness can be
slowly but surely developed by using meditational practices which are described in specified in the
Buddhist tradition. Cognitive Methods: Cognitive methods are the one in which more theoretical
training is given to the persons. The different methods in Cognitive approach offer the regulations
for how to do something, on paper or spoken in sequence in this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Keep a mental watch on once your mind starts to wander, then simply bring it back to the item. The
longer you'll be able to stay centered, the additional your attentiveness can increase. Tactile Exercise
Pinch your arm and pay sincere attention to however it feels and what your emotions begin doing.
Concentrate towards the pain it causes, and the way it radiates out from the location wherever it
pinches. This exercise will tune us to how to our body deals with discomfort and what emotions rise.
Musical Stimuli Exercise Listen to your favorite song and concentrate to how it causes you to feel.
What emotions rouse? What recollections arrive, and also the manner do those recollections cause
you to feel? Connect the emotions and see where they lead Olfactory Sense Exercise Smell one
thing forceful like coffee beans or fragrance and pay sincere attention to what happens in the nose,
and so what feelings these scents evoke. Just as in step five, however with style rather than smell.
Melting Exercise Sit and relax, analyze yourself melting into everything around you. We may begin
to feel at one with everything after some

Pros And Cons Of Emotional Perceptions In Psychology
a) The background of the theory is based off of the assumption that emotional disorders arise from
the person's inability to understand and react in a healthy matter to systems within him or herself
over which the person has little control.
b) The underlying assumptions of this theory are that psychological problems result from improper
perceptions of an event rather than the event or stimulus itself.
c) The views of human development and maladaptive behavior are that people misperceive
psychological turmoil due to how they have been conditioned throughout their lives to think or feel
about something.
d) The typical assessment measures are formal assessments, after which the therapist develops a
treatment plan for the client.
e) Treatment methods in cognitive therapy are for the therapist to help the clients see the ways in
which his or her thought processes are faulty and unravel the perceptions that he or she previously
had towards emotional responses to stimuli.
f) The process of therapy consists of helping the client adopt more adaptive attitudes and adjusting
misconceptions to make them more based in reality.
g) This book is theoretical and does not address current research on treatment outcomes.
h) This book does not address issues of individual and cultural diversity.
i) The pros of this perspective are that it addresses the fact that negative emotions and stress often
comes from misperceptions of an event. This provides a sense of control to the client, that

The Effectiveness Of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
This essay is about the effectiveness of Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in the
treatment of depression. The purpose of this essay is to address the question, how mindfulness
works to improve mental health when used as part of psychological treatment? Firstly, a brief
overview is given about what depression is and what the symptoms are, based on the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM–5). Secondly, It will discuss
mindfulness, as it is defined in mental health treatments. The main body of this essay will cover a
description of what MBTC is, where it comes from, how it works, and how this treatment is
activated in mindfulness based therapies. The final section will review three studies that have used
MBCT in the treatment of depression.
Depression is a normal emotional reaction to perceived loss and hopelessness (Segal, Williams, &
Teasdale, 2002). There are a number of different types of depression such as chronic depression,
manic depression and the primary focus of this essay Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). MDD is a
clinical depression, which is more chronic and more severe compared to other types of depression. It
significantly disrupts the individual's ability to meet the normal demands of life. According to many
clinicians, clinical depression should be considered as a medical illness in need of medical
intervention. Other mental health professionals believe this is an overstatement of the role of
physiology and the

Limitations Of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and
the ability to carry out day–to–day tasks. Bipolar disorder is a serious disorder effecting millions of
adult in America today. Ives–Deliperi, Howells, Stein, Ernesta, and Horn (2013) conducted a study
to test the effects of mindfulness–based cognitive therapy in twenty–three people diagnosed with
bipolar disorder. The results of the study show mindfulness–based cognitive therapy decrease
emotional regulation and reduces anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, fails to
show a solid validity in the study. The study has few limitations, however, the limitations highly
effect the validity and reliability of the study. The researchers

Obesity And Weight Loss And Obesity
Obesity
Obesity and weight loss is an issue that many men and women deal with on a daily basis. According
to the Mayo Clinic obesity is defined as a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body
fat (Mayo, 1998–2016). Obesity in men, women, and children increases the risk of diseases and
health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Early prevention during
childhood deceases the chances of the individual being obese during adulthood. Early prevention
includes limiting the amount of sugary drinks, high calorie snacks, and promoting exercise on a
daily basis. Obesity is a worldwide condition that has mental, physical, and social effects on
individuals that are diagnosed with the condition. In this paper the effectiveness of cognitive
behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and motivational interviewing on individuals with obesity will be
explored and discussed.
For many young and older adults treating obesity is not an easy task to accomplish on your own
which leads to yo–yo diets and fad diets that are seen on TV. Being overweight can cause a person
to become depressed, binge eaters, and displaying signs of having an emotional disorder. Studies
have found that when depressed people eat to feel better they gain weight and being overweight
cause the depression which triggers the overeating. This cycle of depression and overeating cause
the individual to feel judged, socially rejected, and discriminated against. When the person is obese
and

Lower Back Pain Article Summary
In the article "Meditation Therapy May Help Ease Lower Back Pain" by Roni Caryn Rabin discuss
how mindfulness based stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy help minimize lower back
pain. More specifically, the article explains the study realized to individuals with lower back pain to
prove how mindfulness based stress reduction improve individuals well–being. In the article, the
variables being measure is the reduction of lower back pain by practicing mindfulness based stress
reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy. Furthermore, because these variables the cases are place
into specifics categories which in this case are meditation or cognitive behavioral therapy, the
variables can be consider categorical variables. On the article, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This illustrates a relationship between proportions. Moreover, the results show a 44 percent
improvement in lowering the back pain on those who practice mindfulness based stress reduction.
Also, there is a 45 percent reduction of lower back pain for those who practice cognitive behavioral
therapy. Therefore, both variable positively correlate with lowering the lower back pain. Further, the
data collected for this study was based on an experiment. In other words, in order to prove that the
explanatory variables, in this case, mindfulness based stress reduction and cognitive behavioral
therapy, have an effect on the response variable, which is the reduction of lower back pain, is
necessary to put the cases on different treatments to obtain the desire results. Also, Rabin writes
"They were randomly assigned in equal numbers to either mindfulness–based stress reduction,
cognitive behavioral therapy, or to continue doing what they were already doing" (Rabin 7). This
demonstrates that sampling was used to avoid the sample to differ from the population in a
significant way. Finally, Rabin does implies that there is a causal association between the variables
by expressing that mindfulness based stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy can be
helpful for low back pain but stopping the treatment can cause the loss of the treatment

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Yoga, a popular exercise, is classified as a movement form of meditation. It is often included in
Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) programs to treat chronic depression anxiety
disorders, and even ADHD. Several studies realized that MBCT was used as an adaptation of MBSR
Therapy to address developmental needs of school–age children. Harvard professor, Sat Bir Khalsa
(2013) agrees that yoga in schools helps students improve resilience, mood, and self–regulation
skills pertaining to emotions and stress. On the same note, Langoiyen (2013) sees the wisdom in the
practice and suggests for yoga to be learned as a tool for listening to the heart.
Hagen (2014) proposes yoga as a potential tool for the youth to deal with stress and regulate
themselves. According to Hagen (2014): "Pre–schools, schools, and community centers should offer
yoga as part of the opportunities for children and young people to enjoy learning and practicing it
from an early age. Obviously, the results of such an investment can be observed over the long–term
by having future generations experience less stress."
Mindfulness programs have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the length of practices is not yet standardized, thus allowing the teacher or trainer to determine
what suits the group profile. Also, there seems to be no standardized number of participants among
mindfulness programs, but Thompson & Gilbert (2008) suggest that groups can definitely contribute
to the potency of teaching mindfulness. There is a strong suggestion that the format should be
experiential and avoid boring or irrelevant practices, or there is a possible risk for boredom to be
transmitted among the participants. But one of the more important things to consider is when
working with children, facilitators should begin by emphasizing how mindfulness practices could be
useful in their lives more generally (Thompson & Gilbert

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: A Psychological Analysis
Mindfulness, in simplest terms, is being aware of your current experiences. Depression is one of two
disorders that is found worldwide (Myers, 2014). With mindfulness–based cognitive therapy,
patients go through an eight week group that incorporates mindfulness into everyday activities like
eating and chores (Lu, 2015). As the reader, you will go in depth into what psychological disorders
are and types of psychological disorders, how mindfulness–based cognitive therapy (MBCT) works,
and the effectiveness of MBCT. A psychological disorder is marked by a clinical disturbance in
cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior (Meyers, 2014). A mood disorder is specifically an
emotional extreme which comes in two principal forms; major depressive disorder ... Show more
There are three ways to determine the success of therapy; clients' perceptions, clinicians perceptions,
and outcome research. Clients' perception is often biased due to the fact the patient payed money for
their sessions so they feel like they have to see an outcome, even if it's exaggerated (Meyers, 2014).
Clinicians perception could be modified for two reasons. One is clinicians, like any other human
being, wants to be congratulated by their peers so they boost their opinions on the success or two is
if one patient does not consider themselves to be fully recovered but the clinician claims they are
well, the clinician gets a success buber in their books, while the patient goes to another clinician
who gets the same success number which unbalanced the percentage of success (Meyers, 2014).
Outcome research is psychologists turning to controlled research (Meyers, 2014). Outcome research
has become the most efficient way to determine if psychotherapy is effective. Lu is told about eighty
four people in remission were studied and found mindfulness–based cognitive therapy more
effective in stopping the recurrence just as well as medicine

Eastern Mindfulness
The popularity and effects of mindfulness have spread into clinical practices. Eastern mindfulness,
in fact, seems to effectively treat psychological and physical problems (Chiesa & Malinowski,
2011). By connecting mindfulness to psychological treatments positive emotions such as happiness
and compassion can be fostered. Thus, in the last few centuries, Western clinical and social fields
have slowly been implementing mindfulness into their practices.
Mindfulness evolves from Buddhist practices, and has recently influenced Western practices.
Conceptually, mindfulness refers to the ability of recognizing and understanding one's emotion. This
action allows the individual to become aware of the present moment (Bryant & Wildi, 2008). There
are two elements in mindfulness: internal and external. External mindfulness originates from the
Western cognitive and social psychology, which focuses on the self and environment. ... Show more
Richard Davidson from the University of Wisconsin has observed the effects of mindfulness on the
brain through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Barker, 2008). From his results, he
explains that meditation nurtures happier moods that as a result increase activity in the left
prefrontal cortex. Benefits like this have led mindfulness to be integrated into cognitive therapy.
Essentially, to treat depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorders (Barker, 2008). This
integration has created a new therapy known as mindfulness–based cognitive therapy for depression
(MBCT). This therapy is the product of Segal et al. (2012) who tested mindfulness on patients
undergoing depression (Barker, 2008). He and his colleagues observed that people practicing
meditation are less likely to relapse back into depression compared to those who do not. Although
MBCT has not reflected significantly results on treating depression, it is in fact more beneficial to
treat other

Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Jon Kabat–Zinn is responsible for bringing mindfulness into the American mainstream and
encouraging it's integration into psychotherapy practices. Over the years, the benefits of mindfulness
have been observed and empirically studied, and psychologists have developed specific treatments
integrating mindfulness with behavior therapy. As such, these treatments have become part of what
is known as the third wave of behavior therapy. Marsha Linehan, a psychologist and researcher at
the University of Washington, integrated mindfulness with traditional behavior therapy and created
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), a widely–used skills–based program for the treatment of
borderline personality disorder, depression and suicidal behavior. Mindfulness ... Show more
It was developed by John Teasdale, Mark Williams, and Zindel Segal. MBCT is a hybrid of
traditional cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness, and is built on the idea that people who are
depressed tend to have automatic negative thoughts and attach negative judgments to their
experiences. The mindfulness aspect of treatment helps individuals become more aware of their
automatic thoughts, and to simply observe them as transient events, rather than holding onto them.
As individuals become more aware of their automatic thoughts, they develop the capacity to move
from a perspective of reaction to reflection. MBCT is in part based on Jon Kabat–Zinn's eight–week
Mindfulness–Based Stress Reduction program and echoes much of the theory put forth in Kabat–
Zinn's program. The creators of MBCT developed it with the intention of helping people who have
suffered from repeated bouts of depression. The MBCT program is taught over the course of an
eight–week program, where participants are encouraged to use guided meditations to help them
cultivate a more mindful way of

My First Day Of Class
What I Already Knew/What I Wanted to Know
I held my breath as I scanned the syllabus on the first day of class. Then I heard my professor say
"And in week thirteen you will present your research findings in your discussion sections". Hearing
this sent me into an automatic panic. Having to speak in class felt impossible to me. My flight or
fight response was activated any time I anticipated the threat of speaking in class. I was sure to drop
the class at any indication that I would have to talk, either by being called on or having to give a
presentation. Sometimes I convinced myself things would be different and I would be able to handle
it. It never worked, the results were the same; I didn't go to class. All of my grades were based on
papers and exams. So I would submit my papers and take the tests but not go to class. My half assed
approach to participating in college was to take classes as if they were an independent study. I felt
immediate relief when I choose avoidance until the guilt set in from getting poor grades, wasting
money and lying to everyone. The vicious cycle only fueled my anxiety, my avoidance and my
academic problems.
I knew the Enhancing Academic Performance class I took which was offered to me the first time my
GPA fell below a C average, didn't help. It was a skill building class taught by a counseling graduate
student. For the most part, I knew how to study; I didn't know how to feel less anxious.
What I needed to know was how to address my anxiety

Beliefs, Measures, and Approaches to Psychological...
Clinical Psychology: Beliefs, Measures, and Approaches to Psychological Problems of Depression,
Negative Thinking, Loneliness
Name
Institution
Instructor's Name
Course
Date
Psychological Problems
There is evidence that personal beliefs influence the efficacy of common psychological problems'
cures. Personal perception and will power over common problems like depression, sexual
dysfunction, smoking, insomnia, and gambling among others is believed necessary in the ability of
an individual to overcome these problems. This social psychology approach is investigated and
discussed widely in social psychology studies like that of Furnham, Hosoe, Koyasu, & Ota (2000).
This belief is the result of everyday parlance that describes and associated clinical terms everyday
language. Clinical psychiatry and psychology terms of "loneliness," "negative thinking" and
"depression" are defined in terms like sadness, fear, or anger. When ordinary ideas are used instead
of clinical psychiatric terms, confusion in definition, measurement, and treatment arises. This
research explores the accurate form of clinical judgment for depression, negative thinking, and
loneliness. It also explores the cognitive processes associated with the behavior, social–
psychological approaches, and social relationships that support the wellbeing for persons indicating
the behavior problems.
Earlier studies on behavioral problems and clinical psychologist definitions of these problems found
that there are

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Psychotherapy: A Case Study
Introduction Segal, Williams, and Teasdale (2013) share Jon Kabat–Zinn's definition of mindfulness.
Mindfulness involves purposely paying attention. It involves being in the present moment. It
involves being nonjudgmental (p. 38–39). When coupled with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
techniques, mindfulness helps the user to disengage from powerful depressive thinking. This helps
the user prevent a recurrence of depression without the use of antidepressants. Mindfulness–Based
Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is an intervention that was developed as a way to teach people who
continue to relapse into depression how to maintain their wellbeing on a long–term basis (Kuyken,
et al., 2015).
Intervention Overview MBCT was developed by Zindel Segal, ... Show more content on
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The sessions consist of mindfulness activities like a raisin exercise meditation, a sitting meditation, a
walking meditation, a body scan, and yoga (Baer, 2006). There is also an all–day silent retreat (van
der Velden, et al., 2015). Each week, participants are given homework, which they are to practice
every day between sessions. Participants should be in remission from depression.
Prior to the eight group sessions, each participant is met on an individual basis and the person is
interviewed and given an overview of MBCT. Session one introduces mindfulness. Session two
introduces the concept of automatic thoughts and the judgement that happens when we think those
automatic thoughts. Group members participate in a thoughts and feelings exercise (Baer, 2006).
Session three teaches skills for "gathering the scattered mind" (Segal, Williams, and Teasdale,
2013). Session four discusses automatic thoughts and the resistance we have toward quieting the
mind. Instructions for mindful walking are discussed. Session five addresses how to look at difficult
thoughts and accept them without fighting them. The sitting meditation is used to focus on a
problem without resisting or fighting the feelings that come with those thoughts. Session six focuses
on the concept that "thoughts are not facts" (Segal, Williams, and Teasdale, 2013). Sessions seven
and eight are spent developing relapse prevention

Mindfulness As A Treatment For Depression
Psychology is one of the youngest lines of science and there is still a lot to be learnt about it. Before
the use of anti–depressants, one of the first treatments used by psychologists was psychoanalysis
which was founded by Sigmund Freud in 1852. Then later treatments such as electroconvulsive
therapy formally known as electro shock therapy were used. Currently the most common treatment
for depression is medication such as antidepressants as they are proven to be extremely effective in
treating the symptoms of this mental illness. However even though there are so many treatments for
mental illnesses such as depression the biggest issue we face with depression is its habit of being a
reoccurring problem. The purpose of this essay is to discuss mindfulness as a treatment for
depression. In the essay not only its effectiveness towards the treatment and prevention of
depression but also how it treats and prevents depression is discussed. This was until psychologists
found a more effective way to not only treat but prevent the symptoms of depression using
mindfulness as a therapy. Although, mindfulness is not a very well–known treatment it has been
found to be very effective of turning the lives around of sufferers of mental illness.
Mindfulness, a seemingly effective and relatively new approach to assist in treatment or prevention
of some mental health disorders; one being depression. Depression affects 121 million people
worldwide and is the cause of over 850,000 deaths each

Is Bipolar II Disorder?
Evidenced–Based Recommendations for Mr. Rollet What is Bipolar II Disorder? According to the
American Psychiatric Association, written in DSM–V, bipolar disorder is define as a patient who
experiences one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode. Some things that make these
episodes stand out is that they are present for extended periods of time. Hypomanic Episodes are
moments of when you feel elevated, hyper, full of energy for at least four days consecutively.
Moments that classify as major depressive episodes are experiencing at least five symptoms of
depression for a duration of at least two weeks. One of those five symptoms must be "depressed
mood or loss of interest." (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). For when you ... Show more
Additionally, once you find the right therapist, they will most likely conduct the Young Mania
Rating Scale and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression to properly reach a diagnosis on what
you have and the severity of your symptoms (Young, Biggs, Ziegler et al., 1978). Assuming that you
are correct and you do have Bipolar II Disorder, it is great that we were able to catch it early so that
we can start off with more subtle treatment methods. If it is later diagnosed as severe, I also have
recommendations on what approach you should take with that as well. Recommendation A:
Mild/Moderate Diagnosis If it is diagnosed that you are experiencing a less severe form of Bipolar II
disorder, I would recommend undergoing therapy without medication. There are several different
types of cognitive therapies out there that if you are willing to give them a try and put effort into
them you will find improvement. Starting from the least invasive to the most time consuming. You
could start off with exercise. According to a research article, exercise may reduce anxiety associated
with the disorder, may increase mood when in the depressive episodes, and may boost your physical
health as well (Ng, Dodd, and Berk, 2007). While the clinical evidence is limited, there is another
study, also another pilot study looking into the effects of exercise, that supports exercise as good
starting treatment for bipolar disorder and has the

The Effects of a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction...
Introduction
In the realm of anxiety disorders, research on younger populations falls behind in comparison to
studies on anxiety disorders in adults. (Mohr & Schneider, 2013) Anxiety is one of the most
common psychiatric disorders among school age children, and yet there is still so much more to be
known about its development and treatment. (Kessler et al., 2005). Anxiety in school age children
can be an issue that interferes with achievement in school. The constant interference can cause
disruption in a child's ability retain and process information as well as focus in the classroom.
(Semple, Lee, Rosa, & Miller, 2010). Anxiety in children often manifests as a disruption in
attention. In turn, the consequential lack of success in school can lead to more anxiety due to a
student's negative self–judgment (Gordon, 1977). This circle of cognitive interference in school and
the following negative self–judgment by the child is one that can lead to increasing levels of anxiety.
There have been multiple forms of cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) that have shown some
promise as treatments for childhood anxiety (Sullkowski, Joyce, & Storch, 2011). However with an
increasing prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders, there is still somewhat of lack of research
in to the use of psychological interventions to treat them (Semple, Reid, & Miller, 2005). There have
been studies on the uses of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in children. A majority of the studies on
the uses of CBT

Mindfulness And Its Types Of Mindfulness
Mindfulness has had a lot of thriving attention in recent years and it's roots grew in Eastern religious
traditions. Buddhism has focused on improving high states of mental well being, in conjunction with
selecting psychological problems and dealing with them. It is recurrently associated with the set
practice of mindfulness medication and more importantly has been named as the 'heart' of Buddhist
meditation (Kabat–Zinn, 2003; Thera, 1962). Mindfulness, is much more than this and is all about
achieving a mental state where you focus on the present moment you're in and pay attention to
thoughts and feelings. Kabat–Zinn (2003) looked into the concepts at what makes mindfulness and
found three key concepts; 'Intention, attention and attitude' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In recent times, it is clear to see the Buddha's integration into psychology. Sigmund Freud, the
founder of psychoanalysis, in his museum (1993) stood a publication, 'Is psychoanalysis another
religion?'. It included different perspectives looking at Freud's ideas towards religion and spirituality
(Cohen, 2010). Some pictures of Buddha's up in the museum and especially one by 'Julia Kristera',
pictured next to a bust of 'Shakyamuni Buddha' is by Nina Coltart. Coltart (1993) wrote that 'the
Buddha was an excellent psychologist and knew a great deal about the unconscious mind'.
Mindfulness is a straight forward practice that is accessible to all. It has matured into a mainstream
approach to everyday health problems and psychological issues that need to be addressed. Important
concepts related to mindfulness such as focused breathing plays a big part to the journey of recovery
through mindfulness. It can be practiced through forms of Yoga, for example Qigong. These
exercises and a mindful approach to life, helps reduce negative effects of disorders like illness,
trauma and chronic pain. With ever such increasing demands and expectations we put on ourselves
as part of our lives, we are frequently want to perfect meeting these and are always pushing
ourselves as we fear failure.
Western Psychologists have used Buddhism and its mindfulness to draw similar themes and

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: A Case Study
Teasdale et al. (2002) showed that mindfulness interventions increase metacognitive awareness and
reduced levels of major depression in patients. A necessary component to the mindfulness practice is
the dis–identification of one's thoughts and emotions. Instead of taking on thoughts and emotions
and labeling them as a part of the self, mindfulness practice shifts this cognitive set and looks at
these thoughts and emotions as just passing, random mental events, like clouds in a blue sky
(Teasdale et al., 2002). The phrase, "I am bad" changes to "I happen to be feeling bad at the moment
naturally." Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002) has
been shown to utilize this concept of decentering or dis–identifying ... Show more content on
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In a study comparing the effects of relapse in depressed patients currently in remission, one hundred
and sixty patients aged 18–65 years old meeting DSM–IV criteria for major depressive disorder
were given antidepressant pharmacotherapy first, and then MBCT after discontinuing their drug
treatment. If they continued drug treatment according to the original design, a mindfulness based
intervention was not substituted. The findings concluded that MBCT was just as effective in the
survival of their remission as the original drug intervention was even after the drug was abruptly

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